Chapter I: Part 1

{321} NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

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"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.

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No. 51.] SATURDAY, OCTOBER 19 16. 1850. [Price, with Supplement, 6d. Stamped Edition, 7d.

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CONTENTS.

NOTES:--
Roberd the Robber, by R.J. King 321
On a Passage in the Merry Wives of Windsor, and on Conjectural
Emendation 322
Minor Notes:--Chaucer's Damascene--Long Friday--Hip,
hip, Hurrah!--Under the Rose--Albanian Literature 322
QUERIES:--
Bibliographical Queries 323
Fairfax's Tasso 325
Minor Queries:--Jeremy Taylor's Ductor Dubitantium--First
Earl of Roscommon--St. Cuthbert--Vavasour
of Haslewood--Bells in Churches--Alteration
of Title-pages--Weights for Weighing Coins--Shunamitis
poema--Lachrymatories--Egg-cups used by
the Romans--Meleteticks--Luther's Hymns--"Pair of
Twises"--Countermarks on Roman Coin 325
REPLIES:--
Gaudentio di Lucca 327
Englemann's Bibliotheca Scriptorum Classicorum, by
Professor De Morgan 328
Shakspeare's Use of the Word "Delighted," by Samuel
Hickson 329
Collar of Esses, by John Gough Nichols 329
Sirloin, by T.T. Wilkinson, &c. 331
Riots of London, by E.B. Price, &c. 332
Meaning of "Gradely" 334
Pascal and his Editor Bossut, by Gustave Masson 335
Kings-skugg-sio, by E. Charlton, &c. 335
Gold in California 336
The Disputed Passage from the Tempest, by
Samuel Hickson, &c. 337
"London Bridge is broken down," by Dr. E.F. Rimbault 338
Arabic Numerals 339
Caxton's Printing-office, by J. Cropp 340
Cold Harbour 340
St. Uncumber, by W.J. Thoms 342
Handfasting 342
Gray's Elegy--Droning--Dodsley's Poems 343
Replies to Minor Queries:--Zuendnadel Guns--Thompson
of Esholt--Minar's Books of Antiquities--Smoke
Money--Holland Land--Caconac, Caconacquerie--Discourse
of national Excellencies of England--Saffron
Bags--Milton's Penseroso--Achilles and the
Tortoise--Stepony Ale--North Side of Churchyards--Welsh
Money--Wormwood--Puzzling Epitaph--Umbrella--Pope
and Bishop Burgess--Book of
Homilies--Roman Catholic Theology--Modum Promissionis--Bacon
Family--Execution of Charles I.,
and Earl of Stair--Watermarks on Writing-paper--St.
John Nepomuc--Satirical Medals--Passage in
Gray--Cupid Crying--Anecdote of a Peal of Bells, &c. 343
MISCELLANEOUS:--
Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 350
Books and Odd Volumes Wanted 351
Notices to Correspondents 351
Advertisements 351

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NOTES.

ROBERD THE ROBBER.

In the _Vision of Piers Ploughman_ are two remarkable passages in which mention is made of "Roberd the robber," and of "Roberdes knaves."

"Roberd the robbere,
On _Reddite_ loked,
And for ther was noght wherof
He wepte swithe soore."
Wright's ed., vol. i. p. 105.

"In glotonye, God woot,
Go thei to bedde,
And risen with ribaudie,
The Roberdes knaves."
Vol. i. p. 3.

In a note on the second passage, Mr. Wright quotes a statute of Edw. III., in which certain malefactors are classed together "qui sont appellez _Roberdesmen_, Wastours, et Dragelatche:" and on the first he quotes two curious instances in which the name is applied in a similar manner,--one from a Latin song of the reign of Henry III.:

"Competenter per _Robert_, robbur designatur;
Robertus excoriat, extorquet, et minatur.
_Vir quicunque rabidus consors est Roberto_."

It seems not impossible that we have in these passages a trace of some forgotten mythical personage. "Whitaker," says Mr. Wright, "supposes, without any reason, the 'Roberde's knaves' to be 'Robin Hood's men.'" (Vol. ii. p. 506.) It is singular enough, however, that as early as the time of Henry III. we find the term 'consors Roberto' applied generally, as designating any common thief or robber; and without asserting that there is any direct allusion to "Robin Hood's men" in the expression "Roberdes knaves," one is tempted to ask whence the hero of Sherwood got his own name?

Grimm (_Deutsche Mythol._, p. 472.) has suggested that Robin Hood may be connected with an equally famous namesake, Robin Goodfellow; and that he may have been so called from the hood or hoodikin, which is a well-known characteristic of the mischievous elves. I believe, however, it is now generally admitted that "Robin Hood" is a corruption {322} of "Robin o' th' Wood" equivalent to "silvaticus" or "wildman"--a term which, as we learn from Ordericus, was generally given to those Saxons who fled to the woods and morasses, and long held them against their Norman enemies.

It is not impossible that "Robin o' the Wood" may have been a general name for any such outlaws as these and that Robin Hood, as well as "Roberd the Robbere" may stand for some earlier and forgotten hero of Saxon tradition. It may be remarked that "Robin" is the Norman diminutive of "Robert", and that the latter is the name by which we should have expected to find the doings of a Saxon hero commemorated. It is true that Norman and Saxon soon came to have their feelings and traditions in common; but it is not the less curious to find the old Saxon name still traditionally applied by the people, as it seems to have been from the _Vision of Piers Ploughman_.

Whether Robin Goodfellow and his German brother "Knecht Ruprecht" are at all connected with Robin Hood, seems very doubtful. The plants which, both in England and in Germany, are thus named, appear to belong to the elf rather than to the outlaw. The wild geranium, called "Herb Robert" in Gerarde's time, is known in Germany as "Ruprecht's Kraut". "Poor Robin", "Ragged Robin", and "Robin in the Hose", probably all commemorate the same "merry wanderer of the night."

RICHARD JOHN KING.

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ON A PASSAGE IN "THE MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR," AND ON CONJECTURAL EMENDATION.

