Chapter II: Front Matter (2)

[The earliest edition is that printed by T. Berthelet, 4to., 1549. The
first two parts of this Chronicle, {495} and the beginning of the
third, as far as the seventeenth year after Christ, were composed by
Thomas Lanquet, a young man of twenty-four years of age. Owing to his
early death, Bishop Cooper finished the work; and his part, which is
the third, contains almost thrice as much as Lanquet's two parts, being
taken from Achilles Pyrminius. When it was finished, a surreptitious
edition appeared in 1559, under the title of Lanquet's _Chronicle_;
hereupon the bishop protested against "the vnhonest dealynge" of this
book, edited by Thomas Crowley, in the next edition, entitled Cooper's
_Chronicle_, "printed in the house late Thomas Berthelettes," 1560. The
running title to the first and second parts is, "Lanquet's Chronicle;"
and to the third, "The Epitome of Chronicles." The other editions are,
"London, 1554," 4to., and "London, 1565," 4to. We should think the
edition of 1560 rare: it was in the collections of Mr. Heber and Mr.
Herbert. In this work the following memorable passage occurs, under the
year 1542:--"One named Johannes Faustius fyrste founde the crafte of
printynge in the citee of Mens in Germanie."]

_"Our English Milo."_--Bishop Hall extols in his _Heaven upon Earth_ the valour of a countryman in a Spanish bull-fight (see p. 335., collected ed. _Works_, 1622). Of whom does he speak?

R. C. WARDE.

Kidderminster.

[If we may offer a conjecture, in the passage cited the bishop seems to
refer to that "greatest scourge of Spain" Sir Walter Raleigh, and not
so much to a bull-fight as to the Spanish Armada. The bishop is
prescribing Expectation as a remedy for Crosses, and says, "Is it not
credible what a fore-resolved mind can do--can suffer? Could our
English Milo, of whom Spain yet speaketh, since their last peace, have
overthrown that furious beast, made now more violent through the rage
of his baiting, if he had not settled himself in his station, and
expected?" Sir Walter's "fore-resolved and expectant mind" was shown in
the publication of his treatise, _Notes of Directions for the Defence
of the Kingdom_, written three years before the Spanish invasion of
1588.]

_"Delights for Ladies."_--I lately picked up a small volume entitled--

"Delights for Ladies; to adorn their Persons, Tables, Closets, and
Distillatories, with Beauties, Bouquets, Perfumes, and Waters. Reade,
practise, and censure." London, Robert Young. 1640.

Who is the author of this interesting little work? Some one has written on the fly-leaf, "See Douce's _Illustrations of Shakspeare_, vol. i. p. 69., where there is a reference to this curious little book;" but as I cannot readily lay my hand on Douce, I will feel obliged for the information sought for from any of your valued correspondents.

GEORGE LLOYD.

Dublin.

[The author was Sir Hugh Plat, who, says Harte, "not to mention his
most excellent talents, was the most ingenious husbandman of the age he
lived in. In a word, no man ever discovered, or at least brought into
use, so many new sorts of manure." The _Delights for Ladies_ first
appeared in 1602, and passed through several editions. Douce merely
quotes this work. Plat was the author of several other works: see Watt
and Lowndes.]

_Burton's Death._--Did Burton, author of _Anatomy of Melancholy_, commit suicide?

C. S. W.

[The supposition that Robert Burton committed suicide originated from a
statement found in Wood's _Athenae_, vol. ii. p. 653. (Bliss). Wood
says, "He, the said R. Burton, paid his last debt to nature in his
chamber in Christ Church, at or very near that time which he had some
years before foretold from the calculation of his own nativity; which,
being exact, several of the students did not forbear to whisper among
themselves that, rather than there should be a mistake in the
calculation, he sent up his soul to heaven through a slip about his
neck."]

_Joannes Audoenus._--I shall be obliged by any notices of the personal or literary history of John Owen, the famous Latin epigrammatist, in addition to those furnished by the _Athenae Oxonienses_. Wood remarks, that "whereas he had made many epigrams on several people, so few were made on or written to him. Among the few, one by Stradling, and another by Dunbar, a Scot," I have met with one allusion to him among the epigrams of T. Bancroft, 4to., Lond. 1639, signat. A 3.:

"_To the Reader._

Reader, till Martial thou hast well survey'd,
Or Owen's wit with Jonson's learning weighed,
Forbeare with thanklesse censure to accuse
My writ of errour, or condemne my Muse."

As translators of Audoenus, Wood mentions, in 1619, Joh. Vicars, usher of Christ's Hospital school, as having rendered some select epigrams, and Thomas Beck six hundred of Owen's, with other epigrams from Martial and More, under the title of _Parnassi Puerperium_, 8vo., Lond. 1659. In addition to these I find, in a catalogue of Lilly, King Street, Covent Garden, No. 4., 1844:

"HAYMAN, Robert. Certaine Epigrams out of the First Foure Bookes of the
excellent Epigrammatist Master John Owen, translated into English at
Harbor Grace in Bristol's Hope, anciently called Newfoundland, 4to.,
unbound; a rare poetical tract, 1628, 10s. 6d."

BALLIOLENSIS.

[The personal and literary history of John Owen (_Audoenus_) is given
in the _Biographia Britannica_, vol. v., and in Chalmers' and Rose's
Biographical Dictionaries.]

_Hampden's Death._--Was the great patriot Hampden actually slain by the enemy on Chalgrove Field? or was his death, as some have asserted, {496} caused by the bursting of his own pistol, owing to its having been incautiously overcharged?

T. J.

Worcester.

[See the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for May, 1815, p. 395., for "A true and
faithfull Narrative of the Death of Master Hambden, who was mortally
wounded at Challgrove Fight, A.D. 1643, and on the 18th of June." From
this narrative we learn, that whilst Hampden was fighting against
Prince Rupert at Chalgrove Field, he was struck with two carbine-balls
in the shoulder, which broke the bone, and terminated fatally.]

* * * * *

Replies.

"PINECE WITH A STINK."

(Vol. viii., pp. 270. 350.)

