Chapter II: Part 2

Saxo Grammaticus lived at that time, and was probably well acquainted with the events, since he was intimate with Archbishop Absolon, who took part in them in a military as well as ecclesiastical sense. In p. 333. he says:

"Waldemar the 1st, goes with a fleet through the month of the river
Zwina, then to the river which adjoins Julin and Camin, and has its
mouth divided into two. There was a long bridge joining the walls of
Julin. The king having landed 'ex adverso urbis in ripa Australi,
pontem disjici jussit.' The king cleared the way for his fleet; got to
an island Chrisztoa; crossed the river and went to Camin. He went out
to sea by that mouth."

This is given very much at length.

All this is the geography of the present day, and the names, if you read Wollin for Julin. The Oder expands into a wide lake, shut off from the sea by a bar of land, through which there are three channels. The Zwein is the middle one of the three; that which passes by Wollin and Kimmin is the eastern one.

In p. 347. he says:

"Rex ... classem ... Zuinsibus ostiis inserit, Julinique vacuas
defensoribus aedes, incendio adortus, rehabitatae urbis novitatem,
iterata penatium strage, consumpsit.... Juilinenses, cum urbis uae
recenses ruinas, ferendae obsidioni, inhabiles cernerent, perinde ac
viribus orbati, deserta patria, praesidium Caminense petiverunt, aliena
amplexi moenia, qui propria tueri diffiderent."

In p. 359. he says: The king "per Suinam invectus, Julinum oppidum, incolarum fuga desertam, incendio tentat."

Saxo mentions Julin, p. 182-24.: "Nobilissimum illius provinciae oppidum," under Harold Blatand, King of Denmark, who reigned in the latter half of the ninth century. He put a body of troops into it, who became dreadful pirates.

In p. 225. he says that the Danes compelled them to give up their pirates, who were punished. In p. 381., in the reign of Canute, son of Waldemar, there is an expedition against the Julinenses, the result of which is expressed "Julinensium rebus absumptis."

In p. 382., the king sets out for Julin, but seems to have attacked only Camin. Waldemar died in 1182, Canute, 1202 (Koch.)

Arnold (b. iii. c. 8. s. 4.) speaks of the Sclavi as finally subdued and made tributary, about 1185.

In the notes to Saxo (p. 197.) there is a long extract about Wollinum, from Chytraeus, a writer who lived 1530-1600, taken from the information of a learned old man whose uncle was born there. He says he went there to see, accompanied by many of the principal inhabitants, the remains of Julin, destroyed in 1170 by Waldemar. Wollin he calls "mediocris civitas." From the ruins, it had been more than a German mile round. Part of it was "ineditiore paulum colle." He speaks of four montes, which had castles. He says Wollin is "non aspernenda civitas," but not a thirtieth part of the ancient size.

C.B.

I regret that my questioner V., from Belgravia (Vol. ii., p. 379.), should have felt aggrieved that, upon his request for my story, I should have been compelled to reply, in the words of the Ancient Mariner:

"Story! bless you, sir, I have none to tell."

As he seems, however, so assured that some account of the destruction of a city of such opulence and renown as Vineta _must_ exist, I shall be extremely happy to learn it from him. I can assure my friend V. that neither Kanzow nor Microelius (who has, however, a plan of the stone pavement of its streets at the bottom of the Baltic), nor Giesebrecht, in his _Wendische Geschichten_ (Berlin, 1844, 3 vols. 8 vo.), know anything beyond what I have stated. And as to a great port disappearing in the ocean, without any cotemporary notice, the instances are frequent; as remarkable a one as any occurs in our own island, and at a much later period:--Ravenspur, which was a sea-port of the greatest importance, where certainly Henry IV., and, as some say, Henry VII., landed from the opposite continent, to claim and conquer their crowns, and where the father of De la Pole, {444} Duke of Suffolk, was a merchant, is now so totally lost from memory and the earth, that its very site is unknown, whether within the Humber, or outside the Spurn; possibly where now the reef called Stony Binks at the mouth of that aestuary is situated.

So far, however, as an actual legend is concerned with the destruction of a great emporium of commerce, I am happy I can supply your correspondent with one, possibly the more acceptable as it is of another famous city, not very remote from Vineta, and is not without relations belonging to the latter: I allude to the town of Wisby, Visbuy, Visbye, Visburgum, on the island of Gothland, of which the following account is found in an old Latin description of Sweden:

"Insulae unica civitas, olim potentia splendore et magnitudine celebris,
tantarum rerum jactura fracta in exiguos fines se contraxit et oppiduli
speciem refert, ut Jansonii Atlas docet. Arx prope portum satis valida.
Emporiis illis Pomeraniae clarissimis Wineta et Julin pessum euntibus,
Visbya inter omnia Regionum oppida floruit. (Olaus Magnus, l. 10. cap.
16.) Licet urbs vetustissima Visbycensis potentissima ac opulentissima
quondam fuerit _et pro minima occasione, nempe fractionis unius
fenestralis vitri vix valoris obolaris, humiliata sit_, tamen leges
maritimae et decisiones omnium controversiarum singulariter longe
lateque observantur. Ex distructa autem Vineta Gothlandos incolas
marmor, ferrum, cuprum, stannum, argentum, et inter alia duas aenei
portas grandis ponderis petiisse, et secum in Gothlandum avexisse
ferunt."

I need not remind your readers that the maritime code of Wisby even now influences many of the most important decisions affecting our present mercantile shipping, it having been the model of the Laws of the Acquitanian Islands of Re and Oleron, which Richard I. ordered to be observed in England, and which are still frequently acted on. It is, however, to the notice which I have marked in Italics that I would call the attention of V.,--the destruction of the city _on account of a small pane of glass not the value of an obolus_: and as he, no doubt, has interested himself on these northern histories, request him to explain the circumstance more in detail. I myself have often determined on searching Pontanus, and other ancient Danish authorities, but hitherto neglected, and therefore know nothing about the matter.

As to the gates, which are more especially mentioned amongst the spoils of the ruined Wineta, we find them also noticed in the same work, at its account of Wineta:

"Urbem frequentabant Graeci aut potius Russi multarumque aliarum
nationum mercatores, quorum affluxus frequens civibus ingentes divitias
et facultates conciliavit: _adeo ut portae civitatis ex aere paratae_, et
argentum tam vulgare ibi esset ut ad communium et vilium rerum usum
adhibetur."

