Chapter I: Front Matter

{365}

NOTES AND QUERIES:

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No. 234.] SATURDAY, APRIL 22. 1854. [Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.

* * * * *

CONTENTS.

NOTES:-- Page
Whitefield and Kennington Common, by H. M. Bealby 367
Anachronisms, by Cuthbert Bede, B.A. 367
Cephas, a Binder, and not a Rock, by the Rev. Moses
Margoliouth 368
Epitaphs, &c. 368
The Rigby Correspondence, by James F. Ferguson 369
The Wandering Bee 370

MINOR NOTES:--Tippet--Ridings and Chaffings--Henry of
Huntingdon's "Letter to Walter"--Arthuriana--Encyclopedia
of Indexes, or Tables of Contents--Errata in Nichols'
"Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica" 370

QUERIES:--
Genesis iv. 7. 371
Roland the Brave 372
Clay Tobacco-pipes, by Henry T. Riley 372

MINOR QUERIES:--Cabinet: Sheffield, Earl of Mulgrave,
Marquis of Normanby, and Duke of Buckinghamshire--
Bersethrigumnue--Lady Jane Grey--Addison and Watts--Lord
Boteloust's Statue by Richard Hayware--Celtic in Devon--
Knobstick--Aristotle--The Passion of our Lord dramatised--
Ludwell: Lunsford: Kemp--Linnaean Medal--Lowth of Sawtrey:
Robert Eden--Gentile Names of the Jews--The Black Prince--
Maid of Orleans--Fawell Arms and Crest--"Had I met thee in
thy beauty"--Portrait of D. P. Tremesin--Edition of
"Othello"--Prospect House, Clerkenwell--Ancient Family of
Widderington--Value of Money in the Seventeenth Century 373

MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Ruin near St. Asaph, North
Wales--Wafers--Asgill on Translation to Heaven--Ancient
Custom at Coleshill 375

REPLIES:--
The Songs of Degrees 376
American Poems imputed to English Authors 377
"Feather in your Cap" 378
Perspective, by Benjamin Ferrey, &c. 378
Lord Fairfax, by T. Balch, &c. 379
"Consilium Defectorum Cardinalium," by Charles Hardwick, &c. 380

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Mounting Positives--Mounting
of Photographs and Difficulties in the Wax-paper Process--
The New Waxed-paper, or Ceroleine Process 381

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Origin of Clubs--Dr. Whichcote
and Dorothy Jordan--"Paid down upon the Nail"--"Man proposes,
but God disposes"--Roman Catholic Patriarchs--Classic
Authors and the Jews--Mawkin--Mantelpiece--Mousehunt--
"Vanitatem observare," &c. 383

MISCELLANEOUS:--
Notes on Books, &c. 386
Books and Odd Volumes Wanted 387
Notices to Correspondents 387

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{367}

_LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL 22, 1854._

Notes.

WHITEFIELD AND KENNINGTON COMMON.

Your correspondent the REV. W. SPARROW SIMPSON (Vol. ix., p. 295.) has given some interesting little notes respecting the past history of Kennington Common. Other notes might be added, and which should not be overlooked in a record of events connected with a spot whose associations and whose name are about to pass away for ever. After all, it is a righteous act, a noble deed, a benevolent mission, that gives a kind of immortality to a locality. It was here that the ever memorable George Whitefield proclaimed in an earnest voice, and with an earnest look, the gospel of Jesus Christ to multitudes of his fellow-creatures. He was wonderfully endowed by God for his great work, and the evidence of his vast success is to be found in the fact that immense numbers flocked from all parts to listen to the tidings which he had to deliver. He had audiences on Kennington Common amounting to ten, twenty and thirty thousand people, great numbers of whom were savingly impressed by his message. He melted their hearts, and sent them away, reflecting on the great problems of man's history, and on the dignity and destiny of the human mind. Take the following from his published diary, which is now scarce, and not much known:

"Sunday, April 29, 1731. At five in the evening went and preached at
Kennington Common, about two miles from London, where upwards of 20,000
people were supposed to be present. The wind being for me, it carried
the voice to the extremest part of the audience. All stood attentive,
and joined in the Psalm and Lord's Prayer so regularly, that I scarce
ever preached with more quietness in any church. Many were much
affected."

