Notes and Queries, Number 240, June 3, 1854

Chapter C: Mansfield Ingleby (1)

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Birmingham.

_North-west Passage._--In 1612, Captain Thomas Button made a voyage to discover the north-west passage, and was afterwards knighted by King James. Can any of your readers refer me to a pedigree, or other particulars, of Sir Thomas Button's family? They appear to have been seated at Duffryn, in Glamorganshire, as early as the fourteenth or fifteenth century. Sir Thomas' daughter Ann married General Rowland Langharne, of St. Bride's, Pembrokeshire, a noted character in the civil war.

NOTARY.

_Fountains._--Will some kind reader obligingly state the names of any works that give representations or descriptions of foreign fountains?

AQUARIUS.

_Pope and John Dennis._--What is the authority for the universal assumption that Pope wrote _The Narrative of Dr. Robert Norris_? It is said, in the notes to the _Dunciad_, to have been published in Swift and Pope's _Miscellanies_, vol. iii. This does not prove that Pope wrote it. Farther, it is not {517} in the third volume of the _Miscellanies_ as republished in 1731. What are the facts?

P. J. D.

* * * * *

Minor Queries with Answers.

_The Irish at the Battle of Crecy._--I should feel obliged if any of your readers could inform me where the authority is for the Irish at the battle of Crecy having been the first to come to close fight with the French, and doing, "after the manner of their own countrie," effective service with their skenes or long knives.

M. P.

[There is the best authority for this assertion, even that of the
veritable Holinshed, who quotes from Froissart, the cotemporary of our
victorious Edward. "The armie which he (Edward) had over with him, was
to the number of 4000 men of armes, and 10,000 archers, besides
_Irishmen_ and Welshmen that followed the host on foot." The French
historian also informs us, that the skene or knife was the chief weapon
used by the Irish in that age: "The Irish have pointed knives with
broad blades, sharp on both sides, like a dart-head, with which they
kill their enemies," &c. Johnes's _Translation_, vol. iv. p. 428.: see
also Grafton's _Chronicle_, p. 261.; and Keightley's _History of
England_, vol. i. p. 279.]

_King of the Isle of Wight._--I was not aware that the Isle of Wight, like the Isle of Man, had once been a kingdom. It seems that Henry de Beauchamp, Earl and Duke of Warwick, was crowned, _circa_ 1445, King of the Isle of Wight. Perhaps some of your correspondents may be able to throw some light on this matter.

E. H. A.

[Henry Beauchamp, Duke of Warwick, son of Richard Earl of Warwick, was
crowned King of the Isle of Wight by patent 24 Henry VI., King Henry in
person assisting at the ceremonial, and placing the crown on his head.
Leland (_Itiner._, vol. vi. p. 91.) says, "Henricus Comes de Warwike ab
Henrico VI. cui carissimus erat, coronatus _in regem de Wighte_, et
postea nominatus primus comes totius Angliæ." Leland takes this _ex
Libello de Antiquitate Theoksibriensis Monasterii_, in the church of
which house this Duke of Warwick was buried. But little notice has been
taken of this singular event by our historians, and, except for some
other collateral evidence, the authenticity of it might be doubted; but
the representation of this duke with an imperial crown on his head and
a sceptre before him, in an ancient window of the collegiate church at
Warwick, leaves no doubt that such an event did take place. (See
Worsley's _Hist. of the Isle of Wight_ for a plate copied from an
accurate drawing of the king.) This honourable mark of the royal
favour, however, conveyed no regal authority, the king having no power
to transfer the sovereignty of any part of his dominions, as is
observed by Lord Coke in his _Institutes_, where this transaction is
discussed; and there is reason to conclude that, though titular king,
he did not even possess the lordship of the island, no surrender
appearing from Duke Humphrey, who was then living, and had a grant for
the term of his life. Mr. Selden too, in his _Titles of Honour_, p.
29., treating of the title of the King of Man, observes that "it was
like that of King of the Isle of Wight, in the great Beauchamp, Duke of
Warwick, who was crowned king under Henry VI." Henry Beauchamp was also
crowned King of Guernsey and Jersey. He died soon after these honours
had been conferred on him, June 11, 1445, when the regal title expired
with him, and the lordship of the island, at the death of the Duke of
Gloucester, reverted to the crown.]

_Theodore de la Guard._--I have a tract by him with the title of _The simple Cobler of Aggawam, in America_, London, 1647. Who was he? and where can I find any account of him or his work?

CPL.

[The Rev. Nathaniel Ward was the author of this work. He was born at
Haverhill in Essex, of which place his father was a clergyman; and
after studying at Cambridge, became minister of Standon in Herts; but
was cited before the bishop, Dec. 12, 1631, to answer for his
nonconformity. Being forbidden to preach, he embarked for America in
April, 1634, and settled as pastor of the church at Ipswich, or
Aggawam. He returned to England in 1646, and on June 30, 1647, preached
before the House of Commons, and the same year published _The Simple
Cobler_. He was afterwards settled at Shenfield, near Brentwood, where
he died in 1653, in his eighty-third year. Fuller, in his _Worthies_,
co. Suffolk, speaking of him, says, that he, "following the counsel of
the poet,

'Ridentem dicere verum,
Quis vetat?'

'What doth forbid that one may smile,
And also tell the truth the while?'

hath in a jesting way, in some of his books, delivered much smart truth
of the present times." Dr. Mather, in his _Magnalia_, remarks of him,
that "he was the author of many composures full of wit and sense; among
which that entitled _The Simple Cobler_ (which demonstrated him to be a
subtil statesman) was most considered." This work passed through
several editions in England in 1647. It was reprinted in Boston in
1713. The best edition, containing the author's subsequent additions,
is that edited by David Pulsifer, Boston, 1843.]

_Back._--What is the meaning and derivation of "Back," as applied to several localities in Bristol, as, for instance, The Back, Welsh Back, Temple Back, St. Augustine's Back, St. James' Back, Redcliffe Back? Many of them are not on the river, or I should have imagined it a corruption of the word bank.