To go, however, completely into the history of these gates would require a volume. It would be necessary to commence with the great veneration for gates in general throughout the north: whether the name of their great god Thor (a gateway) is cause or consequence would have to be considered, and his coincidence, in this respect, with Janus and Janua, the eldest deity of the Italians, which I have more largely discussed in an _Essay on a British Coin with the Head of Janus_, in the 21st No. of the Journal of the British Archaeological Association. Next, the question would arise, whether these gates have not been migratory, like those of Somnauth, which Mahmoud took to Gazni from a similar principle of deeply-rooted ancient veneration,--relics of sanctity rather than trophies of victory, and which Lord Ellenborough was so unjustly ridiculed for endeavouring to restore. Thirdly, therefore, also whether the famous gates of the cathedral of Novogorod may not be identical with those which have successively adorned Vineta's and Wisby's portals; and whether those which are still the ornament of the west door of the cathedral of Hildesheim, (which, according to the inscription which crosses their twenty scriptural bas-reliefs, were cast by Bereward, the thirteenth bishop, in 1015), may not be an existing and beautiful example; as is the bronze column, with the bas-reliefs of passages of the New Testament winding round it, and placed in the same cathedral close. It would not be too much to surmise, that even the beautiful gate of the Florence baptistery are from the same atelier, as an old Italian author sings:

"O Germania gloriosa,
Tu vasa ex aurichalcis
Ad nos subinde mittes."

WILLIAM BELL, Phil. D.

* * * * *

NICHOLAS FERRAR AND THE SO-CALLED ARMINIAN NUNNERY OF LITTLE GIDDING.

(Vol. ii., pp. 119. 407.)

Hearne, the antiquary, has preserved two curious documents relating to the Little Gidding establishment in the Appendix to his Preface to _Peter Langtoff's Chronicle_, Nos. IX. and X. See also _Thomae Caii Vindiciae_, vol. ii. The most complete account of this remarkable man is that by Dr. Peckard, formerly Master of Magdalen College, Cambridge, entitled _Memoirs of the Life of Nicholas Ferrar_, published in 1790, which has now become extremely scarce, but has been reprinted by Dr. Wordsworth, in his _Ecclesiastical Biography_, who has given in an Appendix an account of the visit of the younger Nicholas Ferrar to London, from a MS. in the Lambeth Library. The _Life of Nicholas Ferrar_, by Dr. Turner, Bishop of Ely, came into the hands of the celebrated Dr. Dodd, who published an abridgment {445} of it in the _Christian Magazine_ of 1761. This account was again republished, with additions, in 1837, entitled _Brief Memorials of Nicholas Ferrar, Founder of a Protestant Religious Establishment at Little Gidding, in Huntingdonshire_, by the Rev. T.M. Macdonogh, Vicar of Bovingdon. Some further particulars of this family may be found in Barnabas Oley's preface to _Herbert's Country Parson_, and in Bishop Hacket's _Life of Archbishop Williams_. In _Baker's MSS._ (vol. xxxv. p. 389.) in the Public Library of Cambridge, is an article entitled "Large Materials for writing the Life of Mr. Nicholas Ferrar." Isaac Walton, in his _Life of George Herbert_, also notices Ferrar, and describes minutely his mode of life at Little Gidding. From an advertisement at the end of Francis Peck's _Memoirs of Cromwell_, it appears that Peck had prepared for publication a _Life of Mr. Nicholas Ferrar_, no doubt the manuscript collections noticed by MR. RIMBAULT (p. 407.):

"Little Gidding," it has been observed, "was in England what Port Royal
was in France. Ardent devotion to the Redeemer characterised both. In
each, peace, charity, good order, and love to the souls and bodies of
men, were eminently exhibited; upon each the hand of persecution fell
with unrelenting severity. Port Royal was destroyed by the Jesuits;
Little Gidding by the Puritans."

J.Y.

Hoxton.

_Arminian Nunnery in Huntingdonshire_ (Vol. ii., p. 407.).--Allow me to refer DR. RIMBAULT to Hacket's _Life of Archbishop Williams_, Part ii. p. 50.; Izaak Walton's _Life of George Herbert_; Peter Langloft's _Chronicle_, ed. Hearne, Preface, sect xi., Appendix to Preface, Nos. IX. and X.; _Caii Vindiciae Antiquitatis Academiae Oxoniensis_, ed. Hearne, vol. ii. p. 683. 693. 697. 702. 713.; and _Memoirs of the Life of Mr. Nicholas Ferrar_, by Peter Peckard, D.D., Cambridge, 8vo., 1790 (which is reprinted with additions from a manuscript in the archiepiscopal library at Lambeth, in Dr. Wordsworth's _Ecclesiastical Biography_). In Dr. Peckard's Preface will be found somewhat respecting "the loss (probably the unjust detention)" of Francis Peck's manuscript life of Nicholas Ferrar, apparently the same manuscript which DR. RIMBAULT states he has seen.

C.H. COOPER.

Cambridge, November 16. 1850.

In Nichol's _Litterary Anecdotes_, vol. ii. p. 519., it is stated that "a capital account of the family of Ferrar was compiled by Mr. Gough for the sixth volume of the second edition of the _Biographica Britannica_." Of the only two copies known to exist of the printed portion of this sixth volume Mr. Chalmers possessed one, and he seems to have used it in the preparation of the life of Ferrar for his _Biographical Dictionary_.

JOHN J. DREDGE.

DR. RIMBAULT will find many interesting particulars relating to the so-called "Arminian Nunnery," and the family of Ferrars, together with an account of the present state of the place, in a paper by C. Colson, B.A., Fellow of St. John's College, entitled "An Account of a Visit to Little Gidding, on the Feast of S. Andrew, 1840," published in the first part of the _Transactions of the Cambridge Camden Society_, Stevenson, Cambridge, 1841.

E.V.

