Chapter C: H. Cooper

Cambridge.

_Judges styled "Reverend"_ (Vol. viii., p. 158.).--As it is more than probable that your pages may in future be referred to as authority for any statement they contain, especially when the fact they announce is vouched by so valued a name as that of my friend YORK HERALD, I am sure that he will excuse me for correcting an error into which he has fallen, the more especially as Lord Campbell is equally mistaken (_Lord Chancellors_, i. 539.).

YORK HERALD states, that "Anthony Fitz-Herbert was appointed Chief Justice of the Common {277} Pleas in 1523, and died in 30 Henry VIII." Fitz-Herbert was never _Chief Justice_. He was made a judge of the Common Pleas in 1522; and so continued till his death at the time mentioned, 1538. During that period, the office of Chief Justice of the Common Pleas was successively held by Sir Thomas Brudenell till 1531, by Sir Robert Norwich till 1535, and then by Sir John Baldwin, who was Chief Justice at the time of Fitz-Herbert's death.

William Rastall (afterwards Judge), in the early part of his career, joined his father in the printing business, and there are several books with his imprimatur. It was during that time probably that he formed the table to the _Natura Brevium_ of Anthony Fitz-Herbert, mentioned in the title-page to YORK HERALD'S volume.

EDWARD FOSS.

_"Hurrah" and other War-cries_ (Vol. vii., pp. 595. 633.; Vol. viii., pp. 20. 88.).--_Hurrah_ is the war-cry of many nations, both in the army and navy. The Dutch seem to have adopted it from the Russians, _poeta invito_, as we see in the following verses of Staring van den Willenborg:

"Is 't hoera? Is 't hoera?
Wat drommel kan 't u schelen?
Brul, smeek ik, geen Kozakken na!
Als Fredrik's batterijen spelen--
Als Willem's trommen slaan
Blijv' Neerland's oorlogskreet: 'Val aan!'
Waar jong en oud de vreugd der overwinning deelen,
Bij Quatre-Bras' trofee,
Blijve ons gejuich _Hoezee_!"

Accept or reject this doggerel translation:

"Is it hurrah? Is it hurrah?
What does that concern you, pray?
Howl not like Cossacks of the Don!
But, when Frederic's batteries pour--
When William's drums do roar--
Holland's war-cry still be 'Fall on!'
When old and young
Raise the victor's song,
At Quatre-Bras' trophy,
Let _Huzzah_ our joy-cry be!"

_Hoera_ (hurrah) and _hoezee_ (huzza), then, in the opinion of Staring, and indeed of many others, have not the same origin. Some have derived _hoezee_ from _hausse_, a French word of applause at the hoisting (Fr. _hausser_) of the admiral's flag. Bilderdijk derives it from Hussein, a famous Turkish warrior, whose memory is still celebrated. Dr. Brill says, "_hoezee_ seems to be only another mode of pronouncing the German _juchhe_." Van Iperen thinks it taken from the Jewish shout, "Hosanna!" Siegenbeek finds "the origin of _hoezee_ in the shout of encouragement, 'Hou zee!' (hold sea)." Dr. Jager cites a Flemish author, who says "that this cry ('hou zee,' in French, _tiens mer_) seems especially to belong to us; since it was formerly the custom of our seamen always 'zee te houden' (to keep the sea), and never to seek shelter from storms." Dr. Jager, however, thinks it rather doubtful "that our _hoezee_ should come from 'hou zee,' especially since we find a like cry in other languages." In old French _huz_ signified a cry, a shout; and the verb _huzzer_, or _hucher_, to cry, to shout; and in Dutch _husschen_ had the same meaning.--From the _Navorscher_.

_Major Andre_ (Vol. viii., p. 174).--The sisters of Major Andre lived until a comparatively very recent date in the Circus at Bath, and this fact may point SERVIENS to inquiries in that city.

T. F.

In reply to SERVIENS'S Query about Major Andre, I beg to inform him that there is a good picture of the Major by Sir Joshua Reynolds in the house of Mrs. Fenning, at Tonbridge Wells, who, I have no doubt, would be enabled to give him some particulars respecting his life.