MALCOLM FRASER.

Clifton.

[Barrett, in his _History of Bristol_, p. 72., gives a clue to the
origin of this local name: "Before the quay was made the usual place,
as Leland says, for landing goods out of the ships was at the Back (or
_Bec_, a Saxon word for a river), where was the old Custom-house. The
quay being completed, and the marsh of Bristol thereby effectually
divided from that {518} of St. Augustine, houses and streets began to
be built there; Marsh Street terminated with a chapel, dedicated to St.
Clement, and a gate; and Back Street, with a gate also, and a chapel
near it, dedicated to St. John, and belonging to St. Nicholas; the
church of St. Stephen and its dependent parish, and the buildings
between the Back and the quay, seem to have taken their rise at this
period, and were all enclosed with a strong embattled wall, _externa_
or _secunda moenia urbis_, extending from the quay to the Back, where
King Street has since been built."]

_Broom at Mast-head._--Whence did the custom originate of a broom being fastened to the mast-head of boats and small craft, to indicate their being for sale?

J. R. G.

Dublin.

[It originated from the old custom of putting up boughs upon anything
which was intended for sale; and "this is the reason," says Brande,
"why an old besom (which is a sort of _dried bush_) is put up at the
top-mast-head of a ship or boat when she is to be sold."]

* * * * *

Replies.

THE ADVICE SUPPOSED TO HAVE BEEN GIVEN TO JULIUS III.

(Vol. viii., p. 54.; Vol. ix. _passim_.)

Your correspondent NOVUS has very judiciously warned controversialists on the use of a document as emanating from the papal court, which, to every one who reads it through (if a shorter examination will not be satisfactory), must carry evidence of its not being papal authority, but intended as a satire on Rome. A writer in the _Christian Remembrancer_, vol. xii., attaches undue importance to the signatures, in the absence of which, he admits, "we should conclude that this was the production of some enemy in disguise."

In a 4to. volume of Tracts now before me is a copy of the genuine document--

"Consilium delectorum cardinalium et aliorum prælatorum, de emendanda
ecclesia. S. D. N. Papa Paulo III. ipso jubente conscriptum et
exhibitum anno 1538;"

two copies of the supposititious

"Consilium quorundam episcoporum Bononiæ congregatorum quod de ratione
stabiliendæ Romanæ ecclesiæ Julio III. Pont. Max. datum est. Quo artes
et astutiæ Romanensium et arcana imperii papalis non pauca propalantur.
Ex bibliotheca W. Crashauii. Londini, 1613;"

and several other tracts, so rare that an enumeration of them, and a few extracts, will perhaps be acceptable to many of the readers of "N. & Q." Fourth in order:

"Marcus Antonius de Dominis archiepiscopus Spalatensis, suæ
profectionis consilium exponit. Londini, 1616."

"Bellum Papale, sive concordia discors Sixti Quinti et Clementis
Octavi, circa Hieronymianam editionem, etc. Auctore Thoma Jamesio.
Londini, 1600."

"[Ejusdem] Bellum Gregorianum, sive corruptionis Romanæ in operibus D.
Gregorii M. jussu pontificum Rom. recognitis atque editis, etc. Oxoniæ,
1610."

"Summa actorum Facultatis Theologiæ Parisiensis contra librum
inscriptum, Controversia Anglicana de potestate regis et pontificis,
etc. Auctore Martino Becano. Londini, 1613."

"Antitortobellarminus, sive refutatio calumniarum, mendaciorum, et
imposturarum laico-cardinalis Bellarmini, contra jura omnium regum et
sinceram illibatamque famam Serenissimi, potentissimi piissimique
Principis Jacobi ... fidei catholicæ defensoris et propugnatoris: per
Joan. Gordonium. Londini, 1610."

"Tu super _hoc cepha_ fingis Christum ore loquutum
Fundamen caulæ nidificabo meæ:
Vernac'lo at Christus Solymis sermone loquutus,
Separat articulis mascula foemineis;
Petre, ait, hic cepha es, sanctæ fundamina caulæ,
Et super _hac cepha_ ponere dico meæ:

. . . . . .

Quòd tu sic audes Christi pervertere verba
Et pro foemineo subdere masculeum,
Nil mirum; Papis solenne est cardineisque
Sic pro foemineo subdere masculeum."

"Epilogus ad quatuor colloquia D^{ni} D^{ris} Wrighti pro mala fide
habita; et a Jacobo Nixon non bona fide relata; et Guilielmo Stanleio
nullius fidei perduelli dicata: pro amico et gentili suo D^{no} Thoma
Roe equite editus. Authore Guilielmo Roe. Londini, 1615."

"D^{no} D^{ri} Wright Anglo, malæ causæ clienti: et Jacobo Nixon
Hiberno, advocato pejori: et Guilielmo Stanleio, patrono pessimo;
religionis et patriæ hostibus: poenam seram et poenitentiam seriam
Guilielmus Roe exoptat."

This is the opening of the epilogus _Colloquii Spadani_, a copy of which rare tract is in the extensive collection of the President of the Chetham Society. The epilogue contains an unmeasured invective against these three "vassal slaves of servile Rome."[1] Wright's panegyric on Stanley is thus introduced and distorted:

"Egregia facinora tua vidit Hibernia, experta est Hollandia, agnoscit
Hispania, prædicat Gallia, fatetur Flandria, neque potest negare
Anglia. Ergo cum bona frontis tuæ serenitate sustinebis, si elogii tui
vocem ad assensum nostrum repercussam, instar Ecchus remittamus, et
Stanleium hominem egregie facinorosum dixerimus, quod in Hispanis
consilio suo immissis vidit Hibernia, in Daventriæ proditione {519}
experta est Hollandia, in stipendio proditioni imputato agnoscit
Hispania, in pluribus locis frustra et cum ignominia tentatis prædicat
Gallia, et nullam illi præfecturam unquam integrè credendo fatetur
Flandria, neque post tot in patriam suam molitiones, et præsertim
expeditionem quam ad fragorem pulverariæ conjurationis in nos habiturus
erat, negare potest Anglia."