Dr. Peckard appears to have had the use of some of Peck's MSS. (perhaps those referred to by DR. RIMBAULT), but he regrets the loss of a MS. which he had lent to the Rev. Mr. Jones, of Sheepshall, being, a _Life of Nicholas Ferrar_, by Peck, prepared for the press, but which, after near twenty years' inquiry, he had been unable to recover. This suggests the Query, Has it ever yet been recovered? DR. RIMBAULT'S inquiry regarding Thomas Hearne has been answered by Dr. Dibdin (_Bibliomania_, London, 1811, p.381.) who informs Dr. Peckard, Dr. Wordsworth, and his Quarterly Reviewer (p. 93), that Hearne, in the Supplement to his _Thom. Caii Vind. Ant. Oxon._, 1730, 8vo., vol. ii., "had previously published a copious and curious account of the monastery at Little Gidding," which he says "does not appear to have been known to this latter editor," meaning Dr. Wordsworth. I have not Hearne's work to refer to; but Dr. Dibdin _versus_ Dr. Wordsworth and his Reviewer, as to ignorance of what so well-known an author as Tom Hearne has written, is a little curious. The word "Arminian," in DR. RIMBAULT'S Query, requires a remark. On reading the _Memoir_ which Dr. Wordsworth has edited, he will find (Appendix, p. 247.) that the Ferrars complained of "a libellous pamphlet, entitled the _Arminian Nunnery at Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire_," and that they repudiated "Arminianism and other fopperies." This suggests a further Query: Is DR. RIMBAULT possessed of that pamphlet? The attachment to books manifested by the Ferrars family entitles them, I humbly think, to as much space as your "NOTES AND QUERIES" can afford them.

J.D.N.N.

Renfrewshire.

If DR. RIMBAULT or any of your correspondents could furnish a reply to any of the Queries inserted by you in Vol. ii., p. 119., relative to the memoir published by Peckard, and other matters connected therewith, I should feel obliged.

MATERRE.

Mr. Henning of Hillingden, a descendant of the Ferrar family, through his great-uncle, Dr. John Mapletoft, (see Ward's _Lives of the Gresham Professors_), who was the great-nephew of Nicholas Ferrar, possessed one of the three curious volumes arranged by members of the family, {446} viz.--_A Digest of the History of our Saviour's Life_, with numerous plates. One of these copies was presented to Charles I. on his going into the North; another to Charles II. at the Restoration; the third remained in the family. Can any of your readers tell us whether the copies given to the two kings exist, and if so, who are the present possessors of them?

J.H.M.

Bath

* * * * *

VINEYARDS.

(Vol. ii., p. 393. 414.).

CLERICUS will find some information in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for the year 1775 (vol. xlv. pp. 513. 632.) which will direct him to a still fuller discussion of the subject in the third volume of the _Archaeologia_.

N.B.

At _Rochester_ there is a field so called; it is a very favourite _walk_. In the neighbourhood of the _Cathedral at Bath_, there is one side of a street so called.

S.S.

A part of the town of Richmond (Surrey) is called "the Vineyard." The name, of the origin of which I am ignorant, is applied to a collection of small houses between the Roman Catholic Chapel and the Rose Cottage Hotel.

W.A.G.

In the fields between Buckden and Diddington, in the county of Huntingdon, there is what is called "the Vineyard" at the present day; and connected therewith is what is called, and evidently from the shape has been, a "fish pond." In Buckden is the abbot's house, with the original door; and there is no doubt but what the above was, in olden times, belonging to a religious house in that part.

M.C.R.

A small close of land adjoining the churchyard at Oiston, Nottinghamshire (due west of the church), goes by the name of "the Vineyard."

P.P.

There is also a street at Abingdon called "the Vineyard," from the land having been formerly used for that purpose by the Benedictines of Abingdon Abbey. If my memory do not betray me, there is some interesting information on the early cultivation of the vine in England, in an article by Mr. T. Hudson Turner, in the _Archaeological Journal_, which I have not now at hand.

H.G.T.

There was a vineyard belonging to Ely Place, Holborn: and another probably in the Abbey grounds at Westminster. A portion of the estate of the late Chas. Powell, Esq., of Hinton Court, near Hereford, was called the "Vineyard" and the Vineyard of the Monks of St. Mary's is yet pointed out by the good folks of Beaulieu in Hampshire. The vineyards of Bath are in the heart, not the suburbs of the present town.

MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.

* * * * *

TREATISE OF EQUIVOCATION.

(Vol. ii., p. 168.).

As supplementary to J.B.'s valuable paper on the _Treatise of Equivocation_, I transcribe the following from the _Smith Manuscripts_ (num. lxix. 5. p. 35.), thinking it may leave an interest for some of your readers:--

"_Apud, D.P._ 13th of May, 1597.

_Gerard the Jesuite, his Defence of AEquivocation._

John Gerard, the Jesuite, being told that, upon the arraignment of
Sowthwell the priest of high treason, one of the witnesses being asked
upon her oath by one of the judges, in open court, whether Sowthwell
were ever in Bellamie's house, said that she had been perswaded by
Sowthwell to affirme upon her oath, that she did not see Sowthwell in
Bellamie's house and to keep this secret in her mind, of INTENT TO TELL
YOU, whereas in truth she had seen him diverse times in Bellamie's
house; and Sowthwell being charged therewith, openly confessed the
same, and sought to justifie the same by the place out of Jeremie, that
a man ought to swear _in judicio, justitia, et veritate_. Now, this
John Gerrard, being asked what his opinion and judgment was concerning
Southwell's opinion above said, said that he was of the same opinion,
and seemed to justifie the same by the example of our Saviour Christ,
who said to His disciples, that _you shall go to Jerusalem, Ego autem
non ascendam_, keeping this secret to himself, of INTENT TO TELL YOU.
And also sayeth that our Saviour Christ said, that the Son of Man did
not know of the day of judgment, keeping this secret to himself, OF
INTENT TO TELL YOU; for he sayeth, that as he was Son of Man he knew
it, and could not be ignorant of any thing: and furder sayeth, that a
witness being examined, _juridice_ and of temporal things, not
concerning religion or Catholics, cannot answer with such aequivocation
as is above said. And, forasmuch as this opinion and the defence
thereof seemed to be damnable and blasphemous, he was required to sett
down his own opinion therein, least he should be mistaken; but he
denied the same, not because it is untrue, but because he would not
publish it. Then being required to subscribe the same, denied the same
also.

