Chapter I: Front Matter

{557}

NOTES AND QUERIES:

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CONTENTS.

NOTES:-- Page

Political Predictions, by Henry H. Breen 559

Derivation of the Word "Bigot" 560

"Book of Almanacs," by Professor De Morgan 561

MINOR NOTES:--Distances at which Sounds have been
heard--Anagram--Logan or Rocking Stones 561

QUERIES:--

A Rubens Query 561

The Paxs Pennies of William the Conqueror 562

MINOR QUERIES:--Peculiar Customs at Preston, in
Lancashire--Obsolete Statutes--Sale of Offices and
Salaries in the Seventeenth Century--Board of
Trade--Sacheverell's and Charles Lamb's Residences in
the Temple--Braddock and Orme 562

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by B. B. Woodward, &c. 564

Early German Coloured Engravings 565

The Bellman at Newgate, by J. W Farrer 565

Herbert's "Church Porch" 566

Ancient Usages of the Church 566

Popiana, by R. Carruthers 568

Catholic Floral Directories 568

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_LONDON, SATURDAY, JUNE 17, 1854._

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Notes.

POLITICAL PREDICTIONS.

It would be interesting, and perhaps not wholly unprofitable, to bring together the various attempts that have been made to shadow forth the approaching crisis in the political world. As literary curiosities, such things may be worth preserving; and I therefore send you a few samples as a contribution.

The first is from the Abbé De la Mennais, whose words, uttered about twenty years ago, are thus given in a provincial paper:

"England, like all other countries, has had her period of
aggrandisement; during a whole century Europe has seen her dawning
above the horizon until, having attained her highest degree of
splendour, she has begun to decline, and this decline dates from the
day of which the fall of Napoleon, due principally to her exertions,
marked the most brilliant period of her glory. Since that time her
policy has undergone a striking change, which every year becomes more
evident. Instead of that vigour and promptitude of resolution of which
she used to give so many proofs (though they could not all be praised
alike, because there were more than one act repugnant to morality), she
is now timid, she hesitates, she labours painfully through the dark and
crooked paths of diplomacy, and substitutes intrigue for action;
incapable, it would seem, of taking a decisive part at the right
moment, even on the most momentous occasions. The English nation has
evidently lost its strength, or the belief in its strength; and as to
actual results, one differs not from the other. Look at this England,
so haughty, so wedded to her interests, so skilful formerly in
defending them, so bold in extending their influence over the whole
world; look at her now in the presence of Russia. Humbled, braved by
that young power, one would say that she trembles before its genius.
The Czars exercise over her a species of fascination which disturbs her
councils and relaxes the muscles of her robust arms. The conquests of
the Russians in the East menace the possessions of England in India;
they close the Dardanelles to her fleets, they shut out her commerce
from the mouths of the Danube and the shores of the Black Sea. After
what fashion would she have resisted these things thirty years ago?"

The next quotation is from Alison's _History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon_, published in 1852. In chap. i. p. 68., after citing some lines from Gray on _Education and Government_, he thus proceeds:

"It will be so to the end of the world; for in the north, and there
alone, are found the privations which insure hardihood, the poverty
which impels to conquest, the difficulties which rouse to exertion.
Irresistible to men so actuated is the attraction which the climate of
the south, the riches of civilisation, exercise on the poverty and
energy of the native wilds. Slowly but steadily, for two centuries, the
Muscovite power has increased, devouring everything which it
approaches--ever advancing, never receding. Sixty-six millions of men,
doubling every half century, now obey the mandates of the Czar; whose
will is law, and who leads a people whose passion is conquest. Europe
may well tremble at the growth of a power possessed of such resources,
actuated by such desires, led by such ability; but Europe alone does
not comprise the whole family of mankind. The great designs of
Providence are working out their accomplishment by the passions of the
free agents to which their execution has been intrusted. Turkey will
yield, Persia be overrun by Muscovite battalions; the original
birth-place of our religion will be rescued by their devotion; and as
certainly as the Transatlantic hemisphere, and the islands of the
Indian Sea, will be peopled by the self-acting passions of Western
democracy, will the plains of Asia be won to the Cross by the
resistless arms of Eastern despotism."

I shall conclude with two or three extracts from a pamphlet, published some time last year at Toronto, and bearing the significant title, _The coming Struggle among the Nations of the Earth; or the Political Events of the next Fifteen Years, &c._ The writer begins by interpreting, as applicable to the present times, the prophecies of Ezekiel, Daniel, and the Apocalypse, from which he foretells the following events:

1. The seizure of Constantinople, and overthrow of Turkey by the Emperor of Russia.

2. War between France and Austria: overthrow of the latter, and consequent destruction of the Papacy.

3. The conquest of the Horns or Continental Powers by the Emperor of Russia.

4. Britain rapidly extends her Eastern possessions, prevents the occupation of Judea, and completes the first stage of the restoration of the Jews.

