Chapter C: Ross

[We insert the foregoing as serving to complete the series of
interesting notices connected with the capture of Monmouth which
have appeared in our columns, rather than from an agreement with
the views of our valued correspondent. Dr. Anster states, that
in the pocket-book in his possession, the Duke's movements up to
the 14th March, 1684-5, are given. Would he kindly settle the
question by stating whether the passages quoted by Weldon are to
be found among them?]

* * * * *

QUERIES.

WOOLTON'S CHRISTIAN MANUAL.

One important use, I conceive, of the "NOTES AND QUERIES" is, the opportunity it presents of ascertaining the existence of rare editions of early printed books. Can any of your readers state where a copy or copies of the following may be found?

"The Christian Manuell, or the life and maners of true
Christians. A Treatise, wherein is plentifully declared how
needeful it is for the servaunts of God to manifest and declare
to the world: their faith by their deedes, their words by their
work, and their profession by their conversation. Written by
Jhon Woolton, Minister of the Gospel, in the cathedral church of
Exetor. Imprinted at London by J.C. for Tho. Sturruppe, in
Paules Church yarde, at the George, 1576. Dedicated to Sir
William Cordell knight, Maister of the Rolles.--At Whymple 20
Nouember 1676. N 7, in eights."--Copy formerly in the possession
of Herbert. (Herbert, _Typographical Antiquities_, vol. ii. p.
1094.)

There is an imperfect copy, I understand, in the Bodleian. Access to another copy has been needed for an important public object, in order to transcribe the leaf or leaves wanting in the Bodleian copy; and the book, so far as I am aware, does not occur in any other public libraries.

Woolton was nephew to Nowell, author of the _Catechisms_. He wrote several other pieces, and was Bishop of Exeter 1579-1593. (Wood, _Athen. Oxon._ ed. Bliss, vol. i. pp. 600, 601.)

T. Bath, April 9. 1850.

* * * * *

LUTHER'S TRANSLATION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT:--1 JOHN, v. 7.

In an article of the _Quarterly Review_ (vol. xxxiii. p. 78.) on this controverted passage of St. John's Epistles, generally attributed to the present learned Bishop of Ely, the following statement is made respecting Luther:--

"Let it also be recollected, to the honour of Luther,
Bugenhagius, and other leaders of the Reformation, that in this
contest they magnanimously stood by the decision of Erasmus.
Luther, in his translation of the New Testament, omitted the
passage; and, in the preface to the last edition (in 1546)
revised by himself, he solemnly requested that his translation
should on no account be altered."

Since such was the injunction of Luther, how does it happen that this verse appears in the later editions of his Testament? I have looked into five or six editions, and have not found the verse in the two earliest. These bear the following titles:--

"Biblia dat ys. de gantze hillige Schrifft verdüdeschet dorch
Doct. Mart. Luth. Wittemberch. Hans Lufft. 1579." (in folio.)
"Dat Neu Testamente verdüdeschet dörch D. Mart. Luth. mit den
korten Summarien L. Leonharti Hutteri. Gosslar. In Iahre 1619."

The verse appears in an edition of his Bible printed at Halle in 1719; in his New Testament, Tubingen, 1793; in one printed at Basel in 1821; and is also to be found in that printed by the Christian Knowledge Society. In the Basel edition the verse is thus given;--

"Denn Drey sind, die de zeugen im Himmel; der Vater, das Wort,
und der beilige Geist; und diese Drey sind Eins."

Perhaps some of your learned readers can explain when, and by whose authority, the verse was inserted in Luther's Testament.

E.M.B.

[We may add, that the verse also appears in the stereotype
edition of Luther's Bible, published by Tauchnitz, at Leipsig,
in 1819.--ED.]

* * * * *

MINOR QUERIES.

_Medical Symbols._--"A PATIENT" inquires respecting the origin and date of the marks used to designate weights in medical prescriptions.

_Charles II. and Lord R.'s Daughter._--Can any of your readers inform me who was the lady that is referred to in the following passage, from Henry Sidney's _Diary_, edited by Mr. Blencowe (March 9. 1610, vol. i. p. 298.):--

"The King hath a new mistress, Lord R----'s daughter: she
brought the Duke of Monmouth to the King."

C.

_St. Alban's Day._--A friend has asked me the following question, which some of your readers may perhaps be able to answer, viz.:--

"Till the reign of Ed. VI. St. Alban's Day was kept in England on June 22d (the supposed anniversary {400} of his martyrdom). It was then erased from the kalendar, but restored to it in the reign of Chas. II.; when it was transferred to June 17th. Why was this change made?"

W.C. TREVELYAN.

_Black Broth_ (No. 19. p. 300.).--If this were a sauce or condiment, may not the colour have been produced by the juice of the Boletus, much used in Greece to the present day?

S.S.S.

_Deputy-Lieutenants of the Tower of London._--By whom were these officers appointed? What was the nature of their duties? Had they a salary, or was the office an honorary appointment? They used to meet periodically, was it for the transaction of business? if so, what business? Does the office still exist?