"Eadgarus in Jacobo redivivus: seu pietatis Anglicanæ defensio. Ab
Adamo Reuter. Londini, 1614."

"[Ejusdem] Libertatis Anglicanæ defensio seu demonstratio: regnum
Angliæ non esse feudum pontificis: in nobilissima et antiquissima
Oxoniensi academia, publice apposita Martino Becano. Londini, 1613."

"[Ejusdem] Oratio: quam Papam esse Bestiam quæ non est et tamen est,
apud Johan. Apoc. xvii. 8. in fine probantem ... recitavit Adam Reuter.
Londini, 1610."

"[Ejusdem] Contra conspiratorum consilia orationes duæ. Habitæ ... 5^o
Aug. et 5^o Nov., anno 1611, diebus regiæ liberationis a conspiratione
Govvrie, et tormentaria. Londini, 1612."

"Ejusdem, Delineatio consilii brevissima: quam societati mercatorum
Belgarum Londini florentiss. commorantium consecrat A. R. Londini,
1614."

"[Greek: Ponêsis Christophorou tou Angelou], etc. At Oxford, 1617."

"[The same]. Christopher Angell, who tasted of many stripes and
torments, inflicted by the Turkes for the faith which he had in Christ
Jesus. At Oxford, 1617."

"[Ejusdem] Labor C. A. Græci. De apostasia ecclesiæ, et de homine
peccati scilicet Antichristo, etc. Gr. et Lat. Londini, 1624."[2]

"Expositio mysteriorum misse et verus modus rite celebrandi. A
Guilhelmo de Gouda. Daventrie, 1504."

Had I not already occupied so much space, I should have added an extract from Angell's _Epistle in commendation of England and the Inhabitants thereof_. He begins thus:

"O faire like man, thou most fertill and pleasant countrie of England,
which art the head of the world, indued with those two faire eies, the
two Universities."

BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.

[Footnote 1: "Valete tria animalia Religionis servæ, et in servitutem nata."]

Had your correspondent NOVUS, in his first communication, specified by name the _Consilium Quorundam Episcoporum_ as the document whose fictitious character he desired to notify, I should not have been betrayed into my supererogatory vindication of the _Consilium Delectorum Cardinalium_; the latter piece having lately been much before me, and its very extraordinary frankness in acknowledging the existence of the gravest abuses, of which the Reformers complained, giving it so much the air of satirical fiction. The use of the other document, moreover, being chiefly in the hands of a class of writers I am happy in not being able to boast a very extensive acquaintance with, recent anti-papal controversialists, I certainly did think that NOVUS had impugned the authenticity of the genuine _Consilium_.

R. G. is mistaken in supposing that I thought there were _nine Cardinals_ in the committee which drew up the genuine _Consilium_, as the full title of this piece will show:--_Consilium novem Delectorum Cardinalium et aliorum Prælatorum, de emendanda Ecclesia._

B. B. WOODWARD.

Bungay, Suffolk.

* * * * *

LORD ROSEHILL.

(Vol. ix., p. 422.)

Something more than a partiality for the novelist takes me now and then to the scene of the antiquary--Aberbrothock, or Arbroath. On one occasion, in company with a few friends, we made a day of it in a ramble along the romantic eastern coast of that burgh, and the scene of the perilous incident related of Sir Arthur Lekiss Wardour, when rescued from the incoming tide by being drawn up the face of the precipitous cliff by the doughty Mucklebacket, under the superintendence of Oldbuck and young Lovel. The fresh breeze from the German Ocean, and the excitement of the occasion, imparted a keen relish for the locality and its associations; and by the time we reached the hostelry of Mrs. Walker, at Auchmithie, a no less sharp appreciation of the _piscatorial spread_ we had the foresight to bespeak the previous day. Ushered into Lucky Walker's best dining-room, our attention was immediately drawn to an aristocratic emblazonment of arms which occupied one entire side of the room, with a ribbon, artistically disposed over the same, upon which was inscribed Lord Rosehill, who was, we were informed, the eldest son of the Earl of Northesk (Carnegie), a great proprietor in that neighbourhood, and the special patron of our hostess and her establishment.

With respect to the particular Lord Rosehill, alluded to by your correspondent W. D. R., I beg to offer him the following brief notice from Douglas' _Peerage_, by Wood, Edin. 1813:

"David L. Rosehill (son of Geo. 6th E. of Northesk) was born at Edin.,
5th April, 1749; had an Ensign's commission in the 26th Reg. Foot in
1765; quitted the army 1767, and went to America. He married in
Maryland, in Aug. 1768, Miss Mary Cheer, and died without issue at
Rouen, in Normandy, 19 Feb. 1788, æt. 39."

From a dear old lady, whom I always find a mine of Forfarshire anecdote of the last century, I obtain some corroborative proof that the said David {520} Lord Rosehill was the eccentric character we might infer from the above, in the assurance that he was "a ne'er do weel, and ran away with the tincklers (_i. e._ gypsies) in early life."

If I may farther travel out of the record, allow me here to recommend to such of your readers as meditate the northern tour this summer, to diverge a little from the beaten track, and visit the neighbourhood above alluded to; your antiquarian friends, especially, will be delighted with that fine old ruin, the Abbey of Aberbrothock, now that it is brushed up and fit to receive visitors. The worthy Mr. Peter, in charge, has some curious relics acquired at the last diggins, and possesses a fragment of a black-letter Chronicle to satisfy the incredulous that in identifying the objects exhibited, he has his warrant in Hector Boece. The man of progress, too, will find in Fairport, or Arbroath, a hive of industry; but, I regret to add, threatened with a check by this closing of the Baltic trade, which is, if I may say so, both _woof_ and _warp_ in the prosperity of this and other towns on the east coast of Scotland. And lastly, the lovers of ocean, rocks, and caves, will be not less interested with the environs, and I doubt not all would leave it exclaiming with Johnson, that if they had seen no more of old Scotia than Aberbrothock, they would not have regretted their journey.

