Chapter I: Part 1

Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they are listed at the end of the text.

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NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

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="When found, make a note of."=--Captain Cuttle.

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No. 199.]
SATURDAY, AUGUST 20. 1853.
[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5_d._

CONTENTS.

NOTES:-- Page

Bacon's Essays, by Markby 165

Bishop Burnet, H. Wharton, and Smith 167

Early Philadelphia Directories 168

Shakspeare Correspondence 168

Mottos of the Emperors of Germany, by Joshua G. Fitch 170

Poems by Miss Delaval 171

MINOR NOTES:--The Rights of Women--Green Pots
used for drinking from by Members of the Temple--Quarles
and Pascal--Offer to intending Editors--Head-dress 171

QUERIES:--

MINOR QUERIES:--Fox-hunting--Broderie Anglaise--"The
Convent," an Elegy--Memorial of Newton--Mammon--Derivation of
Wellesley--The Battle of Cruden: a Query for Copenhagen
Correspondents--Ampers and--The Myrtle Bee--Henry Earl of
Wotton--Connexion between the Celtic and Latin Languages--Queen
Anne's Motto--Anonymous Books 172

MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Major André--"The
Fatal Mistake"--Anonymous Plays--High Commission Court 174

REPLIES:--

Rosicrucians 175

Searson's Poems 176

"From the Sublime to the Ridiculous," &c., by Henry H. Breen 177

Passage in the Burial Service, by Geo. A. Trevor and John Booker 177

Patrick's Purgatory, by William Blood 178

Lord William Russell 179

Oaken Tombs, &c. 179

"Could we with ink," &c., by the Rev. Moses Margoliouth, &c. 180

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Washing or not
washing Collodion Pictures after developing, previous
to fixing--Stereoscopic Angles--Sisson's Developing
Solution 181

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Robert Drury--Real
Signatures _versus_ Pseudo-Names--Lines on the
Institution of the Garter--"Short red, God red," &c.--Martha
Blount--Longevity--Its--Oldham, Bishop of Exeter--Boom--Lord
North--Dutch Pottery--Cranmer's Correspondences--Portable
Altars--Poem attributed to Shelley--Lady Percy, Wife of Hotspur
(Daughter of Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March)--"Up, guards, and
at them!"--Pennycomequick--Captain Booth of Stockport--"Hurrah,"
&c.--Detached Belfry Towers--Blotting-paper--Riddles for
the Post-Office--Mulciber 181

MISCELLANEOUS:--

Notes on Books, &c. 185

Books and Odd Volumes wanted 186

Notices to Correspondents 186

Advertisements 186

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Notes.

BACON'S ESSAYS, BY MARKBY.

(_Continued from_ Vol. viii., p. 144.)

Essay XXIX. Of the true Greatness of Kingdoms.--

"The speech of Themistocles."] See Plut. _Them._ 2., _Cimon_, 9.

"Negotiis pares."] An expression of Tacitus. In _Ann._ vi. 39., he says of Poppæus Sabinus: "Maximis provinciis per quatuor et viginti annos impositus; nullam ob eximiam artem, sed quod _par negotiis_ neque supra erat." Again, in _Ann._ xvi. 18. of C. Petronius: "Proconsul Bithyniæ, et mox consul, vigentem se ac _parem negotiis_ ostendit."

"As Virgil saith, 'It never troubles the wolf how many the sheep be.'"] Lord Bacon, as Mr. Markby observes, evidently alludes to the following verses of Eclogue vii.:

"Hic tantum Boreæ curamus frigora, quantum
Aut numerum lupus, aut torrentia flumina ripas."

The meaning is, however, doubtless correctly explained by Heyne: "Ut numerato pecori parcat." "Quia solam considerat lupus prædam," says Servius. The sense of the passage is, that after the shepherd has "told his tale," after he has counted his sheep, the wolf does not care how much he deranges the reckoning.

For the advice of Parmenio to attack Darius by night, and the refusal of Alexander to steal the victory, see Arrian, _Exp. Alex._ iii. 10.; Plut. _Alex._ 31., _Curt._ iv. 13.

"Neither is money the sinews of war, as it is trivially said."] "Nervi belli, pecunia infinita," Cic. _Phil._ v. 2. Machiavel, like Bacon, questions the truth of this dictum, _Disc._ ii. 10.

"Solon said well to Crœsus (when in ostentation he showed him his gold), 'Sir, if any other come that hath better iron than you, he will be master of all this gold.'"] This saying is not in Herodotus, or in Plutarch's Life of Solon. Query, In what ancient author is it to be found?

"Even as you may see in coppice-woods; if you leave your staddles too thick, you shall never have clean underwood, but shrubs and bushes."] The same illustration is used by Lord Bacon, in {166} his _History of Henry VII._: "Like to coppice-woods, that, if you leave in them staddles too thick, they will run to bushes and briars, and have little clean underwood" (vol. iii. p. 236., ed. Montagu). The word _staddle_ means an uncut tree in a coppice, left to grow. Thus Tusser says, "Leave growing for staddles the likest and best." See Richardson in v., and Nares' _Glossary_ in _Staddle_, where other meanings of the word are explained.

"The device of King Henry VII."] See Lord Bacon's _History_, ib. p. 234.

"Nay, it seemeth at this instant they [the Spaniards] are sensible of this want of natives; as by the Pragmatical Sanction, now published, appeareth."] To what law does Lord Bacon allude?

"Romulus, after his death (as they report or feign), sent a present to the Romans, that above all they should intend arms, and then they should prove the greatest empire of the world."] See Livy, i. 16., where Romulus is described as giving this message to Proculus Julius. A similar message is reported in Plut. _Rom._ 28.

"No man can by caretaking (as the Scripture saith) add a cubit to his stature."] See Matt. vi. 27.

Essay XXX. Of Regimen of Health.--See _Antith._, No. 4. vol. viii. p. 355.

Essay XXXI. Of Suspicion.--See _Antith._, No. 45. vol. viii. p. 377.

Essay XXXII. Of Discourse.--

"I knew two noblemen of the west part of England," &c.] Query, Who are the noblemen referred to?

Essay XXXIII. Of Plantations.--

"When the world was young it begat more children; but now it is old it begets fewer."] This idea is taken from the ancients. Thus Lucretius:

"Sed quia finem aliquam pariendi debet habere,
Destitit, ut mulier spatio defessa vetusto."