W. H. P.

_Early Edition of the New Testament_ (Vol. viii., p. 219.).--The book, about which your correspondent A. BOARDMAN inquires, is an imperfect copy of Tyndale's _Version of the New Testament_: probably it is one of the _first edition_; if so, it was printed at Antwerp in 1526; but if it be one of the second edition, it was printed, I believe, at the same place in 1534. Those excellent and indefatigable publishers, Messrs. Bagster & Sons, have within the last few years reprinted both these editions; and if your correspondent would apply to them, I have no doubt but they will be able to resolve him on all the points of his inquiry.

F. B----W.

_Ladies' Arms borne in a Lozenge_ (Vol. vii., p. 571. Vol. viii., pp. 37. 83.).--As this question is still open, I forward you the translation of an article inserted by me in the first volume of the _Navorscher_. Lozenge-formed shields have not been always, nor exclusively, used by ladies; for, in a collection of arms from 1094 to 1649 (see _Descriptive Catalogue of Impressions from Scottish Seals_, by Laing, Edinburgh) are many examples of ladies' arms, but not one in which the shield has any other form than that used at the time by men. In England, however, as early as the fourteenth century, the lozenge was sometimes used by ladies, though perhaps only by widows. Nisbet (_System of Heraldry_, ii. 35.) mentions a lozenge-formed seal of Johanna Beaufort, Queen Dowager of Scotland, attached to a parchment in 1439; while her arms, at an earlier period, were borne on a common shield (_Gent. Mag._, April, 1851). In France the use of the lozenge for ladies was very general; yet in the great work of Flacchio (_Genealogie de la Maison de la Tour_) are found several hundred examples of ladies' arms on oval {278} shields; and in _Vredii Genealogia comitum Flandriae_ (p. 130.), on shields rounded off below. On the other hand, lozenges have sometimes been used by men: for instance, on a seal of Ferdinand, Infant of Spain, in Vredius, l. c. p. 148.; also on a dollar of Count Maurice of Hanau, in Kohler's _Muentzbelustig_. 14. See again the arms of the Count of Sickingen, in Siebmacher, Suppl. xi. 2. So much for the use of the lozenge. Most explanations of its origin appear equally far-fetched. That of Menestrier, in his _Pratique des Armoires_ (p. 14.), seems to me the least forced. He derives the French name _lozange_ from the Dutch _lofzang_:

"In Holland," he says, "the custom prevails every year, in May, to
affix verses and _lofzangen_ (songs of praise) in lozenge-formed
tablets on the doors of newly-made magistrates. Young men hung such
tablets on the doors of their sweethearts, or newly-married persons.
Also on the death of distinguished persons, lozenge-shaped pieces of
black cloth or velvet, with the arms, name, and date of the death of
the deceased, were exhibited on the front of the house. And since
_there is little to be said of women, except on their marriage or
death, for this reason has it become customary on all occasions to use
for them the lozenge-shaped shield_."

In confirmation of this may be mentioned, that formerly _lozange_ and _lozanger_ were used in the French for _louange_ and _louer_; of which Menestrier, in the above-quoted work (p. 431.), cites several instances.

Besides the conjectures mentioned by H. C. K. and BROCTUNA, may be cited that of Laboureur: who finds both the form and the name in the Greek word [Greek: oxugonios] (_ozenge_ with the article, _l'ozenge_); and of Scaliger, who discovers _lausangia_ in _laurangia_, _lauri folia_. See farther, Bernd. _Wapenwesen_, Bonn, 1841.

JOHN SCOTT.

Norwich.