J. O.

* * * * *

MAJOR ANDRÉ.

(Vol. ix., p. 111.)

On the 13th of January, 1817, Mr. Chappell made a report unfavourable to the petition of John Paulding (one of the citizens who captured Major André), who prays for an increase of the pension allowed to him by the government in consequence of that service. On the question to reverse this report, an interesting debate followed.

We copy the following from the _National Intelligencer_, January 14, 1817:

"What gave interest principally to the debate, was the disclosure by
Mr. Tallmadge of Connecticut (an officer at the time, and commanding
the advance guard when Major André was brought in) of his view of the
merit of this transaction, with which history and the records of the
country have made every man familiar. The value of the service he did
not deny; but on the authority of the declaration of Major André (made
while in the custody of Colonel Tallmadge), he gave it as his opinion
that, if Major André could have given to these men the amount they
demanded for his release, he never would have been hung as a spy, nor
in captivity on that occasion. Mr. T.'s statement was minutely
circumstantial, and given with expressions of his individual confidence
in its correctness. Among other circumstances he stated, that when
Major André's boots were taken off by them, it was to search for
plunder, and not to detect treason. These persons, indeed, he said,
were of that class of people who passed between both armies, as often
in one camp as the other, and whom, he said, if he had met with them,
he should probably as soon have apprehended as Major André, as he had
always made it a rule to do with these suspicious persons. The
conclusion to be drawn from the whole of Mr. Tallmadge's statement, of
which this is a brief abstract, was, that these persons had brought in
Major André only because they should probably get more for his
apprehension than for his release."

The question on reversing the report was decided in the negative:--Ayes, 53; Noes, 80 or 90.

It is proper to say that the question was decided on the ground taken in the report, viz. on the injustice of legislating on a single case of pension, whilst there were many survivors of the Revolution whom the favour of the government had not distinguished.

From _The Gleaner_, published at Wilkesbury, Pennsylvania (copied into the _National Intelligencer_ of Washington, March 4, 1817):

"The disclosure recently made by Colonel Tallmadge in the House of
Representatives, relative to the capture of Major André, seems to have
been received in every instance with the confidence to which it was
certainly entitled. That gentleman related what he saw and knew; and
those who are attempting to dispute him, relate only what they had been
informed of. To those of our readers who may not have seen the report
of Colonel Tallmadge's remarks, it may be proper to observe, that those
three men who captured Major André, applied to Congress for an increase
of pension settled on them by the government, and that when this
application was under consideration, Colonel Tallmadge (a member for
Connecticut) rose and stated, that having been the officer to whom the
care of André was entrusted, he had heard André declare that those men
robbed him, and upon his offer to reward them for taking him to the
British lines, he believes they declined only from the impossibility of
giving them sufficient security, &c., and that it was not patriotism
but the hope of gain which induced them to deliver him to the
Americans. To this declaration of Colonel Tallmadge, and in support of
his opinion, we are happy to have it in our power to offer the
following corroborating testimony.

"There is now living in this town a gentleman who was an officer in the
Massachusets line, and who was particularly conversant in all the
circumstances of that transaction. It was this gentleman who, in
company with Captain Hughes, composed the special guard of André's
person, was with him during the last twenty-four hours of his life, and
supported him to the place of execution. From him we have received the
following particulars: it is needless to say we give them our implicit
belief, since to those who are acquainted with the person to whom we
allude, no other testimony is ever necessary than his simple
declaration.

"To this gentleman André himself related that he was passing down a
hill, at the foot of which, under a tree, playing cards, were the three
men who took him. {521} They were close by the road side, and he had
approached very near them before either party discovered the other;
upon seeing him they instantly rose and seized their rifles. They
approached him and demanded who he was; he immediately answered that he
was a British officer, supposing, from their being so near the British
lines, that they belonged to that party. They then seized him, robbed
him of the few guineas which he had with him, and the two watches which
he then wore, one of gold and the other of silver. He offered to reward
them if they would take him to New York; they hesitated, and in his
(André's) opinion, the reason why they did not do so, was the
impossibility on his part to secure to them the performance of the
promise.

"He informs also that it was an opinion too prevalent to admit of any
doubt, that these men were of that description of persons called 'cow
boys,' or those who, without being considered as belonging to either
party, made it a business to pillage from both. He has frequently heard
this opinion expressed at that time by several officers who were
personally acquainted with all these men, and who could not have been
mistaken in their general characters.

"André frequently spoke of the kindness of the American officers, and
particularly of the attention of Major Tallmadge; and on the way to the
place of execution sent for that officer to come near him, that he
might learn the manner in which he was to die."

Statement of Van Wart (from the _National Intelligencer_ of Feb. 25, 1817):

