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{191}

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Notes.

BURTON'S "ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY."

In this age of "new editions," it is a wonder that no one has favoured the public with a reprint, with notes _variorum_, of this celebrated English classic.

Dr. Dibdin, in a note to his edition of More's _Utopia_, vol. ii. p. 97., says:

"Whoever will be at the trouble of consulting Part II, sect. IV. memb..
i. subsect. 4. of the last folio edition of Burton [1676], will see how
it varies from the first folio of 1624; and will, in consequence,
regret the omission of the notice of these variations in the octavo
editions of Burton recently published."

The octavo editions here referred to are those of 1800 and 1806; the latter, I believe, edited by Edward Du Bois. The folio of 1676 is, in all probability, an exact reprint of that of 1651, which certainly differs considerably from those of an earlier date. Henry Cripps, the publisher of the edition of 1651, has the following notice:

"_To the Reader._

Be pleased to know (courteous Reader) that since the last impression of
this Book, the ingenuous author of it is deceased, leaving a copy of it
exactly corrected, with several considerable additions by his own hand.
This copy he committed to my care and custody, with directions to have
those additions inserted in the next edition; which, in order to his
command and the publicke good, is faithfully performed in this last
impression.

H. C."

Modern writers have been deeply indebted to old Robert Burton; but he, in his turn, was equally indebted to earlier writers. Dr. Dibdin remarks:

"I suspect that Burton, the author of the _Anatomy of Melancholy_, was
intimately acquainted with Boiastuan's book as translated by Alday; for
there are passages in Burton's 'Love Melancholy' (the most
extraordinary and amusing part of his work), which bear a very strong
resemblance to many in the 'Gests and Countenances ridiculous of
Lovers,' at p. 195 of Boiastuan's _Theatre, or Rule of the World_."

The title of the curious book mentioned in this extract is--

"Theatrum Mundi. Theatre, or Rule of the World: Wherein may bee seene
the running Race and Course of everie Mannes Lyfe, as touching Miserie
and Felicitie: whereunto is added a learned Worke of the excellencie of
Man. Written in French by Peter Boiastuan. Translated by John Alday.
Printed by Thomas East, for John Wright, 8vo. 1582."

But Burton was more indebted to another work, very similar in title and matter to his own; I mean Dr. Bright's curious little volume, of which I transcribe the title-page in full:

"A Treatise of Melancholy: contayning the Causes thereof, and reasons
of the strange Effects it worketh in our Minds and Bodies; with the
Phisicke Cure, and Spirituall Consolation for such as have thereto
adjoyned afflicted Conscience. The difference betwixt it and
Melancholy, with diverse philosophical Discourses touching Actions, and
Affections of Soule, Spirit, and Body: the Particulars whereof are to
be seene before the Booke. By T. Bright, Doctor of Phisicke. Imprinted
at London by John Windet, sm. 8vo. 1586."

It has been remarked that Burton does not acknowledge his obligations to Bright. This, however, is not strictly true, as the former acknowledges _several quotations_ in the course of his work. It would certainly be desirable, in the event of a new edition of the _Anatomy_, that a comparison of the two books should be made. As a beginning towards this end, I subjoin a table of the contents of Bright's _Treatise_, with a notice of some similar passages in Burton's _Anatomy_, arranged in parallel columns.

I may just add, that Bright's _Treatise_ consists of 276 pages, exclusive of a dedication "To the Right Worshipful M. Peter Osborne," &c. (dated from "Little S. Bartlemews by Smithfield, the 13 of May, 1586"); and an address "To his Melancholick Friend M."

All that is known of his biography has been collected by the Rev. Joseph Hunter, and communicated to the last edition of Wood's _Athenæ Oxonienses_, vol. ii. p. 174. _note_.