The writer then continues in the following strain:

"Turning his eyes eastward on the wealth and prosperity of the
countries under British protection, the triumphant conqueror of Europe
will conceive the idea of spoiling them, and appropriating their goods
and cattle. Scarcely is this idea formed, than its execution is begun;
and sudden and terrific as a whirlwind he enters the 'glorious land.'
So sudden and unexpected is his onslaught, that the British power is
unprepared, and Egypt, Ethiopia, and Libya fall into his hands.

"Meanwhile, Britain has been making strenuous efforts to stop the
progress of this gigantic Napoleon; and every soldier that can be
spared is sent away in the direction of the rising sun. But what can
the British army do against such a host as the Russian autocrat has
around him? Brave as the officers and men may be, what success or what
renown can be gained in such an unequal conflict? In the critical
emergency, the parent island sends a cry across the Atlantic, 'Come
over and help us!' Swiftly is the sound borne over the waves, and soon
an answering {560} echo is wafted back from the shores of Columbia. The
cause is common, and the struggle must be common too. 'We are coming,
brother John, we are coming,' is the noble reply; and, almost ere it is
delivered, a fleet of gallant vessels is crossing the Pacific, with the
stars and stripes gleaming on every mast. Another force is on its way
from the far south, and soon the flower and strength of Anglo-Saxon
race meet on the sacred soil of Palestine. The intelligence of their
approach reaches the sacrilegious usurper, and he leads forth his army
towards the mountains that rise in glory round about Jerusalem. The
Jews within the city now arm themselves, and join the army that has
come from the east and west, the north and south, for their protection:
and thus these two mighty masses meet face to face, and prepare for the
greatest _physical_ battle that ever was fought on this struggling
earth. On the one side the motley millions of Russia, and the nations
of Continental Europe, are drawn up on the slopes of the hills, and the
sides of the valleys toward the north; while, on the other, are ranged
the thousands of Britain and her offspring; from whose firm and regular
ranks gleam forth the dark eyes of many of the sons of Abraham,
determined to preserve their newly recovered city or perish, like their
ancestors of a former age, in its ruins.

"All is ready. That awful pause, which takes place before the shock of
battle, reigns around; but ere it is broken by the clash of meeting
arms, and while yet the contending parties are at a little distance
from each other, a strange sound is heard over head. The time for the
visible manifestation of God's vengeance has arrived, his fury has come
up in his face, and He calls for a sword against Gog throughout all the
mountains. 'Tis this voice of the Lord that breaks the solemn
stillness, and startles the assembled hosts. The scene that follows
baffles description. Amid earthquakes and showers of fire, the
bewildered and maddened armies of the autocrat rush, sword in hand,
against each other, while the Israelites and their Anglo-Saxon friends
gaze on the spectacle with amazement and consternation. It does not
appear that they will even lift their hand against that foe which they
had come so far to meet. Their aid is not necessary to accomplish the
destruction of the image. The stone, cut without hands, shall fall on
its feet and break them to pieces; and then shall the iron, the clay,
the brass, the silver, and the gold, become like the chaff of the
summer threshing-floor, and the wind shall carry them away. The various
descriptions which we have of this battle, all intimate that God is the
only foe that shall contend with the autocrat at Armageddon. John terms
it, 'the battle of that great day of God Almighty;' and we believe the
principal instrument of their defeat will be mutual slaughter. The
carnage will be dreadful. Out of all the millions that came like a
cloud upon the land of Israel, only a scattered and shattered remnant
will return; the great mass will be left to 'cleanse the land,' and
fill the valley of Hamongog with graves."

I refrain from quoting the remarks made by Napoleon, at St. Helena, respecting Russia, and the likelihood of her ultimately subjugating Western Europe, as your readers must be familiar with them from the writings of O'Meara and others.

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

* * * * *

DERIVATION OF THE WORD "BIGOT."

At p. 80. of Mr. Trench's admirable little volume _On the Study of Words_, an etymology is assigned to the word _bigot_, which is, I think, clearly erroneous:

"Two explanations of it are current," writes Mr. Trench, "one of which
traces it up to the early Normans, while they yet retained their
northern tongue, and to their often adjuration by the name of God; with
sometimes a reference to a famous scene in French history, in which
Rollo, Duke of Normandy, played a conspicuous part: the other puts it
in connexion with _beguines_, called often in Latin _beguttæ_, a name
by which certain communities of pietist women were known in the Middle
Ages."