"Isaac Van Wart, of the town of Mount Pleasant, in the county of
Westchester, being duly sworn, doth depose and say, that he is one of
the three persons who arrested Major André during the American
revolutionary war, and conducted him to the American camp. That he,
this deponent, together with David Williams and John Paulding, had
secreted themselves at the side of the highway, for the purpose of
detecting any person coming from, or having unlawful intercourse with,
the enemy, being between the two armies; a service not uncommon in
those times. That this deponent and his companions were armed with
muskets, and upon seeing Major André approach the place where they were
concealed, they rose and presented their muskets at him, and required
him to stop, which he did. He then asked them whether they belonged to
his party, and then they asked him which was his party? to which he
replied the lower party. Upon which they, deeming a little stratagem
under such circumstances not only justifiable but necessary, gave him
to understand that they were of his party, upon which he joyfully
declared himself to be a British officer, and told them that he had
been out upon very particular business. Having ascertained thus much,
this deponent and his companions undeceived him as to their characters,
declaring themselves to be Americans, and that he must consider himself
their prisoner. Upon this, with seeming unconcern, he said he had a
pass from General Arnold, which he exhibited, and then insisted on
their permitting him to proceed. But they told him that, as he had
confessed himself to be a British officer, they deemed it to be their
duty to convey him to the American camp; and then took him into a wood,
a short distance from the highway, in order to guard against being
surprised by parties of the enemy, who were frequently reconnoitering
in that neighbourhood. That when they had him in the wood they
proceeded to search him, for the purpose of ascertaining who and what
he was, and found inside of his stockings and boots, next to his bare
feet, papers which satisfied them he was a spy. Major André now showed
them his gold watch, and remarked that it was evidence of his being a
gentleman, and also promised to make them any reward they might name,
if they would but permit him to proceed, which they refused. He then
told them that if they doubted the fulfilment of his promise, they
might conceal him in some secret place, and keep him there until they
could send to New York and receive their reward. And this deponent
expressly declares, that every offer made by Major André to them was
promptly and resolutely refused. And, for himself, he solemnly declares
that he had not, and he does most sincerely believe that Paulding and
Williams had not, any intention of plundering their prisoner; nor did
they confer with each other, or even hesitate whether they should
accept his promise, but, on the contrary, they were, in the opinion of
this deponent, governed, like himself, by a deep interest in the cause
of the country, and a strong sense of duty. And this deponent further
says that he never visited the British camp, nor does he believe or
suspect that either Paulding or Williams ever did, except that Paulding
was, once before André's capture, and once afterwards, made a prisoner
by the British, as this deponent has been informed and believes. And
this deponent, for himself, expressly denies that he ever held any
unlawful traffic or any intercourse whatever with the enemy. And,
appealing solemnly to that omniscient Being, at whose tribunal he must
soon appear, he doth expressly declare that all accusations, charging
him therewith, are utterly untrue.

ISAAC VAN WART.

"Sworn this 28th day of January, 1817,
before Jacob Radcliff.

"We the subscribers, inhabitants of the county of Westchester, do
certify that during the revolutionary war we were well acquainted with
Isaac Van Wart, David Williams, and John Paulding, who arrested Major
André; and that at no time during the revolutionary war was any
suspicion ever entertained by their neighbours or acquaintances, that
they, or either of them, held any undue intercourse with the enemy. On
the contrary, they were universally esteemed, and taken to be ardent
and faithful in the cause of the country. We further certify that the
said Paulding and Williams are not now resident among us, but that
Isaac Van Wart is a respectable freeholder of the town of Mount
Pleasant, that we are all well acquainted with him, and we do not
hesitate to declare our belief that there is not an individual in the
county of Westchester, acquainted with Isaac Van Wart, who would
hesitate to describe him as a man of a sober, moral, industrious, and
religious life, as a man whose integrity is as unimpeachable as his
veracity is undoubted. In {522} these respects no man in the county of
Westchester is his superior.

Jonathan G. Tompkins, aged 81 years.
Jacob Purdy, 77.
John Odell, 60.
John Boyce, 72.
J. Requa, 59.
William Paulding, 81.
John Requa, 54.
Archer Read, 64.
George Comb, 72.
Gilbert Dean, 70.
Jonathan Odell, 87.
Cornelius Van Tassel, 71.
Thomas Boyce, 71.
Tunis Lint, 71.
Jacobus Dyckman, 68.
William Hammond.
John Romer."

F. D.

The following works furnish much that is interesting concerning Major André:--

_An Authentic Narrative of the Causes which led to the Death of Major André_, by Joshua Hett Smith, London, 1808. Printed for Matthews and Leigh, 18. Strand.

_The Plot of Arnold and Sir Henry Clinton against the United States, and against General Washington_, Paris, 1816. Printed by Didot the Elder.

Niles' _Weekly Register for 1817_, vol. ii. p. 386. Printed at Baltimore.

ANON.

* * * * *

THE TERMINATIONS "-BY" AND "-NESS."

The linguistic origin of these descriptive syllables, when found as suffixes to the names of places, is a question of some interest to the antiquary and ethnologist; and, as to the former of them, has, on that account, fitly enough been made the subject of occasional discussion in the pages of "N. & Q." The _-by_, as your pages evince (Vol. vii., p. 536.), is implicitly relied upon by Mr. Worsaae and his disciples, in support of the Danish theory of that eminent northern scholar; and that too, as it appears, without any very minute regard to the etymology and meaning of the former syllabic divisions of proper names so characterised. If only the designation of a locality end with _-by_, evidence sufficient is given, that it owes its paternity specially to the Danes alone, of all the Scandinavian tribes who obtained a permanent footing on our shores. The same is the case with respect to the termination _-ness_, and its orthographic varieties. As with the Ashbys, Newbys, and Kirbys of our several counties, so (_inter alia_) with the Hackness of Yorkshire, the Longness of Man, the Bowness of Westmoreland, and the Foulness of Essex. All have the Danish mark upon them; and all, therefore, possess a Danish original, and bear witness of a Danish location.

With regard to the _-by_, I have already, in these pages, taken occasion to suggest a doubt whether, in that particular instance, the Worsaaen theory be not as fallacious as it is dogmatical. And, adopting the same method with the _-ness_, I think it will be evident, on examination of the following list of almost identical forms of the expression, that, as to this point also, no argument can be founded upon it, one way or the other, beyond the fact of its derivation from some of the Scandinavian tribes who, in the fifth and succeeding centuries, established themselves on our shores: if, indeed, I do not, even with this enlarged extension, assign to the presence of the term in our topography a too restricted application.