S.S.S.

_Buccaneers--Charles II._--There is a passage in Bryan Edward's _History of the West Indies_ (vol. i. p. 164. 4to edit. 1793), in which he gives an opinion that the buccaneers of Jamaica were not the pirates and robbers that they have been commonly represented; and mentions, on the authority of a MS. journal of Sir William Beeston, that Charles II. had a pecuniary interest in the buccaneering, and continued to receive a share of the booty after he had publicly ordered the suppression of buccaneering: and also, speaking of Sir Henry Morgan, and the honours he received from Charles II., gives an opinion that the stories told of Morgan's cruelty are untrue. Can any of your readers tell me who Sir William Beeston was, and what or where his journal is? or refer me to any accessible information about Charles II.'s connection with the buccaneers, or that may support Bryan Edwards's favourable opinion of the Jamaica buccaneers and of Sir Henry Morgan?

C.

_Travelling in 1590.--Richard Hooker._--Could any of your readers give me some particulars of travelling at the above period between London and Salisbury? I should also feel greatly indebted for any _unpublished_ particulars in the life of the "Judicious Richard Hooker" after his marriage. Answers might be sent, either through "NOTES AND QUERIES," or direct to me,

W. HASTINGS KELKE. Drayton Beauchamp, Tring.

_Decker's Raven's Almanack--Nash's Terrors of the Night, &c._--Having lately picked up a volume of old tracts, I am anxious to learn how far I may congratulate myself on having met with a prize. Among the contents are--

1. "The Rauen's Almanacke," for the year 1609, purporting to be by T. Deckers. Is this the same person with Thomas Dekker the dramatist?

2. Nashe's "Terrors of the Night" (wanting eight leaves at the beginning.) Of this, Beloe (the only authority within my reach) says, that only one copy is known to exist; can his statement be correct?

3. A religious tract, which seems only remarkable for its bad printing, obscure wording, and almost invariably using the third person singular of the verb, whatever be the nominative. It begins--

"To all you who profess the name of our Lord Jesus in words, and
makes mention of his words, &c."....

And the first division ends--

"This have I written in love to all your soules, who am one who
did drinke of the cup of fornication, and have drunke of the cup
of indignation, but now drinkes the cup of salvation, where
sorrow and tears is fled away; and yet am a man of sorrows and
well acquainted with griefe, and suffers with the seed, and
travels that it may be brought forth of captivity; called by the
world F.H."

Who is F.H.?

4. Sundry poems on husbandry, housewifery, and the like, by Thomas Tusser; but as the tract is mutilated up to cap. 3.,

"I have been prayde,
To shew mine aide," &c.,

I am not book-learned enough to know whether it be the same as Tusser's _Five Hundred Poynts of Good Husbandry_. Information on any of the above points would oblige.

J.E.

_Prebendaries._--When were prebendaries first appointed, and what the nature of their duties generally? What is the rank of a prebendary of a cathedral or other church, whether as a layman or a clerk in orders? Would a vicar, being a prebendary, take precedence as such of a rector not being one? Where is the best account of prebends to be found?

S.S.S.

_Luther's Portrait at Warwick Castle._--There is at Warwick Castle a fine half-length portrait of Luther by Holbein, very unlike the ordinary portraits of the great reformer. Is this portrait a genuine one? Has it been engraved?

E.M.B.

_Rawdon Papers._--The Rev. Mr. Berwick, in introducing to the public, in 1819, the interesting volume known by the name of _Rawdon Papers_, says,--

"They are a small part of a correspondence which was left in the
Editor's hands after the greater portion had been sent several
years before to the Marquis of Hastings, whose absence at this
time prevents the Editor's making such additions to his stock as
might render it more interesting to the public."

Do these papers still exist in the possession of {401} the Hastings family, and is there any chance of a further publication? The volume published by Mr. Berwick contains some very interesting incidental illustrations of the politics, literature, and society of the seventeenth century, and much might be expected from the remaining papers. I may add, that this volume has not been so much used by historians as it should be; but, as was to be expected, it has not escaped Mr. Macaulay. It is not not well edited.

C.

_Wellington, Wyrwast, Cokam._--In a MS. letter which I have relating to the siege of Taunton in the Civil war, is the following sentence, describing the movements of the royal army:--

"The enemy on Friday last have quitted their garrisions in
Wellington Wyrwast and Cokam houses; the two last they have
burnt."

I am not certain about the second name, which seems to be Wyrwast; and hsould be obliged by any information relative to these three houses.

C.

_Blockade of Corfe Castle in 1644._--In Martyn's _Life of Shafetesbury_ (vol. i. p. 148.) it is stated that a parliamentary force, under Sir A.A. Cooper, blockaded Corfe Castle in 1644, after the taking of Wareham. I can find no mention any where else of an attack on Corfe Castle in 1644. The blockade of that castle, which Lady Bankes's defence has made memorable, was in the previous year, and Sir A.A. Cooper had not then joined the parliament. I should be glad if any of your readers could either corroborate Martyn's account of a blockade of Corfe Castle in 1644, or prove it to be, as I am inclined to think it, a mis-statement.