V. 823-4.

"Consider likewise, what commodities the soil where the plantation is doth naturally yield, that they may some way help to defray the charge of the plantation; so it be not, as was said, to the untimely prejudice of the main business, _as it hath fared with tobacco in Virginia_."] On the excessive cultivation of tobacco by the early colonists of Virginia, see Grahame's _History of North America_, vol. i. p. 67. King James's objection to tobacco is well known.

"But _moil_ not too much underground."] This old word, for _to toil, to labour_, has now become provincial.

"In _marish_ and unwholesome grounds."] _Marish_ is here used in its original sense, as the adjective of _mere_. Spenser and Milton use it as a substantive; whence the word _marsh_.

"It is the guiltiness of blood of many _commiserable_ persons."] No instance of the word _commiserable_ is cited in the Dictionaries from any other writer than Bacon.

Essay XXXIV. Of Riches.--See _Antith._, No. 6. vol. viii. p. 356.

"In sudore vultûs alieni."] Gen. iii. 19.

"The fortune in being the first in an invention, or in a privilege, doth cause sometimes a wonderful overgrowth in riches, _as it was with the first sugar-man in the Canaries_."] When was the growth of sugar introduced into the Canaries? To what does Bacon allude? It does not appear that sugar is now grown in these islands; at least it is enumerated among their imports, and not among their exports.

Essay XXXV. Of Prophecies.--

"Henry VI. of England said of Henry VII., when he was a lad and gave him water, 'This is the lad that shall enjoy the crown for which we strive.'"] Query, Is this speech reported by any earlier writer?

"When I was in France I heard from one Dr. Pena, that the queen-mother, who was given to curious arts, caused the king her husband's nativity to be calculated under a false name, and the astrologer gave a judgment that he should be killed in a duel; at which the queen laughed, thinking her husband to be above challenges and duels; but he was slain upon a course at tilt, the splinters of the staff of Montgomery going in at his beaver."] The king here alluded to is Henri II., who was killed at a tournament in 1559; his queen was Catherine de Medici. Bacon's visit to France was in 1576-9 (_Life_, by Montagu, p. xvi.), during the reign of Henri III., when Catherine of Medici was queen-mother. Query, Is this prophecy mentioned in any French writer?

"Octogesimus octavus mirabilis annus." Concerning the prophecy which contained this verse, see Bayle, _Dict._, art. _Stofler_, note E: art. _Bruschius_, note E.

Essay XXXVII. Of Masques and Triumphs.--

"The colours that show best by candlelight are white, carnation, and a kind of sea-water green; and _oes_, or spangs, as they are of no great cost, so they are of most glory." Mr. Markby says that Montagu and Spiers take the liberty of altering the word _oes_ to _ouches_. Halliwell, in his _Dictionary_, explains _oes_ to mean _eyes_, citing one manuscript example. This would agree tolerably with the sense of the passage before us. _Ouches_ would mean _jewels_.

Essay XXXVIII. Of Nature in Men.--See _Antith._, No. 10. vol. viii. p. 459.

"Optimus ille _animi_ vindex," &c.] "Ille _fuit_ vindex" in Ovid.

{167}

"Like as it was with Æsop's damsel, turned from a cat to a woman."] See Babrius, Fab. 32.

"Otherwise they may say, 'Multum incola fuit anima mea.'" Whence are these words borrowed?

Essay XXXIX. Of Custom and Education.--See _Antith._, No. 10. vol. viii. p. 359.

"Only superstition is now so well advanced, that men of the first blood are as firm as butchers by occupation, and votary resolution is made equipollent to custom, even in matter of blood."] This is an allusion to the Gunpowder Plot.

"The Indian wives strive to be burnt with the corpse of their husbands."] The practice of suttee is of great antiquity. See Strabo, xv. 1. § 30. 62.; Val. _Max._ ii. 6. 14.

"The lads of Sparta, of ancient time, were wont to be scourged upon the altar of Diana, without so much as _queching_."] To _queche_ here means to _squeak_.

"Late learners cannot so well _take the ply_."] To _take the ply_ is to bend according to the pressure; to be flexible and docile under instruction.

Essay XL. Of Fortune.--See _Antith._, No. 11. vol. viii. p. 359.

"Serpens, nisi serpentem comederit, non fit draco."] What is the origin of this saying?

The character of Cato the elder, cited from Livy, is in xxxix. 40.; but the words are quoted _memoriter_, and do not agree exactly with the original.

For the anecdote of Timotheus, see "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 493.

Essay XLII. Of Youth and Age.--See _Antith._, No. 3. vol. viii. p. 355.

"Hermogenes the rhetorician, whose books are exceedingly subtle, who afterwards waxed stupid."] Hermogenes of Tarsus, who lived in the reign of Marcus Aurelius, wrote some able rhetorical works while he was still a young man; but at the age of twenty-five fell into a state of mental imbecility, from which he never recovered.

"Scipio Africanus, of whom Livy saith in elect, 'Ultima primis cedebant.'"] The allusion is to Ovid, _Heroid._ ix. 23-4.:

"Cœpisti melius quam desinis: ultima primis
Cedunt: dissimiles hic vir et ille puer."

Essay XLIII. Of Beauty.--See _Antith._, No. 2. vol. viii. p. 354.

"A man cannot tell whether Apelles or Albert Durer were the more trifler; whereof the one would make a personage by geometrical proportions, the other by taking the best parts out of divers faces to make one excellent."] With regard to Apelles, Lord Bacon probably alludes to the story of Zeuxis in Cic. _De Inv._ ii. 1.

"Pulcrorum autumnus pulcher."] Query, What is the source of this quotation?

Essay XLVI. Of Gardens.--

Many of the names of plants in this Essay require illustration. _Gennitings_ appear to be broom, from _genista_; _quodlins_ are codlings, a species of apple; _wardens_ are a species of pear, concerning which see Hudson's _Domestic Architecture of the Thirteenth Century_, p. 137. _Bullaces_ are explained by Halliwell to be a small black and tartish plum, growing wild in some parts of the country.

"My meaning is perceived, that you may have _ver perpetuum_, as the place affords."] The allusion, probably, is to Virgil, _Georg._ ii. 149.:

"Hic ver assiduum, atque alienis mensibus æstas."

"Little low hedges, round, like _welts_, with some pretty pyramids, I like well."] A _welt_ was the turned-over edge of a garment.

"Abeunt studia in mores."] From Ovid's Epistle of Sappho to Phaon, _Ep._ xv. 83.

