Chapter C: S. (An Old Soldier.)

Oak Cottage, Coniston, Lancashire.

_Two Brothers of the same Christian Name_ (Vol. viii., p.338.).--I have recently met with another instance of this peculiarity. John Upton, of Trelaske, Cornwall, an ancestor of the Uptons of Ingsmire Hall, Westmoreland, had two sons, living in 1450, to both of whom he gave the Christian name of John. The elder of these alike-named brothers is stated by Burke, in his _History of the Landed Gentry_, to have been the father of the learned Dr. Nicholas Upton, canon of Salisbury and Wells, and afterwards of St. Paul's, one of the earliest known of our authors on heraldic subjects. The desire of the elder Upton to perpetuate his own Christian name may in some way account for this curious eccentricity.

T. HUGHES.

Chester.

_Passage in Watson_ (Vol. viii., p. 587.).--Your correspondent G. asks, whence Bishop Watson took the passage:

"Scire ubi aliquid invenire posses, ea demum maxima pars eruditionis
est."

In the account of conference between Spalato and Bishop Overall, preserved in Gutch's _Collectanea Curiosa_, and printed in the Anglo-Catholic Library, Cosin's _Works_, vol. iv. p. 470., the same sentiment is thus expressed:

"By keeping Bishop Overall's library, he (Cosin) began to learn,
'Quanta pars eruditionis erat bonos nosse auctores;' which was the
saying of Joseph Scaliger."

Can any of your correspondents trace the words in the writings of Scaliger?

J. SANSOM.

_Derivation of "Mammet"_ (Vol. viii., p. 515.).--It may help to throw light on this question to note that Wiclif's translation of 2 Cor. vi. 16. reads thus: "What consent to the temple of God with _mawmetis_?" Calfhill, in his _Answer to Martiall_ (ed. Parker Soc., p. 31.), has the following sentence:

"Gregory, therefore, if he had lived but awhile longer; and had seen
the least part of all the miseries which all the world hath felt since,
only for maintenance of those _mawmots_; he would, and well might, have
cursed himself, for leaving behind him so lewd a precedent."

And at p. 175. this,--

"That Jesabel Irene, which was so bewitched with superstition, that all
order, all honesty, all law of nature broken, she cared not what she
did, so she might have her _mawmots_."

See also the editor's note on the use of the word in this last passage. In Dorsetshire, among the common people, the word _mammet_ is in frequent use to designate a puppet, a doll, an odd figure, a scarecrow.

J. D. S.

_Ampers and, [&] or [&]_ (Vol. viii., p. 173.).--_Ampers [&]_, or _Empessy [&]_, as it is sometimes called in this country, means _et per se [&]_; that is to say, [&] is a character by itself, or _sui generis_, representing not a letter but a word. It was formerly {44} annexed to the alphabet in primers and spelling-books.

The figure [&] appears to be the two Greek letters [epsilon] and [tau] connected, and spelling the Latin word _et_, meaning _and_.

UNEDA.

Philadelphia.

_Misapplication of Terms_ (Vol. viii., p. 537.).--The apparent _lapsus_ noticed by your correspondent J. W. THOMAS, while it reminds one that--

"Learned men,
Now and then," &c.,

is not so indefensible as many instances that are to be met with.

I have been accustomed to teach my boys that _legend_ (à _lego_, to read) is not strictly to be confined to the ordinary translation of its derivative, since the Latin admits of several readings, and among them, by the usage of Plautus, _to hearken_; whence our English substantive takes equal license to admit of _a relation_ = _a narrative_, viz. "a thing to be heard;" and in this sense by custom has referred to many a gossip's tale.

Having thus ventured to defend the use of _legend_ by your correspondent (Vol. v., p. 196.), I submit to the illuminating power of your pages the following novel use of a word I have met with in the course of reading this morning, and shall be gratified if some of your correspondents (better Grecians than myself) can turn their critical bull's-eye on it with equal advantage to its employer.

In the poems of Bishop Corbet, edited by Octavius Gilchrist, F.S.A., 4th edition, 1807, an editorial note at p. 195. informs us that John Bust, living in 1611, "seems to have been a worthy _prototype_ of the Nattus of Antiquity." (_Persius_, iii. 31.)

Our humorous friend in the farce, who was "'prentice and predecessor" to his coadjutor the 'pothecary whom he succeeded, is the only solecism at all parallel, that immediately occurs to

SQUEERS.

Dotheboys.

P.S.--It would not be any ill-service to our language to pull up the stockings of the tight-laced occasionally, though I have here rushed in to the rescue.

