Chapter I: T. a

_Bells at Berwick-upon-Tweed_ (Vol. viii., p. 292.): _Chandler, Bishop of Durham_ (Vol. viii, p. 331.).--I may perhaps "kill two birds with one stone," by reminding MESSRS. GATTY and NEWBURN that the Bishops of Durham were formerly _Princes of the Palatinate_. It was probably in that capacity that Bishop Chandler delivered a charge to the Grand Jury, and Bishop Barington licensed a meeting-house bell. This latter prelate was, I believe, the last who exercised the functions of that high office.

WM. HAZEL.

_Return of Gentry, temp. Henry VI._ (Vol. viii., p. 469.).--The return of 12th Henry VI. is printed in Fuller's _Worthies_, under each county.

G. STEINMAN STEINMAN.

I read in Fuller's _Worthies_, edit. Nuttall, vol. i. p. 60.:

"A later list might be presented of the English gentry towards the end
of the reign of King Henry VIII."

Does this list exist in any of our record offices?

And has it ever been printed?

TEWARS.

_Peter Allan_ (Vol. viii., p. 539.).--Your correspondent E. C. will find much interesting information respecting this person in an account of him reprinted from the _Sunderland and Durham County Herald_, and published (1848) by Vint and Carr, Sunderland, under the title of _Marsden Rock, or the Story of Peter Allan, and Marsden Marine Grotto_. He, his wife, eight children, and aged father and mother, are there described as being in a very flourishing condition: and (if I remember rightly) I saw them all, when I last visited the rock in 1850.

CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.

_Burial in an Erect Posture_ (Vol. viii., p. 5.).--The following passage, which I quote from Hearne's _Collection of Antiquarian Discourses_, vol. i. p. 212., may perhaps prove acceptable to CHEVERELLS, as showing (on traditional authority) that this mode of burial was anciently adopted in the case of captains in the army:

"For them above the grounde buryed, I have by tradition heard, that
when anye notable captayne dyed in battel or campe, the souldyers used
to take his bodye, and to sette him on his feet _uprighte_, and put his
{631} launce or pike into his hand; and then his fellowe souldyers did
by travell everye man bringe so muche earthe, and laye aboute him as
should cover him, and mount up to cover the top of his pike."

I have a very curious print in my possession, illustrating the manners and customs of the Laplanders; and, amongst the rest, their modes of burial. In one case several bodies are represented standing in an upright posture, perfectly nude, with railings all round except in the front; and another, one body is represented in a similar condition, inclosed in a kind of sentry-box.

R. W. ELLIOTT.

Clifton.

_The Word "Mob"_ (Vol. viii., pp. 386. 524. 573.).--Roger North, speaking of the King's Head, or Green Ribbon Club, which was "a more visible administration, mediate, as it were, between his lordship (Shaftsbury) and the greater and lesser vulgar, who were to be the immediate tools," says:

"I may note that the rabble first changed their title, and were called
_the mob_, in the assemblies of this club. It was their beast of
burthen, and called first _mobile vulgus_, but fell naturally into the
contraction of one syllable, and ever since is become proper
English."--_Examen_, part III. ch. vii. p. 89.

H. GARDINER.

_Gen. Sir C. Napier_ (Vol. viii., p. 490.).--I may state, for the instruction of officers who think study needless in their profession, that, having enjoyed the intimate friendship of Sir C. Napier for some time before he had the command in the midland district of England, I constantly found him engaged in inquiries connected with his profession. He was always in training. Not long before this time he had returned from Caen, in Normandy, and he told me that when there he had surveyed the ground on which William the Conqueror had acquired military fame before he made his descent on England, and his conclusion was that that Conqueror was remarkably well instructed for his time in the art of war. He expressed his intention to write on this subject; but great events soon afterwards called him to India, which became the scene of his own mastery in military and civil command.

T. F.

_To Come_ (Vol. viii., p. 468.).--In the Lower Saxon dialect, to come is _camen_, and the imperfect, as in Gothic, _quam_. It would therefore seem that the English _came_ is not an innovation, but a partial restoration or preservation of a very ancient form. (See Adelung's _Wörterbuch_.)

