Chapter II: Part 2

_Jezebel._--Your correspondent W.G.H. believes this word to be derivable from _Baal_. That the Phoenician word [Hebrew: ba`al] (Lord) makes a component part of many Syrian names is well-known: but I do not think the contracted form [Hebrew: beil], which was used by the Babylonians, is ever found in any Syrian names. If we suppose the name [Hebrew: 'iyzebel] to be derived from [Hebrew: beil] or [Hebrew: ba`al], we must find a meaning for the previous letters. Gesenius derives the name from [Hebrew: 'y], the negative particle, [Hebrew: zbl], and gives it the sense of "innuba", _i.e._ "pure," comparing it, as a female name, with the Christian Agnes. There is but one passage, however, in Scripture which supports this secondary sense of [Hebrew: zbl] properly, "to be round," or, "to make round," and then "to dwell;" from whence [Hebrew: zbwl], "a dwelling or habitation:" also [Hebrew: zbwlwn], "dwellings," the name which Leah gives to her sixth son, because she hopes that thenceforward her husband [Hebrew: yizbleiwiy], "will dwell with me." (Gen. xxx. 20.) Gesenius considers this equivalent with "cohabit;" and from this single passage draws the sense which he assigns to [Hebrew: 'iyzebel] This seems rather far-fetched. I am, however, still inclined to give the sense of "pure, unpolluted," to [Hebrew: 'iyzebel], but on different grounds.

[Hebrew: zebel] has another sense, [Greek: kopros], particularly of camels, from the round form; and the word was common, in the later Hebrew, in that sense. Hence the evil spirit is called [Hebrew: ba`al-zbwl], a contemptuous name, instead of [Hebrew: ba`al-zbwb] = [Greek: Beelzeboul] instead of [Greek: Beelzeboub] (Matt. xii. 24.).

The negative of this word [Hebrew: 'iyzebel] might, without any great forcing of the literal sense, imply "the undefiled," [Greek: Amiautos]; and this conjecture is supported by comparing 2 Kings, ix. 37. with the same verse in the _Targum_ of Jonathan. They are as follows: (Heb.):

[Hebrew: wihayta niblat 'iyzebel krmen `al-pneiy hasreh]

In the _Targum_ thus:

[Hebrew: wtiheiy nibeiylta' r'iyzebel kzebel mbarar `al 'apeiy taqla':]

It is quite clear that the Targumists intended here a strong allusion to the _original_ meaning of Jezebel's name; viz. that she who was named "the undefiled" should become as "defilement." I am not sure whether a disquisition of this kind may be considered irrelevant to your work; but as the idea seems not an improbable one to some whose judgment I value, I venture to send it.

E.C.H.

* * * * *

SOCINIAN BOAST.

(Vol. ii., p. 375.).

One of your correspondents, referring to the lines lately quoted by Dr. Pusey--

"Tota jacet Babylon; destruxit tecta Lutherus,
Calvinus muros, sed fundamenta Socinus."

inquires "by what Socinian writer" are these two hexameter verses used ?

In reply, I beg to remark that by "Socinian" is, I suppose, meant "Unitarian," for even the immediate converts of Socinus refused to be called Socinians, alleging that their belief was founded on the teaching of Jesus Christ; and modern Unitarians, disowning all human authority in religious matters, cannot take to themselves the name of Socinus.

The distich, however, appears to have been in use among the Polish Unitarians shortly after the death of Faustus Socinus, as respectfully expressive of the exact effect which they conceived that he had produced in the religious world. Mr. Wallace, in his _Antitrinitarian Biography_, vol. iii. p. 323., states that it is "the epitaph said to have been inscribed on the tomb of Faustus Socinus." Mr. Wallace's authority for this assertion I have not been able to discover. Bock (_Hist. Antitrinitariorum_, vol. iii. p. 725.), whom Mr. Wallace generally follows, observes that the adherents of Faustus Socinus were accustomed to use these lines "respecting his decease," (qui de ejus obitu canere soliti sunt). This would seem to imply that the lines were composed not long after the death of Faustus Socinus. Probably they formed originally a part of poem written as a eulogy on him by some minister of the Unitarian church. The case would not be without a parallel.