I should be very thankful for any information as to Sir Anthony Asteley Cooper's proceedings in Dorsetshire, Wiltshire, and Somersetshire, during the Civil War and Commonwealth, being engaged upon a life of Lord Shaftesbury.

C.

_MSS. of Locke._--A translation, by Locke, of Nicole's _Essays_ was published in 1828 by Harvey and Darton, London; and it is stated in the title-page of the book, that it is printed from an autograph MS. of Locke, in the possession of Thomas Hancock, M.D. I wish to know if Dr. Hancock, who also edited the volume, is still alive? and, if so, would let this querist have access to the other papers of Locke's which he speaks of in the preface?

C.

_Locke's proposed Life of Lord Shaftesbury._--I perceive that the interesting volume of letters of Locke, Algernon Sidney, and Lord Shaftesbury, published some years ago, by Mr. Foster, is advertised in your columns by your own publisher; and I therefore inquire, with some hope of eliciting information, whether the papers in Mr. Foster's possession, which he has abstained from publishing, contain any notices of the first Earl of Shaftesbury; and I am particularly anxious to know whether they contain any references to the Life of Lord Shaftesbury which Locke meditated, or throw any light upon the mode in which Locke would have become possessed of some suppressed passages of Edmund Ludlow's memoirs.

C.

_Theses._--Many German works introduced into Catalogues, are _theses_ defended at the universities. The name of the _President_ is generally first, and in larger letters than that of the propounder, who is usually the author. Hence, it often happens, that the _Thesis_ is entered as a work written by the _Præses_. But is not unfrequently happened, that this Præses was _really_ the author; and that, as an easy way of publishing his thought, he entrusted an essay to a candidate for a degree, to be defended by him. The seventh rule of the Museum Catalogue runs thus:--

"The respondent or defender in a thesis to be considered its
author, except when it unequivocally appears to be the work of
the Præses."

Now, I would ask, what are the usual signs of the authorship? Are there any catalogues of Theses? Any bibliographical works which contain hints for guidance in this matter? Any correspondents who can advise generally on the whole matter?

M.

_Apocrypha._--What editions of the Bible _containing the Apocrypha_ are now on sale at the ordinary way?

_J.B.'s Treatise on Art and Nature._--By a scrap of a book, apparently of the sixteenth century, it seems to be a Treatise by J.B. upon Art and Nature: the first book is "of Water-workes." What book is this?

M.

_Nursery Games and Rhymes._--In the _Letters and Memoir of Bishop Shirley_, allusion is made (p. 415.) to a once popular game called "Thread the needle," the first four lines of which are given. Can any of your readers supply the remainder, or refer me to any work where they may be found? I also should feel obliged by any information respecting the age and origin of the popular nursery song, beginning,--

"A frog he would a-wooing go,
Heigho, says Rowley."

Perhaps some of your readers will state where the correct text may be met with.

B.G.J.

_Emancipation of the Jews._--In Francis' _History of the Bank of English_, p. 24., mention is made of an offer on the part of the Jews to pay 500,000l. to the state on the following conditions;--1. That the laws against them should be repealed; 2. That the Bodleian Library should be assigned to them; 3. That they should have permission to use St. {402} Paul's Cathedral as a Synagogue. It is stated, on the authority of a letter in the Thurloe State Papers, that this proposition was actually discussed. The larger sum of 800,000l. was demanded; but, being refused, the negotiation was broken off. This proposition is said to have been made shortly before the elevation of Cromwell to the Protectorate. The subject is an interesting one in these days, when Jewish disabilities are under discussion.

I wish to offer two queries:--1. Is this story confirmed by any contemporary writer? 2. Is it conceivable that the Jews would have consented to worship in a _cruciform_ church, such as was old St. Paul's, which was standing at the time this offer is supposed to have been made?

H.M. AUSTEN. St. Peter's, Thanet.

_The Complutensian MSS._--Has not there been an account of these MSS. published in London in 1821? My authority for this Query is to be found in a work of Dr. D. Antonio Puigblanch:--

"En el año 1821 per encargo que hice desde Madrid _se imprimio
mio aca en Londres_, de que es falso este rumor[2], pues en la
biblioteca de la Universidad de Alcala quedaban pocos meses
antes en gue estune en ella siete manuscritos biblicos en
aquellas dos lenguas[3], que son sin duda los mismos siete de
que hace mencion en la Vida del Cardenal Cisneros, Alfonso de
Castro, doctor téologo de la misma Universidad, i escritor
contemporaneo o de poco tiempo después, parte de los cuales
manuscritos, es a saber, los caldéos, son de letra de Alfonso de
Zamora, que es uno de los tres judíos conversos editores de la
Complutense."--_Opusculos Gramatico-Satiricos del Dr. D. Antonio
Puigblanch_, Londres [1832], p. 365.