The late Mr. Baron Field, in his _Conjectures on some Obscure and Corrupt Passages of Shakspeare_, published in the "Shakspeare Society's Papers," vol. ii. p. 47., has the following, note on _The Merry Wives of Windsor_, Act ii. Sc. 2.:--

"'_Falstaff._ I myself sometimes having the fear of heaven on the left hand, and hiding mine honour in my necessity, am fain to shuffle, to hedge, and to lurch; and yet you, you rogue, will esconce your _rags_, your cat-a-mountain looks, your red-lattice phrases and your bold-beating oaths, under the shelter of your honour.'

"Pistol, to whom this was addressed, was an ensign, and therefore _rags_ can hardly bear the ordinary interpretation. A _rag_ is a beggarly fellow, but that will make little better sense here. Associated as the phrase is, I think it must mean _rages_, and I find the word used for _ragings_ in the compound _bard-rags_, border-ragings or incursions, in Spenser's _Fairy Queen_, ii. x. 63., and _Colin Clout_, v. 315."

Having on one occasion found that a petty larceny committed on the received text of the poet, by taking away a superfluous _b_, made all clear, perhaps I may be allowed to restore the abstracted letter, which had only been _misplaced_ and read _brags_, with, I trust, the like success? Be it remembered that Pistol, a braggadocio, is made up of _brags_ and slang; and for that reason I would also read, with Hanmer, _bull-baiting_, instead of the unmeaning "_bold-beating_ oaths."

I well know with what extreme caution conjectural emendation is to be exercised; but I cannot consent to carry it to the excess, or to preserve a vicious reading, merely because it is warranted by the _old copies_.

Regretting, as I do, that Mr. Collier's, as well as Mr. Knight's, edition of the poet, should both be disfigured by this excess of caution, I venture to subjoin a cento from George Withers, which has been inscribed in the blank leaf of one of them.

"Though they will not for a better
Change a syllable or letter,
Must the _Printer's_ spots and stains
Still obscure THE POET'S Strains?
Overspread with antique rust,
Like whitewash on his painted bust
Which to remove revived the grace
And true expression of his face.
So, when I find misplaced B's,
I will do as I shall please.
If my method they deride,
Let them know I am not tied,
In my free'r course, to chuse
Such strait rules as they would use;
Though I something miss of might,
To express his meaning quite.
For I neither fear nor care
What in this their censures are;
If the art here used be
Their dislike, it liketh me.
While I linger on each strain,
And read, and read it o'er again,
I am loth to part from thence,
Until I trace the poet's sense,
And have the _Printer's errors_ found,
In which the folios abound."

PERIERGUS BIBLIOPHILUS.

October.

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Minor Notes.

_Chaucer's Damascene._--Warton, in his account of the physicians who formed the Library of the Doctor of Physic, says of John Damascene that he was "Secretary to one of the caliphs, wrote in various sciences before the Arabians had entered Europe, and had seen the Grecian philosophers." (_History of English Poetry_, Price's ed., ii. 204.) Mr. Saunders, in his book entitled _Cabinet Pictures of English Life_, "Chaucer", after repeating the very words of this meagre account, adds, "He was, however, more famous for his religious than his medical writings; and obtained for his eloquence the name of the Golden-flowing" (p 183.) Now Mr. Saunders certainly, whatever Warton did, has confounded Damascenus, the physician, with Johannes Damascenus Chrysorrhoas, "the {323} last of the Greek Fathers," (Gibbon, iv. 472.) a voluminous writer on ecclesiastical subjects, but no physician, and therefore not at all likely to be found among the books of Chaucer's Doctour,

"Whose studie was but litel on the Bible."

Chaucer's _Damascene_ is the author of _Aphorismorum Liber_, and of _Medicinae Therapeuticae_, libri vii. Some suppose him to have lived in the ninth, others in the eleventh century, A.D.; and this is about all that is known about him. (See _Biographie Universelle_, s.v.)

ED. S. JACKSON.

_Long Friday, meaning of._--C. Knight, in his _Pictorial Shakspeare_, explains Mrs. Quickly's phrase in _Henry the Fourth_--"'Tis a _long_ loan for a poor lone woman to bear,"--by the synonym _great_: asserting that _long_ is still used in the sense of great, in the north of England; and quoting the Scotch proverb, "Between you and the long day be it," where _we_ talk of the _great_ day of judgment. May not this be the meaning of the name _Long Friday_, which was almost invariably used by our Saxon forefathers for what we now call Good Friday? The commentators on the Prayer Book, who all confess themselves ignorant of the real meaning of the term, absurdly suggest that it was so called from the great _length of the services_ on that day; or else, from the length of the fast which preceded. Surely, The Great Friday, the Friday on which the great work of our redemption was completed, makes better sense?

T.E.L.L.

_Hip, hip, Hurrah!_--Originally a war cry, adopted by the stormers of a German town, wherein a great many Jews had taken their refuge. The place being sacked, they were all put to the sword, under the shouts of, _Hierosolyma est perdita_! From the first letter of those words (_H.e.p._) an exclamation was contrived. We little think, when the red wine sparkles in the cup, and soul-stirring toasts are applauded by our _Hip, hip, hurrah!_ that we record the fall of Jerusalem, and the cruelty of Christians against the chosen people of God.

JANUS DOUSA.

_Under the Rose_ (Vol. i., p. 214.).--Near Zandpoort, a village in the vicinity of Haarlem, Prince William of Orange, the third of his name, had a favourite hunting-seat, called after him the Princenbosch, now more generally known under the designation of the Kruidberg. In the neighbourhood of these grounds there was a little summer-house, making part, if I recollect rightly, of an Amsterdam burgomaster's country place, who resided there at the times I speak of. In this pavilion, it is said, _and beneath a stucco rose_, being one of the ornaments of the ceiling, William III. communicated the scheme of his intended invasion in England to the two burgomasters of Amsterdam there present. You know the result.

Can the expression of "being under the rose" date from this occasion, or was it merely owing to coincidence that such an ornament protected, as it were, the mysterious conversation to which England owes her liberty, and Protestant Christendom the maintenance of its rights?