_Sir William Hankford_ (Vol. ii., p. 161. &c.).--Your learned correspondent MR. EDWARD FOSS proves satisfactorily that Sir W. Gascoigne was not retained in his office of Chief Justice by King Hen. V. But MR. FOSS seems to have overlooked entirely the Devonshire tradition, which represents Sir William _Hankford_ (Gascoigne's successor) to be the judge who committed Prince Henry. Risdon (_v_. Bulkworthy, _Survey of Devon_, ed. 1811, p. 246.), after mentioning a chapel built by Sir W. Hankford, gives this account of the matter:

"This is that deserving judge, that did justice upon the king's son
(afterwards King Henry V.), who, when he was yet prince, commanded him
to free a servant of his, arraigned for felony at the king's bench bar;
whereat the judge replied, he would not. Herewith the prince, enraged,
essayed himself to enlarge the prisoner, but the judge forbad; insomuch
as the prince in fury stept up to the bench, and gave the judge a blow
on the face, who, nothing thereat daunted, told him boldly: 'If you
will not obey your sovereign's laws, who shall obey you when you shall
be king? Wherefore, in the king's (your father's) name, I command you
prisoner to the king's bench.' Whereat the prince, abashed, departed to
prison. When King Henry IV., his father, was advertised thereof (as
fast flieth fame), after he had examined the circumstances of the
matter, he rejoiced to have a son so obedient to his laws, and a judge
of such integrity to administer justice without fear or favour of the
person; but withal dismissed the prince from his place of president of
the council, which he conferred on his second son."

Risdon makes no mention of Sir W. Hankford's being retained in office by King Henry V. But at p. 277., _v._ Monkleigh, he gives the traditional account of Hankford's death (anno 1422), which represents the judge, in doubt of his safety, and mistrusting the sequel of the matter, to have committed suicide by requiring his park-keeper to shoot at him when under the semblance of a poacher:

"Which report (Risdon adds) is so credible among the common sort of
people, that they can show the tree yet growing where this fact was
committed, known by the name of Hankford Oak."

J. SANSOM.

_Mauilies, Manillas_ (Vol. vii., p. 533.).--W. H. S. will probably find some of the information which he asks for in _Two Essays on the Ring-Money of the Celtae_, which were read in the year 1837 to the members of the Royal Irish Academy by Sir William Betham, and in some observations on these essays which are to be found in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ of that year. During the years 1836, 1837, and 1838, there were made at Birmingham or the neighbourhood, and exported from Liverpool to the river Bonney in Africa, large quantities of _cast-iron_ rings, in imitation of the _copper_ rings known as "Manillas" or "African ring-money," then made at Bristol. A vessel from Liverpool, carrying out a considerable quantity of these cast-iron rings, was wrecked on the coast of Ireland in the summer of 1836. A few of them having fallen into the hands of Sir William Betham, he was led to write the _Essays_ before mentioned. The making of these cast-iron rings has been discontinued since the year 1838, in consequence of the natives of Africa refusing to give anything in exchange for them. From inquiry which I made in Birmingham in the year 1839, I learnt that more than 250 tons of these cast-iron rings had been made in that town and neighbourhood in the year 1838, for the African market. The captain of a vessel trading to Africa informed me in the same year that the Black Despot, who then ruled on the banks of the river Bonney, had threatened to mutilate, in a way which I will not describe, any one who should be detected in landing these counterfeit rings within his territories.

N. W. S.

{279}

_The Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits_ (Vol. vii., p. 589.; Vol. viii., p. 82.).--Your correspondent A. W. S. having called attention to the use of the hour-glass in pulpits (Vol. vii., p. 589.), I beg to mention two instances in which I have seen the stands which formerly held them. The first is at Pilton Church, near Barnstaple, Devon, where it still (at least very lately it did) remain fixed to the pulpit; the other instance is at Tawstock Church (called, from its numerous and splendid monuments, the Westminster Abbey of North Devon), but here it has been displaced, and I saw it lying among fragments of old armour, banners, &c., in a room above the vestry. They were similar in form, each representing a man's arm, cut out of sheet iron and gilded, the hand holding the stand; turning on a hinge at the shoulder it lay flat on the panels of the pulpit when not in use. When extended it would project about a yard.

BALLIOLENSIS.