Three versions of the distich are before me; that cited by Dr. Pusey, and the two which follow:--

"Alta ruit Babylon; destruxit tecta Lutherus,
Muros Calvinus, sed fundamenta Socinus."
Fock, _Socinianismus_, vol. i. p. 180.

"Tota ruet Babylon; destruxit tecta Lutherus,
Muros Calvinus, sed fundamenta Socinus."
Bock, _ut supra_.

Which is the original? Bock's reading has the preference in my mind, because he is known to have founded his history on the results of his own personal investigations among the manuscripts as {484} well as the printed documents of the Polish Unitarian Churches. Besides, if, as there is reason to believe, the lines were composed shortly after the death of F. Socinus, _ruet_ (_will_ fall) would now correctly describe what, at so small a distance from the days of Luther and Calvin, may be supposed to have been the feeling among the Polish Unitarians; whereas Dr. Pusey's _jacet_ (lies low, in the _present_ tense) does as certainly partake somewhat of the grandiloquent. That no "boast," however, was intended, becomes probable, when we consider that the distich was designed to convey a feeling of reverence towards Socinus rather than an insult to Rome.

JOHN R. BEARD.

* * * * *

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES.

_The Koenigs-stuhl at Rheuze_ (Vol. ii., p. 442.).--DR. BELL, who inquires for an engraving of the old _Koenigs_ or _Kaisers-stuhl_, at Rheuze, is referrred to the _History of Germany, on the Plan of Mrs. Markham's Histories_, published by Murray, where, on the 188th page, he will find a very neat woodcut of this building, which we are told was destroyed in 1807, and rebuilt after the original model in 1843. It is of an octagon form, supported by pillars, with seven stone seats round the sides for the electors, and one in the centre for the emperor.

M.H.G.

[The woodcuts of this work deserve especial commendation, being
accurate representations of objects of historical interest, instead of
the imaginative illustrations too often introduced into works which
claim to represent the truth of history. Many of the engravings, such
as that of the _room in which the Council of Constance was held_, and
the _Cages of the Anabaptists_ attached to the tower of _St. Lambert's
Church, Munster_, are, we have understood, copied from original
sketches placed at Mr. Murray's disposal for the purpose of being used
in the work in question.]

_Mrs. Tempest_ (Vol. ii., p. 407.).--This lady was one of the two daughters of Henry Tempest, Esq., of Newton Grange, Yorkshire (son of Sir John Tempest of Tong Hall, who was created a baronet in 1664), by his wife Alathea, daughter of Sir Henry Thompson of Marston, co. York. She died unmarried in 1703. As the Daphne of Pope's pastoral "Winter," inscribed to her memory, she is celebrated in terms which scarcely bear out the remark of your correspondent, that the poet "has no special allusion to her."

J.T. HAMMACK.

_Calendar of Sundays in Greek and Romish Churches._--In reply to M.'s Query, I beg to inform him, that to find a calendar of _both_ the above churches, he need seek no further than the _Almanach de Gotha_ for the year 1851. He will there find what he wants, on authority no doubt sufficient.

D.C.

_The Conquest_ (Vol. ii., p. 440).--I do not agree with L. in thinking that the modern notion, that this word means "a forcible method of acquisition," is an erroneous one; but have no doubt that, whatever its original derivation may be, it was used in that sense. If William I. never pretended "to annex the idea of victory to conquisition," it is certain that his son William II. did: for we find a charter of his in the _Monasticon_ (ed. 1846), vol. vi. p. 992., confirming a grant of the church of St. Mary of Andover to the abbey of St. Florence, at Salmur, in Anjou, in which there is the following recital:

"Noscant qui sunt et qui futuri sunt, quod Willielmus
rex, qui _armis Anglicam terram sibi subjugavit_,
dedit." &c.

If this charter was granted by William I., under whom Dugdale has placed it in his _Chronica Series_, p. 1., _nomine Baldric_, the argument is so much the stronger; but I have endeavored to prove by internal evidence (_Judges of England_, vol. i. p. 67.) that it is a charter of William II.

EDWARD FOSS.