JANUS DOUSA.

Huis te Manpadt.

_Albanian Literature.--Bogdano, Pietro, Archivescovo di Scopia, L'Infallibile Verita della Cattolica Fede_, in Venetia, per G. Albrizzi, MDXCI, is I think much older than any Albanian book mentioned by Hobhouse. The same additional characters are used which occur in the later publications of the Propaganda, in two parts, pp. 182. 162.

F.Q.

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Queries.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL QUERIES.

1. Has anything recently transpired which could lead bibliographers to form an absolute decision with regard to the "unknown" printer who used the singular letter R which is said to have originated with Finiguerra in 1452? That Mentelin was the individual seems scarcely credible; and there is a manifest difference between his type and that of the anonymous printer of the _editio princeps_ of Rabanus Maurus, _De Universo_, the copy of which work (illuminated, ruled, and rubricated) now before me was once in Heber's possession; and it exhibits the peculiar letter R, which resembles an ill-formed A, destitute of the cross stroke, and supporting a round O on its reclined back. (Panzer, i. 78.; Santander, i. 240.)

2. Is it not quite certain that the acts and decrees of the synod of Wuertzburg, held in the year 1452, were printed in that city previously to the publication of the _Breviarium Herbiplense_ in 1479? The letter Q which is used in the volume of these acts is remarkable for being of a double semilunar shape; and the type, which is very Gothic, is evidently the same as that employed in an edition of other synodal decrees in Germany about the year 1470.

3. When and where was the _Liber de Laudibus gloriosissime Dei genitricis Marie semper Virginis_, by Albertus Magnus, first printed? I do not mean the supposititious work, which is often confounded with the other one; but that which is also styled _Super Evangelium_ Missus est _Quaestiones_. And why are these Questions invariably said to be 230 in number, when there are 275 chapters in the book? Beughem asserts that the earliest edition is that of Milan in 1489 (_Vid._ Quetif et Echard, i. 176.), but what I believe to be a volume of older date is "sine ulla nota;" and a bookseller's observation respecting it is, that it is "very rare, and unknown to De Bure, Panzer, Brunet, and Dibdin." {324}

4. Has any discovery made as to the author of the extraordinary 4to. tract, _Oracio querulosa contra Inuasores Sacerdotum?_ According to the Crevenna _Catalogue_ (i. 85.), the work is "inconnu a tous les bibliographes." Compare Seemiller, ii. 162.; but the copy before me is not of the impression described by him. It is worthy of notice, that at signature A iiiij the writer declares, "nostris jam temporibus calchographiam, hoc est impressioram artem, in nobilissima Vrbanie germe Maguncia fuisse repertam."

5. Are we to suppose that either carelessness or a love of conjectures was the source of Chevillier's mistake, not corrected by Greswell (_Annals of Paris. Typog._, p. 6.), that signatures were first introduced, anno 1476, by Zarotus, the printer, at Milan? They may doubtless be seen in the _Opus Alexandride Ales super tertium Sententiarum_, Venet. 1475, a book which supplies also the most ancient instance I have met with of a "Registrum Chartarum." Signatures, however, had a prior existence; for they appear in the _Mammetractus_ printed at Beron Minster in 1470 (Meermau, ii. 28.; Kloss, p. 192.), but they were omitted in the impression of 1476. Dr. Cotton (_Typ. Gaz._, p. 66.), Mr. Horne (_Introd. to Bibliog._, i. 187. 317), and many others, wrongly delay the invention or adoption of them till the year 1472.

6. Is the edition of the _Fasciculus Temporum_, set forth at Cologne by Nicolaus de Schlettstadt in 1474, altogether distinct from that which is confessedly "omnium prima," and which was issued by Arnoldus Ther Huernen in the same year? If it be, the copy in the Lambeth library, bearing date 1476, and entered in pp. 1, 2. of Dr. Maitland's very valuable and accurate _List_, must appertain to the third, not the second, impression. To the latter this Louvain reprint of 1476 is assigned in the catalogue of the books of Dr. Kloss (p. 127.), but there is an error in the remark that the "Tabula" prefixed to the _editio princeps_ is comprised in _eight_ leaves, for it certainly consists of _nine_.

7. Where was what is probably a copy of the second edition of the _Catena Aurea_ of Aquinas printed? The folio in question, which consists of 417 unnumbered leaves, is an extremely fine one, and I should say that it is certainly of German origin. Seemiller (i. 117.) refers it to Esslingen, and perhaps an acquaintance with its water-marks would afford some assistance in tracing it. Of these a rose is the most common, and a strigilis may be seen on folio 61. It would be difficult to persuade the proprietor of this volume that it is of so modern a date as 1474, the year in which what is generally called the second impression of this work appeared.

8. How can we best account for the mistake relative to the imaginary Bologna edition of Ptolemy's _Cosmography_ in 1462, a copy of which was in the Colbert library? (Leuglet du Fresnoy, _Meth. pour etud. l'Hist._, iii. 8., a Paris, 1735.) That it was published previously to the famous Mentz Bible of this date is altogether impossible; and was the figure 6 a misprint for 8? or should we attempt to subvert it into 9? The _editio princeps_ of the Latin version by Angelus is in Roman letter, and is a very handsome specimen of Vicenza typography in 1475, when it was set forth "ab Hermano Leuilapide," alias Hermann Lichtenstein.

9. If it be true, as Dr. Cotton remarks in his excellent _Typographical Gazetteer_, p. 22., that a press was erected at Augsburg, in the monastery of SS. Ulric and Afra, in the year 1472, and that Anthony Sorg is believed to have been the printer, why should we be induced to assent to the validity of Panzer's supposition that Nider's _Formicarius_ did not make its appearance there until 1480? It would seem to be more than doubtful that Cologne can boast of having produced the first edition, A.D. 1475/7; and it may be reasonably asserted, and an examination of the book will abundantly strengthen the idea, that the earliest impression is that which contains this colophon, in which I would dwell upon the word "_editionem_" (well known to the initiated): "Explicit quintus ac totus formicarii liber uxta editionem fratris Iohannis Nider," &c., "Impressum Auguste per Anthonium Sorg."