RICHARD BARKLEY.
WILLIAM WAAD.
EDWARD COOK.
THOMAS FLEMING."

The reference "_Apud. D.P._," which stands as I have placed it above, may perhaps enable some of your contributors to point out the source from which this account is derived. The date at the top appears to have been added by a later hand.

J. SANSOM.

Oxford, Nov. 1850.

* * * * *

RIOTS IN LONDON.

(Vol. ii., pp. 273. 332.)

Will you do me the favour to insert the following attempt to set right and disentangle the thread {447} of my narrative respecting the death of young Allen. Certain it is that I was not "an actor nor spectator," in the riots of 1768, for they occurred some little time before I was born! It is equally certain that a man well remembered by me as our servant, whose name was "Mac," was a soldier concerned in the affair of Allen's death. As all the three soldiers had the prefix of "Mac" to their names, I cannot tell which of them it was, but it was _not_ the man who really shot Allen, and _was never again heard of_; for "Mac," whom I so well remember, must have lived with my father _after_ the affair of 1768, or _I_ could not have known him. In my youthful remembrance, I have blended the story about him with the riots which I had witnessed in 1780: this is the best and only explanation I can give. Sure I am, that all my father related to me of that man was true. I presume the "Mac" I knew must have been Maclane, as your correspondent E.B. PRICE thinks probable, because of his trial and acquittal, which agrees with my father's statement; and especially as he was singled out and erroneously accused of the crime--as the quotation above referred to states. All I can say is, I can relate no more; I have told the story _as I remember it,_ and for myself can only apologise that (though not so old as to witness the riots of 1768) I am old enough to experience that Time has laid his hand not only on my head to whiten my locks, but in this instance compels me to acknowledge that even the memories of my early days are, like the present, imperfect. The failure is with me, not with my father.

This vindication of my honourable parent's undoubted veracity reminds me of a circumstance that I have read or heard in a trial with regard to a right of way across an inclosure. Several aged men had given their evidence, when one said, "I remember that a public footpath for more than 100 years." "How old are you?" said the counsel. "Somewhere about eighty," was as the reply. "How then do you remember the path for 100 years?" "I remember (said the old man firmly), when a boy, sitting on my father's knee, and he told me of a robbery that took place on that footpath; and so I know it existed _then_, for _my father never told a lie_." The point was carried, and the footpath remains open to this day, to tell to all generations _the beauty of truth_.

SENEX.

In Malcolm's _Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London during the eighteenth Century_, 4to. 1808, there is a

"Summary of the Trial of Donald Maclane, on Tuesday last, at Guildford
Assizes, for the murder of William Allen Jun. on the 10th of May last
in St. George's Fields."

Upon the trial mention was made of the paper stuck up against the walls of the King's Bench Prison, from which it appears that it contained the following:

"Let * * * Judges, Ministers combine,
And here great Wilkes and Liberty confine.
Yet in each English heart secure their fame is
In spite of crowded levies at St. J----'s.
Then while in prison Envy dooms their stay,
Here grateful Britons daily homage pay."

The inscription upon the tomb of William Allen was visible in 1817, and in addition to the inscription on the north side, which has already been printed in "NOTES AND QUERIES" (Vol. ii., p. 333), was as follows:--

_South Side._

"O disembody'd soul! most rudely driven
From this low orb (our sinful seat) to Heaven,
While filial piety can please the ear,
Thy name will still occur for ever dear:
This very spot now humaniz'd shall crave
From all a tear of pity on thy grave.
O flow'r of flow'rs! which we shall see no more,
No kind returning Spring can thee restore,
Thy loss thy hapless countrymen deplore.

_East Side._

"O earth! cover not thou my blood."--_Job._ xvi. 18.

_West Side._

"Take away the wicked from before the King, and His throne shall be
established in righteousness."--_Prov._ xxiii. 5.

Fifteen months afterwards the father of William Allen presented a petition to his majesty for vengeance on the murderers of his son.

O. SMITH.

* * * * *

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES

_Osnaburg Bishopric_ (Vol. ii. p. 358.).--By the treaty of Osnaburg, in 1624, it was stipulated "that the alternate nomination to the Bishopric of Osnaburg should be in the catholic bishops, and in the protestant branches of the house of Luneburg." Thus, the Princes Ernest Augustus, the father of George I., Ernest Augustus, brother of the same monarch, and the late Duke of York, became sovereign-bishops of Osnaburg. But by the treaty of Vienna, in 1815, the bishopric became an integral part of the kingdom of Hanover. (Vide _Halliday's House of Guelph_, 4to. 1820, pp. 134, 135, 335.)

F.E.

_Death of Richard II._ (Vol. ii., p. 391.).--Otterburn tells us (pp. 228, 229.) that Richard II.'s death took place at _Pontefract Castle_, on St. Valentine's day, and adds, that the body was exposed to public view in all the principal towns through which it passed on the road to London. See also Walsingham (p. 363.):

"Clausitque diem extremum _apud castrum de Pontefracto_, die Sancti
Valentini."

{448} The Keeper of the Wardrobe, moreover, received 100 marks for the conveyance of the king's body from Pontefract to London. (_Issue Rolls_, 1 Henry IV.)

It was the belief of many contemporaries--and arguments have been adduced by modern writers in support of the supposition--(see a very interesting treatise on the subject in the second volume of Tytler's _History of Scotland_), that Richard II. escaped from his prison, and lived for several years in Stirling Castle. But be that as it may, Froissart, I think, is clearly wrong in stating that he died in the Tower of London.

O.P.Q.

In answer to your Query relative to the death of Richard II., and his dying at Pontefract, I beg to refer you to Devon's printed _Pell Records_, Hen. III. to Hen. VI., p. 275, for the following entry:

"17 February. To Thos. Tuttabury, clerk, keeper of the king's wardrobe,
In money paid to him by the hands of Wm. Pampleon, Esq., for expenses
incurred for the carriage of the body of Richard, late king of England,
_from the town of Pomferait to London_, by Writ, &c., 66l. 13s. 4d."

Again, at page 276.:

"To a certain other valet, sent from London, by direction of the king's
council, to Pontfreyt Castle for the protection and safe custody of the
body of Richard II., late king of England, In money paid to his own
hands for his wages and expenses, 6s. 8d."