I have a list now before me of 521 places with this suffix, distributed over twenty-five counties. It does not pretend to be complete; but as it offers a more extended view of the question than in Vol. ix., p. 136., I subjoin the results:

Yorkshire 173
Lincolnshire 163
Leicestershire 49
Norfolk 22
Cumberland 21
Westmoreland 18
Northamptonshire 17
Lancashire 14
Nottinghamshire 14
Suffolk and Derbyshire, 5 each 10
Durham and Warwickshire, 3 each 6
Essex and Isle of Man, 2 each 4
Cardiganshire, Cheshire, Cornwall, Kent, Monmouthshire,
Northumberland, Pembrokeshire, Salop, and Wiltshire, 1 each 10
---
521
===

Our termination _-ness_, then, is the old northern or Icelandic _nes_, the parent of the Dan. _næs_, and the Ang.-Sax. _nese_ and _næs_, signifying "a neck of land, or promontory." From this _nes_ came, naturally enough, the old northern _naos_ or _nös_, whence the Dan. _næse_, the Germ. _nase_; the Ang.-Sax. _nase_, _næse_, _nose_; the Norman-Fr. _naz_, and Su.-Goth. _naese_ (in Al. and Sansc. _nasa_, and in Gall. _nes_); the Latin _nasus_, and Eng. _nose_, or _nase_ as it is spelt by Gower in his _Conf. Am._ b. v., "Both at mouth and at _nase_." Closely akin to the same word, and probably derived from an identical source, is the old northern _nef_, whence were formed the Vulg.-Isl. _nebbi_, the Dan. _neb_, and the Ang.-Sax. _nebbe_ and _neb_ (in Pers. _anef_; in C. Tscherh. _ep_, in Curd. _defin_), the beak or bill, the _neb_ or _nib_ of a bird; and also used of the prominent feature of the human face divine, to which the term is applied by Shakspeare and Bacon, as it is occasionally at the present day by the older inhabitants of the Yorkshire dales.

Thus have we the origin of our _nase_, _-nese_, _-ness_, _-nib_, _-nab_, &c., which are found in the composition of many of our local proper names; but, after looking over the foregoing paragraph, who can tell whether these forms were transported to our shores in a Saxon, Jutish, Anglic, or Danish bark?

WM. MATTHEWS.

Cowgill.

{523}

_The Termination "-by."_--Having gone over the remaining letters H to Z, I send you the following results:

Lincoln 94, in former list 65 Total 159
York 41 " " 24 " 65
Leicester 22 " " 21 " 43
Norfolk 13 " " 6 " 19
Notts 9 " " 2 " 11
Cumberland 9 " " 7 " 16
Lancaster 6 " " 2 " 8
Westmoreland 5 " " 3 " 8
Warwick 3 " " 0 " 3
Northampton 3 " " 9 " 12
Suffolk 3 " " 0 " 3
Essex (Kirby-le-Soken) 1 " " 0 " 1
Chester (West Kirby or Kirkby) 1 " " 0 " 1
Pembroke (Tenby) 1 " " 0 " 1
---
211
===
Derby 2 " 2
Sussex 1 " 1
--- ---
142 353
=== ===

I leave this for the study of others.

B. H. C.

As B. H. C. could only find seven places in Cumberland ending in _-by_, I take the liberty of sending him a few additional names. Writing from memory, I may very possibly have omitted many more:

Many names of places in Cumberland commence with _Cum_, as our Cumbrian bard has it:

"We've Cumwhitton, Cumwhinton, Cumranton,
Cumrangen, Cumrew, and Cumcatch;
Wi' mony mair Cums i' the county,
But nane wi' Cumdivock can match."

From whence is derived the prefix _Cum_?

JOHN O' THE FORD.

Malta.

* * * * *

NEWSPAPER FOLK LORE.

(Vol. vi., pp. 221. 338. 466.; Vol. ix., pp. 29. 84. 276)

Is it quite certain that "no animal can live in the alimentary canal but the parasites which belong to that part of the animal economy?" Being ignorant of the matter I give no opinion, but would bring before your readers' notice the following seemingly well-authenticated instance. I quote from _Insect Transformations_, 1830, p. 239., a work put forth by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.

"That insects are, in some rare cases, introduced into the human
stomach, has been more than once proved, though the greater number of
the accounts of such facts in medical books are too inaccurate to be
trusted.[3] But one extraordinary case has been completely
authenticated, both by medical men and competent naturalists, and is
published in the _Dublin Transactions_, by Dr. Pickells of Cork.[4]
Mary Riordan, aged twenty-eight, had been much affected by the death of
her mother, and at one of her many visits to the grave seems to have
partially lost her senses, having been found lying there on the morning
of a winter's day, and having been exposed to heavy rain during the
night. When she was about fifteen, two popular Catholic priests had
died, and she was told by some old women that if she would drink daily,
for a certain time, a quantity of water mixed with clay taken from
their graves, she would be for ever secure from disease and sin.
Following this absurd and disgusting prescription, she took from time
to time large quantities of the draught; some time afterwards, being
affected with a burning pain in the stomach (cardialgia), she began to
eat large pieces of chalk, which she sometimes also mixed with water
and drank.

"Now, whether in any or in all these draughts she swallowed the eggs of
insects, cannot be affirmed; but for several years she continued to
throw up incredible numbers of grubs and maggots, chiefly of the
churchyard beetle (_Blaps mortisaga_). 'Of the larvæ of the beetle,'
says Dr. Pickells, 'I am sure I considerably underrate, when I say that
not less than 700 have been thrown up from the stomach at different
times since the commencement of my attendance. A great proportion were
destroyed by herself to avoid publicity; many, too, escaped immediately
by running into holes in the floor. Upwards of ninety were submitted to
Dr. Thomson's examination; nearly all of which, including two of the
specimens of the meal-worm (_Tenebrio molitor_), I saw myself thrown up
at different times. The average size was about an inch and a half in
length, and four lines and a half in girth. The larvæe of the dipterous
insect, though voided only about seven or eight times, according to her
account, came up almost literally in myriads. They were alive and
moving.' Altogether, Dr. Pickells saw nearly 2,000 grubs of the beetle,
and there were {524} many which he did not see. Mr. Clear, an
intelligent entomologist of Cork, kept some of them alive for more than
twelve months. Mr. S. Cooper cannot understand whence the continued
supply of the grubs was provided, seeing that larvæ do not propagate,
and that only one pupa and one perfect insect were voided[5]; but the
simple fact, that most beetles live several years in the state of
larvæ, sufficiently accounts for this. Their existing and thriving in
the stomach, too, will appear the less wonderful from the fact that it
is exceedingly difficult to kill this insect; for Mr. Henry Baker
repeatedly plunged one into spirits of wine, so fatal to most insects,
but it revived, even after being immersed a whole night, and afterwards
lived three years.[6]

"That there was no deception on the part of the woman, is proved by the
fact that she was always anxious to conceal the circumstance; and that
it was only by accident that the medical gentlemen, Drs. Pickells,
Herrick, and Thomson, discovered it. Moreover, it does not appear that,
though poor, she ever took advantage of it to extort money. It is
interesting to learn that, by means of turpentine in large doses, she
was at length cured."