10. In what place and year was _Wilhelmi Summa Viciorum_ first printed? Fabricius and Cave are certainly mistaken when they say Colon. 1479. In the volume, which I maintain to be of greater antiquity, the letters _c_ and _t_, _s_ and _t_, are curiously united, and the commencement of it is: "Incipit summa viciorum seu tractatus moral' edita [_sic_] a fratre vilhelmo episcopo lugdunes. ordinsq. fratru predicator." The description given by Quetif and Echard (i. 132.) of the primary impression of Perault's book only makes a bibliomaniac more anxious for information about it: "in Inc. typ. absque loco anno et nomine typographi, sine numeris reclamat. et majusculis."

11. Was Panormitan's _Lectura super primo Decretalium_ indubitably issued at Venice, prior to the 1st of April, 1473? and if so, does it contain in the colophon these lines by Zovenzonius, which I transcribe from a noble copy bearing this date?

"Abbatis pars prima notis que fulget aliemis
Est vindelini pressa labore mei:
Cuius ego ingenium de vertice palladis ortum
Crediderim. veniam tu mihi spira dabis."

12. Is it not unquestionable that Heroldt's _Promptuarium Exemplorum_ was published at least as early as his _Sermones_? The type in both works is clearly identical, and the imprint in the latter, at the end of _Serm._ cxxxvi., vol. ii., is Colon. 1474, an edition unknown to very nearly all bibliographers. For instance, Panzer and Denis commence with that of Rostock, in 1476; Laire {325} with that of Cologne, 1478; and Maittaire with that of Nuremberg, in 1480. Different statements have been made as to the precise period when this humble-minded writer lived. Altamura (_Bibl. Domin._, pp. 147. 500.) places him in the year 1400. Quetif and Echard (i. 762.), Fabricius and Mansi (_Bibl. Med. et inf. Latin._), prefer 1418, on the unstable ground of a testimony supposed to have proceeded from the author himself; for whatever confusion or depravation may have been introduced into subsequent impressions, the _editio princeps_, of which I have spoken, does not present to our view the alleged passage, viz., "a Christo autem transacti sunt _millequadringenti decem et octo_ anni," but most plainly, "M.cccc. & liij. anni." (_Serm._ lxxxv., tom. ii.) To this same "Discipulus" Oudin (iii. 2654.), and Gerius in the Appendix to Cave (p. 187.), attribute the _Speculorum Exemplorum_, respecting which I have before proposed a Query; but I am convinced that they have confounded the _Speculum_ with the _Promptuarium_. The former was first printed at Deventer, A.D. 1481, and the compiler of it enters upon his prologue in the following striking style: "Impressoria arte jamdudum longe lateque per orbem diffusa, multiplicatisque libris quarumcunque fere materiarum," &c. He then expresses his surprise at the want of a good collection of _Exempla_; and why should we determine without evidence that he must have been Heroldus?

R.G.

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FAIRFAX'S TASSO.

In a copy of Fairfax's _Godfrey of Bulloigne_, ed. 1600 (the first), which I possess, there occurs a very curious variorum reading of the first stanza of the first book. The stanza, as it is given by Mr. Knight in his excellent modern editions, reads thus:

"The sacred armies and the godly knight,
That the great sepulchre of Christ did free,
I sing; much wrought his valour and foresight,
And in that glorious war much suffer'd he;
In vain 'gainst him did hell oppose her might,
In vain the Turks and Morians armed be;
His soldiers wild, to brawls and mutines prest,
Reduced he to peace, so heaven him blest."

By holding up the leaf of my copy to the light, it is easy to see that the stanza stood originally as given above, but a cancel slip printed in _precisely the same type_ as the rest of the book gives the following elegant variation:

"I sing the warre made in the Holy Land,
And the Great Chiefe that Christ's great tombe did free:
Much wrought he with his wit, much with his hand,
Much in that braue atchieument suffred hee:
In vaine doth hell that Man of God withstand,
In vaine the worlds great princes armed bee;
For heau'n him fauour'd; and he brought againe
Vnder one standard all his scatt'red traine."

Queries.--1. Does the above variation occur in any or many other copies of the edition of 1600?

2. Which reading is followed in the second old edition?

T.N.

Demerary, September 11. 1850.

* * * * *

MINOR QUERIES.

_Jeremy Taylor's Ductor Dubitantium._--Book I. chap. 2. Rule 8. Sec. 14.--

"If he (the judge) see a stone thrown at his brother judge, as happened
at Ludlow, not many years since."

(The first ed. was published in 1660). Does any other contemporary writer mention this circumstance? or is there any published register of the assizes of that time?

_Ibid._ Chap. 2. Rule 3. Sec. 32.--

"The filthy gingran."

Apparently a drug or herb. Can it be identified, or its etymology pointed out?

_Ibid._ Sec.. 50.--

"That a virgin should conceive is so possible to God's power, that it
is possible in nature, say the Arabians."

Can authority for this be cited from the ancient Arabic writers?

A.T.

_First Earl of Roscommon._--Can you or any of your correspondents put me on any plan by which I may obtain some information on the following subject? James Dillon, first Earl of Roscommon, married Helen, daughter of Sir Christopher Barnwell, by whom he had seven sons and six daughters; their names were Robert, Lucas, Thomas, Christopher, George, John, Patrick. Robert succeeded his father in 1641, and of his descendants and those of Lucas and Patrick I have some accounts; but what I want to know is, who are the descendants of Thomas (particularly), or of any of the other three sons?

Lodge, in his _Peerage_, very kindly kills all the sons, Patrick included; but it appears that he did not depart this life until he had left issue, from whom the late Earl had his origin. If Lodge is thus wrong in one case, he may be in others, and I have reason to believe that Thomas left a son settled in a place in Ireland called Portlick.

FRANCIS.