I agree with Mr. Trench in thinking, that neither of these derivations is the correct one. But I am obliged, quite as decidedly, to reject that which he proceeds to offer. He thinks that we owe--

"_Bigot_ rather to that profound impression which the Spaniards made
upon all Europe in the fifteenth and the following century. Now the
word _bigote_," he continues, "means in Spanish 'moustachio;' and as
contrasted with the smooth, or nearly smooth, upper lip of most other
people, at that time the Spaniards were the 'men of the moustachio'....
That they themselves connected firmness and resolution with the
mustachio; that it was esteemed the outward symbol of these, it is
plain from such phrases as 'pombre de bigote,' a man of resolution;
'tener bigotes,' to stand firm. But that in which they eminently
displayed their firmness and resolution in those days was their
adherence to whatever the Roman see imposed and taught. What then more
natural, or more entirely according to the law of the generation of
names, than that this striking and distinguishing outward feature of
the Spaniard should have been laid hold of to express that character
and condition of mind which eminently were his, and then transferred to
all others who shared the same?"

Of this it must be admitted, that "se non e vero, e ben trovato." And the only reason for rejecting such an etymology is the existence of another with superior claims.

_Bigot_ is derived, as I think will be hardly doubted on consideration, from the Italian _bigio_, grey. Various religious confraternities, and especially a branch of the order of St. Francis which, from being parcel secular and parcel regular, was called "Terziari di S. Francesco," clothed themselves in grey; and from thence were called _Bigiocchi_ and _Bigiotti_. And from a very early period, the word was used in a bad sense. {561}

Menage, in his _Origini della Lingua Italiana_, under the word BIZOCO, writes:

"Persono secolare vestita di abito di religione. Quasi 'bigioco' perche
ordinariamente gli Ipocriti, e coloro che si fanno dell' ordine di S.
Francesco si vestono di bigio."

And Sansovino on the _Decameron_ says that--

"_Bizocco_ sia quasi _Bigioco_, o _Bigiotto_, perchè i Terziari di S.
Francesco si veston di bigio."

Abundance of instances might be adduced of the use of the term _bizocco_ in the sense of hypocrite, or would-be saint. And the passage which Mr. Trench gives after Richardson from Bishop Hall, where _bigot_ is used to signify a pervert to Romanism, "he was turned both _bigot_ and physician," seems to me to favour my etymology rather than that from the Spanish; as showing that the earliest known use of the term was its application to a Popish religionist. The "pervert" alluded to had become that which cotemporary Italians were calling a _bigiotto_. Must we not conclude that Bishop Hall drew his newly-coined word thence?

T. A. T.

Florence.

* * * * *

"BOOK OF ALMANACS."

When I published this work, I knew of no predecessor except Francoeur, as noted in the preface; but another has been recently pointed out to me. There was a work compiled for the use of the Dominicans, entitled _Kalendarium Perpetuum juxta ritum Sacri ordinis prædicatorum, s. p. n. Dominici_. The copy now before me, Rome, 1612, 8vo., is said to be "tertio emendatum," which probably signifies the fourth edition. It contains the thirty-five almanacs, with rules for determining epacts and dominical letters from A.D. 1600 to 2100, and a table for choosing the almanac when the epact and letter are known.

This work must have been compiled before the reformation of the calendar. A note in explanation of the thirty-fifth almanac, contains the statement that A.D. 1736 belongs to that calendar, and to the letters D.C. This is true of the old style, and not of the new.

It seems, then, that _Books of Almanacs_ are older than the Gregorian reformation: that they may have been completely forgotten, may be inferred from my book never having produced any mention of them either in your pages or elsewhere. Perhaps some older instances may be yet produced.

A. DE MORGAN.

* * * * *

Minor Notes.

_Distances at which Sounds have been heard._--The story of St. Paul's clock striking being heard by a sentry at Windsor is well known, and I believe authentic. Let me add the following:--The Rev. Hugh Salvin (who died vicar of Alston, Cumberland, Sept. 28, 1852) mentions an equally remarkable instance whilst he was chaplain on board H.M.S. "Cambridge," on the coast of South America:

"Our salutes at Chancay were heard at Callao, though the distance is
thirty-five miles, and several projecting headlands intervene, and the
wind always blows northward. The lieutenant of the Arab store-ship, to
whom the circumstance was mentioned, observed, that upon one occasion
the evening gun at Plymouth was heard at Ilfracomb, which is sixty
miles off, and a mountainous country intervenes."--_Journal of the Rev.
H. S. Salvin_, p. 64., 12mo.: Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1829.

BALLIOLENSIS.

_Anagram._--The accompanying anagram I saw, some weeks back, in a country paper; perhaps you will give it a local habitation in "N. & Q." It is said to be by a president of one of the committees of the arrondissement of Valenciennes:

"A sa majesté impériale Le Szar Nicholas, souverain et autocrate de
toutes les Russies."

"Oho! ta vanité sera ta perte; elle isole la Russie; tes successeurs te
maudiront à jamais."

PHILIP STRANGE.