I would not have meddled with this subject if R. G., getting on a wrong scent, had not arrived at the very extraordinary conclusion that Bramhall meant a "pinnace," and an "offensive composition well known to sailors!"

The earliest notice that I have met with of the _pinece_ in an English work, is in the second part of the _Secrets of Maister Alexis of Piemont_, translated by W. Warde, Lond. 1568. There I find the following secrets--worth knowing, too, if effective:

"_Against stinking vermin called Punesies._--If you rub your bedsteede
with squilla stamped with vinaigre, or with the leaves of cedar tree
sodden in oil, you shall never feel punese. Also if you set under the
bed a payle full of water the puneses will not trouble you at all."

Butler, in the first canto of the third part of _Hudibras_, also mentions it thus:

"And stole his talismanic louse--
His flea, his morpion, and punaise."

If the Querist refers to his French dictionary he will soon discover the meaning of _morpion_ and _punaise_--the latter without doubt the _pinece_ of Bishop Bramhall. Cotgrave, in his _French-English Dictionary_, London, 1650, defines _punaise_ to be "the noysome and stinking vermin called the bed punie."

It may be bad taste to dwell any longer on this subject; but as it illustrates a curious fact in natural history, and as it has been well said, that whatever the Almighty has thought proper to create is not beneath the study of mankind, I shall crave a word or two more.

The _pinece_ is not originally a native of this country; and that is the reason why, so many years after its first appearance in England, it was known only by a corruption of its French name _punaise_, or its German appellation _wandlaus_ (wall-louse). Penny, a celebrated physician and naturalist in the reign of Henry VII., discovered it at Mortlake in rather a curious manner. Mouffet, in his _Theatrum Insectorum_ (Lond. 1634), thus relates the story:

"Anno 1503, dum haec Pennio scriptitaret, Mortlacum Tamesin adjacentem
viculum, magna festinatione accersebatur ad duas nobiles, magno metu ex
cimicum vestigiis percussas, et quid nescio contagionis valde veritas.
Tandem recognita, ac bestiolis captis, risu timorem omnem excussat."

Mouffet also tells us that in his time the insect was little known in England, though very common on the Continent, a circumstance which he ascribes to the superior cleanliness of the English:

"Munditiem frequentemque lectulorum et culcitrarem lotionem, cum Galli,
Germani, et Itali minus curant, pariunt magis hane pestem, Angli autem
munditei et cultus studiosissimi rarius iis laborant."

Ray, in his _Historia Insectorum_, published in 1710, merely terms it the _punice_ or wall-louse; indeed, I am not aware that the modern name of the insect appears in print previous to 1730, when one Southal published _A Treatise of Buggs_. Southal appears to have been an illiterate person; and he erroneously ascribes the introduction of the insect into this country to the large quantities of foreign fir used to rebuild London after the Great Fire.

The word _bug_, signifying a frightful object or spectre, derived from the Celtic and the root of _bogie_, bug-aboo, bug-bear--is well known in our earlier literature. Spenser, Shakspeare, Milton, Beaumont and Fletcher, Holinshed and many others, use it; and in Matthew's _Bible_, the fifth verse of the ninety-first psalm is rendered:

"Thou shalt not nede to be afraid of any bugs by night."

Thus we see that a real "terror of the night" in course of time, assumed, by common consent, the title of the imaginary evil spirit of our ancestors.

One word more. I can see no difficulty in tracing the derivation of the word _humbug_, without going to Hamburg, Hume of the Bog, or any such distant sources. In Grose's _Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue_, I find the word _hum_ signifying deceive. Peter Pindar, too, writes writes:

"Full many a trope from bayonet and drum
He threaten'd but behold! 'twas all a hum."

Now, the rustic who frightens his neighbour with a turnip lanthorn and a white sheet, or the spirit-rapping medium, who, for a consideration, treats his verdant client with a communication from the unseen world, most decidedly humbugs him; that is, hums or deceives him with an imaginary spirit, or bug.

W. PINKERTON.

Ham.

I take it that the editor of Archbishop Bramhall's _Works_ was judicious in not altering the {497} word _pinece_ to _pinnace_, as an object very different from the latter was meant; _i. e._ a _cimex_, who certainly _revenges_ any attack upon his person with a _stink_. _Pinece_ is only a mistaken orthography of _punese_, the old English name of the obnoxious insect our neighbours still call a _punaise_ (see Cotgrave _in voce_). Florio says "Cimici, a kinde of vermine in Italie that breedeth in beds and biteth sore, called punies or wall-lice." We have it in fitting company in _Hudibras_, III. 1.:

"And stole his talismanic louse,
His flea, his morpion, and punese."

This is only one more instance of the danger of altering the orthography, or changing an obsolete word, the meaning of which is not immediately obvious. The substitution of _pinnace_ would have been entirely to depart from the meaning of the Archbishop.

S. W. S.

* * * * *

MONUMENTAL BRASSES ABROAD.

(Vol. vi., p. 167.)

A recent visit to the cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle enables me to add the following Notes to the list already published in "N. & Q."

The brasses are five in number, and are all contained in a chapel on the north-west side of the dome:

1. Arnoldus de Meroide, 1487, is a mural, rectangular plate (3' . 10" x 2' . 4"), on the upper half of which are engraved the Virgin and Child, to whom an angel presents a kneeling priest, and St. Bartholomew with knife and book.

2. Johannes Pollart, 1534, is also mural and rectangular (5' . 2-1/2" x 2' . 4"), but is broken into two unequal portions, now placed side by side. The upper half of the larger piece has the following engraving:--In the centre stands the Virgin, wearing an arched imperial crown. Angels swing censers above her head. St. John Baptist, on her right hand, presents a kneeling priest in surplice and alb; and St. Christopher bears "the mysterious Child" on her left. The lower half contains part of the long inscription which is completed on the smaller detached piece.

3. Johannes et Lambertus Munten, 1546. This is likewise mural and rectangular (2' . 11-1/2" x 2' . 1"). It is _painted_ a deep blue colour, and has an inscription in gilt letters, at the foot of which is depicted an emaciated figure, wrapped in a shroud and lying upon an altar-tomb: large worms creep round the head and feet.