_St. Cuthbert._--The body of St. Cuthbert, as is well known, had many wanderings before it found a magnificent resting-place at Durham. Now, in an anonymous _History of the Cathedral Church of Durham_, without date, we have a very particular account of the defacement of the shrine of St. {326} Cuthbert, in the reign of Henry VIII. The body was found "lying whole, uncorrupt, with his face bare, and his beard as of a fortnight's growth, with all the vestments about him as he accustomed to say mass withal." The vestments are described as being "fresh, safe, and not consumed." The visitors "commanded him to be carried into the Revestry, till the king's pleasure concerning him was further known; and upon the receipt thereof the prior and monks buried him in the ground under the place where his shrine was exalted." Now, there is a tradition of the Benedictines (of whose monastery the cathedral was part) that on the accession of Elizabeth the monks, who were apprehensive of further violence, removed the body in the night-time from the place where it had been buried to some other part of the building. This spot is known only to three persons, brothers of the order; and it is said that there are three persons who have this knowledge now, as communicated from previous generations.

But a discovery was made in 1827 of the remains of a body in the centre of the spot where the shrine stood, with various relics of a very early period and it was asserted to be the body of St. Cuthbert. This, however, has not been universally assented to, and Mr. Akerman, in his _Archaeological Index_, has--

"The object commonly called St. Cuthbert's Cross" (though the
designation has been questioned), "found with human remains and other
relics of the Anglo-Saxon period, in the Cathedral of Durham in
1827."--p. 144.

There does seem considerable discrepancy in the statements of the remains found in 1827 and the body deposited 1541.

I will conclude with asking, Is there any evidence to confirm the tradition of the Benedictines?

J.R.N.

_Vavasour of Haslewood.--Bells in Churches._--It is currently reported in Yorkshire that three curious privileges belong to the chief of the ancient Roman Catholic family of Vavasour of Haslewood:

1. That he may ride on horseback into York Minster.

2. That he may specially call his house a castle.

3. That he may toll a bell in his chapel, notwithstanding any law prohibiting the use of bells in places of worship not in union with the Church of England.

Is there any foundation for this report; and what is the real story? Is there still a law against the use of bells as a summons to divine services except in churches?

A.G.

_Alteration of Title-pages._--Among the advertisements in the last _Quarterly_ and _Edinburgh Reviews_, is one which replies to certain criticisms on a work. One of these criticisms was a stricture upon its title. The author states that the reviewer had a _presentation copy_, and ought to have inquired into the title under which the book was sold to the _public_ before he animaverted upon the connexion between the title and the work. It seems then that, in this instance, the author furnished the Reviews with a title-page differing from that of the body of his impression, and thinks he has a right to demand that the reviewers should suppose such a circumstance probable enough to make it imperative upon them to inquire what the real title was. Query, Is such a practice common? Can any of your readers produce another instance?

M.

_Weights for Weighing Coins._--A correspondent wishes to know at what period weights were introduced for weighing coins.

He has met with two notices on the subject in passages of Cottonian manuscripts, and would be glad of farther information.

In a MS. Chronicle, Cotton. Otho B. xiv.--

"1418. Novae bilances instituuntur ad ponderanda aurea Numismata."

In another Cottonian MS., Vitell. A. i., we read--

"1419. Here bigan gold balancis."

H.E.

_Shunamitis Poema._--Who was the author of a curious small 8vo. volume of 179 pages of Latin and English poems, commencing with "Shunamitis Poema Stephani Duck Latine redditum?"

The last verse of some commendatory verses prefixed point out the author as the son of some well-known character:

"And sure that is the most distinguish'd fame,
Which rises from your own, not father's name.
London, 21 April, 1738."

My copy has no title-page: a transcript of it would oblige.

E.D.

_Lachrymatories._--In many ancient places of sepulture we find long narrow phials which are called lachrymatories, and are supposed to have been receptacles for tears: can you inform me on what authority this supposition rests?

J.H.C.

_Egg-cups used by the Romans._--That the Romans used egg-cups, and of a shape very similar to our own, the ruins at Pompeii and other places afford ocular demonstration. Can you tell me by what name they called them?

J.H.C.

_Sir Oliver Chamberlaine._--In Miss Lefanu's _Memoirs of Mrs. Frances Sheridan_, the celebrated authoress of _Sidney Biddulph_, _Nourjahad_, and _The Discovery_, and mother of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, it is stated that "her grandfather, Sir {327} Oliver Chamberlaine," was an "English baronet." The absence of his name in any of the Baronetages induces the supposition, however, that he had received only the honour of knighthood; and the connexion of his son with Dublin, that the statement of Whitelaw and Walsh, in their history of that city, may be more correct,--viz. that "Sir Oliver Chamberlaine was descended from a respectable English family that had been settled in Dublin since the Reformation." I should be glad to be informed on this point, and also respecting the paternity of this Sir Oliver, who is not only distinguished as one of the progenitors of the Sheridans, but also of Dr. William Chamberlaine, the learned author of the _Abridgement of the Laws of Jamaica_, which he for some time administered, as one of the judges in that island; and of his grandson, the brave, but ill-fated, Colonel Chamberlaine, aide-de-camp to the president Bolivar.

J.R.W.

October 10. 1850.

_Meleteticks._--In Boyle's _Occasional Reflections_ (ed. 1669), he uses the word _meleteticks_ (pp. 8. 38.) to express the "way and kind of meditation" he "would persuade." Was this _then_ a new word coined by him, and has it been used by any other writer?

P.H.F.

_Luther's Hymns._--"In the midst of life we are in death," &c., in the Burial Service, is almost identical with one of Luther's hymns, the words and music of which are frequently closely copied from older sources. Whence?

F.Q.

_"Pair of Twises."_--What was the article, carried by gentlemen, and called by Boyle (R.B.), in his _Occasional Reflections_ (edit. 1669, p. 180.), "a pair of _twises_," out of which he drew a little penknife?

P.H.F.