"Sunday, May 6, 1731. At six in the evening preached at Kennington; but
such a sight I never saw before. Some supposed there were above 30,000
or 40,000 people, and near fourscore coaches, besides great numbers of
horses; and there was such an awful silence amongst them, and the Word
of God came with such power, that all seemed pleasingly surprised. I
continued my discourse for an hour and a half."

"Sunday, July 22, 1739. Went to St. Paul's and received the blessed
Sacrament, and preached in the evening at Kennington Common to about
30,000 hearers. God gave me great power."

"Friday, August 3, 1739. Having spent the day in completing my affairs
(about to embark for America), and taking leave of my dear friends, I
preached in the evening to near 20,000 at Kennington Common. I chose to
discourse on St. Paul's parting speech to the elders at Ephesus, at
which the people were exceedingly affected, and almost prevented my
making any application. Many tears were shed when I talked of leaving
them. I concluded all with a suitable hymn, but could scarce get to the
coach for the people thronging me, to take me by the hand, and give me
a parting blessing."

Let those who have a deep sympathy with the great and good, who have served their age with exalted devotion and burning zeal, remember that on that very spot which is now called Kennington Park, this extraordinary man lifted up his powerful voice, and with commanding attitude, with the tenderest affection, with persuasive tones, and with thrilling appeals, proclaimed the "glorious gospel of the blessed God" to multitudes of the human family. He preached as in the light, and on the borders of the eternal world. It is such facts as these that will enhance in mind and memory the interest of such a spot. The philosophy of Whitefield's life has yet to be written.

H. M. BEALBY.

North Brixton.

* * * * *

ANACHRONISMS.

Mr. Thackeray makes another trip in the present (April) number of _The Newcomes_. Clive writes a letter dated "May 1, 183--," which is at once answered by Pendennis, who sends him "an extract from Bagham's article on the Royal Academy," and Mr. Thackeray makes the critic ask, "Why have we no picture of the _sovereign and her august consort_ from Smee's brush?" To which it may be answered, "Because, even if the '183--' represents the time of Victoria's reign, her Majesty did not take unto herself an 'august consort' until Feb. 10, 1840." It may also be observed, that in all the illustrations to Mr. Thackeray's delightful story, Mr. Doyle has clothed the _dramatis personae_ in the dresses of the present day. A notable example of this occurs at p. 75., in his clever sketch of Mrs. Newcome's At Home, "a small early party" given in the year 1833, the date being determined by a very simple act of mental arithmetic, since the author informs us that the colonel went to the party in the mufti-coat "sent him out by Messrs. Stultz to India in the year 1821," and which he had "been in the habit of considering a splendid coat for twelve years past." The anachronism on Mr. Doyle's part is probably intentional. Indeed, he only follows the example which Mr. Thackeray had justified in these words:

"It was the author's intention, faithful to history, to depict all the
characters of this tale in their proper costumes, as they wore them at
the commencement of the century. But, when I remember the appearance of
people in those days, and that an officer and lady were actually
habited like this [here follows one of Mr. Thackeray's graphic
sketches], I have not the heart to disfigure my heroes and heroines by
costumes so hideous; and have, on the contrary, engaged a {368} model
of rank dressed according to the present fashion."--_Vanity Fair_, note
to p. 55.

And, certainly, when one looks at a fashion-book published some twenty years ago, one cannot feel surprised at Mr. Doyle, or any other man of taste, preferring to commit an anachronism, rather than depict frights and monstrosities.

CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.

* * * * *

CEPHAS, A BINDER, AND NOT A ROCK.

Some of the multifarious readers of "N. & Q." may feel interested in the suggestion of an original solution on Matt. xvi. 16-19. I submit it (not presumptuously, but hopefully), that its examination and discussion, by your learned readers, may throw more light upon my humble endeavour to elucidate a passage which seems to have been darkened "by a multitude of words."