"Let him study the schoolmen, for they are _cymini sectores_."] The word κυμινοπρίστης is applied in Aristot., _Eth. Nic._ iv. 3., to a miserly person; one who saves cheeseparings and candle-ends.

Essay LII. Of Ceremonies and Respects.--See _Antith._, No. 34. vol. viii. p. 371.

"It doth much add to a man's reputation, and is (as Queen Isabella saith) like perpetual letters commendatory, to have good forms."] Query, Which Queen Isabella was the author of this saying?

Essay LIII. Of Praise.--See _Antith._, No. 10. vol. viii. p. 358.

"Pessimum genus inimicorum laudantium."] From Tacit. _Agric._ c. 41., where the words are: "Pessimum inimicorum genus, laudantes." _Laudantium_ for _laudantes_ in the text of Bacon is an error.

Essay LIV. Of Vain-glory.--See _Antith._, No. 19. vol. viii. p. 364.

Essay LVI. Of Judicature.--

"Judges ought to remember that their office is _jus dicere_, and not _jus dare_."] Compare Aph. 44. and 46., in the eighth book _De Augmentis_.

L.

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BISHOP BURNET, H. WHARTON, AND SMITH.

The following curious piece of literary history is quoted from pp. 145-147. of Smith's _De Re Nummaria_:

"But having thus owned the bishop's generosity, I must next
inform the reader what occasion I have to make some complaint
of hard usage, partly to myself, but infinitely more to Dr.
H. Wharton, and that after his decease also. The matter of
fact lies in this order. After Ant. Harmer had published his
_Specimen of Errors_ to be found in the Bishop's _History
of the Reformation_, there was a person that frequented the
coffee-house where we met daily at Oxon, and who {168}
afterwards became a prelate in Scotland, that was continually
running down that History for the errors discovered in it,
many of which are not very material, and might in so large a
work have been easily pardoned; and in order to obtain such a
pardon, I acquainted his Lordship with some more considerable
errata to be found in the first volume of _Anglia Sacra_, out
of which I had drawn up as many mistakes as I could possibly
meet with, and had descanted upon them, as far as I was able,
in the same method Ant. Harmer had drawn up his, and without
acquainting the Bishop who was the author, sent them up to his
Lordship with license, if he thought fitting, to print them.
But when the collection was made, I had prefixed a letter
to his Lordship, and next an epistle to the reader. In the
former it was but fitting to compliment his Lordship, but the
latter was altogether as large a commendation of Dr. Wharton's
skill, diligence, and faithfulness in viewing and examining
the records of our English church history. The disgust that
this last gave his Lordship obliged him to stifle the whole
tract; but yet he was pleased to show part of it to many by
way, as I suppose, of excuse or answer for his own mistakes;
but as I take it, after the Doctor's decease, he made it an
occasion of foully bespattering him as a man of no credit, and
all he had writ in that _Specimen_ was fit to go for nothing;
which practice of his lordship, after I came to read both
in the preface and introduction to his third volume, I was
amazed at his injustice both to the living and the dead. For
I had acquainted his Lordship that the faults were none of
Dr. Wharton's own making, who had never seen the MS. itself,
but only some exscript of it, writ by some raw and illiterate
person employed by some of his Oxford friends to send him a
copy of it. I once threatened my Lord Bishop's son that I had
thoughts of publishing this and some other facts the Bishop had
used to avoid the discovery of some other errata communicated
to him by other hands; but I forbore doing so, lest I should
seem ungrateful for kindnesses done and offered to me."

E. H. A.

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EARLY PHILADELPHIA DIRECTORIES.

The first Philadelphia Directories were published in the year 1785, when two appeared: White's and M'Pherson's. The latter is a duodecimo volume of 164 pages, and contains some things worth making a note of.

Some persons do not seem to have comprehended the object of the inquiries made of the inhabitants as to their names and occupations; supposing, perhaps, that they had some connexion with taxation. The answers given by such are put down in the _Directory_ as the _names_ of the respondents. Thus:

"'I won't tell you,' 3. Maiden's Lane."

"'I won't tell it,' 15. Sugar Alley."

"'I won't tell you my name,' 160. New Market Street."

"'I won't have it numbered,' 478. Green Street."

"'I won't tell my name,' 185. St. John's Street."

"'I shall not give you my name,' 43. Stamper's Alley."

"'What you please,' 49. Market Street."

In the _errata_ are the following:

"For Cross Woman read Cross Widow."

"For Cox Cats read Cox Cato."

The alphabetical arrangement of a _Directory_ is as great a leveller as the grave. In the _Directory_ for 1798, after--

"Dennis, Mr., _Taylor_, Pewter Platter Alley."

appears the following:

"Dorleans, Messrs., _Merchants_, near 100. South Fourth Street."

These were Louis Philippe and one of his brothers, who lived at the north-west corner of Fourth and Princes Streets, in a house still standing, and now numbered 110.

Talleyrand and Volney lived for some time in Philadelphia; but, not being house-keepers, their names do not appear in any of the Directories.

UNEDA.

Philadelphia.

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SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

_Shakspeare Readings, No. X._--"_Sheer_" versus "_Warwick-sheer_."--At page 143. of _Notes and Emendations_, Mr. Collier indulges in the following reverie:--

"Malone did not know what to make of 'sheer ale,' but supposed
that it meant _sheering_ or reaping ale, for so reaping is
called in Warwickshire. What does it mean? It is spelt _sheere_
in the old copies; and that word begins one line, _Warwick_
having undoubtedly dropped out at the end of the preceding
line.... It was formerly not at all unusual to spell 'shire'
_sheere_; and Sly's 'sheer ale' _thus turns out_ to have been
Warwickshire ale, which Shakspeare celebrated, and of which he
had doubtless often partaken at Mrs. Hacket's. We almost wonder
that, in his local particularity, he did not mention the sign
of her house," &c.

The meaning of _sheer_ ale was _strong_ ale--that which we now call "entire"--ale unmixed, unreduced, unmitigated--the antithesis of that "_small_ ale," for a pot of which poor Sly begged so hard, sinking his demand at last to "a pot o' the _smallest_ ale." If Christopher lived in our own times, he might, on common occasions, indulge in _small_; but for great treats he would have Barclay's entire: and, instead of bullying Dame Hacket about "sealed quarts," he would perhaps, in these educated days, be writing to _The Times_ under the signature of "A Thirsty Soul." Sly evidently was rather proud of underlying a score of fourteenpence for _sheer_ ale.