If the Chaldee and Hebrew MSS. of the Complutensian Polyglot were at Alcala in 1821, when were they removed to Madrid, and in what library at Madrid are they now? The Greek MSS. are supposed to have been returned to the Vatican Library. If the Chaldee MSS. are in the handwriting of one of the editors, as stated by Puigblanch, they cannot be of much value or authority. I shall add another Query:--Are they paper or parchment?

E.M.B.

[Footnote 2: That the MSS. were destroyed.]

[Footnote 3: Hebrew and Chaldee.]

_Latin Names of Towns._--A correspondent who answered the Query as to the "Latin Names of Towns" in titles, referred your readers to the Supplement of Lemprière. I am much obliged to him for the hint, and have obtained the work in consequence; but it is right your readers should know that the information therein given must only be taken as suggestive, and sometimes as dismissible upon reference to the commonest gazetteer. I opened at the letter N; and found, that of three entries, the first my eye lighted upon, two were palpably wrong. The first informs us that "Næostadium _in Palatinatu_" is in "France;" the third that "Nellore" is in "_Ceylon_." I am bound to say that I do not find errors so thickly scattered throughout, and that the list will be useful to me. But, Query, is there any thing extensive of which the accuracy can be depended upon?

M. Kilkenny.

* * * * *

REPLIES.

SCALA COELI.

I incline to think that the testator whose will is referred to in No. 23. p. 336., by "Scala Coeli," meant King Henry the Seventh's Chapel at Westminster.

Margaret Countess of Richmond and Derby, mother to King Henry VII., in the indenture for founding Chantry Monks in the Abbey of Westminster, dated 2. March, 21 Henry VII. (1506-6), states that she had obtained papal bulls of indulgence, that all persons saying and hearing her chantry masses should have as full remission from sin as in the place called _Scala Coeli_ beside Rome, "to the great comfort and relief of the said Monasterie and all Cristen people resorting thereto." (_MS. Lansd._ 444.)

Henry Lord Marney, by his will, dated 22d Dec., 15 Hen. VIII. (1523), directs a trental of masses to be "first at Scala Coeli, in Westminster." (_Testamenta Vetusta_, 609.)

Blomefield (_Hist. of Norfolk_, 8vo. edit., iv. 60) speaking of the Church of the Augustine Friars at Norwich, observes,--

"That which brought most profit to the convent, was the chapel
of Our Lady in this church, called Scala Celi, to which people
were continually coming in pilgrimage, and offering at the altar
there; most folks desiring to have masses sung for them here, or
to be buried in the cloister of Scala Celi, that they might be
partakers of the many pardons and indulgences granted by the
Popes to this place; this being the only chapel (except that of
the same name at Westminster, and that of Our Lady in St.
Buttolph's church at Boston,) that I find to have the same
privileges and indulgences as the chapel of Scala Celi at Rome;
which were so great as made all the three places aforesaid so
much frequented; it being easier to pay their devotions here,
than go so long a journey; all which indulgences and pardons may
be seen in Fox's _Acts and Monuments_, fo. 1075."

In Bishop Bale's singular play of _Kynge Johan_, published by the Camden Society, the King charges the clery with extorting money

"For legacyes, trentalls with _scalacely_ messys
Whereby ye have made the people very assys."
(p. 17.)

And Simon of Swineshead, after drinking the poison, says,-- {403}

"To send me to heaven god rynge the holye belle,
And synge for my sowle a masse of _Scala Celi_,
That I may clyme up aloft with Enoch and Heli."
(p. 82.)

There are bulls of indulgence in Scala Coeli in Rymer's _Fædera_, xii. 565. 591. 672., xiii. 102.; but I can now only give the reference, as I have not that work in hand.

C.H. COOPER. Cambridge, April 6, 1850

* * * * *

WATCHING THE SEPULCHRE.

"T.W." (No. 20. p. 218.) will find no end of "Items" for watching the sepulchre, in the "Churchwardens' Accounts" before the Reformation, and during the reign of Queen Mary. At Easter it was the custom to erect a sepulchre on the north side of the chancel, to represent that of our Saviour. This was generally a temporary structure of wood; though in some churches there still remain elaborately ornamented ones of stone. Sometimes the founder's tomb was used for the purpose. In this sepulchre was placed on Good Friday the crucifix, and occasionally the host, with other emblems; and a person was employed to watch it till the morning of Easter Day, when it was taken out with great ceremony, in imitation of our Lord's resurrection. It was the payment for this watching that occurs continually in the Churchwardens' Accounts, and of which, it appears, Fuller could not understand the meaning. A paper on the subject of Easter sepulchres, by Mr. Venables, was read at the meeting of the Cambridge Camden Society in March, 1843, but I am not aware whether it has been printed. Some very curious "Items" on this subject are given in Britton's _Redcliffe Church_, which are quoted in the _Oxford Glossary of Architecture_. They are so illustrative, that I subjoin them, to give you an opportunity, if you please, of serving them up to your readers:--

"Item, That Maister Canynge hath deliver'd, this 4th day of
July, in the year of Our Lord 1470, to Maister Nicholas Petters,
Vicar of St. Mary Redcliffe, Moses Conterin, Philip Barthelmew,
Procurators of St. Mary Redcliffe aforesaid, a new sepulchre,
well gilt with gold, and a civer thereto.