E. C. H.

_Passage in Sophocles_ (Vol. viii., pp. 73. 478.).--The Italics were introduced to draw attention to the _new_ version which was adventured, "N. & Q." being an excellent medium for such suggestions.

Sophocles having referred to "an illustrious saying of some one," and the old scholiast having furnished this saying,

"[Greek: Hotan d' ho daimôn andri porsunêi kaka]
[Greek: Ton noun eblapse prôton hôi bouleuetai],"

it merely became necessary to compare the form which Sophocles adopted to suit his metre with the words of this "illustrious saying," whence it appeared that--

[Greek: hôi bouleuetai prassei d' oligoston chronon ektos atas];

and therefore I could not agree with the common version "and that he lives for a brief space apart from its visitation;" erroneous, as I submit, from the adoption of Brunck's reading [Greek: prassein], instead of reading, as I venture to do, with Hermann, [Greek: theos agei ... prassei d'], taking [Greek: theos] as the nominative of both verbs.

Neither the Oxford translation, Edwards's, nor Buckley's, renders [Greek: oligoston] "_very_ brief," agreeably to the admonition of the old scholiast to the contrary. The word "practise" objected to is, I submit, derived from [Greek: prassô], to act, through [Greek: pragma], business, and [Greek: praxis], practice, and is therefore the most appropriate English word, although the word "does" will furnish Sophocles' meaning nearly as well. I shall, however, be most happy to submit to correction by any classical scholar.

T. J. BUCKTON.

Lichfield.

_Party-Similes of the Seventeenth Century_ (Vol. viii., p. 485.).--I must beg of you to contradict the loose statement of JARLTZBERG at p. 486. of this Volume, "as to the object of the Church of England in _separating from_ Rome." Now, the Church of England did never _separate herself_ from _any_ Christian Church; the doctrine and discipline of the Church of England is to be found in her Book of Common Prayer. Popes Paul IV. and Pius IV. offered to confirm this book, if Queen Elizabeth would acknowledge the Pope's supremacy; and Roman Catholics in these realms habitually conformed to the worship of the Church of England for the first _twelve years_ of Queen Elizabeth's reign, after which time they were prevented from doing so by the bull of Pius V. (dated Feb. 23, 1569), which excommunicated that sovereign.

So Romanists are the separatists, and not Anglicans.

THOMAS COLLIS.

_Judges styled Reverend_ (Vol. viii., pp. 158. 276. 351.).--Sir Anthony Fitzherbert was certainly not chief justice, yet in _A Letter to a Convocation Man_ I find him so styled:

"I must admit that it is said in the second part of Rolle's
_Abridgment_, that the Archbishop of Canterbury {632} was prohibited to
hold such assemblies by Fitzherbert, Chief Justice, because he had not
the King's licence; but he adds that the archbishop would not obey it,
and he quotes Speed for it. I shall not consult that lame historian for
a law-point, and it seems strange that Rolle should cite
him."--_L. C. M._, p. 38.

I have not lately had an opportunity of looking into either Rolle's _Abridgment of Cases_, or Speed's _History of Great Britain_, but I am not able to discover to what event in any of Henry VIII.'s convocations allusion is here made. I am therefore led to think that Fitzherbert must be a misprint, and that we should read in the above passage "Fitz-Peter," and that the following is the circumstance, in King John's reign, which is referred to by the author of the _Letter_:

"This year (1200), Hubert, Archbishop of Canterbury, held a National
Synod at Westminster, notwithstanding the prohibition of Geoffrey
Fitz-Peter, Earl of Essex, and Chief Justiciary of England."--Collier's
_Ecclesiastical History_, vol. i. folio, p. 410.

I shall be glad if any of your readers can throw farther light on the passage.

W. FRASER.

Tor-Mohun.

