Chapter III: Part 3

"_Clarum et venerabile nomen_" (Vol. ii., p. 463.).--Your enquirer as to whence comes "Clarum et venerabile nomen," &c., will find them in Lucan. Book ix. l. 203.

E.H.

Norwich.

_Occult Transposition of Letters_ (Vol. i., p. 416.; Vol. ii., p. 77.).--_Concert of Nature._--Other examples of these ambiguous verses are given by J. Baptista Porta, _de Furtivis Literarum Notis_, one of which has suggested the following lines, as conveying the compliments of the season to the editor of "NOTES AND QUERIES:" but which, transposed, would become an unseasonable address:--

"Principio tibi sit facilis, nec tempore parvo
Vivere permittat te Dea Terpsichore.

Si autem conversis dictionibus leges, dicent,--

Terpsichore Dea te permittat vivere parvo
Tempore, nec facilis sit tibi principio."

I beg leave sincerely, to add, in the words of Ausonius (Ep. xxv.),--

"Quis prohibet Salve atque Vale brevitate parata
Scribere? Felicesque notas mandare libellis."

This magnificent epistle inculcating--

"Nil mutum Natura dedit: non aëris ales
Quadrupedesve silent," &c.

should be compared with the celebrated stanza of Spenser's _Faerie Queen_ (book ii. canto xii. st. 71.), beginning with

"The joyous birds shrouded in cheareful shade;"

and with D'Israeli's animated defence, in his _Amenities_ (vol. ii. p. 395.) of these charming verses against the [Greek: plêmmelês] and tasteless, the anti-poetical and technical, criticism of Twining, in his first _Dissertation on Poetical and Musical Imitation_.

T.J.

_Darby and Joan_ (Vol. iii., p. 38.).--I never heard of the tradition mentioned by H. I can only suppose that the poet referred to was the first person who introduced the ballad at the manor-house. Helaugh Nichols, an excellent authority in such matters, whose trade traditions, through the Boyers, father and son, went back a century and a half, tells us that the ballad was supposed to have been written by Henry Woodfall, while an apprentice to Darby. The Darbys were printers time out of mind--one Robert Darby was probably an assistant to Wynkyn de Worde, who certainly left a legacy to a person of that name. The Woodfalls, too, can be traced up as printers for nearly two centuries. _The_ Darby, and Joan, his wife, were probably John Darby, printer, in Bartholomew Close, who was {70} prosecuted in 1684 for printing "Lord Russell's Speech," and died in 1704. _The_ Woodfall, the printer, is understood to have been Henry Woodfall, afterwards "Woodfall without Temple Bar," grandfather of Henry Sampson, the printer of _Junius' Letters_, and great-great-grandfather of the present excellent printer of the same name.

J.D.Y.

_Did Bunyan know Hobbes?_ (Vol. ii., p. 518.).--Before this question, put by JAS. H. FRISWELL, can be answered satisfactorily, it should be shown that Bunyan was the author of the _Visions of Hell_. In _Chambers' Journal_ for Sept. 7. 1833, n., it is taken for granted that he was, and the passage alluding to Hobbes is noticed. Your correspondent more justly questions the fact.

A very intelligent friend of mine, who has devoted much research into the supposed origin of the _Pilgrim's Progress_, the result of which I hope ere long will appear, tells me that he is decidedly of opinion that the _Visions_ in question are not the production of the "prince of dreamers."

He believes the _Visions_ first appeared as Bunyan's in a stereotyped collection or selection of his works, about 1820-8. Some time after seeing this, my friend was surprised at meeting with the following little volume, which is now before me: _The World to Come. The Glories of Heaven, and the Terrors of Hell, lively displayed under the Similitude of a Vision_. By G.L., Sunderland. Printed by R. Wetherald, for H. Creighton, 1771. 12mo. The running title, as far as p. 95., is, _The World to Come; or, Visions of Heaven_; and on that page commence the _Visions of Hell, and of the Torments of the Damned_: and here it is the author has _charitably_ placed Hobbes, with whom the colloquy alluded to by your querist occurs.

I shall not occupy your papers with any remarks on the ignorance betrayed by G.L. (whoever he may be), both of the writings and character of Hobbes; but I shall be glad if I can lead to the elucidation of what yet remains a literary obscurity, and obtains the name of G.L.

F.R.A.

_Mythology of the Stars_ (Vol. iii., p. 23.).--G.I.C. is recommended to study the ordinary celestial globe, and to make himself familiar with its _use_, in order to enhance the interest of the spectacle of the sidereal heavens as seen by the naked eye. He is also particularly referred to the _Celestial Cycle_, by Capt. Smyth, published by Parker and Co., West Strand, in 2 vols. 8vo., price 2l. 2s.; a book full of astronomical and mythological gossip.

G.I.C. will find books on _Astrology_ for sale at Maynard's, No. 8. Earl's Court, Cranbourn Street, Leicester Square, more readily, perhaps, than any where else in London.

ROBERT SNOW.