This seems to be decisive of the question; but there are several other interesting entries bearing on the same point.

D.P.R.

_Scottish Prisoners sold to Plantations_ (Vol. ii., pp. 297. 350. 379.).--

"The judgements of heaven were never so visible upon any people as
those which have fallen upon the Scots since [the sale of Charles I.];
for, besides the sweeping furious plague that reigned in Edinburgh, and
the incredible number of witches which have increased, and have been
executed there since; besides the sundry shameful defeats they have
received by the English, who carried away more of them prisoners than
they were themselves in number; _besides that many of them died of mere
hunger; besides that they were sold away slaves, at half a crown a
dozen, for foreign plantations among savages_; I say besides all this
chain of judgements, with diverse others, they have quite lost their
reputation among all mankind; some jeer them, some hate them, and none
pity them."--Howell's _German Dict._, p. 65., 1653.

Echard, in _Hist. Eng._, vol. ii. p. 727., speaking of the prisoners taken at Worcester, says that Cromwell

"marched up triumphantly to London, driving four or five thousand
prisoners like sheep before him; making presents of them, as occasion
offered, as of so many slaves, and selling the rest for that purpose
into the English plantations abroad."

W. DN.

_Lachrymatories._--There is absolutely _no_ authority in any ancient author for this name, and the best scholars speak of these vessels as _the bottles usually called lachrymatories_, &c. It would be curious to discover when the name was first used, and by whom first this absurd use was imagined. It _[illegible]_ that their _proper_ use was to contain perfumes, scents, and unguents, as sweet odours to rest with the departed. Becker says:

"Bottles, filled with perfumes, were placed inside the tomb, which was
besprinkled _odoribus_. These are the tear-flasks, or _lachrymatories_,
so often mentioned formerly."--_Gallus_, p. 413. Eng. Tr.

A wasteful use of perfumes at funerals (_sumptuosa respersio_, Cicero de Legibus, ii. 23.) was forbidden by the Twelve Tables. The eighth verse of the fifty-sixth Psalm,

"My flight thou numberest: put my tears in thy bottle: stand they not
in thy book?"--_Hengstenberg_, Clarke's Tr. Edinb.

is, I believe, the only evidence that can be brought in favour of the old opinion; but we surely cannot take the highly figurative language of Eastern poetry to establish a Roman custom of which we have no hint elsewhere. This verse admits of a much simpler interpretation; see Arndt, quoted by Hengstenberg _ad locum_. From a review of _Museum Disneianum_, which appeared in No. XXIII. of the _Classical Museum_, it seems that Mr. Disney has devoted to this subject some pages of the introduction to Part II. of the above work, of which a summary is given by the reviewer.

ED. S. JACKSON.

Torreridge, Herts, Oct. 23.

_Querela Cantabrigiensis_ (Vol. ii., pp. 168. 205.).--MR. SANSOM is sustained by Anthony Wood in assigning the _Querela_ to Dean Ryves; but it may be doubted whether he were anything but the editor, publishing it as an Appendix to the _Mercurius Rusticus_. The title of the work is _Querela Cantabrigiensis: or A Remonstrance by way of Apologie for the banished Members of the late flourishing University of Cambridge, by some of the said Sufferers_. Now Dean Ryves was a member of the University of Oxford. In Wood's _Fasti_, it is stated that he took the degree of B.A., Oct. 26, 1616, being then of New College. On June 9, 1619, he was admitted of Magdalen College, as a member of which he took his B.D. in 1632, and proceeded to D.D. in 1639. He had nothing therefore to do with the sufferings of the members of the University of Cambridge. In the _Life of Dr. Barwick_, the account given of the _Querela Cantabrigiensis_ is:--

"But _Mr. Barwick's_ no inconsiderable part of this tragedy, together
with others of the university, groaning under the same yoke of tyranny,
_and each taking a particular account of the sufferings of his own
college_, {449} gave a distinct narrative of all these barbarities, and
under the title of _Querela Cantabrigiensis_, or the _University of
Cambridge's Complaint_, got it printed by the care of _Mr. Richard
Royston_, a bookseller of _London_, who did great service to his king
and country, by printing and disposing, in the most difficult times,
books written in defence of the royal cause." pp. 32-33.

In the Appendix (p.495. note), Dr. Bruno Ryves is mentioned, and spoken of as the author of _Mercurius Rusticus_; but no notice is taken of his being one of the authors of the _Querela_. Of Dr. Ryves, who assisted in the Polyglot, a good account is given in Todd's _Life of Bishop Walton_, vol. i. pp. 306-309.

Barwick was upon another occasion assisted in a work against the League and Covenant, published in 1644, by William Lacy of St. John's, Isaac Barrow of Peter-House, Sethward of Sidney College, Edmund Baldero, and William Quarles of Pembroke Hall, and Peter Gunning of Clare Hall. It is not an improbable conjecture that some of these distinguished men assisted in the composition of the _Querela_.

A.B.R.

Easton.

_"Then" for "than."_--At the end of Selden's _Titles of Honour_ (edit. 1631), after the list of "Faults escapled in print," occur the words, "may with no less difficulty be amended _then_ observed?" Was the word _then_ commonly used in the sense of _than_; or is it a misprint?

P.H.F.

[Dr Latham, in _English Language_, p. 377. (3d ed.), observes. "As to
the word _than_, the conjunction of comparison, it is a variety of
_then_; the notions of _order_, _sequence_, and _comparison_, being
allied. _This is good; then_ (or _next in order_) _that is good_, is an
expression sufficiently similar to _this is better than that_ to have
given rise to it."]

_Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception_ (Vol. ii., p. 407.).--"The Papal decision" referred to may probably be found in the Popes Letters of 2nd Feb. 1849, and of 20th May, 1850. The former professes to seek for information on this question from the priests and bishops of the whole Catholic world, but at the same time it enunciates clearly the Pope's opinion in favour of the doctrine.

J.H.M.

Bath.

In the _Catholic Annual Register for the Year ended 30th June, 1850_, published by Dolman, will be found the recent Allocution of his Holiness Pius IX., a Pastoral of the Cardinal Wiseman, and one from the bishops of America on this subject; from which your correspondent L. will be fully able to discover the present state of the doctrine of the Catholic Church on this mystery.