_Belle Sauvage_ (Vol. viii., pp. 388. 523.).--Mr. Burn, in his _Catalogue of the Beaufoy Cabinet of Tokens_ presented to the Corporation of London, just published, after giving the various derivations proposed, says that a deed, enrolled on the Claus Roll of 1453, puts the matter beyond doubt:

"By that deed, dated at London, February 5, 31 Hen. VI., John Frensh,
eldest son of John Frensh, late citizen and goldsmith of London,
confirmed to Joan Frensh, widow, his mother--'Totum ten' sive hospicium
cum suis pertin' vocat' Savagesynne, alias vocat' le Belle on the
Hope;' all that tenement or inn with its appurtenances, called Savage's
Inn, otherwise called the Bell on the Hoop, in the parish of St.
Bridget in Fleet Street, London, to have and to hold the same for term
of her life, without impeachment of waste. The lease to Isabella Savage
must therefore have been anterior in date; and the sign in the olden
day was the Bell. 'On the Hoop' implied the ivy-bush, fashioned, as was
the custom, as a garland."--P. 137.

ZEUS.

_Arms of Geneva_ (Vol. viii., p. 563.).--Berry's _Encyclopædia_ and Robson's _British Herald_ give the following:

"Per pale or and gules, on the dexter side a demi-imperial eagle
crowned, or, divided palewise and fixed to the impaled line; on the
sinister side a key in pale argent; the wards in chief, and turned to
the sinister; the shield surmounted with a marquis's coronet."

Boyer, in his _Theatre of Honour_, gives--

"Party per pale argent and gules, in the first a demi-eagle displayed
sable, cut by the line of partition and crowned, beaked, and membered
of the second.

"In the second a key in pale argent, the wards sinister."

BROCTUNA.

Bury, Lancashire.

"_Arabian Nights' Entertainments_" (Vol. viii., p. 147.).--There is a much stranger omission in these tales than any MR. ROBSON has mentioned. From one end of the work to the other (in Galland's version at least) the name of opium is never to be found; and although narcotics are frequently spoken of, it is always in the form of powder they are administered, which shows that that substance cannot be intended; yet opium is, unlike tobacco or coffee, a genuine Eastern product, and has been known from the earliest period in those regions.

J. S. WARDEN.

_Richard I._ (Vol. viii., p. 72.).--I presume that the Richard I. of the "Tablet" is the "Richard, King of England," who figures in the Roman Calendar on the 7th February, but who, if he ever existed, was not even monarch of any of the petty kingdoms of the Heptarchy, much less of all England. However, not to go farther with a subject which might lead to polemical controversy, surely MR. LUCAS is aware that a new series of kings began to be reckoned from the Conquest, and that three Edwards, who had much more right to be styled kings of England than Richard could have possibly had, are not counted in the number of kings of that name; the reason was, I believe, that these princes, although the paramount rulers of the country, styled themselves much more frequently Kings of the West Saxons than Kings of England.

J. S. WARDEN.

{45}

_Lord Clarendon and the Tubwoman_ (Vol. vii., p. 211.).--I regret having omitted "when found, to make a note of," the number of Chambers' _Edinburgh Journal_ in which I met with the anecdote referred to about Sir Thomas Aylesbury, which is given at considerable length; and having lent my set of "Chambers" to a friend at a distance, I cannot at present furnish the reference required; but L. will find it in one of the volumes between 1838 and 1842 inclusive. I do not recollect that the periodical writer gave his authority for the tale, but while it may very possibly be true as regards the wife of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, it is evident that his daughter, a wealthy heiress, could never have been in such a position; and it is not recorded that Lord Clarendon had any other wife.

J. S. WARDEN.

_Oaths_ (Vol. viii., p. 605.).--Archbishop Whitgift, in a sermon before Queen Elizabeth, thus addresses her:

"As all your predecessors were at this coronation, so you also were
sworn before all the nobility and bishops then present, and in the
presence of God, and in His stead to him that anointed you, 'to
maintain the church lands and the rights belonging to it;' and this
_testified openly at the Holy Altar, by laying your hands on the Bible
then lying upon it_. (See Walton's _Lives_, Zouch's ed., p. 243.)"

I quote from the editor's introduction to Spelman's _History of Sacrilege_, p. 75., no doubt correctly cited.

H. P.

_Double Christian Names_ (Vol. vii. _passim_).--The earliest instances of these among British subjects that I have met with, are in the families of James, seventh Earl, and Charles, eighth Earl, of Derby, both of whom married foreigners; the second son of the former by Charlotte de la Tremouille, born 24th February, 1635, and named Henry Frederick after his grand-uncle, the stadt-holder, is perhaps the earliest instance to be found.