"Item, An image of God Almighty rising out of the same
sepulchre, with all the ordinance that 'longeth thereto; that is
to say, a lathe made of timber and the iron work thereto.

"Item, Thereto 'longeth Heaven, made of timber and stained
clothes.

"Item, Hell, made of timber, and the iron-work thereto, with
Divels to the number of 13.

"Item, 4 knights, armed, keeping the sepulchre, with their
weapons in their hands; that is to say, 2 axes and 2 spears,
with 2 pavés.

"Item, 4 payr of angels' wings for 4 angels, made of timber and
well painted.

"Item, The Fadre, the crown and visage, the ball with a cross
upon it, well gilt with fine gould.

"Item, The Holy Ghost coming out of Heaven into the sepulchre.

"Item, 'Longeth to the 4 angels 4 chevelers."

Ducange (vol. vi. p. 195. new edit.) gives a detailed account of the service performed at the Easter sepulchres on the continent.

E. VEE. Cambridge, March 27.

"_Watching the Sepulchre_" (No. 20. p. 318.).--At the present day, in most Roman Catholic countries it is the custom to exhibit in the principal churches at this period, and at Christmas, a kind of _tableau_ of the entombment and of the birth of the Saviour. The figures are sometimes small, and at other times the size of life: generally coloured, and formed of wax, wood, stone, or other materials; and when artistically arranged, and judiciously lighted, form sometimes beautiful objects. I have no doubt the entry in the Churchwardens' Accounts of Waltham Abbey refers to a custom of the same kind, prevailing in the country before the Reformation. If the date of their entry were sought for, I have little doubt but that it would be found to have been about Easter. The _sepulchre_ itself was often, I believe, a permanent erection of stone, and some of them probably now remain in the churches of England on the north side of the chancel, where they may sometimes be taken for the tombs of individuals there interred.

W.C. TREVELYAN.

_Watching the Sepulchre._--In reply to "T.W.'s" Query in No. 20., I have witnessed at Florence the custom of dressing the sepulchre on the Thursday before Good Friday with the most beautiful flowers, many of which are reared especially for the purpose. The devout attend at the sepulchre, and make their prayers there throughout the day, the most profound silence being observed. The convents rival each other in the beauty of their decorations.

Do you think that the Churchwardens' entries in Fuller can refer to a similar custom?

The loveliness of the flowers, and their delightful perfume, which pervades the church, present a most soothing and agreeable type of death and the grave, under their Christian phase. I was always at a loss to understand why this was done on Thursday, instead of on Saturday; the latter being the day on which Our Lord rested in the sepulchre.

A.M.

* * * * *

QUERIES ANSWERED, NO. 7.

A new _blunder_ of Mr. Malone.--I love the memory of Edmond Malone, albeit he sometimes committed blunders. He committed a pitiable blunder when he broke his bow in shooting at the worthless Samuel Ireland; and he committed an {404} irreparable blunder when he whitewashed the monumental effigy of the matchless Shakspere. Of the blunder ascribed to him by a reverend querist (No. 14. p. 213) he was quite innocent.

Before we censure an author or editor, we should consult his _own_ edition. He cannot be answerable for the errors of any other impression. Such, at least, is _my_ notion of critical equity.

I shall now state the plain facts. Malone, in the first instance, printed the spurious declaration of John _Shakspear_ in an _imperfect state_. (_Plays and Poems of W.S._, 1790, vol. i. part ii. p. 162.) He was soon afterwards enabled to complete it. (Ibid. vol. i. part ii. p. 330.) Steevens reprinted it entire, and without comment. (_Plays of W.S._, 1793, vol. ii. p. 300.) Now the editor of the Irish reimpression, who must have omitted to consult the edition of Steevens, merely committed a _blunder_ in attempting to unite the two fragments as first published by Mr. Malone.

There was no _audacious fabrication_ on the occasion--there is no _mystery_ in the case! (No. 24. p. 386.) So, to stop the current of misconception, and economise space on future occasions, I venture to repeat a few words in suggesting as a canon of criticism:--_Before we censure an author or editor we should consult his_ own _edition_.

BOLTON CORNEY.

* * * * *

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.

_Compendyous Olde Treatyse._--"F.M." (No. 18. p. 277.) will find this tract reprinted (with the exception of the preface and verses) in Foxe's _Acts and Monuments_; a portion once peculiar to the first edition of 1563, p. 452., but now appearing in the reprint of 1843, vol. iv. p. 671-76., which may be of some service in the absence of the original tract.