_Logan or Rocking Stones._--The following extract from Sir C. Anderson's _Eight Weeks' Journal in Norway, &c. in 1852_, under July 21, may interest your Devonshire and Cornish readers:

"Mr. De C----k, a most intelligent Danish gentleman, told me, that when
a proprietor near Drammen, was at Bjornholm Island, in the Baltic, he
was told there were stones which made a humming noise when pushed, and
on examination they proved to be rocking-stones; on his return, he
found on his own property several large stones, which, on removing the
earth around them, were so balanced as to be moveable. If this be an
accurate statement, it tends to strengthen the notion that stones, laid
upon each other by natural causes, have, by application of a little
labour, been made to move, as the stones at Brimham Craggs in
Yorkshire; and this seems more likely than that such immense masses
should have been ever raised by mechanical force and poised."

BALLIOLENSIS.

* * * * *

Queries.

A RUBENS QUERY.

There is a somewhat curious mystery with regard to certain works of the immortal Rubens, which some of your readers, who are connoisseurs in art, may possibly assist to dispel. Lommeline, who engraved the finest works of Rubens, has left a print of "The Judgment of Paris," which {562} differs in several points from the subject of "The Decision of Paris," now in the National Gallery. For instance, in the one, Paris rests the apple upon his knee, and in the other he is offering it to the fair goddess of Beauty. This print has also _five_ more figures than there are in the Gallery painting. Now, two questions arise hereon: first, what has become of the original painting from which this print was taken? and secondly, where is the line engraving of the picture now in the National Gallery?

J. J. S.

Downshire Hill, Hampstead.

* * * * *

THE PAXS PENNIES OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR.

Perhaps some of your numerous readers may be able to satisfy me on a subject which has for a long time troubled me.

All coin collectors are aware that there are many different reverses to the pennies of William I. One is commonly called the _pax_-type: and _why_, is the question.

On the obverse, it is "PILLM REX," or sometimes differently spelt; but "P" always stands for "W," and pronounced so.

On the reverse, it is P [=A] X S (each letter being encircled), but the "P" is here pronounced "P;" this is in the centre compartment: surrounding it is the moneyer's name, with place where the coin was struck--"EDPI (Edwi) ON LVND," "GODPINE (Godwine) ON LVND," &c. It is very inconsistent that letters should be pronounced differently on the same coin.

I am rather of opinion that we have not arrived at the right reading, and that _pax_ has nothing to do with it. It is PAXS, AXSP, XSPA, or SPAX: for I find, on comparing nineteen different coins, the letters stand in different positions compared with the cross, which denotes the beginning of the inscription around them; so no one can tell which letter of the four in the circles near the large cross should come first. Besides, what does the "S" stand for, after you get the "PAX?"

I am not a member of the Antiquarian Society, but have asked gentlemen belonging to it to explain this puzzle (to me), without success. I now ask them and others, through your pages, to give a solution of the difficulty.

W. M. F.

* * * * *

Minor Queries.

_Peculiar Customs at Preston, in Lancashire._--I wish to know if it be true that the use of _mourning_ is nearly, if not altogether, discountenanced at the above town, even for the loss of the nearest and dearest friends; and that a widow's cap is only worn by those to whom another husband would be particularly acceptable? If these, and other peculiar customs prevail, I wish some correspondent from Lancashire would kindly enlighten the readers of "N. & Q." with respect to them.

ANON.

_Obsolete Statutes._--There was published, in the pamphlet form (pp. 61.), in 1738, a capital piece of _irony_ under the title of--

"A Letter to a Member of Parliament, containing a Proposal for bringing
in a Bill to revise, amend, or repeal certain Obsolete Statutes,
commonly called 'The Ten Commandments.' 4th Edition."

As this will doubtless be known to some of your readers, may I ask the name of the author, and the occasion of its publication?

J. O.

_Sale of Offices and Salaries in the Seventeenth Century._--Has the subject of the sale of offices in former times ever been investigated? In the reign of Charles II., a new secretary of state, lord chamberlain, &c., always paid a large sum of money to his predecessor, the king often helping to find the required sum. Was this the case with all offices? I do not think the lord chancellorship was ever paid for. When and how did the practice originate, and when and how fall into disuse? Has the subject of salaries of offices (including fees) in these times ever been accurately investigated? What were the emoluments of the lord chancellor, chancellor of the exchequer, and president of the council, in the reign of Charles?

C. H.

_Board of Trade._--A council for trade was appointed during the recess of the Convention Parliament after the Restoration. Are the names of that council anywhere published? Did this council continue to exist till the appointment (I think in 1670) of the Council of Trade, of which Lord Sandwich was made president?

C. H.

_Sacheverell's and Charles Lamb's Residences in the Temple._--In which house in Crown Office Row, Temple, was Charles Lamb born? and which were the chambers occupied by Dr. Sacheverell, also in the Temple, at the time of the riots caused by his admirers?

AN ADMIRER OF YOUR PUBLICATION.

_Braddock and Orme._--Can you, or any of your correspondents, furnish me (in reply to an inquiry made of me by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania) with any information about the families of Braddock and Orme, in relation to General Braddock, who commanded and was killed at the battle of the Monongahela river; and to Orme, who, with Washington and Morris, were his aides-de-camp in the melancholy and fatal engagement.