_Countermarks on Roman Coin._--Several coins in my cabinet of Tiberius, Trajan, &c. bear the stamp NCAPR; others have an open hand, &c. I should be glad to know the reason of this practice, and what they denote.

E.S.T.

* * * * *

REPLIES.

GAUDENTIO DI LUCCA.

(Vol. ii., p. 247. 298.)

The _Memoirs of Sig. Gaudentio di Lucca_ have very generally been ascribed to Bishop Berkeley. In Moser's _Diary_, written at the close of the last century (MS. penes me), the writer says,--

"I have been reading Berkeley's amusing account of _Sig. Gaudentio_.
What an excellent system of patriarchal government is there developed!"

See the _Retrospective Review_, vol iv. p. 316., where the work is also ascribed to the celebrated Bishop Berkeley.

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

In the corrigenda and addenda to Kippis's _Biographia Britannica_, prefixed to vol. iii. is the following note, under the head of _Berkeley_:

"On the same authority [viz., that of Dr. George Berkeley, the bishop's
son,] we are assured that his father did not write, and never read
through, the _Adventures of Signor Gaudentio di Lucca_. Upon this head,
the editor of the _Biographia_ must record himself as having exhibited
an instance of the folly of building facts upon the foundation of
conjectural reasonings. Having heard the book ascribed to Bishop
Berkeley, and seen it mentioned as his in catalogues of libraries, I
read over the work again under this impression, and fancied that I
perceived internal arguments of its having been written by our
excellent prelate. I was even pleased with the apprehended ingenuity of
my discoveries. But the whole was a mistake, which, whilst it will be a
warning to myself, may furnish an instructive lesson to others. At the
same time, I do not retract the character which I have given of the
_Adventures of Signor Gaudentio di Lucca_. Whoever was the author of
that performance, it does credit to his abilities and to his heart."

After this decisive testimony of Bishop Berkeley's son, accompanied by the candid confession of error on the part of the editor of the _Biographia Britannica_, the rumour as to Berkeley's authorship of _Gaudentio_ ought to have been finally discredited. Nevertheless, it seems still to maintain its ground: it is stated as probable by Dunlop, in his _History of Fiction_; while the writer of a useful Essay on "Social Utopias," in the third volume of _Chambers's Papers for the People_, No. 18., treats it as an established fact.

L.

In addition to the remarks of your correspondent L., I may state that the first edition in 1737, 8vo., contains 335 pages, exclusive of the publisher's address, 13 pages. It is printed for T. Cooper, at the Globe, in Paternoster Row. The second edition in 1748, 8vo., contains publisher's address, 12 pages; the work itself 291 pages.

I find no difference between the two editions, except that in the first the title is _The Memoirs of Sigr. Gaudentio di Lucca_; and in the second, _The Adventures of Sigr. Gaudentio di Lucca_; and that in the second the notes are subjoined to each page, while in the first they follow the text in smaller type, as _Remarks of Sigr. Rhedi_. The second edition is--

"Printed for W. Innys in Paternoster Row, and R. Manby and H.S. Cox on
Ludgate Hill, and sold by M. Cooper in Paternoster Row."

With respect to the author, it must be observed that there is no evidence whatever to justify its being attributed to Bishop Berkeley. Clara Reeve, in her _Progress of Romana_, 1786, 8vo., mentions him as having been supposed to be the author; {328} but her authority seems only to have been the anonymous writer in the _Gentleman's Magazine_, vol. xlvii. p. 13., referred to by your correspondent. The author of an elaborate review of the work in the _Retrospective Review_, vol. iv., advocates Bishop Berkeley's claim, but gives no reasons of any validity; and merely grounds his persuasion upon the book being such as might be expected from that great writer. He was, however, at least bound to show some conformity in style, which he does not attempt. On the other hand, we have the positive denial of Dr. George Berkeley, the bishop's son (Kippis's _Biog. Brit._, vol. iii., addenda to vol. ii.), which, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, seems to be quite sufficient.

In a letter signed C.H., _Gent. Mag._, vol. vii. p. 317., written immediately on the appearance of the work, the writer observes:--

"I should have been very glad to have seen the author's name prefixed
to it: however, I am of opinion that it its very nearly related to no
less a hand than that which has so often, under borrowed names,
employed itself to amuse and trifle mankind, in their own taste, out of
their folly and vices."

This appears to point at Swift; but it is quite clear that he could not be the author, for very obvious reasons.

A correspondent of the _Gent. Mag._, who signs his initials W.H. (vol. lv. part 2. p. 757), states "on very good authority" that the author was--

"Barrington, a Catholic priest, who had chambers in Gray's Inn, in
which he was keeper of a library for the use of the Romish clergy. Mr.
Barrington wrote it for amusement, in a fit of the gout. He began it
without any plan, and did not know what he should write about when be
put pen to paper. He was author of several pamphlets, chiefly
anonymous, particularly the controversy with Julius Bate on Elohim."

Of this circumstantial and sufficiently positive attribution, which is dated October, 1785, no contradiction ever appeared that I am aware of. The person intended is S. Berington, the author of--

"Dissertations on the Mosaical Creation, Deluge, building of Babel, and
Confusion of Tongues, &c." London: printed for the Author, and sold by
C. Davis in Holborn, and T. Osborn in Gray's Inn, 1750, 8vo., pages
466, exclusive of introduction, 12 pages.

On comparing Gaudentio di Lucca with this extremely curious work, there seems a sufficient similarity to bear out the statement of the correspondent of the _Gentleman's Magazine_, W.H. The author quoted in the _Remarks of Sigr. Rhedi_, and in the _Dissertations_, are frequently the same, and the learning is of the same cast in both. In particular, Bochart is repeatedly cited in the _Remarks_ and in the _Dissertations_. The philosophical opinions appear likewise very similar.

On the whole, unless some strong reason can be given for questioning the statement of this correspondent of the _Gentleman's Magazine_, I conceive that S. Berington, of whom I regret that so little is known, must be considered to be the author of _The Memoirs of Gaudentio di Lucca_.

JAS. CROSSLEY.

Manchester, October 7. 1850.