NOVUS.

_Hordys_ (No. 5. p. 157.).--I have waited till now in hopes of seeing an answer from some more competent pen than my own to the Query as to the meaning of the word "_hordys_," by your correspondent "J.G.;" but having been disappointed, I venture a suggestion which occurred to me immediately on reading it, viz. that "_hordys_" might be some possible or impossible derivation from _hordeum_, and applied "irreverently" to the consecrated host, as though it were no better than a common barley-cake.

Whether in those early days and in Ireland, the host was really made of barley, and whether "hordys" was a name given to some kind of barley-cake then in vogue, or (supposing my suggestion to be well founded) a word coined for the occasion, may perhaps be worthy of investigation.

A.R. Kenilworth, April 5.

_Eachard's Tracts._--The Rev. George Wyatt, who inquires (No. 20. p. 320.) about Eachard's _Tracts_, will probably get all the information he wants from the Life of Eachard prefixed to the collected edition of his _Works_ in three volumes, which I am sorry I have not the means at present of referring to.

"I.O.," to whom the last of the tracts is addressed, is Dr. John Owen.

Philatus (what objection is there to Latinising, in the usual way, the Greek termination os?) is, of course, intended for Hobbes; and, to convey Eachard's opinion of him, his opponent in the Dialogue is Timothy, a God-honourer.

Let me add, as you have headed Mr. Wyatt's communication "Tracts attributed to Eachard," thereby casting a doubt upon his authorship, that there is no doubt about Dr. John Eachard being the author of all the tracts which Mr. Wyatt enumerates; nor was there any concealment by Eachard. His authorship of the _Grounds and Occasions of the Contempt of the Clergy_ is notorious. The "Epistle Dedicatory," signed "J.E.," mentioned by Mr. Wyatt as prefixed to the Dialogue on Hobbes' _State of Nature_, refers also to the five subsequent letters. These were published at the same time with the Dialogue on Hobbes, in one volume, and are answers to attacks on the _Grounds and Occasions_, &c. The Epistle Dedicatory is addressed to Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury, "and," says Eachard, "I hope my dialogue will not find the less acceptance with your Grace for these Letters which follow after."

The second edition of the volume I have by me, published in 1672: the title, _Mr. Hobbes's State of Nature considered, &c.; to which are added, Five Letters from the Author of "The Grounds and Occasions of the Contempt of the Clergy."_

C.

_Masters of St. Cross._--In reply to "H. EDWARDS" (No. 22. p. 352.), A List of the Masters of St. Cross, I believe, is given in Browne Willis's _Mitred Abbies_, vol. i.; but the most correct and perfect list is in the _Sketches of Hampshire_, by the late John Duthy, Esq. Henry or Humfrey de Milers is the first master whose name is recorded, and nothing further is known of him: between Bishop Sherborne and Bishop Compton there were thirteen masters.

F.J.B.

Has "H. EDWARDS" seen the _History of St. Cross Hospital_, by Mr. Moody, published within the last six months? It may materially assist him.

JOHN R. FOX

_A living Dog better than a dead Lion._--Your correspondent "MR. JOHN SANSOM" may, perhaps, accept the following as an answer to the first part of his Query (No. 22. p. 352.). In an ancient MS. preserved in the archives of the see of Ossory, at fol. 66., is entered, in a hand of the latter part of the fourteenth century, a list of ancient proverbs under the following heading:-- {405}

"Eux sount les proverbes en fraunceys conferme par auctorite del
_Dibil_?

"Chers amys receiuez de moy
Un beau present q vo' envoy,
Non pas dor ne dargent
Mais de bon enseignment,
Que en escriptur ai trove
E de latin translatee, &c. &c."

Amongst them is the following:--

"Meux valt un chien sein e fort
Qe un leoun freid e mort;
E meux valt povert od bountex
Qe richeste od malueiste."

Jesus, the Son of Sirak, is not, however, the authority for this proverb; it occurs in the 9th chapter of Ecclesiastes and 4th verse.

And now, to ask a question in turn, what is meant by "auctorite _del Dibil_?"

JAMES GRAVES. Kilkenny.

_Monumental Brass_ (No. 16. p. 247.).--On the floor of the Thorncombe church, in the co. of Devon, is a splendid brass, representing Sir T. Brooke, and Joan, his wife, dated respectively 1419 and 1436. At the lower corner of the lady's robe is engraven a small dog, with a collar and bells. May not these figures be the private mark of the artist?

S.S.S.

_The Wickliffite Version of the Scriptures._--I have in my possession a very fair MS. of Wickliff's translation of the New Testament; and should the editors of the Wickliffite Versions like to see my MS., and let me know to whom I may send it, I shall be happy to lend it them.

DANIEL ROCK. Buckland, Faringdon.