F. O. MORRIS.

Nunburnholme Rectory, York.

{563}

* * * * *

Minor Queries with Answers.

_Cromwell's Bible._--I have seen it stated that an edition of the Bible, "printed by John Field, one of his Highness's Printers, 1658," in 12mo., London, was printed by order of Cromwell for distribution to his soldiers. Can any of your correspondents furnish authority for such tradition? It is one of the most incorrectly printed books which I ever met with. In Cotton's list I do not find this edition: he has one in 8vo., 1657, Cambridge, J. Field.

W. C. TREVELYAN.

[George Offor, Esq., of Hackney, has kindly favoured us with a reply to
this and the following Query: "Eighteen different editions of the
Bible, printed by John Field, are in my collection, published between
the years 1648 and 1666. In some of these he is described as printer to
the University of Cambridge, in others as 'One of His Highness's
Printers;' but in those which _tradition_ says were published for the
army, he is called 'Printer to the Parliament.' They are all as
correctly printed as Bibles were generally published during that time,
excepting that by Giles Calvert the Quaker, published in 1653, which is
singularly correct and beautiful. Field's editions being remarkable for
beauty of typography and smallness, have been much examined, and many
errors detected. That of 1653 is the most beautiful and called genuine,
and is the copy said to have been printed for the use of the army and
navy. Of this I have five different editions, all agreeing in the error
in Matthew, ch. vi. v. 24., 'Ye cannot serve and mammon;' and in having
the first four psalms on one page. But in some the following errors are
corrected, 1 Cor. vi. v. 9., 'The unrighteous shall inherit the kingdom
of God;' Rom. ch. vi. v. 13., 'Neither yield ye your members as
instruments of righteousness unto sin.' The copy of 1658, which SIR. W.
C. TREVELYAN describes, is a counterfeit of the genuine edition of
1653, vulgarly called 'The Bastard Field's Bible.' These were reprinted
many times. I possess four different editions of it, so exactly alike
in form and appearance, that the variations throughout can only be
detected by placing them in juxtaposition. They are all neatly printed,
without a black line between the columns, and make thicker volumes than
the genuine edition. I have never been able to verify the tradition
that the Field's Bible, 1653, was printed for the army by order of
Cromwell. It is the only one, as far as I can discover, 'Printed by
John Field, Printer to the Parliament.' I received the tradition from
my father nearly sixty years ago, and have no doubt but that it is
founded in fact. It is an inquiry well worthy of investigation.--G.
OFFOR."]

_Canne's Bible._--What is the value of a good copy of Canne's Bible, printed at Edinburgh by John Kincaid, 1756?

SIGMA.

["Canne's Bibles were first printed at Amsterdam, 1647, 1662, and 1664;
in London, 1682, 1684, 1698: these are all pocket volumes. Then again
in Amsterdam, 4to., 1700. At Edinburgh by Watkins in 1747, and by
Kincaid in 1766; after which there followed editions very coarsely and
incorrectly printed. They are all, excepting that of 1647, in my
collection. Kincaid's, 1766, 2 vols. nonpareil, in beautiful condition,
bound in green morocco, cost me five shillings. That of 1747, by
Watkins, not in such fine condition, two shillings. SIGMA can readily
imagine the value of Kincaid's edition 1756, by comparison with those
of 1747 and 1766. If any of your readers could assist me to procure the
first edition, 1647, I should be greatly obliged.--G. OFFOR."]

_Dryden and Luke Milbourne._--Among the "Quarrels of Authors," I do not find that between _glorious John_ and this reverend gentleman. In a poetical paraphrase of _The Christian's Pattern_, by the latter (8vo., 1697), he shows unmistakeable evidence of having been lately skinned by the _witty tribe_, which I take to mean Dryden and his _atheistical crew_. I am aware that Milbourne invited the attack by his flippant remarks upon the English Virgil, but I know not in which piece of Dryden's to look for it.

J. O.

[Dryden's attack on Milbourne occurs in his preface to the Fables
(Scott's edition of his _Works_, vol. xi. p. 235.). "As a corollary to
this preface," says Dryden, "in which I have done justice to others, I
owe somewhat to myself; not that I think it worth my time to enter the
lists with one Milbourne and one Blackmore, but barely to take notice
that such men there are, who have written scurrilously against me
without any provocation. Milbourne, who is in orders, pretends, amongst
the rest, this quarrel to me, that I have fallen foul on priesthood; if
I have, I am only to ask pardon of good priests, and am afraid his part
of the reparation will come to little. Let him be satisfied that he
shall not be able to force himself upon me for an adversary. I contemn
him too much to enter into competition with him." A little lower down
Dryden hints that Milbourne lost his living for writing a libel upon
his parishioners.]

_Portrait Painters of the last Century._--I am anxious to obtain some information respecting the portrait painters of the last century. I have in my collection a picture by H. Smith, 1736. Can any of your readers give me an account of him?