George Poulson, Esq., in his _History and Antiquities of the Seignory of Holderness_ (vol. ii. p. 419.), describing Keyingham Church, says that--

"The pulpit is placed on the south-east corner; beside it is an iron
frame-work, used to contain an hour-glass."

EDWARD PEACOCK.

Bottesford Moors, Kirton-in-Lindsey.

_Derivation of the Word "Island"_ (Vol. viii., p. 209.).--Your correspondent C. gives me credit for a far greater amount of humour than I can honestly lay claim to. He appears (he must excuse me for saying so) to have scarcely read through my observations on the derivation of the word _island_, which he criticises so unmercifully; and to have understood very imperfectly what he has read. For instance, he says that my "derivation of _island_ from _eye_, the visual orb, because each are (_sic_) surrounded by water, seems like banter," &c. Had I insisted on any such analogy, I should indeed have laid myself open to the charge; but _I did nothing of the kind_, as he will find to be the case, if he will take the trouble of perusing what I wrote. My remarks went to show, that, in the A.-S. compounded terms, _Ealond_, _Igland_, &c., from which our word _island_ comes, the component _ea_, _ig_, &c., does not mean _water_, as has hitherto been supposed to be the case, but an _eye_; and that on this supposition alone can the simple _ig_, used to express an _island_, be explained. Will C. endeavour to explain it in any other way?

Throughout my remarks, the word _isle_ is not mentioned. And why? Simply because it has no immediate etymological connexion with the word _island_, being merely the French word naturalised. The word _isle_ is a simple, the word _island_ a compound term. It is surely a fruitless task (as it certainly is unnecessary for any one, with the latter word ready formed to his hand in the Saxon branch of the Teutonic, and, from its very form, clearly of that family), to go out of his way to torture the Latin into yielding something utterly foreign to it. My belief is, that the resemblance between these two words is an accidental one; or, more properly, that it is a question whether the introduction of an _s_ into the word _island_ did not originate in the desire to assimilate the Saxon and French terms.

H. C. K.

_A Cob-wall_ (Vol. viii., p. 151.).--A "cob" is not an unusual word in the midland counties, meaning a lump or small hard mass of anything: it also means a blow; and a good "cobbing" is no unfamiliar expression to the generality of schoolboys. A "cob-wall," I imagine, is so called from its having been made of heavy lumps of clay, beaten one upon another into the form of a wall. I would ask, if "gob," used also in Devonshire for the stone of any fruit which contains a kernel, is not a cognate word?

W. FRASER.

Tor Mohun.

_Oliver Cromwell's Portrait_ (Vol. vi. _passim_).--In reference to this Query, the best portrait of Oliver Cromwell is in the Baptist College here, and 500 guineas have been refused for it.

I am not aware if it is the one alluded to by your correspondents. The picture is small, and depicts the Protector _without_ armour: it is by Cooper, and was left to its present possessors by the Rev. Andrew Gifford, a Baptist minister, in 1784.

Two copies have been made of it, but the original has never been engraved; from one of the copies, however, an engraving is in process of execution, after the picture by Mr. Newenham, of "Cromwell dictating to Milton his letter to the Duke of Savoy." The likeness of Cromwell in this picture is taken from one of the copies.

The original is not allowed to be taken from off the premises on any consideration, in consequence of a dishonest attempt having been made, some time ago, to substitute a copy for it.

BRISTOLIENSIS.

_Manners of the Irish_ (Vol. viii., pp. 5. 111.)--A slight knowledge of Gaelic enables me to supply the meaning of some of the words that have puzzled your Irish correspondents. _Molchan_ (Gaelic, _Mulachan_) means "cheese."

"Deo gracias, is smar in Doieagh."

I take to mean "Thanks to God, God is good." In Gaelic the spelling would be--"is math in Dia." A Roman Catholic Celt would often hear his priest say "Deo Gratias."

The meaning of the passage seems to be pretty clear, and may be rendered thus:--The Irish farmer, although in the abundant enjoyment of {280} bread, butter, cheese, flesh, and broth, is not only not ashamed to complain of poverty as an excuse for non-payment of his rent, but has the effrontery to thank God, as if he were enjoying only those blessings of Providence to which he is justly entitled.