_Hever_ (pp. 269. 342.).--In confirmation of the meaning assigned to this word, there is an estate near Westerham, in Kent, called "Hever's-wood."

S.S.S.

_Steward Family_ (No. 21. p. 335.).--Though not an answer to his question, "O.C." may like to be informed that the arms of the impalement in the drawing which he describes are (according to Izacke's _Exeter_) those which were borne by Ralph Taxall, Sheriff of Devon, in 1519. Pole calls him Texshall. Modern heralds give the coat to Pecksall of Westminster. If a conjecture may be hazarded, I would suggest that the coat was a modification of the ancient arms of Batishull: a crosslet in saltier, between four owls.

S.S.S.

_Gloves_ (No. 5. p. 72.).--In connection with the subject of the presentation of gloves, I would refer your correspondents to the curious scene in Vicar's _Parliamentary Chronicle_, where "Master Prynne," on his visit to Archbishop Laud in the Tower in May 1643, accepts "a fair pair of gloves, upon the Archbishop's extraordinary pressing importunity;" a present which, under the disagreeable circumstances of the interview, seems to have been intended to convey an intimation beyond that of mere courtesy.

S.S.S.

_Cromlech._--As your learned correspondent "Dr. TODD" (No. 20. p. 319.) queries this word, I think it is very doubtful whether the word was in use, or not, before the period mentioned (16th century). Dr. Owain Pughe considered the word "cromlech" (_crwm-llech_, an inclined or flat stone,) to be merely a popular name, having no reference to the original purpose of the structure. The only Triadic name that will apply to the cromlechs, is _maen ketti_ (stone chests, or arks), the raising of which is described as one of "The three mighty labours of the Isle of Britain."

GOMER.

_Watewich_ (pp. 60. 121. 236.).--May not "Watewich" be Waterbeach?

S.S.S.

"_By Hook or by Crook._"--I imagine that the expression "By hook or by crook" is in very general use throughout England. It was familiar to my ear forty years ago in Surrey, and within these four years its origin was (to my satisfaction at the moment) brought home to my comprehension in the North of Devon, where the tenant of a certain farm informed me that, by an old custom, he was entitled to take wood from some adjoining land "_by hook and crook_;" which, on inquiry, I understood to include, first, so much underwood as he could cut with the _hook_ or bill, and, secondly, so much of the branches of trees as he could pull down with the aid of a _crook_.

Whether this crook originally meant the shepherd's crook (a very efficient instrument for the purpose), or simply such a _crook_-ed _stick_ as boys use for gathering hazel-nuts, is not very material. It seems highly probable that, in the vast forests which once overspread this country, the right of taking "_fire bote_" by "hook or crook" was recognised; and we can hardly wish for a more apt illustration of the idea of gaining a desired object by the ordinary means--"a hook," if it lay close to our hand; or, by a method requiring more effort, "a crook," if it were a little beyond our reach.

J.A.S.

_By Hook or by Crook_ (pp. 205, 237. 281. &c.).--In confirmation of this phrase having reference to forest customs, my hind told me that my plantations were plundered by hook or by crook, and he and I once caught a man in _flagrante delicto_, with a hook for cutting green wood, and a crook at the end of a long pole for breaking off dry branches, which could not be otherwise reached. For an early use of the term, see Bacon's _Fortress of the Faithful_, 1550.

"Whatsoever is pleasant or profitable must be theirs by hook or
by crook."

S.S.S. {406}

_Tablet to Napoleon._--Will it assist "EMDEE's" interpretation of the inscription to Napoleon (No. 17 p. 262.) if I suggest that it may mean--Ægyptiaco bis, Italico semper invicto?

C.I.R. Feb. 25.

_Lines on Pharaoh_ (No. 19. p. 298.).--I beg to inform "J.T.," that the well-known _couplet_ about Pharaoh, and _rascal_ rhyming to _pascal_, are from a certain _History of the Bible_, or _Bible History_, by the Rev. Dr. Zachary Boyd, of Todrig, who was either Principal or Professor of Divinity at Glasgow in the seventeenth century.

He left considerable property to the College there, on condition that his bust should be placed in the quadrangle, and his great work printed under the care of the Academical Senatus. The bust was placed accordingly, and is, or lately was, to be seen in a niche over the inner doorway. The _History_ was also printed, it is said, but never published. However, curious visitors have always, I believe, been allowed a peep into it--whether the MS. or the solitary printed book, I am not sure--and a few choice morsels are current. I recollect one stave of the lamentation of Jonah--

"Lord! what a doleful place is this!
There's neither coal nor candle;
And nothing I but fishes' tripes
And greasy guts do bandle."

I think it a shame that the Maitland Club of Glasgow has not, ere now, volunteered an edition of Zachary's immortal performance. The _Senatus_ would hardly object (if the expense were undertaken), as the circulation would be confined to true Scots.

PHILOBODIUS.