DURANDUS.

[A biographical list, alphabetically arranged, of portrait painters, is
given in Hobbes's _Picture Collector's Manual; being a Dictionary of
Painters_, vol. ii. pp. 467-515., edit. 1849; a useful work of the
kind. The name of H. Smith is not noticed.]

_Ætna._--To whom can the following passage refer?

"We found a good inn here (Catania), kept by one Caca Sangue, a name
that sounds better in Italian than it would in English. This fellow is
extremely pleasant and communicative, and among other things he told us
that Mr. ----, who has published such a minute description of his
journey to the crater of Ætna, was never there, but sick in Catania
when his {564} party ascended, he having been their guide."--_Travels
through Switzerland, Italy, Sicily, &c._, vol. ii. p. 21., by Thomas
Watkins, A.M., F.R.S., in the years 1787, 1788, 1789; 2 vols. 8vo., 2nd
edition, London, 1794.

ANON.

[The reference is probably to M. D'Orville, whose minute description of
his journey up Mount Ætna was copied into the _Gentleman's Magazine_,
vol. xxxiv. p. 281., extracted from D'Orville's work, entitled _Sicula,
or the History and Antiquities of the Island of Sicily, &c._, 2 vols.
folio, Amsterdam.]

_Sir Adam, or Sir Ambrose, Brown._--This friend of Evelyn, who lived at Betchworth Park, is sometimes called Sir Adam, and sometimes Sir Ambrose, in Evelyn's _Memoirs_. Is not Sir Adam the correct name?

C. H.

[The entries in Evelyn's _Diary_ seem to be correct. Sir Ambrose Brown,
obit. 1661, was the father of Sir Adam, obit. 1690. See the pedigree in
Manning and Bray's _Surrey_, vol. i. p. 560.]

* * * * *

Replies.

NORWICH, KIRKPATRICK COLLECTION MSS. FOR THE HISTORY OF.

(Vol. ix., p. 515.)

Your correspondent T. A. T. can find a full, but in one respect a most unsatisfactory reply to his inquiry, in the preface to a _History of the Religious Orders and Communities, and of the Hospital and Castle of Norwich_, by Mr. John Kirkpatrick, Treasurer of the Great Hospital, bearing the names of Edwards and Hughes, London, and Stevenson and Hatchett, Norwich, as publishers, and dated 1845. This volume was printed at the expense of Hudson Gurney, Esq., whose "well-known liberality and laudable desire to perpetuate the knowledge of the antiquities of his native city," the preface fitly records; but it was not, in the commercial sense of the word, _published_; and, therefore, the information it gives may not be generally accessible. The following is the list of the collections which were "safe in the custody of the corporation about thirty years ago (say between 1800 and 1810), when M. de Hague held the office of town-clerk."

"1. A thick volume of the early history and jurisdiction of the city;
date 1720.

2. A similar folio volume, being an account of the military state of
the city, its walls, towns, ponds, pits, wells, pumps, &c.; date 1722.

3. A thick quarto.

4. Several large bundles, foolscap folio; Annals of Norwich.

5. A fasciculus, foolscap folio; origin of charities and wills relating
thereto, in each parish.

6. Memorandum books of monuments.

7. Ditto of merchants' marks.

8. Ditto of plans of churches.

9. Paper containing drawings of the city gates, and a plan of Norwich.

10. Drawings of all the churches.

11. An immense number of small pieces of paper, containing notes of the
tenures of each house in Norwich."

No portion of these collections remains at present in the hands of the legatees, and the greater number of them is not so much as known to be in existence. The "thick quarto," marked "3" in the list, is that which Mr. Gurney's zeal has caused to be printed; and it is now the property of the representatives of the late Mr. William Herring of Hethersett, whose father purchased it many years ago of a bookseller. The paper marked "9" was "said to have been in the possession of the Friars' Society," which was discovered some twenty years ago. My father had tracings of the "Drawings of the City Gates;" but I am not sure that they are made from Kirkpatrick's original. The collection marked "10," my father saw "in the possession of Mr. William Matthews, Mr. De Hague's clerk." And "a portion of the papers included under the last number" was said to be existence in 1845; but Mr. Dawson Turner, who compiled the "Preface," was "not fully informed" respecting them, and I can throw no light upon the subject. It is very remarkable that the Norfolk and Norwich Archæological Association has done nothing for the recovery or _dis_covery of the remainder of this invaluable bequest; perhaps the inquiry of T. A. T. may incite them to attempt both, and in this hope I trouble you with this reply.

B. B. WOODWARD.

Bungay, Suffolk.