4. Johannes Paiel, 1560. Mural, rectangular (3' . 4" x 2' . 4-1/4"). This is _painted_ as the last-mentioned plate, and represents the Virgin and Child in a flaming aureole. Her feet rest in a crescent, around which is twisted a serpent; on her right hand stand St. John Baptist and the Holy Lamb, each bearing a cross; and to her left is St. Mary Magdalene, who presents a kneeling priest.

5. Henricus de .... This is on the floor in front of the altar-rails, and consists of a rectangular plate (2' . 9" x 2' . 1"), on which is represented an angel wearing a surplice and a stole semee of crosses fitchee, and supporting a shield bearing three fleurs-de-lis, with as many crosses fitchee. A partially-effaced inscription runs round the plate, within a floriated margin, and with evangelistic symbols at the corners.

In the centre of the choir of Cologne Cathedral lies a _modern_ rectangular brass plate (8' . 10" x 3' . 11") to the memory of a late archbishop, Ferdinandus Augustus, 1835.

Beneath a single canopy is a full-length picture of the archbishop in eucharistic vestments (the stole unusually short), a pall over his shoulders, and an elaborate pastoral staff in his hand.

JOSIAH CATO.

Kennington.

* * * * *

MILTON'S "LYCIDAS."

(Vol. ii., p. 246.; Vol. vi., p. 143.)

Your correspondent JARLTZBERG, at the first reference, asks for the sense of the passage,--

"Besides what the grim wolf with privy paw
Daily devours apace, and nothing sed:
But that two-handed engine at the door
Stands ready to smite once, and smite no more."

My own view of this passage strongly testifies against the interpretation of another passage at the second reference.

The _two-handed engine_, I am positive, is St. Michael's sword. Farther on in the poem the bard addresses the angel St. Michael (according to Warton), who is conceived as guarding the Mount from enemies with a drawn sword, for in this form I apprehend does tradition state the vision to have been seen; and he bids him to desist from looking out for enemies towards the coast of Spain, and to "look homeward," at one of his own shepherds who is being washed ashore, in all probability upon this very promontory. Milton elsewhere (_Par. Lost_, book vi. 251.) speaks of the "huge two-handed sway" of this sword of St. Michael; and here, in _Lycidas_ he repeats the epithet to identify the instrument which is to accomplish the destruction of the wolf. St. Michael's sword is to smite off the head of Satan, who at the door of Christ's fold is, "with privy paw," daily devouring the hungry sheep. Note here that, according to some theologians, the archangel Michael, in prophecy, means Christ himself. (See the authorities quoted by Heber, _Bampton Lectures_, iv. note _l_, p. 242.) Hence it is His business to preserve _His own_ sheep. In the Apocalypse the final blow of St. Michael's (or Christ's) two-edged sword, which {498} is to cleave the serpent's head, is made a distinct subject of prophecy. (See Rev. xii. 7-10.)

While on this subject allow me to ask, Can a dolphin waft? Can a shore wash?

C. MANSFIED INGLEBY.

Birmingham.

* * * * *

SCHOOL LIBRARIES.

(Vol. viii., pp. 220. 395.)

In returning thanks to those of your correspondents who replied to my Query, I ought, perhaps, to have begged to learn such of our public schools that were _without_ libraries, as the best means of obtaining for them bequests or gifts that would form a nucleus of a good library. For example, a correspondent informs me that the governors of Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Wimborne, Dorset, are laying by 10l. a year towards the purchase of books for that purpose: that having no library at present, there now is a favourable opportunity for either a gift or a bequest: but I should in any case prefer a selection of works likely to prove readable for young people, as history, biography, travels, and the popular works of science.

I can quite imagine that Eton, Winchester, Westminster, Harrow, Shrewsbury, and other similar great schools, would have such libraries, but these are not half the number of our public foundations; the wealthy schools above mentioned, and the rich men's children who go to them, would be in a sad plight indeed were they not amply provided for in such matters. But there are others whose mission is not less important, perhaps more so; and on this head none would be better pleased than I to find I laboured under an "erroneous impression," as remarked by ETONENSIS. The English public appeared to have an "erroneous impression" that they were better provided with books than any other people a short time ago, till it was disproved when the agitation respecting parochial libraries was set on foot, the facts appearing on the institution of the Marylebone public library.

It has been shown that in France and Germany the public libraries, and the volumes in them, far exceed any that we possess; a strange fact, when we are better provided with standard authors than any other language in the world. I should much wish these brief parallels answered. The city of Lyons has a magnificent public library of 100,000 vols., open to all; how many has her rival Manchester? Boulogne has a public library of 16,000 vols.; how many has Southampton? From the obliging notices of correspondents in "N. & Q.," we have had several articles on parochial libraries, and the sum of the whole appears to be most miserable; surely some bad system has prevailed either in not having proper places for them, or in some other fault. In one place the resident clergyman sells them: surely if they were combined under some enlarged plan, people desirous of making bequests or gifts would do so very willingly when they knew they would be cared for and made use of; for it is probably the case that private libraries are more numerous here than abroad, and that there are altogether more books in the country. I am told by a correspondent that in his time there were no books at Christ's Hospital, therefore the bequest made is, I presume, a late one; and if such is the case, it will be a favourable opportunity for the governors of that school to enlarge the collection and make it available to the scholars.

If, therefore, our schools are no better provided than our public libraries, the inquiry may be of service; but if they are, it cannot do harm to know their condition. It is true I have heard of but one public school hitherto that has no library and wants one, but I shall remain unsatisfied till other returns make their appearance in "N. & Q." or privately, when, if it should appear I have taken a wrong opinion, I shall be as please as anybody else to find myself mistaken.

WELD TAYLOR.

Bayswater.

In answer to your correspondent MR. WELD TAYLOR'S Query on this subject, may I be allowed to say that at Tonbridge School, where I was educated, there is a very good general library, consisting of the best classical works in our own language, travels, chronicles, histories, and the best works of fiction and poetry, and I believe all modern periodicals.