EDWARD PEACOCK.

Bottesford Moors, Kirton-in-Lindsey.

[Footnote 2: In the _Bibliotheca Grenvilliana_ the tract _De Apostasia_ is not included, although the compilers say, "The present is a _complete Collection of his Tracts_, including the folding sheet."]

[Footnote 3: See Good's _Nosologia_, _Helminthia Alvi_, and _Study of Medicine_, vol. i. p. 336.]

[Footnote 4: _Trans. of Assoc. Phys. in Ireland_, vols. iv. viii. and v. p. 177. 8vo: Dublin, 1824-1828.]

[Footnote 5: Cooper's edition of Good's _Study of Medicine_, vol. i. p. 358.]

[Footnote 6: _Philosophical Transactions_, No. 457.]

* * * * *

VENTILATION.

(Vol. ix., p. 415.)

"Airs from heaven or blasts from hell."

The mistake which, it is very respectfully submitted, the professed ventilationists fall into, and which may be considered the _fons et origo malorum_, is the notion that foul air rises upwards, and that pure air comes from below; which is just the reverse of the fact.

In any room containing animals or vegetables, the air undergoes a change by respiration.

Leaving the vegetables to care for themselves, and considering the animals, if such a title may be reverently given to members of the House and others shut up in confined apartments for the benefit of their species, it is obvious that the pure air of heaven must undergo a change by the respiratory organs of the members, which change is absolutely necessary to preserve their lives, and each such apartment is a manufactory for converting pure into foul air. Its steam-power is seated in the lungs, which, at each inspiration, take up the oxygen (the principle of life and flame) of the air, and at each expiration give out the carbon of the blood, conveyed by the veins from all parts of the body as refuse, and when purged therefrom by oxygen inspired, convert the venous blood into arterial, and bring life out of death.

What, then, becomes of the expired carbon? The professional ventilationists say it _ascends_, and they provide mechanically, but not scientifically, accordingly. On the contrary, it finally _descends_; and this is the reason why our beds are always a few feet above the floor. If proof is needed, it may be found by applying a candle to the door, slightly ajar, of a room occupied by a few persons, when it will be found that the flame of the candle will point, when held at the lower part of the door, outwards, and at the upper part of the door inwards, showing how the currents of air pass; and as every one knows carbon to be heavier than air, the lower current is the one charged with carbon. The _Grotto del Cane_ derives its name from the fact, that a dog passing the stream of carbon issuing from the fissure in the rock, dies; whilst a man walking erect, with his mouth above the stream of carbon, escapes. Our lime-kilns furnish a common example of the fact of the density of carbon compared with atmospheric air. Experiments in proof are constantly exhibited in chemical lectures.

The practical inference, _experto crede_, is that holes in the skirting-boards should be made so as to draw off the foul air, whilst the angelic visits of pure air should be sought from above. Bellows, such as are used in diving-bells, with hot or cold air, might be necessary in an extreme case--long debates in the Commons, for example,--which may require extraordinary ventilation.

T. J. BUCKTON.

Lichfield.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

_History of Photographic Discovery._--Without entirely agreeing with the opinion expressed to us a few days since, by an eminent scholar and most original thinker, that photography was destined to change the face of the whole world; we have little doubt it is destined to produce some striking social effects. Its history is, therefore, an interesting one, and the following extract from a paper "On some early Experiments in Photography, being the substance of a Letter addressed to Robert Hunt, Esq., by the Rev. J. B. Reade, M.A., F.R.S.," from the _Philosophical Magazine_ for May, 1854, seems, in that point of view, so important, that we have transferred it to "N. & Q."

"I may assume that you are already aware, from my letter to Mr. Brayley of March 9, 1839, and published in the _British Review_ for August, 1847, that the principal agents I employed, before Mr. Talbot's processes were known, were infusion of galls as an accelerator, and hyposulphite of soda as a fixer.

"I have no doubt, though I have not a distinct recollection of the fact, that I was led to use the infusion of galls from my knowledge of the early experiments by Wedgwood. I was aware that he found _leather_ more sensitive than _paper_; and it is highly probable that the tanning process, which might cause the silver {525} solution to be more readily acted upon when applied to the leather, suggested my application of the tanning solution to paper.

"In your own history of the photographic process," says Mr. Reade, addressing Mr. Hunt, "you say, 'the discovery of the extraordinary property of the gallic acid in increasing the sensibility of the iodide of silver was the most valuable of the numerous contributions which Mr. Talbot has made to the photographic art.' It is nevertheless true, as stated by Sir David Brewster, that 'the first public use of the infusion of nut-galls, which is an _essential element_ in Mr. Talbot's patented process, is due to Mr. Reade;' and in my letter to Mr. Brayley I attribute the sensitiveness of my process to the formation of a gallate or tannate of silver. I need scarcely say, that among various experiments I tried gallic and tannic acid in their pure state, both separately and mixed; but the colour of the pictures thus obtained with the solar microscope was at that time less pleasing to my eye, than the rich warm tone which the same acids produced when in their natural connexion with solutions of vegetable matter in the gall-nut. This organic combination, however, was more effective with the solar microscope than with the camera, though the lenses of my camera were five inches in diameter. It is probable enough that the richer tone was due to the greater energy of direct solar rays. In using the solar microscope, I employed a combination of lenses which produced a convergence of the luminous and photogenic rays, together with a dispersion of the calorific rays, and the consequent absence of all sensible heat enabled me to use Ross's cemented powers, and to make drawings of objects inclosed in Canada balsam, and of living animalcules in single drops of water. The method I employed was communicated to the Royal Society in December, 1836, and a notice of it is contained in the 'Abstracts.'