_Veneration for the Oak_ (Vol. viii., p. 468.).--Since my Query upon this matter appeared, I find that Mr. Layard, in his work upon _Nineveh and Babylon_, at p. 160., describes a cylinder of green felspar, which he believes to have been the signet of Sennacherib, and upon which is engraved a rare mode of portraying the supreme deity, and a sacred tree, whose flowers are in this instance in the shape of an _acorn_. Whence did the Assyrians derive this veneration for a tree bearing acorns? Did they derive this notion, as they did their tin, from Celtic Britain? I believe they did.

G. W.

Stansted, Montfichet.

_Rapping no Novelty_ (Vol. viii., p. 512.).--De Foe, in his veracious _History of Mr. Duncan Campbell_ (2nd ed., p. 107.), quotes a story of sprit-knocking from "the renowned and famous" Mr. Baxter's _History of Apparitions_, prefacing it thus:

"What in nature can be more trivial than for a spirit to employ himself
in knocking on a morning at the wainscot by the bed's head of a man who
got drunk over night, according to the way that such things are
ordinarily explained? And yet I shall give you such a relation of this,
that not even the most devout and precise Presbyterian will offer to
call in question."

According to De Foe, Mr. Baxter gave full credit to the story, adding many pious reflections upon the subject, and expressing himself "posed to think what kind of spirit this is."

R. I. R.

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* * * * *

TO ANTIQUITARIES AND SECRETARIES OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

THE REV. J. G. CUMMING, M.A., F.G.S., Vice-Principal of King William College, Castletown, who is engaged in the Preparation of a Work on the Monumental Remains of the Isle of Man, is superintending the labours of an Italian Artist in taking Casts of the most beautiful and important Runic Crosses, to be placed in the Insular Museum at the College: Parties desiring Duplicates may obtain full particulars of cost, &c. by application as above.

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ASSYRIAN LANGUAGE.

REV. DR. E. HINCKS would dispose of a number of Books and MSS. connected with the Assyrian Language, and would also give _vivâ voce_ Instruction therein to a Gentleman who may be willing to devote himself to this important Study: and who, from his age, antecedents, and present position, may appear to him likely to succeed in it. Apply to him at the Rectory, Killyleagh, Co. Down, before the 21st January.

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Just published, with ten coloured Engravings, price 5s.

NOTES ON AQUATIC MICROSCOPIC SUBJECTS of NATURAL HISTORY, selected from the "Microscopic Cabinet." By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.

Also in 8vo.; pp. 720; Plates 24; price 21s., or coloured, 36s.

A HISTORY of INFUSORIAL ANIMALCULES. Living and Fossil, containing Descriptions of every Species, British and foreign; the methods of procuring and viewing them, &c., illustrated by numerous Engravings. By ANDREW PRITCHARD, M.R.I.

"There is no work extant in which so much valuable information
concerning Infusoria (Animalcules) can be found, and every Microscopist
should add it to his library."--_Silliman's Journal._

Also, price 8s. 6d.,

MICROGRAPHIA, or Practical Essays on Reflecting and Solar Microscopes; Eye-Pieces; Micrometers, &c.

Also, edited by the same, price 18s.,

ENGLISH PATENTS; being a Register of all those granted in the Arts, Manufactures, Chemistry, &c., during the first forty-five years of this century.

WHITTAKER & Co., Ave Maria Lane.

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THE MOST COMFORTABLE CHRISTMAS PRESENT is HEAL & SON'S EIDER DOWN QUILT. It is the warmest, the Highest and the most elegant Covering, suitable for the Bed, the Couch, or the Carriage; and for Invalids, its comfort cannot be too highly appreciated. It is made in Three Varieties, of which a large Assortment can be seen at their Establishment. List of Prices of the above, together with the Catalogue of Bedsteads, sent Free by Post.

HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.

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{635}

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

Founded A.D. 1842.