BRIGHT'S "TREATISE OF MELANCHOLY," | BURTON'S "ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY," 1586. | edit. 1651. | _The Contentes of the Booke according | _Parallel Sections._ to the Chapters._ | | 1. How diversely the word Melancholy | Definition of Melancholy: name, is taken. | difference. | 2. The causes of natural melancholy, | The causes of melancholy. and of the excesse thereof. | | 3. Whether good nourishment | Customs of dyet, delight, appetite, breede melancholy, by fault of the | accessity: how they cause body turning it into melancholy: | or hinder. and whether such humour is found | in nourishments, or rather is made | of them. | | 4. The aunswere to objections | Dyet rectified in substance. made against the breeding of | melancholicke humour out of | nourishment. | | 5. A more particular and farther | answere to the former objections. | | 6. The causes of the increase and | Immediate cause of these precedent excesse of melancholicke humour. | symptomes. | 7. Of the melancholicke excrement. | Of the matter of melancholy. | 8. What burnt choller is, and | the causes thereof. | | 9. How melancholie worketh | Symptomes or signes in the fearful passions in the mind. | mind. | 10. How the body affecteth the | Of the soul and her faculties. soule. | | 11. Objections againste the manner | how the body affecteth the | soule, with answere thereunto. | | 12. A farther answere to the | former objections, and of the simple | facultie of the soule, and onely | organicall of spirit and body. | | 13. How the soule, by one simple | facultie, performeth so many and | diverse actions. | | {192} 14. The particular answeres to | the objections made in the 11th | chapter. | | 15. Whether perturbations rise | Division of perturbations. of humour or not, with a division | of the perturbations. | | 16. Whether perturbations which | are not moved by outward occasions | rise of humour or not: and | how? | | 17. How melancholie procureth | Sorrow, fear, envy, hatred, malice, feare, sadnes, despaire, and such | anger, &c. causes. passions. | | 18. Of the unnaturall melancholie | Symptomes of head-melancholy. rising by adjustion: how | it affecteth us with diverse passions.| | 19. How sickness and yeares | Continent, inward, antecedent, seeme to alter the mind, and the | next causes, and how the body cause: and how the soule hath | works on the mind. practise of senses separated from | the body. | | 20. The accidentes which befall | An heap of other accidents causing melancholie persons. | melancholy. | 21. How melancholie altereth | Distemperature of particular the qualities of the body. | parts. | 22. How melancholie altereth | those actions which rise out of the | braine. | | 23. How affections be altered. | | 24. The causes of teares, and | their saltnes. | | 25. Why teares endure not all | the time of the cause: and why in | weeping commonly the finger is | put in the eie. | | 26. Of the partes of weeping: | why the countenance is cast down, | the forehead lowreth, the nose | droppeth, the lippe trembleth, &c. | | 27. The causes of sobbing and | sighing: and how weeping easeth | the heart. | | 28. How melancholie easeth | both weeping and laughing, with | the reasons why. | | 29. The causes of blushing and | Causes of these symptomes [_i.e._ bashfulness, and why melancholie | bashfulness and blushing]. persons are given therunto. | | 30. Of the naturall actions altered | by melancholie. | | 31. How melancholie altereth | Symptomes of melancholy the naturall workes of the body: | abounding in the whole body. juice and excrement. | | 32. Of the affliction of conscience | Guilty conscience for offence for sinne. | committed. | 33. Whether the afflicted conscience | be of melancholie. | | 34. The particular difference betwixt | How melancholy and despair melancholie and the afflicted | differ. conscience in the same | person. | | 35. The affliction of mind: to | Passions and perturbations of what persons it befalleth, and by | the mind; how they cause what means. | melancholy. | 36. A consolation to the afflicted | conscience. | | 37. The cure of melancholie; | Cure of melancholy over all the and how melancholicke persons | body. are to order themselves in actions | of minde, sense, and motion. | | 38. How melancholicke persons | Perturbations of the mind are to order themselves in their | rectified. affections. | | 39. How melancholicke persons | Dyet rectified; ayre rectified, &c. are to order themselves in the rest | of their diet, and what choice they | are to make of ayre, meate, and | drinke, house, and apparell. | | 40. The cure by medicine meete | Of physick which cureth with for melancholicke persons. | medicines. | 41. The manner of strengthening | Correctors of accidents to procure melancholicke persons after | sleep. purging: with correction of some | of their accidents. |

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

* * * * *

"[Greek: Aiôn]," ITS DERIVATION.

As the old postulate respecting the etymology of this important word, from [Greek: aeiôn], however superficial, is too attractive to be surrendered, even in the present day, by some respectable authorities, the judgment of your classical correspondents is requested, as to the accuracy of the more philosophical origin of the term which has been adopted by commentators of unquestionable erudition and undisputed eminence.

The rule by which those distinguished scholars, Lennep and Scheidius, determine the etymology of [Greek: Aiôn], is as follows:

"Nomina in [Greek: ôn] desinentia, formata ab aliis nominibus,
_collectiva_ sunt, sive _copiam_ earum rerum, quæ _primitivo_
designantur notant--ut sunt [Greek: dendrôn], a [Greek: dendron],
arboretum; [Greek: Elaiôn], olivetum, ab [Greek: Elaion]; [Greek:
Rhodôn], rosetum, a [Greek: rhodon] (also the nouns [Greek: ankôn,
agôn, akremôn, bonbôn, paiôn, ploutôn, pôgôn, chitôn]).--Nempe formata
videntur hæc nomina in [Greek: ôn], a genitivis pluralibus
substantivorum. Genitivus singularis horum nominum, in [Greek: ônos],
contractione sua, hanc originem satis videtur demonstrare."

In immediate reference to the word [Greek: Aiôn], they say:

"[Greek: Aiôn], Ævum, Æternitas. Nomen ex eo genere, quod natura sua
_collectionem_ et _multitudinem_ rerum notat; ut patet ex terminatione
[Greek: ôn]. Quemadmodum in voce [Greek: aei], vidimus eam esse
translatam eximie ad significationem _temporis_, ab illa flandi,
spirandive, quæ est in origine [Greek: aô]; sic in nostro [Greek: Aiôn]
eadem translationis ratio locum habet; ut adeo quasi _temporum
collectionem_, vel _multitudinem_ significet. A qua denuo
significatione propriâ profectæ sunt eæ, quibus vel _ævum_, vel
_æternitatem_, vel _hominis ætatem_ descripsere veteres. Formata (vox)
est a nomine inusitato [Greek: Aios], vel [Greek: Aïos], quod ab
[Greek: aïs], cujus naturam, in voce [Greek: aei], expossi. Cæterum, a
Græco nostro [Greek: Aiôn], interposito digammate Æolico, ortum, est
[Greek: Aiwôn], et hinc Lat. ævum."

As then it is impossible to place [Greek: Aiôn], whose genitive is [Greek: Aiônos], in the same category with the derivatives from [Greek: ôn], the participle present of [Greek: Eimi], whose genitive is [Greek: ontos]; and as, secondly, this derivation places the word out of the range of the collective nouns so declined, which are derived from other nouns, as this appears to be, can the real etymology of the word [Greek: Aiôn], and its derivatives, remain any longer a matter of question and debate?