In the year 1845, one of the MSS. of Mr. John Kirkpatrick was printed at Yarmouth, edited by Mr. Dawson Turner, at the expense of Mr. Hudson Gurney. This MS. is the _History of the Religious Orders and Communities, and of the Hospital and Castle of Norwich_, and filled a quarto of 258 folios in the handwriting of the author. In a very interesting preface, the editor states that no portion of Kirkpatrick's bequest remains at present in the hands of the corporation of Norwich, or is even known to be in existence, except the volume thus edited, and perhaps some fragments of the "small pieces of paper," described in the will as "containing notes of the tenure of each house in Norwich," which, if such do exist, are, it is to be feared, so scattered and injured as to be useless. The editor enumerates and describes eleven MSS. which, he says, were safe in the custody of the corporation about forty years ago from the present time: but, he adds, they have now disappeared, with the exception of the volume which he has edited. This MS. is the property of the representatives of the late Mr. William Herring, of Hethersett, whose father purchased it of a bookseller.

F. C. H.

{565}

* * * * *

EARLY GERMAN COLOURED ENGRAVINGS.

(Vol. ix., p. 57.)

H.'s prints are probably cut from a work on Alchemy, entitled

"Lambspring, das ist ein herzlichen Teutscher Tractat vom
philosophischen Steine, welchen für Jahren ein adelicher Teutscher
Philosophus so Lampert Spring geheissen, mit schönen Figuren
beschreiben hat. Frankfurt-am-Main, bey Lucca Jennis zu finden." 1625,
4to. pp. 36.

The series of plates extends to fifteen, among which are those described by H. Some are remarkable for good drawing and spirited expression, and all are good for the time. The verses which belong to Plate 2. are printed on the back of Plate 1., and so on, which rendered transcription necessary on mounting them. Each represents, figuratively, one of the steps towards the philosopher's stone. Some have Latin explanations at the foot. Not understanding alchemy, I can appreciate them only as works of art. An account of one as a specimen may be of some interest, so I select the least unintelligible.

Plate 6. A dragon eating his own tail.

Above:

"Das ist gross Wundr und seltsam list,
Die höchst Artzney im Drachen ist."

Below:

"Mercurius recte et chymice præcipitatus, vel sublimatus, in sua
propria aqua resolutus et rursum coagulatus."

On the opposite page:

"Ein Drach im Walde wohnend ist
Am Gifft demselben nichts gebrisst;
Wenn er die Sonn sieht und das Fewr,
So speüsst er Gifft, fleugt ungehewr
Kein lebend Thier für ihm mag gnesn
Der Basilisc mag ihm nit gleich wesn,
Wenn diesen Wurmb wol weiss zu tödtn
Der Kömpt auss allen seinen nöthn,
Sein Farbn in seinem Todt sich vermehrn
Auss seiner Gifft Artzney thut werden
Sein Gifft verzehrt er gar und gans,
Und frisst sein eign vergifften Schwanz.
Da muss er in sich selbst volbringen
Der edlst Balsam, auss ihm thut tringen.
Solch grosse Tugend wird mann schawen,
Welches alle Weysn sich hoch erfrawen."

The three persons in Plate 13. appear first in Plate 11. The superscription is--

"Vater, Sohn, Führer, haben sie beym Handen:
Corpus, spiritus, anima, werden verstanden."

In Plate 13. the father's mouth may well be "of a preternatural wideness" as he swallows the son; and in Plate 14. undergoes a sudorific in a curiously-furnished bedchamber. In Plate 15. the three are seated upon one throne. The stone is found. They also will find it who strictly follow Dr. Lambspring's directions, as given in a rhyming preface. Only one ingredient is left out of the prescription:

"Denn es ist nur ein Ding allein,
Drinn alls verborgn ist ins gemein.
Daran solt ihr gar nicht verzagen,
Zeit und Geduld müst ihr dran wagen."

What is it?

H. B. C.

U. U. Club.

* * * * *

THE BELLMAN AT NEWGATE.

(Vol. i., p. 152.; Vol. iii., pp. 324. 377. 451. 485.: and see _Continental Watchmen_, Vol. iv., pp. 206. 356.)

Formerly it was, according to a very ancient custom, the practice on the night preceding the execution of condemned criminals, for the bellman of the parish of St. Sepulchre to go under Newgate, and, ringing his bell, to repeat the following verses, as a piece of friendly advice, to the unhappy wretches under sentence of death:

"All you that in the condemn'd hold do lie,
Prepare you, for to-morrow you shall die.
Watch all and pray, the hour is drawing near,
That you before the Almighty must appear.
Examine well yourselves, in time repent,
That you may not to eternal flames be sent.
And when St. Sepulchre's bell to-morrow tolls,
The Lord have mercy on your souls!
Past twelve o'clock!"