This library is under the care of the head boy for the time being, and he, with the other monitors, acts as librarian. Books are given out, I believe, daily; the library is maintained by the boys themselves, and few leave the school without making some contribution to its funds, or placing some work on its shelves.

The head master, the Rev. Dr. Welldon, approves of all books before they are added to the library.

There is also what is called the "Sunday Library," consisting of standard works of theology and church history, and other works, chiefly presented by the head and other masters, to induce a taste for such reading.

I am sorry that MR. WELD TAYLOR should have to complain of the _general_ ignorance of public schoolboys; but I know I may on behalf of the head boy of Tonbridge say, he will be happy to acknowledge any contribution from MR. WELD TAYLOR, which he may be disposed to give, towards the removal of this charge.

G. BRINDLEY ACWORTH.

Star Hill, Rochester.

{499}

* * * * *

CAWDRAY'S "TREASURIE OF SIMILIES," AND SIMILE OF MAGNETIC NEEDLE.

(Vol. viii., p. 386.)

There can be no doubt as to the authorship of the _Store-house of Similies_. The work is now before me, and the title-page is as follows:

"A Treasurie or Store-house of Similies; both Pleasaunt, Delightfull,
and Profitable for all Estates of Men in Generall: newly collected into
Heades and Common Places. By Robert Cawdray. London: printed by Thomas
Creede, 1609."

The only reference to his Life, which I can find, is in "The Epistle Dedicatorie;" and two ancestors of mine, "Sir John Harington, Knight, and the Worshipful James Harington, Esquire, his brother," in which, when assigning his reasons for the "Dedication," he says:

"Calling to mind (right worshipfuls) not only the manifold curtesies
and benefits, which I found and received, now more than thirty years
ago, _when I taught the grammar schoole at Okeham in Rutland_, and
sundry times since, of the religious and virtuous lady, Lucie
Harington," &c.

The "Dedication" is subscribed "Robert Cawdray." Cawdray was also the author of a work _On the Profit and Necessity of Catechising_, London, 1592, 8vo.

E. C. HARINGTON.

The Close, Exeter.

* * * * *

The "Epistle Dedicatorie," as well as the title-page, appears to be wanting in J. H. S.'s copy of Robert Cawdray's _Store-house_, which was "printed by Thomas Creede, London, 1609." From this we find that it was dedicated to "his singular benefactors, Sir John Harington, Knight, as also to the Worshipfull James Harington, Esquire, his brother," whose "great kindness and favourable good will (during my long trouble, and since)" the author afterwards "calls to mind," and also the "manifold curtesies and benefites which I found and received, now more than thirtie years agoe (when I taught the Grammar School at Okeham in Rutland, and sundrie times since) of the religious and vertuous lady, _Lucie Harington_ your Worship's Mother, and my especial friend in the Lord." Would this be the "lady, a prudent woman," who "had the princess Elizabeth committed to her government" (vide Fuller's _Worthies_, Rutlandshire)?

J. H. S.'s Query recalls two examples of the "magnetic needle simile" (Vol. vi. and vii. _passim_), which Cawdray has garnered in his _Store-house_, and which fact would probably account for their appearance in many sermons of the period, as the book being expressly intended to "lay open, rip up, and display in their kindes," "verie manie most horrible and foule vices and dangerous sinnes of all sorts;" and the "verie fitte similitudes" being for the most part "borrowed from manie kindes and sundrie naturall things, both in the Olde and New Testament," and being as the writer says "for preachers profitable," would find a place on many a clerical shelf; and its contents be freely used to "learnedly beautifie their matter, and brauely garnish and decke out" their discourses. I fear that I have already encroached too much on your valuable space, but send copies for use at discretion. In the first, the "Sayler's Gnomon" is used as an emblem of the constancy which ought to animate every "Christian man;" and in the second, of steadfastness amidst the temptations of the world. I shall be glad to know more of Cawdray than the trifles I have gathered from his book:

"Euen as the Sayler's Gnomon, or rule, which is commonly called the
mariner's needle, doth alwayes looke towards the north poole, and will
euer turne towards the same, howsoeuer it bee placed: which is
maruellous in that instrument and needle, whereby the mariners doo
knowe the course of the windes: Euen so euerie Christian man ought to
direct the eyes of his minde, and the wayes of his heart, to Christ;
who is our north poole, and that fixed and constant north starre,
whereby we ought all to bee governed: for hee is our hope and our
trust; hee is our strength, whereupon wee must still relie."

"Like as the Gnomon dooth euer beholde the north starre, whether it be
closed and shutte uppe in a coffer of golde, siluer, or woode, neuer
loosing his nature: So a faithfull Christian man, whether hee abound in
wealth, or bee pinched with pouertie, whether hee bee of high or lowe
degree in this worlde, ought continually to haue his faith and hope
surely built and grounded uppon Christ: and to haue his heart and minde
fast fixed and settled in him, and to follow him through thicke and
thinne, through fire and water, through warres and peace, through
hunger and colde, through friendes and foes, through a thousand
perilles and daungers, through the surges and waues of enuie, malice,
hatred, euill speeches, rayling sentences, contempt of the worlde,
flesh, and diuell: and, euen in death itselfe, bee it neuer so bitter,
cruell, and tyrannicall; yet neuer to loose the sight and viewe of
Christ, neuer to giue ouer our faith, hope, and trust in him."

SIGMA.

Stockton.

* * * * *

Robert Cawdray, the author of _A Treasurie or Store-house of Similes_, was a Nonconformist divine of learning and piety. Having entered into the sacred function about 1566, he was presented by Secretary Cecil to the rectory of South Luffenham in Rutlandshire. After he had been employed in the ministry about twenty years, he was cited before Bishop Aylmer and other high commissioners, and charged with having omitted parts of the Book of Common Prayer in public worship, {500} and with having preached against certain things contained in the book. Having refused, according to Strype, to take the oath to answer all such articles as the commissioners should propose, he was deprived of his ministerial office. Mr. Brook, however, in his _Lives of the Puritans_, states that though he might at first have refused the oath, yet that he afterwards complied, and gave answers to the various articles which he proceeds to detail at length. He was cited again on two subsequent occasions; and, on his third appearance, being required to subscribe, and to wear the surplice, he refused, and was imprisoned, and ultimately deprived. He applied to Lord Burleigh to intercede on his behalf, and his lordship warmly espoused his cause, and engaged Attorney Morrice to undertake his defence, but his arguments proved ineffectual. Mr. Cawdray, refusing to submit, was brought before Archbishop Whitgift, and other high commissioners, May 14, 1590, and was degraded and deposed from the ministry and made a mere layman. The above account is abridged from Brook's _Lives of the Puritans_, London, 1813, pp. 430-43.