The solution I propose is an extract from my MS. annotations on the Hebrew Old Testament, and forms a portion of a note on Habakkuk ii. 11. It will be desirable, for the readier comprehension of my exposition, to give the original, with a literal translation, of the verse alluded to:

[Hebrew: KY 'BN MQYR TZ`Q]
[Hebrew: WKPYS M`TS Y`NNH:]
"For the [_Ebhen_] stone shall cry out of the wall,
And the [_Caphis_] fastening shall testify out of the timber."[1]

This verse has passed into a proverb amongst the Jews in every part of the world. It is invariably quoted to express the impossibility of secrecy or concealment; or to intimate the inevitable publicity of a certain fact. In short, the proverb implies the same meaning which our Lord's answer to the Pharisees expressed, viz., "If these should hold their peace, the stones would immediately cry out" (Luke xix. 40.). I have myself heard the words under note used as a proverb, in this manner, amongst the Jews of Europe, Asia, and Africa. I am, moreover, inclined to believe that it was already one of the national proverbs in the days of our Lord.

All this may appear irrelevant to the critical exposition of this verse; but the consideration may help to clear up an apparently obscure passage in the New Testament, namely, Matt. xvi. 16-19. When Simon made the declaration in verse 16., "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God," he might have thought of or expressed the inspired proverb:

[Hebrew: KY 'BN MQYR TZ`Q]
[Hebrew: WKPYS M`TS Y`NNH:]
"For the [_Ebhen_] stone shall cry out of the wall,
And the [_Caphis_] fastening shall testify out of the timber."

Thinking, or expressing, that concealment of the Messiahship of Jesus was impracticable.

"And Jesus [to whom word, thought, and deed were alike patent] answered
and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon Barjona; for flesh and blood
hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven. And I
say also unto thee, That thou art _Caphis_; and upon the _Ebhen_ I will
build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.
And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven: and
whatsoever thou shalt _bind_ on earth, shall be _bound_ in heaven," &c.

The play (if so common an expression might be used in so sacred a theme) is not on the word _Peter_, but on the word [Hebrew: KPYS] (_Caphis_), which signifies a rafter, a cross beam, a _binder_; or, as the margin (on Habak. ii. 11.) has it, "a fastener," from the verb [Hebrew: KPS] (_Caphas_), to _bind_, to connect, to join.

That our Lord never used the Greek word [Greek: su ei Petros] all must admit; that [Greek: Kephas] is not the Syriac word for stone is well known to every Oriental scholar. The proper Syriac word for stone is [Syriac: K'P']. However, there is a resemblance between the respective words, which may have been the origin of Simon's second surname--I mean to that of Cephas--Peter.

The import of Matt. xvi. 16-19. seems to me to be this: Christ acknowledges Simon to be part and parcel of the house, the Church; nay, more, He tells Simon that He intends him to be a "master-builder," to join, or bind, many members to that Church, all of which would be owned of Him. But the Church itself must be built upon the _Ebhen_, the _Stone_; by which Jesus evidently alluded to Ps. cxviii. 22.:

[Hebrew: 'BN M'SW HBWNYM]
[Hebrew: HYTH LR'SH PNH:]
"The _Ebhen_ which the builders refused
Is become the head stone of the corner."

(Compare Matt. xxi. 42.)

May I ask whether the words [Greek: ho ermeneutai Petros] are to be considered as the words of St. John, or of his transcribers? The question may appear startling to some, but my copy of the Syriac New Testament is _minus_ that sentence.

MOSES MARGOLIOUTH.

Wybunbury, Nantwich.

[Footnote 1: See also the marginal readings.]

* * * * *

EPITAPHS, ETC.

_Epitaphs._--There is, or was, one at Pisa which thus concludes:

"Doctor doctorum jacet hac Burgundius urna,
Schema Magistrorum, laudabilis et diuturna;
Dogma poetarum cui littera Graeca, Latina,
Ars Medicinarum patuit sapientia trina.
{369}
Et nunc Pisa, dole, tristeris Thuscia tota,
Nullus sub sole est cui sic sunt omnia nota.
Rursus ab Angelico coetu super aera vectum
Nuper et Angelico, coelo gaude te receptum.
Ann. Dom. MCLXXXXIIII. III Calend. Novembr."

Nearer home, in Shoreditch churchyard:

"Sacred to the memory of Sarah Micci, who departed this life April 7th,
1819, aged 50 years.

Memento judicii mei, sic enim _erit_ mihi _heri_, tibi hodie."

Not far from this is the following laconic one:

"Dr. John Gardner's last and best bed-room, who departed this life the
8th of April, 1835, in his 84th year."