Let us hear in what sense old Phil. Holland, in _Precepts of Health_, uses the word:

"And verily water (not that onely wherewith _wine is mingled_,
but also which is drunke betweene whiles, {169} apart by
itselfe) causeth the wine tempered therewith to doe the lesse
harme: in regard whereof, a student ought to use himselfe to
drinke twice or thrice every day a draught of sheere water," &c.

Here "sheere water" is put in apposition to that with which "_wine is mingled_;" the meaning of _sheer_, therefore, is _integer_: and sheer milk would be milk before it goes to the pump.

But perhaps it will be objected that sheer, applied to water, as in this place, may mean clear, bright, free from foulness. Well, then, here is another example from Fletcher's _Double Marriage_, where Castruccio is being _tantalised_ after the fashion of the Governor of Barataria:

"_Cast._ (_tastes._) Why, what is this? Why, Doctor!

_Doctor._ Wine and water, sir. 'Tis sovereign for your heat:
you must endure it.

_Villio._ Most excellent to cool your night-piece, sir!

_Doctor._ You're of a high and choleric complexion, and must
have allays.

_Cast._ Shall I have no SHEER WINE then?"

The step from this to sheer ale is not very difficult.

It may be remarked that, at present, we apply several arbitrary adjectives, in this sense of sheer, to different liquors. Thus, to spirits we apply "raw," to wines and brandy "neat," to malt drink "stout" or "strong;" and then we reduce to "half and half," until at length we come to the very "small," a term which, like other lowly things, seems to have been permitted to endure from its very weakness.

A. E. B.

Leeds.

"_Clamour your tongues," &c._--

"Clamour your tongues, and not a word more."

_Wint. Tale_, Act IV. Sc. 4.

Notwithstanding the comments upon this word _clamour_, both in the pages of "N. & Q.," and by the various editors of Shakspeare, I have not yet seen anything that appears to my mind like a satisfactory elucidation.

Gifford, not being able to make anything of the word, proposed to read _charm_, which at all events is plausible, though nothing more. Nares says the word is in use among bell-ringers, though now shortened to _clam_. Unfortunately the meaning attached to the term by the ringers is at variance with that of _clamour_ in the text; for to _clam_ the bells is what we should now call putting them _on sette_ or _setting_ them, and this is but preparatory to a general crash: still it is possible that the words may be the same.

MR. ARROWSMITH (Vol. vii., p. 567.) maintains the genuineness of _clamour_ in preference to _charm_; and, without a word of comment, quotes two passages from Udall's translation of Erasmus his _Apothegms_--"oneless hee chaumbreed his tongue," &c.; and again--"did he refrein or chaumbre the tauntying of his tongue." I confess I cannot fathom MR. ARROWSMITH'S intention; for the obvious conclusion to be drawn from these quotations is, that _charm_, and not _clamour_, is an abbreviation of the older word _chaumbre_.

I am very much inclined to think that the verb in question comes directly from the A.-S. We find the word _clam_ or _clom_--a bond, that which holds or retains, a prison; in the latter form the word is frequently used, and for the use of the former in the same sense Bosworth quotes Boethius (Rawlinson's ed., Oxon. 1698, p. 152.), which work I am unable to consult. From these words, then, we have _clommian_, _clæmian_, &c., to bind or restrain. It seems not very unlikely that from this original came Shakspeare's word _clammer_ or _clamour_. I may add that Skinner explains the word _clum_ by _a note of silence_, quoting "Chaucer in fab. Molitoris" (I have no copy of Chaucer at this moment within reach); and in the A.-S. we find _clumian_, to keep close, to press, to mutter, comprimere, mussitare: all these words probably have the same root.

An instance of the use of the word _clame_ or _clamour_ is to be found in a work entitled _The Castel of Helthe; gathered and made by Syr Thomas Elyot, Knight, &c.; printed by Thomas Berthelet_: London, 1539 (black-letter). At p. 52. is the following:

"Nauigation or rowynge nigh to the lande, in a _clame_ water,
is expedient for them that haue dropsies, lepries, palseyes,
called of the vulgar people, takynges, and francies. To be
carried on a rough water, it is a violent exercise," &c.

H. C. K.

---- Rectory, Hereford.

_Shakspeare Suggestions_ (Vol. viii., p. 124.).--Icon asks--"Has any one suggested 'Most busy, when least I do.' The 'it' seems mere surplusage?"

The same suggestion, nearly _verbatim_, even to the curtailment of the "it," may be found in this present month's number of _Blackwood's Magazine_, p. 186.

But ICON will also find the same reading, _with an anterior title of nearly three years_, together with some good reasons for its adoption, in "N. & Q.," Vol. ii., p. 338. And he may also consult with advantage an illustrative quotation in Vol. iii., p. 229.

In the original suggestion in "N. & Q.," there is no _presumption of surplusage_: the word "it" is understood in relation to _labours_; that word being taken as _a collective singular_, like _contents_, and other words of the same construction.

The critic in Blackwood disclaims consulting "N. & Q.;" and it is, no doubt, a convenient disclaimer. He follows the herd of menstrual Aristarchi, by hailing, with wondering admiration, the substitution of _ethics_ for _checks_! And he shows his fitness for the task he has undertaken, by stating {170} that "Mr. Singer _alone_ had the good taste to print it (ethics) in his text of 1826."

Mr. Halliwell, however, in a recent pamphlet, states that--

"This _new emendation_ has not only been mentioned in a great
variety of editions, but _has been introduced into the text by
no fewer than five editors_, the first, I believe, in point of
time, being the Rev. J. Rann, who substituted ethics into the
text as early as 1787."

A. E. B.

Leeds.

_Critical Digest._--Your readers have seen no more welcome announcement than that contained in p. 75. of your present volume, that this project of a work, bringing into one view the labours of preceding editors and commentators, is in good hands and likely to be brought to bear. On the _form_ of such a work it is perhaps premature to offer an observation; but, to be perfect, it ought to range with that remarkable monument of a lady's patient industry, Mrs. Cowden Clarke's _Concordance_. On the _materials_ to be employed, all your readers have such an interest in the subject as to warrant them in making suggestions; and it will be well to do so before the plans are fully matured.