The following extract from Stowe's _Survey of London_, p. 125. of the quarto edition, printed 1618, will prove that the above verses ought to be repeated by a clergyman instead of a bellman:

"Robert Doue, citizen and merchant taylor, of London, gave to the
parish of St. Sepulchre's the sum of 50l. That after the several
sessions of London, when the prisoners remain in the gaole, as
condemned men to death, expecting execution on the morrow following;
the clarke (that is the parson) of the church shoold come in the night
time, and likewise early in the morning, to the window of the prison
where they lye, and there ringing certain tolls with a hand-bell
appointed for the purpose, he doth afterwards (in most Christian
manner) put them in mind of their present condition, and ensuing
execution, desiring them to be prepared therefore, as they ought to be.
When they are in the cart, and brought before the wall of the church,
there he standeth ready with the same bell. And after certain tolls
rehearseth an appointed prayer, desiring all the people there present
to pray for them. The beadle also of Merchant Taylors' Hall hath an
honest stipend allowed to see that it is duely done."

This note is an extract from the _Romance of the Forum_, vol. ii. p. 268.

J. W. FARRER.

{566}

* * * * *

HERBERT'S "CHURCH PORCH."

(Vol. ix., p. 173.)

I venture the following as the meaning of the curious stanza in George Herbert's _Church Porch_, referred to by your correspondent S. SINGLETON:

"God made me one man; love makes me no more,
Till labor come and make my weakness score."

If you are single, give all you have to the service of God. But do not be anxious to make the gift larger by toil: for God only requires that which is suitable to the position in which He has placed you. He bestows a certain "estate" upon every man as He bestows life: let both be dedicated to Him. For if you give first yourself, and then what He has given you, this is sufficient; you need not try to be more rich, that you may be more charitable. But if you choose a life of labour to gain an "estate" beyond the original position assigned to you in the providence of God, then you must reckon yourself responsible for the "one man" which God "made" you, and for _the other_ which you make yourself besides.

I conceive the stanza to be a recommendation of the contemplative life with poverty, in preference to the active life with riches.

J. H. B.

* * * * *

ANCIENT USAGES OF THE CHURCH.

(Vol. ix., pp. 127. 257.)

As your well-known correspondent from Clyst St. George has addressed an inquiry to you on this subject, it may not be uninteresting to some of your readers to learn that the practice of kneeling at funerals still exists in this neighbourhood. On a cold December day have I seen men, women, and children bend the knee on the bare sod, during the Lord's and the other prayers used in the outdoor portion of our service, not rising till the valedictory grace concluded the service. Indeed, I have never known (at least the _majority_ of) those attending our funerals here, omit this old custom.

That of dressing graves with flowers, at Easter and Whitsuntide, prevails here as in Wales: and the older folks still maintain the ancient practice of an obeisance as often as the Gloria occurs during the ordinary services. The last railful of communicants are also in the habit of remaining in their place at the altar rails till the service is concluded; but whether these observances are widely spread, or merely local, I have not had sufficient opportunity to judge.

J. T. P.

Dewchurch Vicarage.

At the church of South Stoke, near Arundel, I have heard the clerk respond after the Gospel: "Thanks be to God for the Holy Gospel."

At Southwick, near Brighton, the rector was wont (about four years since) to stand up at the "Glory" in the Litany.

The Bishop of London believes bowing the head when the doxology, or ascription of praise, is pronounced, to be a novelty in our Church (Letter to the Knightsbridge Churchwarden, March 28, 1854). I remember an old woman regularly attending the services of Exeter Cathedral, who was wont always to curtsy at the "Glory." And in _The Guardian_ of April 25, W. G. T. alludes to a parish in Staffordshire where the custom prevails. And A. W. says:

"In the western counties of England there are many parishes where the
custom of bowing at the 'Gloria' has been universally observed by the
poor from time immemorial. I could mention parishes in Worcestershire
or Herefordshire where it has always prevailed."

It should be observed, that the custom is not to bow at the "Glory" only, but whenever, in the course of the service, the names of the Three Persons of the Blessed Trinity are mentioned. See Isaiah, vi. 2, 3.

I have heard sermons commenced in the name of the Holy Trinity, and ended with "the Glory," the preacher repeating the former part and the congregation the latter. I believe this is agreeable to very ancient use. Can any one say whether it has anywhere been retained in our own Church?

J. W. HEWETT.

The custom of Lincolnshire mentioned by MR. ELLACOMBE as observed by his two parishioners at Bitton had its origin doubtless in the first rubric to the Order for the Administration of the Lord's Supper in our Book of Common Prayer, which enjoins that--

"So many as intend to be partakers of the Holy Communion, shall signify
their names to the Curate at least some time the day before."

On this Bishop Wilson remarks:

"It is with great reason that the Church has given this order;
wherefore do not neglect it."

"You will have the comfort of knowing, either that your Pastor hath
nothing to say against you, or, if he has, you will have the benefit of
his advice: and a good blessing will attend your obedience to the
Church's orders."

GEORGE E. FRERE.

_Reverence to the Altar_ (Vol. vi., p. 182.).--Statute XI. Such obeisance was always made in the college to which I belonged, at Oxford, to the Provost by every scholar, and by the Bible clerks when they proceeded from their seats to the eagle lectern, to read the lessons of the day.