[The following communication from a very competent authority,
and the very passage quoted by "PHILOBODIUS" himself, quite
justify the non-publication of Zachary's doggrel.]

_Zachary Boyd_ (No. 19. p. 298.).--Your notice of Zachary Boyd, and his extraordinary paraphrase of the Bible in the College at Glasgow, has reminded me of my having examined that strange work, and found ample cause for its not being published, though a sufficient sum was bequeathed for that purpose. The whole doggrel is only calculated to bring ridicule and contempt upon the Scriptures; but there are, besides, passages such as refer to Job's "Curse God, and die;" to Jeshuram waxing fat; to Jonah in the whale's belly; and other parts, which utterly unfit the MS. for decent perusal.

W. JERDAN.

_Welsh Ambassador._--The origin of the word "Welsh," from the Saxon "Wealh," a stranger, and the use of it in this sense by our old writers (see Brady's _Introd._, p. 5.: Sir T. Smith's _Commonwealth of England_, chap. xiii.), sufficiently explain this designation of the Cuckoo, the temporary resident of our cold climate, and the ambassador _extraordinary_ in the revolutions of the seasons, in the words of the Nursery Rhymes,--

"She comes as a _stranger_, and stays three months in the year."

"Quid tibi vis aliud dicam? me _vox mea prodit_."

_Alciati, Emblema_ lx. _Cuculi, Comment_.

T.J.

_Prince Madoc._--I was much gratified on reading "T.T.'s" note, commenting on my observations respecting the Mandan language, as he proves the existence of Celtic words amongst the American Indians. Regarding "T.T.'s" doubts as to the Mandans being descended from the followers of Madoc, I confess that my opinions on the point do not differ very widely from his own. The circumstances attending Madoc's emigration, in the paucity of its numbers and the entire separation from the mother country, with the character of the Indians, would almost ensure the ultimate destruction of the settlement, or the ultimate absorption of its remains by those who might have had friendly relations with the Welsh. In this most favourable view, the evidences of the presence of the Welsh seven centuries since would be few indeed at the present day. The most striking circumstance of this nature that I met with in Mr. Catlin's work, is a description of what he calls a "bull-boat," from its being covered with a bull's hide, which, in construction and form, is perfectly identical with the Welsh "_cwrygl_." Yet, strong as this resemblance is, it will have but little weight if unsupported by other evidence. In conclusion, I would observe, that I never supposed Prince Madoc to be the discover of America, but that his voyage was induced by the knowledge that other lands existed in the great ocean (_see_ Humboldt's _Examen critique_). The emblems found in America, and said to be crosses, are obviously the _tau_ [cross symbol], or symbol of life, and can have no connection with Christianity.

GOMER.

_Poghell_ (No. 12. p. 186.).--In Cornwall and Devon there are places called Poughill or Poghill,--in _Domesday_, Pochelle; and in the _Taxatio Ecclesiastica_, Pockehulle and Pogheheulle. The etymology of the word, I take to be merely the addition (as is often found) of the Anglo-Saxon _hill_, or _hull_, to the old Teutonic word Pock, or Pok, an eruption or protrusion. In low Latin, Pogetum is colliculus. (See Ducange.)

S.S.S.

_Swingeing Tureen_ (No. 19. p. 211., and No. 21. p. 340.).--How could "SELEUCUS" "conclude" that Goldsmith's "Poor Beau Tibbs and Kitty his Wife," should have had "a _silver_ tureen" of expensive construction? It is evident that "Kitty's" husband, in the "Haunch of Venison," was the Beau Tibbs of the "Citizen of the World." There can be no doubt that, however the word be spelled, {407} the meaning is _swingeing_, "huge, great," which I admit was generally, if not always, in those days spelled swinging, as in Johnson--"_Swinging_, from _swinge, huge, great_;" but which ought to be, as it is pronounced, _swingeing_.

_Tureen_ (pp. 246. 307. 340.).--"And instead of soup in a China terrene." (Knox, Essay 57 _Works_. vol. ii. p. 572.)

S.S.S.

_"A" or "An."--Quem Deus vult perdere._--Allow me to refer your correspondents "PRISCIAN" and "E.S. JACKSON" (of No. 22.), to the _Selections from the Gentleman's Magazine_, London, 1814, vol. ii. pp. 333. and 162., for some interesting papers on the subjects of their respective inquiries.

The paper first referred to, at p. 333., is certainly well worth perusal, as the writer, "KUSTER," has examined the question with considerable care, and proves, by many curious instances, that most of those whom we have been taught to look up to as the greatest authorities in English writing--Dryden, Swift, Pope, Johnson, and others--seem to have had no fixed rule on the subject, but to have used "a" or "an" before the same words with the most reckless inconsistency.

The second paper, at p. 162., gives a more detailed account of the adage, "Quem Deus (potius _Jupiter_) vult perdere," &c., than "F.C.B." (whose object, of course, was rather to compare _results_ than to trace _derivations_) has supplied in his interesting communication.