* * * * *

ENGLEMANN'S BIBLIOTHECA SCRIPTORUM CLASSICORUM.

(Vol. ii., pp. 296. 312.)

The sort of defence, explanation, or whatever it may be called, founded upon usage, and offered by ANOTHER FOREIGN BOOKSELLER, is precisely what I wanted to get out, if it existed, as I suspected it did.

If your correspondent be accurate as to Engelmann, it appears that no wrong is done to _him_; it is only the public which is mystified by a variety of title-pages, all but one containing a suppression of the truth, and the one of which I speak containing more.

I now ask you to put in parallel columns extracts from the title given by Engelmann with the substitutes given in that which I received.

"Schriftsteller--welche vom "Classics ... that have Jahre 1700 bis zu Ende des appeared in Germany and the Jahres 1846 besonders in adjacent countries up to the Deutschland gedruckt worden end of 1846." sind."

I do not think it fair towards Mr. Engelmann, whose own title is so true and so precise, to take it for certain, on anonymous authority, that he sanctioned the above paraphrase. According to the German, the catalogue contains works from 1700 to 1846, published _especially_ in Germany; meaning, as is the fact, that there are some in it published elsewhere. According to the English, all classics printed in Germany, and all the adjacent countries, in all times, are to be found in the catalogue. I pass over the implied compliment to this country, namely, that while a true description is required in Germany, a puff both in time and space is wanted for England. I dwell on the injurious effect of such alterations to literature, and on the trouble they give to those who wish to be accurate. It is a system I attack, and not individuals. There is no occasion to say much, for publicity alone will do what is wanted, especially when given in a journal which falls under the eyes of those engaged in research. I hope those of your contributors who think as I do, will furnish you from time to time with exposures; if, as a point of form, a Query be requisite, they can always end with, Is this right?

A. DE MORGAN.

October 14. 1850.

* * * * * {329}

SHAKSPEARE'S USE OF THE WORD "DELIGHTED."

(Vol. ii., pp. 113. 139. 200. 234.)

I should have been content to leave the question of the meaning of the word _delighted_ as it stands in your columns, my motive, so kindly appreciated by Mr. SINGER, in raising the discussion being, by such means to arrive at the true meaning of the word, but that the remarks of L.B.L. (p. 234.) recall to my mind a canon of criticism which I had intended to communicate at an earlier period as useful for the guidance of commentators in questions of this nature. It is as follows:--Master the grammatical construction of the passage in question (if from a drama, in its dramatic and I scenic application), deducing therefrom the general sense, before you attempt to amend or fix the meaning of a doubtful word.

Of all writers, none exceed Shakspeare in logical correctness and nicety of expression. With a vigour of thought and command of language attained by no man besides, it is fair to conclude, that he would not be guilty of faults of construction such as would disgrace a school-boy's composition; and yet how unworthily is he treated when we find some of his finest passages vulgarised and degraded through misapprehensions arising from a mere want of that attention due to the very least, not to say the greatest, of writers. This want of attention (without attributing to it such fatal consequences) appears to me evident in L.B.L.'s remarks, ably as he analyses the passage. I give him credit for the faith that enabled him to discover a sense in it as it stands; but when he says that it is perfectly intelligible in its natural sense, it appears to me that he cannot be aware of the innumerable explanations that have been offered of this very clear passage. The source of his error is plainly referable to the cause I have pointed out.

It is quite true that, in the passage referred to, the condition of the body before and after death is contrasted, but this is merely incidental. The natural antithesis of "a sensible warm motion" is expressed in "a kneaded clod" and "cold obstruction;" but the terms of the other half of the passage are not quite so well balanced. On the other hand, it is not the contrasted condition of each, but the separation of the body and spirit--that is, _death_--which is the object of the speaker's contemplation. Now with regard to the meaning of the term _delighted_, L.B.L. says it is applied to the spirit "_not_ in its state _after death_, but _during life_." I must quote the lines once more:--

"Ay, but to die, and go we know not where;
To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot;
This sensible warm motion to become
A kneaded clod; _and_ the delighted spirit
To bathe in fiery floods," &c.

And if I were to meet with a hundred thousand passages of a similar construction, I am confident they would only confirm the view that the spirit is represented in the _then present_ state as at the termination of the former clause of the sentence. If such had not been the view instinctively taken by all classes of readers, there could have been no difficulty about the meaning of the word.

As a proof that this view of the construction is correct, let L.B.L. substitute for "delighted spirit", _spirit no longer delighted_, and he will find that it gives precisely the sense which he deduces from the passage as it stands. If this be true, then, according to his view, the negative and affirmative of a proposition may be used indifferently, in the same time and circumstances giving exactly the same meaning.

MR. SINGER furnishes another instance (Vol. ii., p. 241.) of the value of my canon. I think there can be no doubt that his explanation of the meaning of the word _eisell_ is correct; but if it were not, any way of reading the passage in which it occurs would lead me to the conclusion that it could not be a river. _Drink up_ is synonymous with _drink off_, _drink to the dregs_. A child, taking medicine, is urged to "drink it up." The idea of the passage appears to be that each of the acts should go beyond the last preceding in extravagance:--

"Woo't weep? Woo't fight? Woo't fast? Woo't tear thyself?
Woo't drink up eisell?"

And then comes the climax--"eat a crocodile?" Here is a regular succession of feats, the last but one of which is sufficiently wild, though not unheard of, and leading to the crowning extravagance. The notion of drinking up a river would be both unmeaning and out of place.

SAMUEL HICKSON.

September 18. 1850.

* * * * *

THE COLLAR OF ESSES.