FESTE.

_Letters of Horning_ (Vol. ii., p. 393.).--Letters of Horning, in the law of Scotland, are writs issuing under the signet of the sovereign (used in the Supreme Court, or Court of Session, for signifying the sovereign's assent to writs issuing from that court) obtained by creditors, commanding messengers at arms

"To charge the debtor to pay or perform his obligation within a day
certain." ... "If payment be not made within the days mentioned in the
horning, the messsenger, after proclaiming three oyesses at the
marketcross of the head borough of the debtor's domicil, and reading
the letters there, blows three blasts with a horn, by which the debtor
is understood to be proclaimed rebel to the king for contempt of his
authority."

Sec. 26. "Denunciation, if registered within fifteen days, either in the
sheriff's books or in the general register, drew after it the rebel's
single cheat, i.e. forfeiture of his moveables to the crown. So severe
a penalty, with the character of rebel affixed to denunciation on civil
debts, was probably owing to this; that anciently letters of horning
were not granted but to enforce the performance of facts within one's
own power, and when afterwards [in 1584] they came to be issued on
liquid debts, the legislature neglected to soften the penalty. Insomuch
that those who were denounced rebels, even for a civil cause, might be
put to death with impunity till 1612. Persons denounced rebels have not
a _persona standi ne judicio_. They can neither sue nor defend in any
action."

I have preferred, to any explanation of my own, to make the preceding extracts from Erskine's _Principles of the law of Scotland_, Book ii., Title 5., Sections 24, 25, 26.,--a standard institutional work of the highest authority.

For those who are disinclined to examine the subject too gravely, I must refer to another authority equally worthy of credit, viz. Sir Walter Scott's _Antiquary_, where, in Chapter xviii.,

"Full of wise saws and modern instances."

the subject of imprisonment for debt in Scotland is discussed most ably by Jonathan Oldbuck, Esq., of Monkbarns, who proves to his nephew, Captain McIntyre, that in that happy country no man can be legally imprisoned _for debt_. He says,--

"You suppose now a man's committed to prison because he cannot pay his
debts? Quite otherwise; the truth is, the king is so good as to
interfere at the request of the creditor, and to send the debtor his
royal command to do him justice within a certain time; fifteen days, or
six, as the case may be. Well, the man resists, and disobeys; what
follows? Why, that he be lawfully and rightfully declared a rebel to
our gracious sovereign, whose command he has disobeyed, and that by
three blasts of a horn, at the market-place of Edinburgh, the
metropolis of Scotland. And he is then legally imprisoned, not on
account of any civil debt, but because of his ungrateful contempt of
the royal mandate."

I have only quoted what was absolutely necessary to answer the Query; but there is much more to be found on the subject in the same place.

I cannot suppose that there is any one of your readers so illiterate as not to have read the _Antiquary_, {450} there are few memories which are not the better for being from time to time refreshed. My own is not of the best, which is sometimes disadvantageous to me, but not in a case like this. I have frequently read over the _Antiquary_, again and again, and have always derived much pleasure and amusement from so doing, and that pleasure I hope still again to enjoy.

J. S----s.

_Dr. Euseby Cleaver_ (Vol. ii., p. 297.).--Your correspondent H. COTTON, Thurles, Ireland, is mistaken with reward to Dr. Euseby Cleaver. He was never Bishop of Cork and Ross. He was Bishop of Ferns and Leighlin, and translated thence to the archbishopric of Dublin _about_ the year 1805. No doubt the transaction will be found in the Registry of Ferns, but I do not know the date of his consecration.

I was acquainted with that good man, and my mother was his first cousin.

R.S.

Belgave, Nov. 15. 1850.

_Mrs. Partington_ (Vol. ii., pp. 377. 411.).--In the Rev. Sydney Smith's speech at Taunton, on the Lords' rejection of the Reform Bill, October, 1831, is this passage:

"The attempt of the Lords to stop the progress of reform, reminds me
very forcibly of the great storm of Sidmouth, and of the conduct of the
excellent Mrs. Partington on that occasion. In the winter of 1824,
there set in a great flood upon that town--the tide rose to an
incredible height--the waves rushed in upon the houses, and everything
was threatened with destruction. In the midst of this sublime and
terrible storm, Dame Partington, who lived upon the beach, was seen at
the door of her house with mop and pattens, trundling her mop,
squeezing out the sea-water, and vigorously pushing away the Atlantic
Ocean. The Atlantic was roused. Mrs. Partington's spirit was up; but I
need not tell you that the contest was unequal. The Atlantic Ocean beat
Mrs Partington. She was excellent at a slop or a puddle, but she should
not have meddled with a tempest."

This speech is reprinted in the collected editions of Sydney Smith's _Works_. Unless an allusion to Mrs. Partington of a prior date to October, 1831, is produced, we may fairly consider that the celebrity of that lady is owing to Sydney Smith.

I doubt if Lord Brougham ever alluded to Mrs. Partington. Certain it is he never made any speech in the House of _Commons_ on the Reform Bill, as he was raised to the peerage some months before that bill was brought forward.

C.H. COOPER.

_"Never did Cardinal bring good to England"_ (Vol. ii., p. 424.).--Your correspondent O.P.Q. refers to Dr. Lingard's _History of England_, in which this exclamation of the Duke of Suffolk, on the adjournment of the legatine inquiry into the validity of the marriage of Henry VIII. and Catharine of Arragon, is termed an "old saw," and remarks that he should be glad to know if this saying is to be met with elsewhere, and what gave rise to it. Before we enter upon the inquiries suggested by O.P.Q., it seems to me that we have to consider a previous question--what authority is there for terming it an "old saw." Dr. Lingard refers to "Cavendish, 434.; Herbert, 278." as his authorities for the whole paragraph. But Herbert does not contain anything of the kind and Cavendish relates the matter very differently:

"With that stepped forth the Duke of Suffolk from the king, and lay his
commandment spoke these words with a stout and an hault countenance,
'It was never merry in England,' quoth he, 'whilst we had cardinals
amongst us!'"--Cavendish's _Wolsey_, pp. 232, 233, Singer's edition.