_Thruscross_ (Vol. ii., p. 441.).--In a sermon preached at the funeral of Lady Margaret Mainard, at Little Easton, in Essex, June 30, 1682, by Bishop Ken, he says:

"The silenced, and plundered, and persecuted clergy she thought worthy
of double honour, did vow a certain sum yearly out of her income, which
she laid aside, only to succour them. The congregations where she then
communicated, were those of the Reverend and pious Dr. Thruscross and
Dr. Mossom, both now in heaven, and that of the then Mr. Gunning, the
now most worthy Bishop of Ely, for whom she ever after had a peculiar
veneration."

"My last son Izaak, borne the 7th of September, 1651, at halfe an houre
after two o'clock in the afternoone, being Sunday, and he was baptized
that evening by Mr. Thruscross, in my house in Clerkenwell. Mr. Henry
Davison and my brother Beacham were his godfathers, and Mrs. Roe his
godmother."--_Izaak Walton's Entry in his Prayer Book._

Peckhard, in his _Life of Nicholas Ferrar_, p. 213., quotes Barwick's Life, Oley, Thruscross, and Thorndike.

W.P.

_Osnaburgh Bishopric_ (Vol. ii., pp. 358. 447.).--The succession to this bishopric was regulated by the Treaty of Westphalia, in 1648. By virtue of that treaty the see of Osnaburgh is alternately possessed by a Romish and a Protestant prince; and when it comes to the turn of a Protestant, it is to be given to a younger son of the house of Hanover. The _Almanach de Gotha_ will most probably supply the information who succeeded the late Duke of York. Looking at the names of the titular bishops of Osnaburgh, it may be inferred that the duties attached to the see are confined to its temporalities.

J.T. HAMMACK.

{485} _Nicholas Ferrar_ (Vol. ii., pp. 119. 407. 444.).--The libellous pamphlet, entitled _The Arminian Nunnery at Little Gidding_, is printed entire in the Appendix to Hearne's Preface to Langtoft. One of the Harmonies of the Life of Christ is in the British Museum, and another at St. John's College, Oxford (Qy.) (See the list of MSS. once at Gidding, Peckhard, p. 306.) N. Ferrar published and wrote the preface to Herbert's _Temple_, 1633,--and translated Valdesso's _Divine Considerations_, Camb. 1646.

W.P.

_Butchers' Blue Dress_ (Vol. ii., p. 266.).--A blue dress does not show stains of blood, inasmuch as blood, when dry, becomes of a blue colour. I have always understood this to be the explanation of this custom.

X.Z.

_Chaucer's Portrait by Occleve_ (Vol. ii., p. 442.).--This portrait is engraved in Strutt's _Regal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities_.

J.I.D.

[And we may add, in the edition of Tyrwhitt's _Canterbury Tales_,
published by Pickering--ED.]

_Chaucer's Portrait_ (Vol. ii., p. 442.).--His portrait, from Occleve's poem, has been engraved in octavo and folio by Vertue. Another, from the Harleian MS., engraved by Worthington, is in Pickering's edition of Tyrwhitt's _Chaucer_. Occleve's poem has not been printed; but see Ritson's _Biblioth. Poetica_, and Warton's _H.E.P._ A full-length portrait of Chaucer is given in Shaw's _Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages_; another, on horseback, in Todd's _Illustrations of Gower and Chaucer_.

W.P.

_Lady Jane of Westmoreland_ (Vol. i., p. 103.).--I think your correspondent Q.D. is wrong in his supposition that the two following entries in Mr. Collier's second volume of _Extracts from the Registers of the Stationers' Company_ refer to a composition by Lady Jane of Westmoreland:--

"1585-6. Cold and uncoth blowes, of the Lady Jane of Westmorland.

1586-7. A songe of Lady Jane of Westmorland."

My idea is, that the ballad (for Mr. Collier thinks that both entries relate to one production) was merely one of those metrical ditties sung about the streets of London depicting the woes and sufferings of some unfortunate lady. The question is, who was this "unfortunate lady?" She was the wife of Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, who was attainted about the year 1570, and died in Flanders anno 1584. I learn this from a MS. of the period, now before me, entitled _Some Account of the Sufferinges of the Ladye Jane of Westmorlande, who dyed in Exile. By T.C._ Perhaps at some future time I may trouble your readers with an account of this highly interesting MS.