It ought, in my opinion, to be more comprehensive than even the largest scheme suggested by your correspondent; for, in addition to the comments which may be thought most worthy of insertion in full, or nearly so, it ought to contain at least a _reference_ to every known comment, in the slightest degree worthy of notice, in relation to any passage in the work. To accomplish this would of course be a work of enormous labour, and the object of the present Note is to suggest, as first step, the circulation of a list of works intended to be consulted, for the purpose of inviting additions; not that such a list should encumber the pages of "N. & Q." but I am much mistaken if you would not afford facilities for receiving the communications asked for. This course is the more necessary, inasmuch as, in addition to works written exclusively on the subject of Shakspeare, there is a vast amount of Shakspearian criticism spread over works, the titles of which give no indication of the necessity for consulting them. For instance, upwards of two hundred pages of Coleridge's _Literary Remains_ are so employed; and though, perhaps, the work is so well known that it would have found a place in the first copy of the list I have suggested, it may serve as an illustration of the sort of information which it would be desirable to invite.

J. F. M.

* * * * *

MOTTOS OF THE EMPERORS OF GERMANY.

I was much interested in the lists given in "N. & Q." last year of the mottos adopted by serjeants-at-law on arriving at that dignity; and it then occurred to me, that it would be curious to collect in like manner a complete list of the sentences, which, as is well known to students of history, the Emperors of Germany were accustomed to assume at their coronations. A recent visit to Frankfort has given me an opportunity of making and sending you such a list. The materials are collected from inscriptions on a series of imperial portraits which adorn the principal chamber in the Römer or town hall of that city. The list, if it have no other interest, will at least serve to remind us that some of the Latin aphorisms and "wise saws" current among us now, have been doing duty in the same capacity for centuries:

Conrad I. 911. (Franconia.) _Fortuna cum blanditur fallit._

Henry I. 918. (Saxony.) _Ad vindictam tardus, ad beneficentiam velox._

Otho I. (The Great.) 936. (Saxony.) _Satius est ratione æquitatis mortem oppetere, quam fugere et inhonesta vivere._

Otho II. 974. (Saxony.) _Cum omnibus pacem; adversus vitia bellum._

Otho III. 983. (Saxony.) _Facile singula rumpuntur jacula; non conjuncta._

Henry II. 1002. (Bavaria.) _Nihil impense ames, ita fiet ut in nullo contristeris._

Conrad II. 1024. (Franconia.) _Omnium mores, imprimis observato._

[1]Henry III. 1039. (Franconia.) _Qui litem aufert; execrationem in benedictionem mutat._

Henry IV. 1056. (Franconia.) _Multi multa sciunt, se autem nemo._

Henry V. 1106. (Franconia.) _Miser qui mortem appetit, miserior qui timet._

Lothaire. 1125. (Saxony.) _Audi alteram partem._

Conrad III. 1137. (Swabia.) _Pauca cum aliis, multa tecum loquere._

Frederick I. (Barbarossa.) 1152. (Swabia.) _Præstat uni probo quam mille improbis placere._

Henry VI. 1190. (Swabia.) _Qui tacendi non habet artem, nec novit loquendi._

Philip. 1197. (Swabia.) _Quod male cœptum est, ne pudeat mutasse._

Otho IV. 1208. (Brunswick.) _Strepit anser inter olores._

Frederick II. 1218. (Swabia.) _Complurimum Thriorum, ego strepitum audiri._

1250-1272. _Grand interregnum._ (See Hallam, _Middle Ages_, ch. v.)

Rodolph of Hapsburgh. 1273. _Melius bene imperare quam imperium ampliare._

{171}

Adolphus. 1291. (Nassau.)

Albert I. 1298. (Austria.) _Fugam victoria nescit._

Henry VII. 1308. (Luxemburg.) _Calicem vitæ dedisti mihi in mortem._[2]

Louis IV. 1314. (Bavaria.)

Charles IV. 1347. (Bohemia.)

Wenceslaus. 1378. (Bohemia.)

Robert. (Count Palatine.) 1400. _Misericordia non causam, sed fortunam spectat._

Sigismund. 1411. (Luxemburg.) _Mala ultro adsunt._

Albert II. 1438. ([3]Austria, House of Hapsburgh.) _Amicus optimæ vitæ possessio._

Frederick III. 1440. _Austriæ imperare orbi universo._

Maximilian I. 1493. _Tene mensuram et respice finem._

Charles V. 1519. _Plus ultra._

Ferdinand I. 1558. _Fiat justitia, et pereat mundus._

Maximilian II. 1564. _Deus providebit._

Rodolph II. 1576. _Fulget Cæsaris astrum._

Matthew. 1612. _Concordi lumine major._

Ferdinand II. 1619. _Legitime certantibus._

Ferdinand III. 1637. _Pietate et justitiâ._

Leopold I. 1657. _Consilio et industriâ._

Joseph I. 1705. _Amore et timore._

Charles VI. 1711. _Constantiâ et fortitudine._

Charles VII. 1742.

Francis I. 1745. _Pro Deo et imperio._

Joseph II. 1765. _Virtute et exemplo._

Leopold II. 1790. _Opes regum, corda subditorum._

Francis II. 1792. _Lege et fide._

I have added, by way of rendering the catalogue more complete, the name of the particular family of German princes, for which each emperor was selected. A glance at these names furnishes a remarkable illustration of an observation of Sismondi:

"That the great evil of an elective monarchy, is the continual
struggle on the part of the rulers to make it hereditary."

It is scarcely necessary to remind your readers, that the integrity of Charlemagne's empire was preserved until the deposition of Charles the Fat; that France and Germany did not become separate until after that event; and that Conrad was, therefore, the first of the German sovereigns, as he was certainly the first elected by the confederate princes.

JOSHUA G. FITCH.

[Footnote 1: Hallam says, that the imperial prerogative never
reached so high a point as in the reign of this monarch. The
succession to the throne appears to have been regarded as
hereditary; and a very efficient control preserved by the
emperor over the usually insubordinate confederacy.]

[Footnote 2: At the death of Henry, Frederick the son of Albert
disputed Louis's election, alleging that he had a majority
of genuine votes. He assumed the motto, _Beatâ morte nihil
beatius_.]

[Footnote 3: All the succeeding princes were of this family.]

* * * * *

POEMS BY MISS DELAVAL.