[Greek: Halieus].

Dublin.

P. S. Besides the _Treasurie of Similies_, I find the following work under his name in the Bodleian Catalogue:

"A Table Alphabeticall; conteyning and teaching the True Writing and
Vnderstanding of hard vsuall English Wordes, borrowed from the Hebrew,
Greeke, Latine, or French, &c. London. 8vo. 1604."

* * * * *

The title of this work is--

"A Treasurie or Store-house of Similies; both Pleasant, Delightfull,
and Profitable for all Estates of Men in Generall: newly collected into
Heades and Common Places. By Robert Cawdray. Thomas Creed, London,
1609, 4to."

Cawdray was rector of South Luffenham, in Rutland; and was deprived by Bishop Aylmer for nonconformity in 1587. He appealed to the Court of Exchequer, and his case was argued before all the judges in 1591. A report of the trial is in Coke's _Reports_, inscribed "De Jure Regis Ecclesiastico." There is a Life of Cawdray in Brook's _Lives of the Puritans_ (vol. i. pp. 430-443.), which contains an interesting account of his examination before the High Commission, extracted from a MS. register. Notices of him will also be found in Neal's _Puritans_, 1837 (vol. i. pp. 330. 341.); and Heylin's _History of the Presbyterians_, 1672 (fol. p. 317.).

JOHN I. DREDGE.

* * * * *

"MARY, WEEP NO MORE FOR ME."

(Vol. viii., p. 385.)

For the following information respecting the author, and the original, I am indebted to the _Lady's Magazine_ of 1820, from which I copied it several years ago.

Mr. Joseph Lowe, born at Kenmore in Galloway, 1750, the son of a gardener, at fourteen apprenticed to a weaver, by persevering diligence in the pursuit of knowledge, was enabled in 1771 to enter himself a student in Divinity in the University of Edinburgh. On his return from college he became tutor in the family of a gentleman, Mr. McGhie of Airds, who had several beautiful daughters, to one of whom he was attached, though it never was their fate to be united. Another of the sisters, Mary, was engaged to a surgeon, Mr. Alexander Miller. This young gentleman was unfortunately lost at sea, an event immortalised by _Mary's Dream_. The author was unhappy in his marriage with a lady of Virginia, whither he had emigrated, and died in 1798. This poem was originally composed in the Scottish dialect, and afterwards received the polished English form from the hand of its author.

"MARY'S DREAM.

"The lovely moon had climb'd the hill,
Where eagles big aboon the Dee,
And, like the looks of a lovely dame,
Brought joy to every body's ee:
A' but sweet Mary deep in sleep,
Her thoughts on Sandy far at sea;
A voice drapt saftly on her ear--
'Sweet Mary, weep nae mair for me!'

"She lifted up her waukening een,
To see from whence the sound might be,
And there she saw young Sandy stand,
Pale, bending on her his hollow ee.
'O Mary dear, lament nae mair!
I'm in death's thraws aneath the sea:
Thy weeping makes me sad in bliss,
Sae Mary, weep nae mair for me!

"'The wind slept when we left the bay,
But soon it waked and raised the main;
And God he bore us down the deep--
Wha strave wi' him, but strave in vain.
He stretch'd his arm and took me up,
Tho' laith I was to gang but thee:
I look frae heaven aboon the storm,
Sae Mary, weep nae mair for me!

"'Take aff thae bride-sheets frae thy bed,
Which thou hast faulded down for me,
Unrobe thee of thy earthly stole--
I'll meet in heaven aboon wi' thee.'
Three times the gray cock flapp'd his wing,
To mark the morning lift his ee;
And thrice the passing spirit said,
'Sweet Mary, weep nae mair for me!'"

J. W. THOMAS.

Dewsbury.

* * * * *

{501}

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

_Clouds in Photographs_ (Vol. viii., p. 451.).--Your correspondent on this subject may easily produce clouds on paper negatives by drawing in the lights on the back with common writing ink. There is usually some tint printed with all negatives, therefore the black used will stop it out.

It is at the same time unfair and untrue to the art, because clouds cannot be represented in the regular mode of practice. If they appear, as they do sometimes by accident, it is well to leave them; but in no art is any trick so easily detected as in photography, and it cannot add to any operator's credit in expertness to practise them.

W. T.

_Albumenized Paper._--In a late Number of "N. & Q." you published an account of albumenizing paper for positives by MR. SHADBOLT. Having considerable experience in the manipulation of photographical art, I have bestowed great pains in testing the process he recommends; and, I regret to say, the results are by no means satisfactory. I well know the delicacy which is required in applying the albumen _evenly_ to the surface of the paper, and am therefore not surprised to find that each of his "longitudinal strokes" remains clearly indicated, thereby entirely destroying the effect of the picture.

He also advises that the paper should not be afterwards _ironed_, as it is apt to produce flaws and spots on the albumenized surface; and he believes that the chemical action of the nitrate of silver alone is sufficient to coagulate the albumen, without the application of heat. This I have found _in practice_ to be incorrect: for when I have excited albumenized paper, to which a sufficient heat has not been applied, I have invariably observed that a portion of the albumen becomes detached into the silver solution, making it viscid, and favouring its decomposition. Consequently, the sheets _last_ excited seldom retain their colour so long as those which are first prepared. But even laying aside the question of the coagulation of the albumen, the paper, unless it is ironed, remains so "cockled up," that it is not only unsightly, but very difficult to use. 100-grain solution of nitrate of silver (I presume to the ounce) is also recommended. In a late Number, I find DR. DIAMOND uses a 40-grain solution with perfect success; and my own experience enables me to verify this formula as being sufficiently powerful:--no additional intensity of colour being obtained by these strong solutions, it is a mere waste of material. Therefore I think your correspondent fails in effecting either economy of material or time.