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

_Gray and Dodsley._--As the HERMIT OF HOLYPORT has repeated his Queries on Gray and Dodsley, I must make a second attempt to answer them with due precision, assured that no man is more disposed than himself to communicate information for the satisfaction of others.

1. _Gray_: In the first edition of the _Elegy_ the epithet in question is _droning_; and so it stands in the _Poems of Gray_, as edited by himself, in 1753, 1768, &c.

2. _Dodsley_: The first edition of the important poetical miscellany which bears his name was published in 1748, in three volumes, 12mo.

BOLTON CORNEY.

* * * * *

MISCELLANEOUS.

NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.

_The New Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mythology, and History_, may be considered as the third in that important series of Classical Dictionaries for which the world is indebted to the learning of Dr. Smith. As the present work is distinguished by the same excellencies which have won for the _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities_, and the _Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology_, the widely-spread reputation they enjoy, we shall content ourselves with a few words explanatory of the arrangement of a work which, it requires no great gift of prophecy to foretell, must ere long push Lempriere from its stool. The present Dictionary may be divided into three portions. The Biographical, which includes all the historical names of importance which occur in the Greek and Roman writers, from the earliest times down to the extinction of the Western Empire; those of all Greek and Roman writers, whose works are either extant or known to have exercised an influence upon their respective literatures; and, lastly, those of all the more important artists of antiquity. In the Mythological division may be noticed first, the discrimination, hitherto not sufficiently attended to, between the Greek and Roman mythology, and which in this volume is shown by giving an account of the Greek divinities under their Greek names, and the Roman divinities under their Latin names; and, secondly, what is of still more consequence, the care to avoid as far as possible all indelicate allusions in the respective histories of such divinities. Lastly, in the Geographical portion of the work, and which will probably be found the most important one, very few omissions will be discovered of names occurring in the chief classical writers. This brief sketch of the contents of this _New Classical Dictionary_ will satisfy our readers that Dr. Smith has produced a volume, not only of immense value to those who are entering upon their classical studies, but one which will be found a most useful handbook to the scholar and the more advanced student.

_The Greek Church, A Sketch_, is the last of the Shilling Series in which Mr. Appleyard has described {486} the different sections of Christendom, with a view to their ultimate reunion. Like its predecessors, the volume is amiable and interesting, but being historical rather than doctrinal, is scarcely calculated to give the uninformed reader a very precise view of the creed of the Greek Church. It may serve, however, to assure us that the acrimony of religious discussion and the mutual jealousy of Church and State, which disquiets so many minds at present, was more than matched in the days of Constantine and Athanasius.

The last part of the _Transactions of the Academy of Sciences_ of Berlin contains two papers by Jacob Grimm, which will doubtless be perused with great interest in this country. The one on the ancient practice of burning the bodies of the dead (_Ueber das Verbrennen der Leichen_) will be of especial interest to English antiquaries; but the other, from its connexion with the great educational questions which now occupy so much of public attention, will probably be yet more attractive. It is entitled, _Ueber Schuele Universitaet Academie_. Separate copies of these Essays may be procured from Messrs. Williams and Norgate.

Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson (Wellington Street, Strand) will sell on Monday next and two following days the valuable Dramatic and Miscellaneous Library of the late John Fullarton, Esq., which contains an extensive collection of the early editions of the Old English Dramatists.

We have received the following Catalogues:--Bernard Quaritch's (16. Castle Street, Leicester Square) Catalogue No. 21. for 1850, of Antiquarian, Historical, Heraldic, Numismatic, and Topographical Books; William Heath's (291/2, Lincoln Inn Fields) Catalogue No. 6. for 1850, of Valuable Second-hand Books; Cole's (15. Great Turnstile) List of very Cheap Books.

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LAW'S LETTERS TO BISHOP HOADLEY.

MILLES, REV. ISAAC, ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE AND CONVERSATION OF, 1721.

BRAY, REV. T., PUBLIC SPIRIT ILLUSTRATED IN THE LIFE AND DESIGNS OF, 8vo. 1746.