W. C.

Argyleshire.

_Chronograms and Anagrams_ (Vol. viii., p. 42.).--Perhaps the most extraordinary instance to be found in reference to chronograms is the following:

"Chronographica Gratulatio in Felicissimum adventum Serenissimi
Cardinalis Ferdinandi, Hispaniarum Infantis, a Collegio Soc. Jesu.
Bruxellae publico Belgarum Gaudio exhibita."

This title is followed by a dedication to S. Michael and an address to Ferdinand; after which come one hundred hexameters, _every one of which is a chronogram_, and each chronogram gives the same result, viz. 1634. The first three verses are,--

"AngeLe CaeLIVogI MIChaeL LUX UnICa CaetUs.
Pro nUtU sUCCInCta tUo CUI CUnCta MInIstrant.
SIDera qUIqUe poLo gaUDentIa sIDera VoLVUnt."

The last two are,--

"Vota Cano: haeC LeVIbus qUamVIs nUnC InCLyte prInCeps.
VersICULIs InCLUsa, fLUent in saeCULa CentUm."

All the numeral letters are printed in capitals, and the whole is to be found in the _Parnassus Poeticus Societatis Jesu_ (Francofurti, 1654), at pp. 445-448. of part i. In the same volume there is another example of the chronogram, at p. 261., in the "Septem Mariae Mysteria" of Antonius Chanut. It occurs at the close of an inscription:

"StatUaM hanC--eX Voto ponIt
FernanDUs TertIUs AUgUstUs."

The date is 1647.

"Henriot, an ingenious anagrammatist, discovered the following anagram
for the occasion of the 15th:

'Napoleon Bonaparte sera-t-il consul a vie,
La [le] peuple bon reconnoissant votera Oui.'

There is only a trifling change of _a_ to e."--_Gent. Mag._, Aug. 1802,
p. 771.

The following is singular:

"Quid est veritas? = Vir qui adest."

I add another chronogram "by Godard, upon the birth of Louis XIV. in 1638, on a day when the eagle was in conjunction with the lion's heart:"

"EXorIens DeLphIn AqUILa CorDIsqUe LeonIs
CongressU GaLLos spe LaetItIaqUe refeCIt."

B. H. C.

_"Haul over the Coals"_ (Vol. viii., p. 125.).--This appears to mean just the same as "roasting"--to inflict upon any one a castigation _per verbum_ and in good humour.

_To cover over the coals_ is the same as to cower over the coals, as a gipsy over a fire. Thus Hodge says of Gammer Gurton and Tib, her maid:

"'Tis their daily looke,
They cover so over the coles their eies be bleared with smooke."

_To carry coals to Newcastle_ is well understood to be like giving alms to the wealthy; but viewed in union with the others would show what a prominent place coals seem to have in the popular mind.

B. H. C.

Poplar.

_Sheer Hulk_ (Vol. viii., p. 126.).--This phrase is certainly correct. _Sheer_ = mere, a hulk, and nothing else. Thus we say _sheer_ nonsense, _sheer_ starvation, &c.; and the song says:

"Here a _sheer hulk_ lies poor Tom Bowling,
The darling of our crew," &c.

The etymology of _sheer_ is plainly from _shear_.

B. H. C.

Poplar.

_The Magnet_ (Vol. vi. _passim_).--This was used by Claudian apparently as symbolical of Venus or love:

"Mavors, sanguinea qui cuspide verberat urbes,
Et Venus, humanas quae laxat in otia curas,
Aurati delubra tenent communia templi,
Effigies non una Deis. Sed ferrea Martis
Forma nitet, Venerem _magnetica gemma figurat_."--Claud. _De Magnete._

B. H. C.

Poplar.

_Fierce_ (Vol. viii., p. 125.).--OXONIENSIS mentions a peculiar use of the word "fierce." An inhabitant of Staffordshire would have answered him: "I feel quite _fierce_ this morning."

W. FRASER.

Tor-Mohun.