However painful it may be to me to offer remarks at variance with the opinions of your kind and intelligent correspondents, yet I consider it a duty that yourself and readers should not be misled, and so interesting and elegant an art as photography brought into disrepute by experiments which, however well intentioned, plainly indicate a want of experience.

K. N. M.

[MR. SHADBOLT'S scientific acquirements appeared to us to demand that
we should give insertion to his plan of albumenizing paper: although we
felt some doubts whether it did not contain the disadvantages which our
correspondent now points out. We had met with such complete success in
following out the process recommended by DR. DIAMOND in our 205th
Number, that we did not think it advisable to make any alteration. For
our own experience has shown us the wisdom, in photography as in other
matters, of holding fast that which is good.--ED.]

_Stereoscopic Angles._--Notwithstanding the space you have devoted to this subject, I find little practical information to the photographer: will you therefore allow me to presume to offer you my mode, which, regardless of all scientific rules, I find to be perfectly successful in obtaining the desired results?

My focussing-glass is ruled with a few perpendicular and horizontal lines with a pencil, and I also cross it from corner to corner, which marks the centre of the glass. These lines always allow me to place my camera level, because the perpendicular lines being parallel with any upright line secures it.

Having taken a picture, I note well the spot of some object near the centre of the picture: thus, if a window or branch of a tree be upon the spot where the lines cross [Cross lines], I remove the camera in a straight line about one foot for every ten yards distance from the subject, and bring the same object to the same spot: I believe it is not very important if the camera is moved more or less. This may be known and practised by many of your friends; but I am sure others make a great difficulty in effecting those satisfactory results which, as I have shown, may be so easily obtained.

H. W. D.

_Photographic Copies of MSS._--I am glad to find from your Notices to Correspondents in Vol. viii., p. 456., that the applicability of photography to the copying of MSS., or printed leaves, is beginning to excite attention. The facility and cheapness of thus applying it (as I have been informed by a professional photographer) is so great, that I have no doubt but that we shall shortly have it used in our great public libraries; so as to supersede the present slow, expensive, and uncertain process of copying by hand. And it is in order to help to bring about so desirable a state of things, that I send these few lines to your widely-circulated journal.

M. D.

* * * * *

{502}

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Lord Cecil's "Memorials"_ (Vol. viii., p. 442.).--Cecil's "First Memorial" is printed in Lord Somers's _Tracts_. It appears that Primate Ussher, and, subsequently, Sir James Ware and his son Robert, had the benefit of extracts from Lord Burleigh's papers. MR. BRUCE may find the "Examination" of the celebrated Faithfull Comine, and "Lord Cecyl's Letters," together with other interesting documents, entered among the Clarendon MSS. in _Pars altera_ of the second volume of _Catal. Lib. Manuscr. Angl. et Hib._, Oxon. 1697.

R. G.

_Foreign Medical Education_ (Vol. viii., pp. 341. 398.).--In addition to the previous communications on this subject, I beg to refer your correspondent MEDICUS to Mr. Wilde's _Austria; its Literary, Scientific, and Medical Institutions, with Notes on the State of Science, and a Guide to the Hospitals and Sanitary Institutions of Vienna_, Dublin: Curry and Co., 1842.

J. D. MCK.

_Encyclopaedias_ (Vol. viii., p. 385.).--Surely there must be many persons who sympathise with ENCYCLOPAEDICUS in wishing to have a work _not_ encumbered and swollen by the heavy and bulky articles to which he refers: perhaps there may be as many as would make it worth the while of some publisher to furnish one. Of course copyright, and all sorts of rights, must be respected but that being done, there would be little else to do than to cut out and wheel away the heavy articles from a copy of any encyclopaedia, and put the rest into the hands of a printer. The residuum (which is what we want) would probably be to a considerable extent the same. When necessary additions had been made, the work would still be of moderate size and price.

N. B.

_Pepys's Grammar_ (Vol. viii., p. 466.).--I am unable to answer MR. KEIGHTLEY'S Query, not having the slightest knowledge of short-hand; but I always understood that the original spelling of every word in the _Diary_ was carefully preserved by the gentleman who decyphered it.

No estimate, however, of Pepys's powers of writing can be formed from the hasty entries recorded in his short-hand journal, and, as I conceive, they derive additional interest from the quaint terms in which they are expressed.

BRAYBROOKE.

_"Antiquitas Saeculi Juventus Mundi"_ (Vols. ii. and iii. _passim_).--The following instances of this thought occur in two writers of the seventeenth century:

"Those times which we term vulgarly they Old World, were indeed the
youth or adolescence of it ... if you go to the age of the world in
general, and to the true length and longevity of things, we are
properly the older cosmopolites. In this respect the cadet may be
termed more ancient than his elder brother, because the world was older
when he entered into it. Nov. 2, 1647."--Howell's _Letters_, 11th
edit.: London, 1754, p.426.

Butler, in his _character_ of "An Antiquary," observes:

"He values things wrongfully upon their antiquity, forgetting that the
most modern are really the most ancient of all things in the world;
like those that reckon their pounds before their shillings and pence,
of which they are made up."--Thyer's edit., vol.ii. p. 97.

JARLTZBERG.

_Napoleon's Spelling_ (Vol. viii., p. 386).--The fact inquired after by HENRY H. BREEN is proved by the following extract from the _Memoires_ of Bourrienne, Napoleon's private secretary for many years:

"Je previens une fois pour toutes que dans les copies que je donnerai
des ecrits de Bonaparte, je retablirai l'orthographe, qui est en
general _si extraordinairement estropiee_ qu'il serait ridicule de les
copier exactement."--_Mem._ i. 73.

C.