Which reminds me of one at Finedon:

"Here lyeth Richard Dent,
In his last tenement.
1709."

B. H. C.

_Curious Inscription_ (Vol. iv., p. 88.).--In the first edition of _Imperatorum Romanorum Numismata Aurea_, by De Bie, Antwerp, 1615, at the foot of a page addressed "Ad Lectorem," and marked c. ii., are the following verses, which may be noted as forming a pendant to those referred to:

ri R S D D
"Sc ptorum erum ummorum espice icta
ul V N R P

st Qu R I N I T
I a idem isu aciemus am nde acebunt."
ll F V F I V Pl

Signed "C. HAETTRON."

W. H. SCOTT.

Edinburgh.

_Epitaph in Lavenham Church, Norfolk._--

"Continuall prayse these lynes in brass
Of Allaine Dister here,
Clothier vertuous whyle he was
In Lavenham many a yeare;
For as in lyfe he loved best
The poore to clothe and feede,
Soe with the riche and alle the reste,
He neighbourlie agreed;
And did appoint before he died,
A smalle yearlie rent,
Which would be every Whitsuntide
Among the poorest spent."

I send you this copy from a _nibbing_ of a quaint epitaph, made in the beautiful old church of Lavenham many years since, with a view to putting a Query as to its construction. The first two lines, as I read them, want a verb, unless we read the conclusion of the first line as a verb, to _in-brasse_ (_i.e._ to record in brass). Can any of your readers give me an authority, from an old author, for the use of this or any similar verb? To _in-grain_ seems somewhat like it, but is modern. If no authority for such a verb can be given, I should be glad to have the construction of the lines explained.

A. B. R.

Belmont.

* * * * *

THE RIGBY CORRESPONDENCE.

[In "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., pp. 203. 264. 349., mention is made of this
correspondence. The letters, of which the following are copies, were
sold as waste paper, and are in my possession. They appear to have been
written by the Rt. Hon. Richard Rigby, Master of the Rolls in Ireland,
and relate to the appointment of an Examiner in the Chancery in the
year 1783.

JAMES F. FERGUSON.]

Dublin.

St. James's Place,

24th May, 1783.

My dear Lord,

I return you many thanks for your two letters of y^e 10th and 11th
inst., and for the trouble you are so obliging as to take on y^e
business of the Examiner's Office. I have found a copy of an
appointment of an Examiner transmitted to me by Lodge in the year 1762,
and I send you Mr. Meredith's appointment upon the stamp'd paper you
inclosed to me. If that appointment will not answer, or if the stamp is
not a proper one, as you seem to hint may be the case, I must desire
you to tell Mr. Perry to make out a proper appointment and send it over
ready for my signature. I shou'd hope the one I send herewith will
answer, that you may have no further trouble. I perceive five hundred
pounds English was y^e sum I receiv'd in 1762; and I imagine that is
the sum Mr. Meredith proposes to give now, and to which I give my
consent.

I thank you for inquiring after my health; my fits of the gout are not
very violent, but I am very glad you never have any of them. Pray make
my best comp^{ts} to Scott, and tell him that I din'd yesterday at
Streatham with Macnamara, who is getting better, notwithstanding the
weather here is as cold as at Christmas.

I am, my dear Lord, with all possible regard, your most sincere friend
and oblig'd humble servant,

RICHARD RIGBY.

Your stamp'd paper was not large enough, but my servant found a stamp'd
paper at Lincoln's Inn.

------

St. James's Place,

9th June, 1783.

My dear Lord,

Ten thousand thanks for all the trouble you are so kind (as) to take in
my affairs; this day I receiv'd yours of the 31st May, with the bill
{370} inclosed for 498l. 2s. 5d. If the instrument I sent over should
not be satisfactory, I will sign any new deed which shall be sent me
for the purpose.

I have not much acquaintance w^{th} Lord Northington; but seeing him at
St. James's the day he took leave of the King, I wish'd him success in
his new government, and took the liberty to mention your name to him as
y^e person in the whole kingdom whose advice would be most beneficial
to him. I told him I asked no favour of him but one, which was to
recollect what I then said to him if he should have occasion to call
upon you for advice and assistance hereafter, when he would find it for
his great satisfaction to be well founded.

I am, my dear Lord, your most obliged and faithful humble servant,

RICHARD RIGBY.