"You inform me that some persons doubt whether I really obtain _gallate of silver_ when using an infusion of gall-nuts, and that one of Mr. Talbot's friends raises the question. It is sufficient to reply, that though gallic acid is largely formed by a long exposure of an infusion of gall-nuts to the atmosphere, as first proposed by Scheele, yet this acid does exist in the gall-nut in its natural state, and in a sufficient quantity to form gallate of silver as a photogenic agent; for M. Deyeux observes, that 'when heat is very slowly applied to powdered gall-nuts, gallic acid sublimes from them, a part of which, when the process is conducted with great care, appears in the form of small white crystals.' M. Fiedler also obtained gallic acid by mixing together a solution of gall-nuts and pure alumina, which latter combines with the tannin and leaves the gallic acid free in the solution; and this solution is found, on experiment, to produce very admirable pictures. But what is more to the point, Mr. Brayley, in explaining my process in his lectures, showed experimentally how gallate of silver was formed, and confirmed my view of the sensitiveness of the preparation. It is therefore certain that the use of gallate of silver as a photogenic agent had been made public in two lectures by Mr. Brayley at least two years before Mr. Talbot's patent was sealed.

"I employed hyposulphite of soda as a fixer. Mr. Hodgson, an able practical chemist at Apothecaries' Hall, assisted me in the preparation of this salt, which at that time was probably not be found, as an article of sale, in any chemist's shop in London. Sir John Herschel had previously announced the peculiar action of this preparation of soda on salts of silver, but I believe that I was the first to use it in the processes of photography. I also used iodide of potassium, as appears from my letter, as a fixer, and I employed it as well to form iodide of lead on glazed cards as an accelerator. Iodide of lead has of itself, as I form it, considerable photographic properties, and receives very fair impressions of plants, lace, and drawings when placed upon it, but with the addition of nitrate of silver and the infusion of galls the operation is perfect and instantaneous. Pictures thus taken were exhibited at the Royal Society before Mr. Talbot proposed his iodized paper. The microscopic photographs exhibited at Lord Northampton's in 1839 remained in his lordship's possession. I subsequently made drawings of sections of teeth; and one of them, a longitudinal section of a tooth of the _Lamna_, was copied on zinc by Mr. Lens Aldous for Owen's 'Odontography.' I may say this much as to my own approximation to an art, which has deservedly and by universal consent obtained the name of Talbotype."

_Photographic Cautions._--Diffused light being one of the most common causes of photographic failures, I beg to call the attention of your readers to the construction of their cameras. Working with a friend, and taking the same localities, using the same paper and chemicals, his pictures have proved comparative failures, a general browning pervading the whole, evidently the effect of light. Every inspection failed to discover it, until the mode was adopted of putting one of the paper-holders in its position as for taking a picture, then removing the lens, and, with the aid of the focussing-bag, looking through the hole where the lens is applied, when light became visible in many spaces, entirely accounting for these failures. As many such cameras are now becoming made upon the same sliding construction, every one should test his apparatus before he commences, for such a one is entirely useless. Lately also the glass corners for collodion plate-holders in the dark slides, have been by some makers replaced by a sort of silver _looking_ wire, but possessing little of that metal. The most minute portion of the copper in this wire coming in contact with the excited collodion, produces a decomposition sufficient to spoil any picture. These may appear trivial things to "make a note of," but as they have caused much vexation to one who has had some photographic experience, they may still more perplex a novice; and as you have done so much towards making the science plain, I hope you will give them space in your forthcoming Number.

LUX IN CAMERA.

_A Query respecting Collodion._--I have been making some collodion by Mr. Tery's process, and have iodized it with a very sensitive medium. The collodion is very clear and properly diluted. The ether I used had a very powerful smell of sulphur, and was likewise very strong and volatile. I diluted it with an equal {526} volume of alcohol. The ether was then still very strong. The cotton dissolved freely. On mixing the iodizing medium, the colour of the collodion turns immediately to nearly a port-wine colour, but still remains very clear. I obtain a very good film of iodide of silver from the bath, but cannot produce a picture under five or seven minutes, whereas with the same lens, and the same iodizing medium, viz.

Alcohol 8 drms.
Iodide of potassium 8 grs.
Iodide of ammonium 4 grs.
Iodide of silver ½ gr.

I have obtained beautiful pictures in less than one second with collodion prepared by the same (Archer's) process. As I have made a quantity of it, and am unwilling it should be wasted, I have taken the liberty of asking your opinion on the subject. Do you think the collodion is too new, or the ether not good? On pouring the developing solution on the plate (protosulphate of iron), the plate has the appearance of having ink poured on it; but this appearance is removed on the application of the hyposulphite of soda, and the plate remains as clear as when it was taken from the nitrate of silver bath.

J. COOK.

_The Céroléine Process._--Have any of your photographic correspondents made such experiments on the céroléine process as to enable them to communicate the results to "N. & Q."?

Is Mr. Crooke's process for preserving the sensitiveness of collodion applicable to all collodions? If not, what collodion is best suited for it?

SILEX.

_Mr. Fox Talbot's Patents._---The injunction moved for by Mr. Fox Talbot, as reported in _The Times_ of Saturday last, reminds us of a Query which we have been sometimes asked, and which may just now be brought forward with advantage, namely: If Mr. Talbot's patents extend to the collodion process, how comes it that the earliest practisers of the collodion art had to make their own researches? We know one skilful photographer whose experiments were so extensive before he made any tolerable pictures, that his spoiled glass and cuttings were more than a man could lift.

* * * * *

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Notes and Queries, Number 240, June 3, 1854Chapter C: Mansfield Ingleby (1)

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