_Black as a mourning Colour_ (Vol. viii., p. 411.).--Mourning habits are said first to appear in England in the time of Edward III. Chaucer and Froissart are the first who mention them. The former, in _Troylus and Creseyde_, says:

"Creseyde was in widowe's habit _black_."

Again:

"My clothes everichone
Shall _blacke_ ben, in tolequyn, herte swete,
That I am as out of this world gone."

Again, in the _Knights Tale_, Palamon appeared at a funeral

"In clothes _black_ dropped all with tears."

Froissart says, the Earl of Foix clothed himself and household in _black_ on the death of his son. At the funeral of the Earl of Flanders black gowns were worn. On the death of King John of France, the King of Cyprus wore black. The very mention of these facts would suggest that black was not then universally worn, but being gradually adopted for mourning.

B. H. C.

_Chanting of Jurors_ (Vol. vi., p. 315.).--No answer has yet been given to J. F. F.'s Query on this, yet the expression "to chant" was not an unusual one, if we may believe Lord Stratford:

"They collected a grand jury in each county, and proceeded to claim a
ratification of the rights of the crown. The gentlemen on being
empanelled informed that the case before them was irresistible, and
that no doubts could exist in the minds of reasonable {503} men upon
it. His majesty was, in fact, indifferent whether they found for him or
no. 'And there I left them,' says Strafford, '_to chant_ together, as
they call it, over their evidence.' The counties of Roscommon, Sligo,
and Mayo instantly found a title for the king."

This extract is from a very eloquent article on Lord Strafford in the _British Critic_, No. LXVI. p. 485.

W. FRASER.

Tor-Mohun.

_Aldress_ (Vol. v., p. 582.).--Your correspondent COWGILL gives an instance of the use of this obsolete word in an epitaph in St. Stephen's, Norwich, and asks where else it may be met with. I have just found it in a manuscript diary, under date 1561, and also as used in the same city:

"A Speech made after Mr. Mayor Mingay's Dinner.

"Master Mayor of Norwich; an it please your worship you have feasted us
like a kinge. God bless the Queen's grace. We have fed plentifully, and
now whilom I can speak plain English, I heartily thank you Master
Mayor, and so do we all. Answer, boys, answer! Your beere is pleasant
and potent, and soon catches us by the caput and stops our manners, and
so Huzza for the Queen's Majesty's Grace, and all her bonny brow'd
dames of honour! Huzza for Master Mayor and our good dame Mayoress, the
Alderman and his faire _Aldress_; there they are, God save them and all
this jolly company. To all our friends round country who have a penny
in their purse, and an English heart in their bodies, to keep out
Spanish Dons and Papists with their faggots to burn our whiskers. Shove
it about. Twirl your cup-cases, handle your jugs, and huzza for Master
Mayor and his good dame!"

How long is it since the ladies of our civic dignitaries relinquished the distinction here given to one of their order? What was the cup-case?

CHARLES REID.

Paternoster Row.

_Huggins and Muggins_ (Vol. viii., p. 341.).--In the edition of Mallet's _Northern Antiquities_, edited by J. A. Blackwell, Esq., and published by Bohn (_Antiquarian Library_, 1847), the following conjectural etymology of the words Huggins and Muggins is given by the editor in a note on the word _Muninn_, in the glossary to the Prose Edda:

"We cannot refrain for once from noticing the curious coincidence
between the names of Odin's ravens, Hugin and Munin--Mind and
Memory--and those of two personages who figure so often in our comic
literature as Messrs. Huggins and Muggins. _Huggins_, like _Hugh_,
appears to have the same root as _Hugin_, viz. _hugr_, mind, spirit;
and as Mr. Muggins is as invariably associated with Mr. Huggins, as one
of Odin's ravens was with the other (as mind is with memory), the name
may originally have been written _Munnins_, and _nn_ changed into _gg_
for the sake of euphony. Should this _conjecture_, for it is nothing
else, be well founded, one of the most poetical ideas in the whole
range of mythology would, in this plodding, practical, spilling-jenny
age of ours, have thus undergone a most singular metamorphosis."

JNO. N. RADCLIFFE.

Dewsbury.

_Camera Lucida_ (Vol. viii., p. 271.).--With my camera lucida I received a printed sheet of instructions, from which the following extract is made, in answer to CARET:

"Those who cannot sketch comfortably, without perfect distinctness of
both the pencil and object, must observe, that the _stem_ should be
drawn out to the mark D, for all distant objects, and to the numbers 2,
3, 4, 5, &c. for objects that are at the distances of only 2, 3, 4, or
5 feet respectively, the stem being duly inclined according to a mark
placed at the bottom; but, after a little practice, such exactness is
wholly unnecessary. The farther the prism is removed from the paper,
that is, the longer the stem is drawn out, the larger the objects will
be represented in the drawing, and accordingly the less extensive the
view.

"The nearer the prism is to the paper, the smaller will be the objects,
and the more extensive the view comprised on the same piece of paper.

"If the drawing be two feet from the prism, and the paper only one
foot, the copy will be half the size of the original. If the drawing be
at one foot, and the paper three feet distant, the copy will be three
times as large as the original: and so for all other distances."

T. B. JOHNSTON.

Edinburgh.

_"When Orpheus went down"_ (Vol. viii., pp. 196. 281.).--This seems to be rightly attributed to Dr. Lisle. See Dodsley's _Collection of Poems_, vol. vi. p. 166. (1758), where it is stated to have been imitated from the Spanish, and set to music by Dr. Hayes. It is not quite correctly given in "N. & Q."

J. KELWAY.

_The Arms of De Sissone_ (Vol. viii., p. 243.).--I beg to refer J. L. S. to _Histoire Genealogique et Chronologique de la Maison Royale de France, &c._, tom. viii. p. 537., Paris, 1733; and also to _Livre d'Or de la Noblesse_, p. 429., Paris, 1847.

CLERICUS (D).