_Connexion between the Celtic and Latin Languages_ (Vol. viii., p. 174.).--Your correspondent M. will find some curious and interesting articles on this subject in vol. ii. of _The Scottish Journal_, Edinburgh, 1848, p. 129. _et infra_.

DUNCAN MACTAVISH.

Lochbrovin.

_Acharis_ (Vol. viii., p. 198.).--A mistake, probably, for _achatis_, a Latinised form of _achat_, a bargain, purchase, or act of purchasing. The passage in Dugdale seems to mean that "Ralph Wickliff, Esq., holds two-thirds of the tithes of certain domains sometime purchased by him, {281} formerly at a rental of 5s., now at nothing, because, as he says, they are included in his park."

J. EASTWOOD.

_Henry, Earl of Wotton_ (Vol. viii., p. 173.).--Philip, first Earl of Chesterfield, had a son Henry, Lord Stanhope, K.B., who married Catherine, the eldest daughter and co-heir of Thomas, Lord Wotton, and had issue one son Philip, and two daughters, Mary and Catherine. Lord Stanhope died s. p. Nov. 29, 1634. His widow was governess to the Princess of Orange, daughter of Charles I., and attending her into Holland, sent over money, arms, and ammunition to that king when he was distressed by his rebellious subjects. For such services, and by reason of her long attendance on the princess, she was, on the restoration of Charles II. (in regard that Lord Stanhope, her husband, did not live to enjoy his father's honours), by letters patent bearing date May 29, 12 Charles II., advanced to the dignity of Countess of Chesterfield for life, as also that her daughters should enjoy precedency as earl's daughters.

She took to her second husband John Poliander Kirkhoven, Lord of Kirkhoven and Henfleet, by whom she had a son, _Charles Henry_ Kirkhoven, the subject of the Query.

This gentleman, chiefly on account of his mother's descent, was created a baron of this realm by the title of Lord Wotton of Wotton in Kent, by letters patent bearing date at St. Johnstone's (Perth) in Scotland, August 31, 1650, and in September, 1660, was naturalised by authority of parliament, together with his sisters. He was likewise in 1677 created Earl of _Bellomont_ in Ireland, and, dying without issue, left his estates to his nephew Charles Stanhope, the younger son of his half-brother the Earl of Chesterfield, who took the surname of Wotton.

This information is principally from Collins, who quotes "Ec. Stem. per Vincent." I have consulted also Bank's _Dormant Baronage_, Burke's _Works_, and Sharpe's _Peerage_.

BROCTUNA.

Bury, Lancashire.

_Anna Lightfoot_ (Vol. vii., p. 595.).--An account of "the left-handed wife of George III." appeared in Sir Richard Phillips' _Monthly Magazine_ for 1821 or 1822, under the title of (I think) "Hannah Lightfoot, the fair Quaker."

ALEXANDER ANDREWS.

_Lawyers' Bags_ (Vol. viii., p. 59.).--Previous correspondents appear to have established the fact that green was the orthodox colour of a lawyer's bag up to a recent date. May not the change of colour have been suggested by the sarcasms and jeers about "green bags," which were very current during the proceedings on the Bill of Pains and Penalties, commonly known as the _Trial_ of Queen Caroline, some thirty years ago? The reports of the evidence collected by the commission on the Continent, was laid on the table in a _sealed green bag_, and the very name became for a time the signal for such an outcry, that the lawyers may have deemed it prudent to strike their colours, and have recourse to some other less obnoxious to remark.

BALLIOLENSIS.

_"When Orpheus went down"_ (Vol. viii., p. 196.).--In reply to the Query of G. M. B. respecting "When Orpheus went down," I beg to say that the author was the Rev. Dr. Lisle (most probably the Bishop of St. Asaph). The song may be found among Ritson's _English Songs_. When it was first published I have not been able to ascertain, but it must have been in the early part of the last century, as the air composed for it by Dr. Boyce, most likely for Vauxhall, was afterwards used in the pasticcio opera of _Love in a Village_, which was brought out in 1763.