_Directors._

H. E. Bicknell, Esq. | T. Grissell, Esq.
T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P. | J. Hunt, Esq.
G. H. Drew, Esq. | J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.
W. Evans, Esq. | E. Lucas, Esq.
W. Freeman, Esq. | J. Lys Seager, Esq.
F. Fuller, Esq. | J. B. White, Esq.
J. H. Goodhart, Esq. | J. Carter Wood, Esq.

_Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq., T. Grissell,
Esq.
_Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.
_Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Prospectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits:--

Age £ s. d. | Age £ s. d.
17 1 14 4 | 32 2 10 8
22 1 18 8 | 37 2 18 6
27 2 4 5 | 42 3 8 2

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.

Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.

* * * * *

Solicitors' & General Life Assurance Society,

52. CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.

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_Subscribed Capital, ONE MILLION._

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THIS SOCIETY PRESENTS THE FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES:

The Security of a Subscribed Capital of ONE MILLION.

Exemption of the Assured from all Liability.

Premiums affording particular advantages to Young Lives.

Participating and Non-Participating Premiums.

In the former EIGHTY PER CENT. or FOUR-FIFTHS of the Profits are divided amongst the Assured Triennially, either by way of addition to the sum assured, or in diminution of Premium, at their option.

No deduction is made from the four-fifths of the profits for Interest on Capital, for a Guarantee Fund, or on any other account.

POLICIES FREE OF STAMP DUTY and INDISPUTABLE, except in case of fraud.

At the General Meeting, on the 31st May last, A BONUS was declared of nearly TWO PER CENT. per annum on the _amount assured_, or at the rate of from THIRTY to upwards of SIXTY per cent. on the _Premiums paid_.

POLICIES share in the Profits, even if ONE PREMIUM ONLY has been paid.

Next DIVISION OF PROFITS in 1856.

The Directors meet on Thursdays at 2 o'Clock. Assurance may be effected by applying on any other day, between the hours of 10 and 4, at the Office of the Society, where prospectuses and all other requisite information can be obtained.

CHARLES JOHN GILL, Secretary.

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XYLO-IODIDE OF SILVER, exclusively used at all the Photographic Establishments.--The superiority of this preparation is now universally acknowledged. Testimonials from the best Photographers and principal scientific men of the day, warrant the assertion, that hitherto no preparation has been discovered which produces uniformly such perfect pictures, combined with the greatest rapidity of action. In all cases where a quantity is required, the two solutions may be had at Wholesale price in separate Bottles, in which state it may be kept for for years, and Exported to any Climate. Full instructions for use.

CAUTION.--Each Bottle is Stamped with a Red Label bearing my name, RICHARD W. THOMAS, Chemist, 10. Pall Mall, to counterfeit which is felony.

CYANOGEN SOAP: for removing all kinds of Photographic Stains. The Genuine is made only by the Inventor, and is secured with a Red Label bearing this Signature and Address, RICHARD W. THOMAS, CHEMIST, 10. PALL MALL, Manufacturer of Pure Photographic Chemicals: and may be procured of all respectable Chemists, in pots at 1s., 2s., and 3s. 6d. each, through MESSRS. EDWARDS, 67. St. Paul's Churchyard; and MESSRS. BARCLAY & CO., 95. Farringdon Street, Wholesale Agents.

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PHOTOGRAPHY.

A COMPLETE SET OF APPARATUS for 4l. 4s., containing an Expanding Camera, with warranted Double Achromatic Adjusting Lenses, a Portable Stand, Pressure Frame, Levelling Stand, and Baths, complete.

PORTRAIT LENSES of double Achromatic combination, from 1l. 12s. 6d.

LANDSCAPE LENSES, with Rack Adjustment, from 25s.

A GUIDE to the Practice of this interesting Art, 1s., by post free, 1s. 6d.

French Polished MAHOGANY STEREOSCOPES, from 10s. 6d. A large assortment of STEREOSCOPIC PICTURES for the same in Daguerreotype, Calotype, or Albumen, at equally low prices.

ACHROMATIC MICROSCOPES.

Beautifully finished ACHROMATIC MICROSCOPE, with all the latest improvement and apparatus, complete from 3l. 15s., at