J. S. WARDEN.

_Chip in Porridge_ (Vol. i., p. 382. Vol. viii., p. 208.).--The subjoined extract from a newspaper report (Nov. 1806) of a speech of Mr. Byng's, at the Middlesex election, clearly indicates the meaning of the phrase:

"It has been said, that I have played the game of Mr. Mellish. I have,
however, done nothing towards his success. I have rendered him neither
service nor disservice" ["No, nor to anybody else," said a person on
the hustings; "you are a mere _chip in porridge_."]

W. R. D. S.

_Clarence Dukedom_ (Vol. viii., p. 565.).--W. T. M. will find a very interesting paper on this subject, by Dr. Donaldson, in the _Journal of the Bury Archæological Society_.

G.

_Prospectuses_ (Vol. viii., p. 562.).--I have seen a very curious volume of prospectuses of works contemplated and proposed, but which have never appeared, and wherein may be found much interesting matter on all departments of literature. A collection of this description would not only be useful, but should be preserved. A list of contemplated publications during the last half century, collected from such sources, would not be misplaced in "N. & Q.," if an occasional column could be devoted to the subject.

G.

"_I put a spoke in his wheel_" (Vol. viii., pp. 464. 522. 576.).--This phrase must have had its origin in the days in which the vehicles used in this country had wheels of solid wood without spokes. Wheels so constructed I have seen in the west of England, in Ireland, and in France. A recent traveller in Moldo-Wallachia relates that the people of the country go from place to place mounted on horses, buffaloes, or oxen; but among the Boyards it is "fashionable" to make use of a vehicle which holds a position in the scale of conveyances a little above a wheelbarrow and little below a dung-cart. It is poised on four wheels of solid wood of two feet diameter, which are more or less rounded by means of an axe. A vehicle used in the cultivation of the land on the slopes of the skirts of Dartmoor in Devonshire, has three wheels of solid wood; it resembles a huge wheelbarrow, with two wheels behind, and one in front of it, and has two long handles like the handles of a plough, projecting behind for the purpose of guiding it. It is known as "the old three-wheeled But." As the horse is attached to the vehicle by chains only, and he has no power to hold it back when going down hill, the driver is provided with a piece of wood, "a spoke," which is of the shape of the wooden pin used for rolling paste, for the purpose of "dragging" the front wheel of the vehicle. This he effects by thrusting the spoke into one of the three round holes made in the solid wheel for that purpose. The operation of "putting a spoke in a wheel by way of impediment" may be seen in daily use on the three-wheeled carts used by railway navvies, and on the tram waggons with four wheels used in collieries to convey coals from the pit's mouth.

N. W. S.

* * * * *

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Every lover of Goldsmith--and who ever read one page of his delightful writings without admiring the author, and loving the man--

"... for shortness call Noll,
Who wrote like an angel, but talk'd like poor Poll?"--

must be grateful to Mr. Murray for commencing his New Series of the _British Classics_ with the _Works of_ {46} _Oliver Goldsmith_, edited by Peter Cunningham, F.S.A. The Series is intended to be distinguished by skilful editorship, beautiful and legible type, fine paper, compactness of bulk, and economy of price. Accordingly, these handsome library volumes will be published at 7s. 6d. each. If Mr. Murray has shown good tact in choosing Goldsmith for his first author, he has shown equal judgment in selecting Mr. Cunningham for his editor. Our valued correspondent, it is well known, and will be proved to the world when he gives us his new edition of Johnson's _Lives of the Poets_ (which by the bye is to be included in this Series of Murray's _British Classics_), has long devoted himself to the history of the lives and writings of the poets of the past century. But in the present instance Mr. Cunningham has had peculiar advantages. Besides his own collections for an edition of Goldsmith, he has had the free and unrestricted use of the collections formed for the same purpose by Mr. Forster and Mr. Corney: a liberality on the part of those gentlemen which deserves the recognition of all true lovers of literature. With such aid as this, and his own industry and ability to boot, it is little wonder that Mr. Cunningham has been able to produce under Mr. Murray's auspices the best, handsomest, and cheapest edition of Goldsmith which has ever issued from the press.

Of all the critics of Mr. Dod's _Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland_, Mr. Dod is himself at once the most judicious and unsparing; and the consequence is, that every year he reproduces his admirable compendium with some additional feature of value and interest. For instance, in the volume for 1854, which has just been issued, we find, among many other improvements, that, at a very considerable cost, the attempt made in 1852 to ascertain and record the birthplace of every person who is the possessor, or the next heir, of any title of honour, has been renewed and extended with such success, that many hundred additional birthplaces are now recorded; and the unknown remnant has become unimportant. These statements are perfectly new and original, acquired from the highest sources in each individual case, and wholly unprecedented in the production of peerage-books.

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