I shall look with interest to the documents announced by Dr. ROCK (Vol. ii., p. 280.), which in his mind connect the Collar of Esses with the "Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus" of the Salisbury liturgy: but hitherto I have found nothing in any of the devices of livery collars that partakes of religious allusion. I am well aware that many of the collars of knighthood of modern Europe, headed by the proud order of the Saint Esprit, display sacred emblems and devices. But the livery collars were perfectly distinct from collars of knighthood. The latter, indeed, did not exist until a subsequent age: and this was one of the most monstrous of the popular errors which I had to combat in my papers in the _Gentleman's Magazine_. A Frenchman named Favyn, at the commencement of the seventeenth century, published {330} a folio book on Orders of Knighthood, and, giving to many of them an antiquity of several centuries,--often either fabulous or greatly exaggerated,--provided them all with imaginary collars, of which he exhibits engravings. M. Favyn's book was republished in English, and his collars have been handed down from that time to this, in all our heraldic picture-books. This is one important warning which it is necessary to give any one who undertakes to investigate this question. From my own experience of the difficulty with which the mind is gradually disengaged from preconceived and prevailing notions on such points, which it has originally adopted as admitting of no question, I know it is necessary to provide that others should not view my arguments through a different medium to myself. And I cannot state too distinctly, even if I incur more than one repetition, that the Collar of Esses was not a badge of knighthood nor a badge of personal merit; but it was a collar of livery; and the idea typified by livery was feudal dependence, or what we now call party. The earliest livery collar I have traced is the French order of _cosses de geneste_, or broomcods: and the term "order", I beg to explain, is in its primary sense exactly equivalent to "livery:" it was used in France in that sense _before_ it came to be applied to orders of knighthood. Whether there was any other collar of livery in France, or in other countries of Europe, I have not hitherto ascertained; but I think it highly probable that there was. In England we have some slight glimpses of various collars, on which it would be too long here to enter; and it is enough to say, that there were only two of the king's livery, the Collar of Esses and the Collar of Roses and Suns. The former was the collar of our Lancastrian kings, the latter of those of the house of York. The Collar of Roses and Suns had appendages of the heraldic design which was then called "the king's beast," which with Edward IV. was the white lion of March, and with Richard III. the white boar. When Henry VII. resumed the Lancastrian Collar of Esses, he added to it the portcullis of Beaufort. In the former Lancastrian regions it had no pendant, except a plain or jewelled ring, usually of the trefoil form. All the pendant badges which I have enumerated belong to secular heraldry, as do the roses and suns which form the Yorkist collar. The letter S is an emblem of a somewhat different kind; and, as it proves, more difficult to bring to a satisfactory solution than the symbols of heraldic blazon. As an initial it will bear many interpretations--it may be said, an indefinite number, for every new Oedipus has some fresh conjecture to propose. And this brings me to render the account required by Dr. Rock of the reasons which led me to conclude that the letter S originated with the office of Seneschallus or Steward. I must still refer to the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1842, or to the republication of my essays which I have already promised, for fuller details of the evidence I have collected; but its leading results, as affecting the origin of this device, may be stated as follows:--It is ascertained that the Collar of Esses was given by Henry, Earl of Derby, afterwards King Henry IV., during the life-time of his father, John of Ghent, Duke of Lancaster. It also appears that the Duke of Lancaster himself gave a collar, which was worn in compliment to him by his nephew King Richard II. In a window of old St. Paul's, near the duke's monument, his arms were in painted glass, accompanied with the Collar of Esses; which is presumptive proof that his collar was the same as that of his son, the Earl of Derby. If, then, the Collar of Esses was first given by this mighty duke, what would be _his_ meaning in the device? My conjecture is, that it was the initial of the title of that high office which, united to his vast estates, was a main source of his weight and influence in the country,--the office of Steward of England. This, I admit, is a derivation less captivating in idea than another that has been suggested, viz. that S was the initial of _Souveraine_ which is known to have been a motto subsequently used by Henry IV., and which might be supposed to foreshadow the ambition with which the House of Lancaster affected the crown. But the objection to this is, that the device is traced back earlier than the Lancastrian usurpation can be supposed to have been in contemplation. It might still be the initial of _Souveraine_, if John of Ghent adopted it in allusion to his kingdom of Castille: but, because he is supposed to have used it, and his son the Earl of Derby certainly used it, after the sovereignty of Castille had been finally relinquished, but also before either he or his son can be supposed to have aimed at the sovereignty of their own country, therefore it is that, in the absence of any positive authority, I adhere at present to the opinion that the letter S was the initial of Seneschallus or Steward.

JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS.

P.S.--Allow me to put a Query to the antiquaries of Scotland. Can any of them help me to the authority from which Nich. Upton derived his livery collar of the King of Scotland "de gormettis fremalibus equorum?"--J.G.N.

_Collar of SS_ (Vol. ii., pp. 89. 194. 248. 280.).--I am surprised that any doubt should have arisen about this term, which has evidently no _spiritual_ or _literary_ derivation from the initial letters of _Sovereign_, _Sanctus_, _Seneschallus_, or any similar word. It is (as MR. ELLACOMBE hints, p. 248.) purely descriptive of the _mechanical_ mode of forming the chain, not by round or closed links, but by hooks alternately deflected into the shape of _esses_; thus, . Whether chains so made (being more susceptible of ornament than other forms of links) may not have been in special use for particular {331} purposes, I will not say; but I have no doubt that the _name_ means no more than that the links were in the shape of the letter S.

C.

* * * * *

SIRLOIN.

Several correspondents who treat of Lancashire matters do not appear to be sufficiently careful to ascertain the correct designations of the places mentioned in their communications. In a late number Mr. J.G. NICHOLS gave some very necessary corrections to CLERICUS CRAVENSIS respecting his note on the "Capture of King Henry VI." (Vol. ii., p. 181.); and I have now to remind H.C. (Vol. ii., p. 268.) that "Haughton Castle" ought to be "Hoghton Tower, near Blackburn, Lancashire." Hoghton Tower and Whittle Springs have of late been much resorted to by pic-nic parties from neighbouring towns; and from the interesting scenery and splendid prospects afforded by these localities, they richly deserve to be classed among the _lions_ of Lancashire. It is not improbable that the far-famed beauties and rugged grandeur of "The Horr" may, for the time, have rendered it impossible for H.C. to attend to orthography and the simple designation "Hoghton Tower," and hence the necessity for the present Note.