Is Dr. Lingard the authority for these words being an "old saw", or has he merely omitted to give a reference to the place from whence he really derived them?

BERUCHINO.

_Pandects, Florentine Edition of_ (Vol. ii., p. 421.).--Your correspondent R.G. will find copies of the Florentine edition of the Pandects of 1553, both in the British Museum and in the Bodleian library at Oxford. It is described in the catalogues of both under the title of _Pandecta_.

C.L.L.

_Master John Shorne_ (Vol. ii., p. 387.).--Mr. Thoms, in his curious notes on this personage, has expressed much regret that fuller details relating to a representation of _Magister Johannes Schorn_ at Cawston, Norfolk, communicated to the Archaeological Institute by the Rev. James Bulwer, had not been preserved in the _Archaeological Journal_. I believe that the omission was solely in deference to Mr. Bulwer's intention of giving in another publication the results of his inquiries, and those persons who may desire detailed information regarding Master John will do well to peruse Mr. Bulwer's curious memoir in the _Norfolk Archaeology_, vol. ii. p. 280., published March 1849, where representations of the figure at Cawston, and of another at Gateley, Norfolk, are given. There seems to be no evidence that Sir John, although in both instances pourtrayed with _nimbus_, had been actually canonized and it is deserving of notice that in no ancient evidence hitherto cited is he designated as a Saint, but merely as Master, or Sir John. I am surprised that Dr. Husenbeth, who is so intimately conversant with the examples of hagiotypic symbols existing in Norfolk, should not have given him even a supplementary place in his most useful manual of the _Emblems of Saints_, recently published. (Burns, 1850, 12mo.) I have sought for Sir John in vain, in either section of that valuable work. It occurs neither under the names of saints, nor in the series of emblems.

ALBERT WAY.

_"Her brow was fair"_ (Vol. ii p. 407.).--The author of the passage quoted by J.M.B. is Barry Cornwall. It occurs in one of the delicious {451} little "Miscellaneous Poems" attached to the volume entitled _Dramatic Scenes_. The quotation is not quite accurate, the last two words of the first line, "and look'd," being carried into the second, and thus destroying the metre of both. The Dr. Armstrong alluded to by J.M.B. is, I suppose, a modern celebrity of whom I must plead guilty of being ignorant. The lines could, of course, only occur in the writings of the Dr. Armstrong who wrote _The Art of Preserving Health_, and who was the friend of the poet Thomson, through the interpolation of some modern editor, within the last thirty years. Barry Cornwall's poems have never been collected, in this country at least; and as the volume which contains the one in question is to be met with only occasionally, on the book stalls, I send you the entire poem:--

THE MAGDALEN.

"And woman who had wept her loveliest dower
There hid her broken heart.
_Paris._ "I do remember it. Twas such a face
As Guido would have loved to dwell upon;
But oh! the touches of his pencil never
Could paint her perfect beauty. In her home
(Which once she did desert) I saw her last;
Propp'd up by pillows, swelling round her like
Soft heaps of snow, yielding, and fit to bear
Her faded figure. I observed her well:
Her brow was fair, but _very_ pale, and look'd
Like stainless marble; a touch methought would soil
Its whiteness. O'er her temple one blue vein
Ran like a tendril; one through her shadowy hand
Branch'd like the fibre of a leaf--away.
Her mouth was tremulous, and her cheek wore then
A flush of beautiful vermilion,
But more like art than nature; and her eye
Spoke as became the youthful Magdalen,
Dying and broken-hearted."

G.J. DE WILDE.

_Dodd's Church History_ (Vol. ii., p. 347).--G.R., who is good enough to speak of my edition of this work in a very flattering manner, presumes, and not unnaturally, from the lengthened period which has elapsed since the appearance of the last, or fifth volume, that its continuation "has for some reason or other been abandoned." I am glad, however, to inform him that such is not the case. Health, and other uncontrollable circumstances, have unfortunately interfered to impede the progress of the work; but that it is not abandoned, I hope, ere long, to give to him and to the public a practical evidence.

M.A. TIERNEY.

Arundel, Nov. 1850.

_Blackwall Docks_ (Vol. i., pp. 141. 220.).--These, in Pepys' time, probably included more than the dry docks, known as Wigram's and Green's; _e.g._, in Sir Thomas Brame's _Letters_, dated 29th Sept. 1666, we read:

"Blackwall hath the largest wet dock in England, and belongs chiefly to
the East India Company."--Sir Thos. Brame's _Letters_, edit. Wilkin, t.
i. p. 135.

W. DN.

_Wives of Ecclesiastics_ (Vol. i., p. 149.).--In Archdeacon Hale's _Curious Precedents in Criminal Causes_, p. 23., under 1490, and in the parish of S. Nicholas, Coldharbour, London, we read:

"Nicholai Colde.--Johannes Warwick quondam clericus parochie ibidem
adulteravit cum Rosa Williamson et ob amorem illius mutilavit et quasi
interfecit uxorem propriam."

We may remark that the delinquent is not called Dominus, but "clericus parochie."

W. DN.

_Stephens' Sermons_ (Vol. i., p. 334.).--The sermons referred to by BALLIOLIENSIS, with a suggestion that they may be those of the Rev. W. Stephens, were preached by Rev. Samuel Johnson, vicar of Great, and rector of Little Torrington. Stephens was subsequently vicar of St. Andrew's, Plymouth, a living then in the gift of the corporation.

W. DN.

_Saying of Montaigne_ (Vol. ii., p. 278.).--I have seen this attributed to Fenelon, and, I think, to an English divine; but have no "Note," and regret I cannot recollect the name.

ESTE.

_Scala Coeli_ (Vol. ii., p. 285.)--They are not _in_ the church of St. John Lateran, but in a separate portico-like building. They form the middle flight, up which the faithful ascend on their knees, and descend by ordinary stairs on each side. These stairs are of stone (or marble), and are covered with boards, so that only parts are visible. They are said to have formed part of Pilate's house at Jerusalem; but I believe there are other claimants for the honour. One or two brass stars, inlaid in the stone, are said to mark the spots where Christ's tears fell.

ESTE.

Birmingham, Nov. 13. 1850.