If the accompanying songs have not been printed before, they may perhaps be worth preserving. They were written and set to music by a highly accomplished lady, the daughter of Edward Hussey Delaval, Esq., the last of his name and race, sometime Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge; the cotemporary of Gray and Mason, and well known for his literary and scientific attainments:

"Where the murm'ring streams meander,
Where the sportive zephyrs play,
Whilst in sylvan shades I wander,
Softly steal the hours away.
I nor splendor crave nor treasure,
Calmer joys my bosom knows;
Smiling days of rural pleasure,
Peaceful nights of soft repose."

* * * * *

"Oh Music, if thou hast a charm,
That may the sense of pain disarm,
Be all thy tender tones address'd
To soothe to peace my Anna's breast,
And bid the magic of thy strain
To still the throb of wakeful pain;
That, rapt in the delightful measure,
Sweet hope again may whisper pleasure,
And seem the notes of spring to hear,
Prelusive to a happier year.
And if thy magic can restore,
The shade of days that smile no more,
And softer, sweeter colors give
To scenes that in remembrance live,
Be to her pensive heart a friend;
And whilst the tender shadows blend,
Recall, ere the brief trace be lost,
Each moment that she priz'd the most."

E. H. A.

* * * * *

Minor Notes.

_The Rights of Women._--Single women, who were freeholders, voted in the State of New Jersey as late as the year 1800. In a newspaper of that date is a complimentary editorial to the female voters for having unanimously supported Mr. John Adams (the defeated candidate) for President of the United States, in opposition to Mr. Jefferson, who was denounced as wanting in religion.

UNEDA.

Philadelphia.

_Green Pots used for drinking from by Members of the Temple._--During the summer of 1849, when the new part of Paper Buildings in the Temple was being built, the workmen, in making the necessary excavations, dug up a great number of pots or cups, which are supposed to have been used for drinking from by the students. I have recently met with the following letter from Sir {172} Julius Cæsar to Sir W. More, which may be interesting to some of your readers:

"After my hartie commendac'ons, &c. Whereas in tymes past the
bearer hereof hath had out of the Parke of Farnham, belonging
to the Bishopricke of Winchester, certaine white clay for the
making of grene potts usually drunk in by the gentlemen of the
Temple, and nowe understandinge of some restraint thereof,
and that you (amongst others) are authorized there in divers
respects during the vacancye of the said Bishopricke; my
request, therefore, unto you is, and the rather for that I am
a member of the said house, that you would in favoʳ of us all
p'mytt the bearer hereof to digge and carrie away so muche of
the said claye as by him shalbe thought sufficient for the
furnishinge of the said house wᵗʰ grene potts aforesaid, paying
as he hath heretofore for the same. In accomplishment whereof
myself with the whole societie shall acknowledge oʳselves much
beholden unto you, and shalbe readie to requite you at all
times hereafter wᵗʰ the like pleasure. And so I bid you moste
heartilie farewel.

"Inner Temple, this xixᵗʰ of August, 1591.

"To the right worshipful Sir W'm More, Knight, geve these."

This letter is printed in the _Losely Manuscripts_, p. 311.

B.

Bristol.

_Quarles and Pascal._--In Quarles' _Emblems_, book i. Emblem vi., there is a passage:

"The world's a seeming paradise, but her own
And man's tormentor;
Appearing fixed, yet but a rolling stone
Without a tenter;
_It is a vast circumference where none_
_Can find a centre._"

And Pascal, in one of his _Pensées_, says:

"Le monde est une sphère infinie, dont le centre est partout,
la circonférence nulle part."

Here we have two propositions, which, whether taken separately, or opposed to each other, would seem to contain nothing but paradox or contradiction. And yet I believe they are but different modes of expressing the same thing.

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

_Offer to intending Editors._--I had hoped that some one would accept Mr. Crossley's offer of Ware's MS. notes for a new edition of _Foxes and Firebrands_. I myself will with pleasure contribute a copy of the book to print from (assuming that it will be properly executed), and also of his much rarer _Coursing of the Romish Fox_, which should form part of the volume.

If any one is disposed to edit the works of Dr. John Rogers, the sub-dean of Wells, I will, with the same pleasure, supply his Address to the Quakers, of which I possess Mr. Brand's copy, which he has twice marked as _extra rare_; and Rodd, from whom I purchased it, had never seen another copy. The entire works might be comprised in two volumes octavo.

It is to be regretted that Mr. Flintoff has not yet published Wallis's _Sermons on the Trinity_, to accompany his excellent edition of Wallis's _Letters_, 1840. Would it not be possible to obtain so many names as would defray the expense of printing?

S. Z. Z. S.

_Head-dress._--The enormous head-dresses worn in the time of Charles I. gave rise to the following lines:

"Hoc magis est instar tecti quam tegminis; hoc non
Ornare est; hoc est ædificare caput."

CLERICUS (D.)

* * * * *

Minor Queries.

_Fox-hunting._--Can any of your correspondents inform me, when the great national sport of fox-hunting first came into vogue?

Gervase Markham, whose work on sports, called _Country Contentments, or the Husbandman's Recreations_, was published in 1654, gives due honour to stag-hunting, which he describes as "the most princely and royall chase of all chases." Speaking of hare-hunting, he says, "It is every honest man's and good man's chase, and which is indeed the freest, readiest, and most enduring pastime;" but he classes the hunting of the fox and the badger together, and he describes them as "Chases of a great deal lesse use or cunning than any of the former, because they are of a much hotter scent, and as being intituled stinking scents, and not sweet scents."

Although he does admit that this chase may be profitable and pleasant for the time, insomuch as there are not so many defaults, but a continuing sport; he concludes, "I will not stand much upon them, because they are not so much desired as the rest."

R. W. B.

_Broderie Anglaise._--Being a young lady whose love for the fine arts is properly modified by a reverence for antiquity, I am desirous to know whether the present fashionable occupation of the "Broderie Anglaise," being undoubtedly a revival, is however traceable (as is alleged) to so remote a period as the days of Elizabeth?

SARAH ANNA.

_"The Convent," an Elegy._--Among the works ascribed to the Abbé François Arnaud, a member of the French Academy, who died in 1784, there is one entitled, _Le Couvent, Elégie traduite de l'Anglais_. What is the English poem here alluded to?

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

_Memorial of Newton._--The subscription now in progress for raising a statue to Sir Isaac Newton {173} at Grantham, the place of his early education, recalls to my recollection a memorial of him, about which I may possibly learn a few particulars from some one of the numerous readers of "N. & Q."