To the Rt. Honorable Lord Ch. Justice Paterson, at Dublin.
Free, R. Rigby.

* * * * *

THE WANDERING BEE.

"High mountains closed the vale,
Bare, rocky mountains, to all living things
Inhospitable; on whose sides no herb
Rooted, no insect fed, no bird awoke
Their echoes, save the eagle, strong of wing;
A lonely plunderer, that afar
Sought in the vales his prey.

"Thither towards those mountains Thalaba
Advanced, for well he ween'd that there had Fate
Destined the adventure's end.
Up a wide vale, winding amid their depths,
A stony vale between receding heights
Of stone, he wound his way.
A cheerless place! _The solitary Bee,_
_Whose buzzing was the only sound of life,_
_Flew there on restless wing,_
_Seeking in vain one blossom, where to fix._"
_Thalaba_, book vi. 12, 13.

This incident of the wandering bee, highly poetical, seems at first sight very improbable, and passes for one of the many strange creations of this wild poem. But yet it is quite true to nature, and was probably suggested to Southey, an omnivorous reader, by some out-of-the-way book of travels.

In Hurton's _Voyage to Lapland_, vol. ii. p. 251., published a few years since, he says that as he stood on the verge of the North Cape,--

"The only living creature that came near me was a _bee_, which hummed
merrily by. What did the busy insect seek there? Not a blade of grass
grew, and the only vegetable matter on this point was a cluster of
withered moss at the very edge of the awful precipice, and it I
gathered at considerable risk as a memorial of my visit."

So in Fremont's _Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains_, 1842, p. 69., he speaks of standing on the crest of the snow peak, 13,570 feet above the Gulf of Mexico, and adds:

"During our morning's ascent, we had met no sign of animal life, except
the small sparrow-like bird already mentioned. A stillness the most
profound, and a terrible solitude, forced themselves constantly on the
mind as the great features of the place. Here on the summit, where the
stillness was absolute, unbroken by any sound, and the solitude
complete, we thought ourselves beyond the region of animated life: but
while we were sitting on the rock, a _solitary bee_ (_Bromus_, the
humble bee) came winging his flight from the eastern valley, and lit on
the knee of one of the men.

"It was a strange place, the icy rock and the highest peak of the Rocky
Mountains, for a lover of warm sunshine and flowers; and we pleased
ourselves with the idea that he was the first of his species to cross
the mountain barrier, a solitary pioneer to foretell the advance of
civilisation. I believe that a moment's thought would have made us let
him continue his way unharmed, but we carried out the law of this
country, where all animated nature seems at war; and seizing him
immediately, put him in at least a fit place, in the leaves of a large
book, among the flowers we had collected on our way."

A. B.

Philadelphia.

* * * * *

Minor Notes.

_Tippet._--The origin of words signifying articles of dress would be a curious subject for investigation. Tippet is derived by Barclay from the Saxon _taeppet_; but I find the following passage in Captain Erskine's Journal of his recent _Cruise in the Western Pacific_, p. 36. He is writing of the dress of the women at the village of Feleasan, in the Samoan Islands:

"And occasionally a garment (_tiputa_) resembling a small poncho, with
a slit for the head, hanging so as decently to conceal the bosom."

May we not trace here both the article and the name?

W. T. M.

_Ridings and Chaffings._--A singular custom prevails in South Nottinghamshire and North Leicestershire. When a husband, forgetting his solemn vow to love, honour, and keep his wife, has had recourse to physical force and beaten her, the rustics get up what is called "a riding." A cart is drawn through the village, having in it two persons dressed so as to resemble the woman and her master. A dialogue, representing the quarrel, is carried on, and a supposed representation of the beating is inflicted. This performance is {371} always specially enacted before the offender's door.

Another, and perhaps less objectionable, mode of shaming men out of a brutal and an unmanly practice, is to empty a sack of chaff at the offender's door,--an intimation, I suppose, that _thrashing_ has been "done within." Perhaps this latter custom gave rise to the term "chaffing." Thirty years ago both these customs were very common in this locality; but, either from an improved tone of morality, or from the comparative rarity of the offence that led to them, both _ridings_ and _chaffings_ are now of very rare occurrence.

Can any reader of "N. & Q." inform me whether these customs have prevailed, or still prevail, in other counties?