_Red Hand--Holt Family--Aston Church_ (Vol. ii., p. 241.).--The tradition is not, I belive, of very ancient date. It is stated that one of the Holt family murdered his cook, and was afterwards compelled to adopt the red hand in his arms. It is, however, obviously only the "Ulster badge" of baronetcy. I have never heard any further particulars of the tradition.

ESTE.

_Swearing by Swans_ (Vol. ii., p. 392.).--

"Toison d'or parut ensuite; il apportait un faisan vivant, orne d'un
collier d'or; alors le duc Philippe, suivant l'ancien usage qu'avaient
les seigneurs de preter leurs serments sur quelque noble oiseau, jura
qu'il irait en personne dans l'Orient combattre le chef des Sarrasins."
&c., &c.--_Histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne_, par F. Valentin, troisieme
edition, p. 235. 8vo. Tours, 1846.

E.J.M.

Oxford.

{452} _"Tickhill, God help me!"_ (Vol. i., p. 247.).--Chagford, on the borders Dartmoor, in Devon, is in winter a very desolate and almost unapproachable place. If an inhabitant be asked at this season concerning his locality, he calls it, in sad tones, "Chagford, good Lord!" In summer the place is picturesque and much sought, and then the exulting designation is "Chaggiford, and what d'ye think?"

Widdicombe-in-the-Moor, in the same neighbourhood, is a most out-of-the-way place, and is commonly spoken of as "Widdicombe in the cold country, good Lord!"

J.W.H.

_"Noli me tangere"_ (Vol. ii., p. 253.).--To the list given of the painters of this subject may be added _Frederico Baroccio_. A singularly beautiful engraving by Raphael Morghen of this picture, then in the possession of the Marquis Bonvisi of Lucca, was published at Florence, 1816.

C.I.R.

_Judas Bell, Judas Candle, &c._ (Vol. ii., p. 298.).--In the parish accounts of Lambeth, the two following entries occur:--

"1516. To James Calcot for payntyng of Judas, 6d."
"1523. Paid for a staff for Judas crosse -- 4d."

I venture to add these to the instances cited by Mr. Walcott, hoping that the slightly varied form may furnish a clue by which some of your readers may be able to unravel the meaning of such allusions more satisfactorily than any yet attempted.

J.C.B.

_Burial towards the West_ (Vol. ii., p. 408.).--Mr. Hawker has stated very confidently that

"It was the ancient usage of the Church that the martyr, the bishop,
the saint, and even the priest, should occupy in their sepulture a
position the reverse of the secular dead, and lie down with their feet
westward and their heads to the rising sun."

It is true that a custom has existed in many places for nearly two centuries and a half to assign to the clergy a method of interment distinct from that adopted for the laity; and the observance of this usage is not limited to Romanists, for its continuance may be noted among members of the Church of Ireland also, at least in remote districts of that country. With respect to this matter, however, your correspondent has entirely misapplied the term "ancient;" for until the seventeenth century there was not any difference in the mode of sepulture prescribed for priests and laymen but, most commonly, all persons entitled to Christian burial were placed with their feet toward the east, in consequence of a tradition relative to the position of our Saviour's body in the tomb. (Haimo, _Hom. pro Die Sancto Pasch._; J. Gregrory, _Oriens nomen Ejus_, 85., Martene, _De Antiq. Eccles. Ritibus_, tom. ii. p. 374. Venet. 1783.) It is believed that there is no earlier authority for the sacerdotal privilege in question than a rule contained in the _Rituale Romanum_ sanctioned by Pope Paul V. in June, 1614; viz.:

"Corpora defunctorum in ecclesia ponenda sunt pedibus versus altare
majus ... Presbyteri vero habeant caput versus altare."--Cap. _De
Exsequiis_, p. 63. Antwerp, 1635.

A rubric afterwards directs (p. 168.) that the bier should be so set down in the middle of the church that in every case the injunction previously given should be complied with, even from the commencement of the funeral service; and, in fact, the manner of adhering to the established practice of exhibiting in the church to the people the bodies of the deceased clergy, clad in vestments, prior to their interment (on which occasions an altar-ward posture was naturally selected for the head, in order that the remains might be more easily seen), appears to have originated the idea of the fitness of retaining an unjustifiable priestly prerogative at the time of burial.

Mr. Hawker may peruse with much advantage the first Appendix in the second edition of _Eusebii Romani Epistola de Cultu Sanctorum ignotorum_. Mabillon has herein very usefully enlarged what he had said, "De Sepultura Sacerdotum," in the preceding impression, of which a French translation was speedily published at Paris, 12mo in eights, 1698. The text of both editions may be found together in tome i. of the _Ouvrages posthumes de Mabillon et Ruinart_, a Paris, 1724.

R.G.

_Totnes Church_ (Vol. ii., p. 376).--As the priory of St. Mary stood on the N.E. side of the parish church, it is not improbable that the arched passage to which your querist H.G.T. refers may have been formed between the two buildings, and found needful to allow room for the extension of the chancel on the re-erection of the church in 1432. Perhaps if H.G.T. could refer to the ancient documents brought to light by the fall of one of the pinnacles into the room over the porch in 1799, he would gain some information in connexion with his inquiry. The following note may have reference to the very "gangway" in question:

"William Ryder of Totnes, by his will dated 18th Nov. 1432 desires to
be buried in the cemetery of the parish church, in itinere
processionali juxta ecclesiam prioris et conventus Totton, ex opposito
magni altaris ejusdem ecclesiae."--See Dr. Oliver's _Monasticum Dioc.
Exon._ p. 239.

It appears that the present churchyard is the site of the priory, but on this point the labours of the sexton would probably give some intimation.

S.S.S.

_Irish Brigade_ (Vol. ii., p. 407.).--Your correspondent J.B. will find some interesting particulars concerning the Irish Brigade in the _Military History of the Irish Nation_, by Matthew O'Conor, extending to the peace of Utrecht in 1711. It {453} was never finished. There is very valuable Appendix in French, written in 1749, and authenticated September 1. 1815, by the Adj.-Comm.-Col. De M. Morres (Herve); it gives the war-orders, pay, changes in the organization, and numbers of this gallant corps.

MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.

* * * * *

MISCELLANEOUS.

NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.