HUET'S COMMERCE OF THE ANCIENTS, 1717.

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JEEDEE. _Notwithstanding Dr. Parr's assertion to the contrary, the _MALLEUS MALEFICARUM_ is by no means an uncommon book, as may be seen by a reference to Gruesse _(Bibliotheca Magica, p. 32.)_, where upwards of a dozen editions are enumerated, and a table of its contents may be seen. The work has been very fully analysed in the second volume of Horst's Daemonomagie, and, if we remember rightly, its history is told by Soldan in his _Gesch. der Hexenprocesse.

R.H. (Trin. Coll. Dub.) _will see that it is impossible to adopt his kind suggestion without spoiling the uniformity of the work. We have a bound copy of our First Volume now before us, and can assure him that, although the margin is necessarily narrow the book has not been spoilt by the binder._

J.S. Nortor _or _Nawter_ is only the provincial mode of pronouncing _neatherd_. The _Nolt_ market is the ancient name of a street in Newcastle--the cattle-market. See Brockett's _Gloss. of North Country Words_, s.v. _NOWT_ or _NOLT.

A.H. (Stoke Newington). "Limbeck" _is used by Shakspeare for _"Alembic;"_ and in the passage in Macbeth_,--

"That memory, the warder of the brain,
Shall be a fume, and the receipt of reason
A limbeck only."

Receipt _is used in the sense of _receptacle_; and (we quote from one of the commentators)_, "The _limbeck_ is the vessel through which distilled liquors pass into the recipients. So shall it be with memory, through which every thing shall pass, and nothing remain."

DJEDALEME TEBEYR. _Some of our correspondent's articles would, we have no doubt, have appeared ere this, but for the difficulty of deciphering his handwriting. Our correspondents little know how greatly they would facilitate our labours by writing more legibly._

_Errata._--P. 406, col. 2. l. 45, for "vingto" read "MSto;" l. 48, for "indefe_n_sus" read "indefe_s_sus." P. 469, col. 1. lines 44, 50, and 53, for "Litt_ers_" read "Litt_us_."

In the advertisement of Mr. Appleyard's _Greek Church_, in our last Number, p. 471, for "Darling, Great _Cullen_ Street," read "Darling, Great _Queen_ Street."

* * * * *

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VALUABLE LIBRARY OF THE LATE JAMES BROWN.

MESSRS. S. LEIGH SOTHEBY & JOHN WILKINSON, Auctioneer of Literary Property and Works Illustrative of the Fine Arts, will SELL by AUCTION, at their House, 3. Wellington Street, Strand, on FRIDAY, December 20, 1850, and following day, at One o'clock precisely, the VALUABLE LIBRARY of the late JAMES BROWN, Esq., for many years a Clerk in the General Post Office, comprising Comte Lamberg, Collection des Vases Grecs, expliquee et publiee par La Borde, 2 vols., a beautiful and interesting work; La Borde, Voyage Pittoresque en Autriche, 3 vols., plates finely coloured; La Borde, Descripcion de un Pavimento de Mosayco, with coloured plates; the Fine Picturesque Works of Coney, Neale, Haghe, Lawis, Mueller, Nash, and Wilkie, all fine and picked sets, complete; an Interesting Collection of Illustrious and Noble Foreigners, arranged in 5 vols.; Genealogical Illustrations of the Ancient Family of Gruee, a splendid Heraldic Manuscript, written by P. Absalom, Esq.; Dugdale, History of St. Paul's, fine copy, illustrated with extra portraits; Illustrations of the Noble family of Howard, finely emblazoned by P. Absalom, illustrated with upwards of seventy scarce portraits of the family; Lysons, Magna Britannia, 8 vols. in 9; Equestrian Portraits of the Family of Nassau and Orange, the Fine Work on Early German Stained Glass, published by Weale; Chalmers, General Biographical Dictionary, 32 vols. half russia; Lodge, Portraits of Illustrious Persons, 12 vols.; Neale. Views of the Seats in Great Britain; Sir W. Scott, Novels and Tales, 25 vols., fine copy, in calf, marbled leaves; Shaw, General Zoology, coloured plates, 30 vols.

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{488}

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