I remember hearing when a school-boy at the college, Grantham, some thirty-five years ago, that Newton's name, cut by himself on a stone in the recess of one of the windows of the school-house, was to be seen there no long time back; but that the stone, or the portion of it which contained the name, had been cut out by some mason at a time when the building was being repaired, and was in the possession of a gentleman then living in the largest house in Grantham--built, I believe, by himself. Those of your readers who knew Grantham at the time, will not need to be told the name of the gentleman to whom I allude. The questions I would wish to ask are these:

1. Was such a stone to be seen, as described, some forty or fifty years since?

2. Is it true that it was removed in the way that I have stated?

3. If so, in whose possession is the stone at this present time?

M. A.

_Mammon._--Perhaps some of your readers could refer me to some work containing information in reference to the following allegation of Barnes, on Matt. vi. 24.:

"Mammon is a Syriac word, _a name given to an idol worshipped
as the god of riches_. It has the same meaning as Plutus
among the Greeks. It is not known that the Jews even formally
worshipped _this idol_, but they used the word to denote
wealth."

My question relates to the passages in Italics.

B. H. C.

_Derivation of Wellesley._--In a note to the lately published _Autobiographic Sketches_ of Thomas De Quincey, I find (p. 131.) the following passage:

"It had been always known that some relationship existed
between the Wellesleys and John Wesley. Their names had in fact
been originally the same; and the Duke of Wellington himself,
in the earlier part of his career, when sitting in the Irish
House of Commons, was always known to the Irish journals as
Captain Wesley. Upon this arose a natural belief, that the
aristocratic branch of the house had improved the name into
Wellesley. But the true process of change had been precisely
the other way. Not Wesley had been expanded into Wellesley,
but inversely, Wellesley had been contracted by household
usage into Wesley. The name must have been _Wellesley_ in its
earliest stage, since it was founded upon a connexion with
Wells Cathedral."

May I ask what this connexion was, and whence the authority for the statement? Had the illustrious Duke's adoption of his title from another town in Somersetshire anything to do with it?

J. M.

Cranwells, Bath.

_The Battle of Cruden--A Query for Copenhagen Correspondents._--In the year 1059, in the reign of Malcolm III., king of Scotland, a battle was fought on the Links of Cruden, in the county of Aberdeen, between the Danes and the Scots, in which the Prince Royal, who commanded the Danish forces, was slain. He was buried on the Danish field, near to which, according to the custom of the times, King Malcolm "biggit ane kirk." This church was overblown with sand, and another built farther inland, which is the present parish church. To the churchyard wall there leans a black marble gravestone, about 7 ft. × 3 ft. 6 in., which is said to have been sent from Denmark as a monument for the grave of his royal highness. The stone has the appearance of considerable antiquity about it, and appears to have been inlaid with marble, let into it about half an inch; the marks of the iron brads, and the lead which secured it, are still visible.

"Tradition says it did from Denmark come,
A monument the king sent for his son."

And it is also stated that, until within the last hundred years, a small sum of money was annually sent by the Danish government to the minister of Cruden for keeping the monument in repair. I should be glad to learn if there are any documents among the royal archives at Copenhagen, which would invalidate or substantiate the popular tradition.

ABREDONENSIS.

_Ampers and_ (& or & [Transcriber's note: Two different typefaces.]).--I have heard this symbol called both _ampers and_ and _apussé and_. Which, if either, is the correct term; and what is its derivation?

C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.

Birmingham.

_The Myrtle Bee._--I should feel much obliged to any reader of "N. & Q." who would answer the following questions respecting the bird called the Myrtle Bee; separating carefully at the same time the result of his _personal experience_ from any _hearsay evidence_ that he may have collected on the subject. In what places in the British Isles has the bird been seen? During what months? Is it gregarious, or solitary? What are its haunts and habits, and on what does it feed? What is its colour, shape, and size? Its mode of flight? Does any cabinet contain a preserved specimen, and has any naturalist described or figured it either as a British or a foreign bird?

W. R. D. SALMON.

Birmingham.

_Henry Earl of Wotton._--Jan van Kerckhove, Lord of Kerkhoven and Heenvliet, who died at Sassenheim, March 7, 1660, married Catherine Stanhope, daughter of the Earl of Chesterfield; and had issue Charles Henry, who in 1659 was chief magistrate of Breda, and was created Earl {174} of Wotton by the king of England. Could any of your readers favour me with the date of the above marriage, as also those of the birth of the father and the son; as well as that of the elevation of the latter to the peerage of England?--From the _Navorscher_.

A. I.

_Connexion between the Celtic and Latin Languages._--Can any of your correspondents supply any links of connection between the Celtic and Latin languages?

M.

_Queen Anne's Motto._--What authority have we for asserting that "Semper eadem" was Queen Anne's motto, and that it expired with her?

CLERICUS (D.)

_Anonymous Books._--Can any of the readers of "N. & Q." furnish the names of the authors of either of the following works?

1. The Watch; an Ode, humbly inscribed to the Right Hon. the
Earl of M--f--d. To which is added, the Genius of America to
General Carleton, an Ode. London: J. Bew, 1778. 4to.

2. Fast Sermon, preached at ---- Feb. 10th, 1779, by the
Reverend ---- ----; showing the Tyranny and Oppression of the
British King and Parliament respecting the American Colonies.
Inscribed to the Congress. 8vo. (_Sine loco aut anno._ An
ironical Piece, severe on America.)

3. National Prejudice opposed to the National Interest;
candidly considered in the Detention or Yielding up Gibraltar
and Cape Breton, by the ensuing Treaty of Peace, &c. In a
Letter to Sir John Bernard. London: W. Owen, 1748. 8vo.

4. The Blockheads; or Fortunate Contractor. An Opera, in Two
Acts, as it was performed at New York, &c. Printed at New York.
London: reprinted for G. Kearsley, 1783. 12mo.

5. The Present State of the British Empire in Europe, America,
Asia, and Africa, &c.: London, 1768, 8vo., pp. 486.

Who prepared the chapters on America in this volume?

SERVIENS.

* * * * *

Minor Queries with Answers.

_Major André._--A subscriber having observed the amount of valuable and recondite information elicited by a happy Query concerning General Wolfe, hopes to obtain like success in one he now puts forward in regard to the personal history, &c. of the unfortunate Major John André, who was hung by the Americans as a spy during their Revolutionary War. Being engaged upon a biography of Major André, he has already collected considerable matter; but wishes to leave no stone unturned in his task, and therefore begs his brethren of "N. & Q." to publish therein any anecdotes or copies of any letters or documents concerning that gallant but ill-fated gentleman. A reference to passages occurring in printed books bearing on this subject, might also well be given; for there is so little known about Major André, and that little scattered piecemeal in so many and various localities, that it is hardly possible some of them should not have escaped this writer's notice.