THOMAS R. POTTER.

Wymeswold, Leicestershire.

_Henry of Huntingdon's "Letter to Walter."_--Mr. Forester (Bohn's _Antiquarian Library_) decides, in opposition to Wharton and Hardy, that this epistle was written in 1135, during the lifetime of Henry I., and there can be no doubt that the passage he quotes bears him out in this; but it is not less certain that, whether owing to the death of the friend to whom the letter was addressed, or from a wholesome fear of the resentment of that king who is so roughly handled in it, the publication was deferred long enough for the author to reinforce by a few "modern instances" of more recent date, the "wise saws" which are so plentifully diffused through it: for instance, at p. 313. he mentions the death of Louis VI. of France, which occurred 1st August, 1137, twenty months after the death of Henry. And it is probable that a closer search than I have the means of making, would reveal other instances of a like nature, though this is sufficient by itself.

After all, is it not possible that the worthy archdeacon (like Bolingbroke at a future day) may have antedated his letter to give himself an air of boldness and independence beyond what he really possessed? This would account not only for the references to later occurrences, but for the accurate fulfilment of the prophecy which he quotes about the duration of the reign of Henry I.

J. S. WARDEN.

_Arthuriana._--List of places designated with traditional reference to King Arthur. (_To be continued._)

In Cornwall:

King Arthur's Castle. Nutagel.

King Arthur's Hall. An oblong inclosure on the moors, near Camelford.

King Arthur's bed. A slab of granite with pack-shaped piece for
bolster, on Trewortha tor.

S. R. PATTISON.

_Encyclopedia of Indexes, or Tables of Contents._--I should like your opinion, and that of the readers of "N. & Q.," as to the desirableness and practicability of forming a collection of the indexes of those books most commonly required to be referred to by authors and scholars. In reading up on any subject, when it is wished to know whether any author treats upon it, mainly or incidentally, his works must be examined at a great expense of time and labour. Perhaps some of your learned readers will express their views as to the value of such a thesaurus, and give suggestions as to the principles which ought to regulate its execution.

THINKS I TO MYSELF.

_Errata in Nichols' "Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica."_--Works of this kind, unless strictly accurate, cause great perplexity and confusion, and are indeed of little use. I therefore wish to note in your pages that at vol. viii. p. 38. of the above work it is stated that Babington "married Juliana, daughter of Sir _Thomas_ Rowe, Alderman of London." _Harl. MSS._ 1174. p. 89., 1551. p. 28., 1096. p. 71., inform us that Julian Rowe, daughter of Sir William Rowe, who was Lord Mayor of London in 1592, married Francis Babington. Sir William and Sir Thomas were first cousins. In the same page Sir Thomas Rowe is stated to have died in 1612; on his tomb we are told that he died in 1570.

TEE BEE.

* * * * *

QUERIES.

GENESIS IV. 7.

Can any of your learned Hebraists elucidate the passage in Gen. iv. 7., which called forth the following remarks from Bishop Sandford?

"As yet I cannot abandon the literal interpretation of the words
[Hebrew: LAPETACH CHAT`A'T ROBEITS], and I am much surprised that, in
all the criticism bestowed on this verse by Davison and the authors
whom he quotes, nothing is said of the word [Hebrew: PETACH]. I do not
know of any place in Holy Scripture where this word is used
figuratively, and unless this can be shown, there is no supporting so
strong a metaphor as the advocates of the figurative meaning of the
passage contend for. Davison takes no notice of the remainder of the
verse.... Now the words are remarkable; they are the same as those in
which the Lord declares the subjection of Eve to her husband, Gen. iii.
16. I have always thought this passage (Gen. iv. 7.) to allude to Abel;
and to promise to Cain the continuance of the priority of
primogeniture, if he were reconciled to God."--_Remains of Bishop
Sandford_, vol. i. p. 135.

With respect to the word [Hebrew: PETACH], the literal interpretation of which is a door, entrance, or gate, Archbishop Magee renders the passage thus: "A sin-offering lieth before or _at_ the door," the word [Hebrew: RBEITS] implying to crouch or lie down as an animal; thereby alluding to the sacrifice which was {372} appointed for the remission of sins, and was typical of the great sacrifice of the Lamb of God, who was to be slain for the sin of the world. The whole verse would thus stand, according to Archbishop Magee's interpretation:

"If thou doest well, shalt thou not have the excellency or
pre-eminence? and if thou doest _not_ well, a sin-offering lieth before
the door [_i.e._ is prepared, or at hand, for thee]; and unto thee
shall be his subjection, and thou shalt rule over him [_i.e._ over
Abel]."