_Oaths of Pregnant Women_ (Vol. v., p. 393.).--Women of the humbler classes in the British Islands appear to have an objection, when pregnant, to take an oath. I have not observed any attempt to explain or account for this prejudice. The same objection exists among the Burmese. Indeed, pregnant women there are, by long-observed custom, absolved from taking an oath, and affirm to their depositions, "remembering their pregnant condition." The reason of this is as follows. The system of Budhism, as it prevails in the Indo-Chinese countries, consists essentially in the negation of a Divine Providence. The oath of Budhists is an imprecation of evil on the swearer, {504} addressed to the innate rewarding powers of nature, animate and inanimate, if the truth be not spoken. This evil may be instantaneous, as sudden death from a fit, or from a flash of lightning; the first food taken may choke the false swearer; or on his way home, a tiger by land, or an alligator by water, may seize and devour him. I have known an instance of this occur, which was spoken of by hundreds as a testimony to the truth of the system. Now it is supposed by Budhists that even an unconscious departure from truth may rouse jealous nature to award punishment. In the case of pregnant women this would involve the unborn offspring in the calamity. Hence women in that condition do not take an oath in Burmah.

PH.

Rangoon.

_Lepel's Regiment_ (Vol. vii., p. 501.).--J. K. may rest assured that no trace can now be discovered of a regiment thus named, which existed in the year 1707. I have searched the lists of cavalry and infantry regiments at the battle of Almanza, fought April 25th of that year, and do not find this regiment mentioned. May I substitute for "Lepel's" regiment, "Pepper's" regiment? The colonelcy of that corps, now the 8th Royal Irish Hussars, became vacant by the fall of Brigadier-General Robert Killigrew at Almanza, and it was immediately conferred on the lieutenant-colonel of the corps, John Pepper, who held it until March 23, 1719.

G. L. S.

_Editions of the Prayer Book prior to 1662_ (Vol. vi., pp. 435. 564; Vol. vii. _passim_).--I have recently met with the following editions, which have not, I think, been yet recorded in your pages:

1630. folio, London.
1639. 4to. Barker and Bill.
1661. 8vo. London, Duporti, Latin.

The first and third are in Mr. Darling's _Encyc. Bibl._, see columns 366, 367; the second I saw at Mr. Straker's, Adelaide Street, Strand.

Will some of your readers kindly tell me in what edition of the Prayer Book the "Prayers at the Healing" are last met with? I have them in a Latin Prayer Book, 12mo. London, 1727.[7]

W. SPARROW SIMPSON.

[Footnote 7: It appears from a note in Pepys's _Diary_, June 23, 1660, that the library of the Duke of Sussex contained four several editions of the Book of Common Prayer, all printed after the accession of the House of Hanover, and all containing, as an integral part of the service, "The Office for the Healing."--ED.]

_Creole_ (Vol. vii., p. 381. Vol. viii., p. 138.).--I have never met with any satisfactory explanation of the origin of this word; its meaning has undergone various modifications. At first it was limited in its application to the descendants of Europeans born in the colonies. By degrees it came to be extended to all classes of the population of colonial descent and now it is indiscriminately employed to express things as well as persons, of local origin or growth. We say a _creole_ Negro, as contra-distinguished from a negro born in Africa or elsewhere; a _creole_ horse, as contra-distinguished from an English or an American horse; and we speak "Creole" when we address the uneducated classes in their native jargon.

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

_Daughter pronounced "Dafter"_ (Vol. viii., p. 292.).--This pronunciation is universal in North Cornwall and North-west Devonshire.

J. R. P.

_Richard Geering_ (Vol. viii., p. 340.).--If Y. S. M. will favour me with the parentage of "Richard Geering, one of the six clerks in chancery in Ireland," I shall be better able to judge whether he was of the family of Geering, Gearing, or Geary, of South Denchworth in the co. of Berks, of which family I have a pedigree. I can also supply their coat of arms and crest. Any information of the Geerings, ancestors of the said Richard, the chancery clerk, will be acceptable to your occasional correspondent

H. C. C.

If this Richard Geering is related to the Geerings of South Denchworth, in Berkshire, I refer Y. S. M. to Clare's _Hundred of Wanting_, Parker, Oxford, 1824.

The Geerings bought the manor of Viscount Cullen. It was formerly in the possession of the Hydes: several of the Geering monuments are in the church. Their arms, Or, on two bars gules six mascles of the field, on a canton sable a leopard's face of the first. The Geerings were long tenants of a part of the estate which they purchased; they are extinct in the male line. A grandson, John Bockett, Esq. (by the female line), of the last heir, possessed a small farm in the parish which was sold by him some years ago. The manor now belongs to Worcester College, Oxford, who purchased it of Gregory Geering, gent., in 1758. The name is spelt Gearing and Geary in the early registers.

The books in the small study (mentioned in "N. & Q." some time ago) were given by Gregory Geering, Esq., Mr. Ralph Kedden, vicar of Denchworth, and Mr. Edward Brewster, stationer, of London, most of which are attached by long chains to the cases.

JULIA R. BOCKETT.

Southcote Lodge.

_Island_ (Vol. viii., p. 279.).--H. C. K. is quite right in saying that the _s_ has been inserted in this word: not, however, as he thinks, "to assimilate {505} the Saxon and French terms," but from a fancied French or Latin derivation, just as _rime_ is spelt _rhyme_, because it was fancied that it came from [Greek: rhuthmos]; and as critics and editors will print _coelum_ instead of _caelum_, contrary to all authority, because they have taken it into their heads that it comes from [Greek: koilon]. We have also _spright_, _impregnable_, and other misspelt words, for which it is difficult to assign a reason. But I think H. C. K. is altogether mistaken in connecting the A.-S. _ig_ (pr. _ee_), an island, with _eye_. It is evidently one of the original underived nouns of the Teutonic family, being _ig_ A.-S., _ey_ Icel., whence _oe_ Swed., _oe_ or _oee_ Dan., and which also appears in the German and Dutch _eiland_; while in the words for _eye_ the _g_ is radical, as _eage_ A.-S., _auga_ Icel., _auge_ Germ., _oog_ Dutch.

T. K.

* * * * *

Miscellaneous.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

WHITTINGHAM'S POETS. Illustrated Edition.

FORD'S HANDBOOK OF SPAIN. 1st Edition.