SERVIENS.

[Smith's _Authentic Narrative of Major André_, 8vo. 1808, has most probably been consulted by our correspondent. There is a good account of the Major in vol. ii. of the _Biographical Dictionary_ of the Useful Knowledge Society, and it is worth consulting for the authorities quoted at the end of the article. See also the _Encyclopædia Americana_, article "Benedict Arnold;" the _American Whig Review_, vol. v. p. 381.; _New England Magazine_, vol. vi. p. 353.; and for a vindication of the captors of André, the _Analectic Magazine_, vol. x. p. 307. Articles also will be found respecting him in _Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. l. pp. 540. 610.; vol. li. p. 320.; vol. lii. p. 514. Major André is one of the principal subjects of _The British Hero in Captivity_, a poem attributed to Mr. Puddicombe, 4to. 1782.]

"_The Fatal Mistake._"--Can you tell me where the scene of the following play is laid, and the names of the _dramatis personæ_: _The Fatal Mistake, a Tragedy_, by Joseph Haynes, 4to., 1696?

The author of this play, who was known by the name of Count Haynes, was an actor in the theatre at Drury Lane about the time of James II., and died in 1701. There is an account of his life written by Tom Browne.

GW.

[The title-page of _A Fatal Mistake_ states that it was written by Jos. Hayns; but according to the _Biog. Dramatica_, it is not certain that Count Haines was the author. The _dramatis personæ_ are: _Men_, Duke, Duke of Schawden's ambassador, Rodulphus, Baldwin, Eustace, Ladovick, Albert, Godfrey, Arnulph, Frederick, Welpho, Conradine, Gozelo, Lewis, Ferdinando. _Women_, Duchess Gertruedo, Lebassa, Clementia, Idana, Thierrie, Maria, Lords and Ladies, Masquers, Soldiers.]

_Anonymous Plays._--

1. A Match for a Widow; or, the Frolics of Fancy. A Comic
Opera, in Three Acts, as performed at the Theatre Royal,
Dublin. London: C. Dilly, 1788. 8vo.

2. The Indians; a Tragedy. Performed at the Theatre Royal,
Richmond. London: C. Dilly, 1790. 8vo.

3. André; a Tragedy in Five Acts, as now performing at the
Theatre in New York. To which is added the Cow Chase; a
Satirical Poem, by Major André. With the Proceedings of the
Court Martial, and authentic Documents concerning him. London:
Ogilvy & Son, 1799. 8vo.

SERVIENS.

[_A Match for a Widow_ is by Joseph Atkinson, Treasurer of the Ordnance in Ireland, the friend and associate of Curran, Moore, and the galaxy of Irish genius. He died in 1818.

{175}

2. _The Indians_ is by William Richardson, Professor of Humanity in the University of Glasgow, who died in 1814.

3. _André_ is by William Dunlap, an American dramatist.]

_High Commission Court._--Can any of your readers refer me to works bearing on the proceedings of the High Commission Court? The sort of information of which I am in search is not so much on the great constitutional questions involved in the history of this court, as in the details of its mode of procedure; as shown either by actual books of practice, or the history of particular cases brought before it.

J. F. M.

[Some account of the proceedings of the High Commission Court is given in Reeves's _History of the English Law_, vol. v. pp. 215-218. The Harleian MS. 7516. also contains Minutes of the Proceedings of the High Commissioners at Whitehall, July 6, 1616, on the question of Commendums, the king himself being present. It makes twenty-one leaves.]

* * * * *

Replies.

ROSICRUCIANS.

(Vol. vii., p. 619.; Vol. viii., p. 106.)

We frequently see Queries made in these pages which could be satisfactorily answered by turning to the commonest books of reference, such as Brand, Fosbroke, Hone, the various dictionaries and encyclopædias, and the standard works on the subjects queried. Now it seems to me that "N. & Q." is not intended for going over old ground, and thus becoming a literary treadmill; but its mission lies in supplying information _not easily found_, and in perfecting, as far as possible, our standard works and books of reference. MR. TAYLOR'S Query affords an opportunity for this, as the ordinary sources of information are very deficient as regards the Rosicrucians.

According to some, the name is derived from their supposed founder, _Christian Rosencreutz_, who died in 1484. And they account for the fact of the Rosicrucians not being heard of till 1604, by saying that Rosencreutz bound his disciples by an oath not to promulgate his doctrines for 120 years after his death. The mystical derivation of the name is thus given in the _Encyc. Brit._:--

"The denomination evidently appears to be derived from the
science of chemistry. It is not compounded, as many imagine,
of the two words _rosa_ and _crux_, which signify _rose_ and
_cross_, but of the latter of these two words and the Latin
_ros_, which signifies _dew_. Of all natural bodies _dew_ was
deemed the most powerful dissolvent of gold; and the _cross_
in the chemical language is equivalent to _light_, because
the figure of the _cross_ exhibits at the same time the three
letters of which the word _lux_, light, is compounded. Now
_lux_ is called by this sect the seed or menstruum of the red
dragon, or, in other words, gross and corporeal _light_, which,
when properly digested and modified, produces _gold_. Hence
it follows, if this etymology be admitted, that a Rosicrucian
philosopher is one who, by the intervention and assistance
of the _dew_, seeks for light; or, in other words, the
philosopher's stone.

"The true meaning and energy of this denomination did not
escape the penetration and sagacity of Gassendi, as appears
by his _Examen Philos. Fludd_, tom. iii. s. 15. p. 261.; and
it was more fully explained by Renaudot in his _Conférences
Publiques_, tom. iv. p. 87."

The encyclopædist remarks that at first the title commanded some respect, as it seemed to be borrowed from _the arms of Luther, which were a cross placed upon a rose_.

The leading doctrines of the Rosicrucians were borrowed from the Eastern philosophers[4]; the Christian Platonists, schoolmen, and mystics: mixed up with others derived from writers on natural history, magic, astrology, and especially alchemy. All these blended together, and served up in a professional jargon of studied obscurity, formed the doctrinal system of these strange philosophers. In this system _the doctrine of elemental spirits_, and the means of communion and alliance with them, and _the doctrine of signatures_, are the most prominent points.