Luther's translation is at variance with this:

"Wenn du fromm bist, so bist du angenehm, bist du aber nicht fromm, so
ruhet die Suende vor der Thuer. Aber lass du ihr nicht ihren Willen,
sondern herrsche ueber sie."

In the margin of Luther's Bible is a reference in this verse to Rom. vi. 12., plainly showing that he considered it as an admonition to Cain to struggle against _sin_, lest it should gain the dominion over him.

Bishop Sandford farther observes:

"I think that neither Davison nor the other commentators have
completely examined Gen. iv. 7. in all its expressions and bearings. I
am surprised at Magee's omitting the argument from St. Paul's
declaration, that by his [Greek: pleionthusia] Abel obtained witness
that he was righteous.... I must repeat my wish to have the word
[Hebrew: PETACH] well examined."

A. B. C.

P.S.--Dr. Glocester Ridley (quoted by Bishop Van Mildert, in the notes to his _Boyle Lectures_) takes the view afterwards adopted by Archbishop Magee, as to the meaning of the passage. (See _The Christian Passover_, in four sermons on the Lord's Supper, by Glocester Ridley, 1742, p. 14.)

* * * * *

ROLAND THE BRAVE.

Can any of your readers and correspondents, versed in "legendary lore," reconcile the two different tales of which "Roland the Brave" is the hero? The one related in Mrs. Hemans's beautiful ballad describes him as reported dead, and that his fair one too rashly took the veil in "Nonnenwerder's cloister pale," just before his return. The story proceeds to tell how in grief her lover sought the battle-field, and finally fell, with other brave companions, at Roncesvalles.

I have been surprised, when perusing Dr. Forbes's highly amusing narrative of his holiday in Switzerland (pp. 28-9.), to find that he identifies Roland with the hero of Schiller's beautiful ballad, who rejoiced in the unromantic appellation of _Ritter Toggenburg_. _That_ unhappy lover, according to the poet, being rejected by his fair one, who could only bestow on him a sister's affection, sought the Holy Land in despair, and tried to forget his grief; but returning again to breathe the same air with his beloved, and finding her already a professed nun, built himself a hut, whence he could see her at her convent window. Here he watched day by day, as the poet beautifully says; and here he was found, _dead_, "still in the attitude of the watcher."

"Blickte nach dem Kloster drueben,
Blickte Stunden lang
Nach dem Fenster seiner Lieben
Bis das Fenster klang,
Bis die Liebliche sich zeigte,
Bis das theure Bild
Sich in 's Thal herunter neigte
Ruhig, engelmild.
. . . . . .
"Und so sass er viele Tage
Sass viel' Jahre lang,
Harrend ohne Schmerz und Klage
Bis das Fenster klang,
Bis die Liebliche sich zeigte, &c. &c.

"Unde so sass er, eine Leiche
Eines Morgens da,
Nach dem Fenster noch das bleiche
Stille Antlitz sah."

Was this Ritter Toggenburg, the hero of Schiller's ballad, the nephew of Charlemagne, Roland, who fell at Roncesvalles? Is not Dr. Forbes in error in ascribing the Ritter's fate to Roland? Are they not two distinct persons? Or is Mrs. Hemans wrong in her version of the story? I only quote from memory:

"Roland the Brave, the brave Roland!
False tidings reach'd the Rhenish strand
That he had fall'n in fight!
And thy faithful bosom swoon'd with pain,
Thou fairest maid of Allemain.
Why so rash has she ta'en the veil
In yon Nonnenwerder's cloister pale?
For the fatal vow was hardly spoken,
And the fatal mantel o'er her flung.
When the Drachenfels' echoes rung--
'Twas her own dear warrior's horn!
. . . . . .
She died; he sought the battle plain,
And loud was Gallia's wail,
When Roland, the flower of chivalry,
Fell at Roncesvalles!"

I shall be glad to have a clear idea of the true Roland and his story.