6. Chesterfield Street, Mayfair, Jan. 13. 1851.

_Dodo Queries_ (Vol. i., pp. 261, 262.).--MR. STRICKLAND is informed, that in the list of Pingré's works, as given in Quérard's _France Littéraire,_ there is one with the following title:--

"Mémoire sur les Découvertes faites dans la Mer du Sud, avant les
derniers Voyages des Français autour du Monde, lu à l'Académie des
Sciences, 1766, 1767, 1778, in. 4."

I have not read Pingré's works, but if they contain any mention of _Solitaires_, it will probably be found in the _Mémoire_ above referred to.

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia, W.I., Nov. 1850.

_Holland Land_ (Vol. ii., pp. 267. 345.; Vol. iii., p. 30).--In an ancient charter, in my possession, bearing date 19 Edw. I.: "Gilebertus dictus ate Vorde, de Farlegh," and "James, son of the late Philip de Essche," quitclaim to James, son of Paulinus de Wynchelse:

"dimidiam acram terre Flandrensis ... in villa de Ickelesham,"

to have and to hold

una cum redditu et servitio mihi (_sic_) pertinentibus de alia dimidia
acra terre Flandrensis."

The _polders_ of Holland are familiar to all travellers, as lands lying below the level of the sea, once a mere morass, redeemed from that state, and brought into cultivation by embankments, &c., &c.

In another charter, somewhat earlier in date and relating to the same district, viz. the neighbourhood of Winchelsea, Hamo de Crevecour speaks of lands in La more in Ideun, which the monks of Robertsbridge, with consent of his father Hamo, "a mari incluserunt."

I have always supposed that the "terra Flandrensis" of my charter signified land of the same description as the Dutch polders; the art of thus redeeming land being probably introduced from the Low Countries. It is not unlikely that, in that day, lands so brought into cultivation were designated as "terre Flandrenses," and the term afterwards anglicised into "Holland Land."

L.B.L.

_Swearing by Swans_ (Vol. ii., p. 392.).--Symbology of the swan.

"Tunc allati sunt in pompatica gloria duo cygni, vel olores, ante
regem, &c. &c.,--vindicaturus."[12]--_Matthæus Westmonasteriensis_.

Dr. Lingard states that "the vows of chivalry were not taken on the gospels, but, ridiculous as it may appear, in the presence of a peacock, or {71} pheasant, or other bird of beautiful plumage."--_History of England_, Edward I.

"Nec dissimili ingenio Heraldi antiquiores, musicos et cantatores cygnis[13] donarunt. Ejusque haud ignarus perspicax noster Franciscanus cum hos a non cantoribus latos observasset, rationem se ait a rege heraldorum petiisse, eumque duplicem assignasse: hanc quia viri essent pulcherrimi, illam quia haberent longa colla. Sane candorem animi per cygni effigiem antiquitùs prædicabant, nec insulsè igitur corporis. Sed gloriæ studium ex eodem hoc symbolo indicari multi asserunt.

"Cum Edwardus primus," &c. &c.--Spelmanni _Aspilogia_, p. 132.

The Spaniards found that the swan had been employed emblematically in Mexico, supporting the theory of Hornius that that part of America was colonised by the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, inasmuch as, according to Bryant, "where the Canaanites or their descendants may have settled, there will a story be found in reference to swans."

The mythological history of the Cygnus will be found in the latter author's _Analysis_, and in Hill's _Urania, or a Complete View of the Heavens, containing the Ancient and Modern Astronomy, in Form of a Dictionary_, which will perhaps meet the wants of G.I.C. (Vol. iii. p. 24.).

It will not, perhaps, be irrelevant to this subject to advert to the story of Albertus Aquensis (in _Gesta Dei per Francos_, p. 196.), regarding a _Goose and a Goat_, which in the second crusade were considered as "divino spiritu afflati," and made "duces viæ in Jerusalem." Well may it be mentioned by the histoian as "scelus omnibus fidelibus incredibile;" but the imputation serves to show that the Christians of that age forgot what a heathen poet could have taught them,--

[Greek: "Eis oiônos aristos amynesthai peri patrês."]

T.J.

[Footnote 9: With this solecism in the printed _Flores Historiarum_ I find that a MS. in the Chetham Library agrees, the abbreviative mark used in the Hundred Rolls of Edward I. for the terminations _us_ and _er_ having been affixed to this participle.]

[Footnote 10: To the passages I have elsewhere referred to on _The Concert of Nature_, from Ausonius, Epistle 25., and Spenser's _Faerie Queen_, book ii. canto xii. st. 71., "divine respondence meet" is made by the last lines in Tennyson's _Dying Swan_.]

_Swearing by Swans_ (Vol. ii., p. 392.).--The quotation given by your correspondent E.T.M. (Vol. ii., p. 451.), only increases my desire to receive a reply to my query on this subject, since he has adduced a parallel custom. What are the earliest notices of the usage of swearing by swans and pheasants? Was the pheasant ever considered a _royal_ bird?

R.V.

_The Frozen Horn_ (Vol. iii., p. 25.).--I am quite angry with J.M.G. for supposing my old friend Sir John Maundevile guilty of such a _flam_ as that which he quotes from memory as the worthy knight's own statement. There is no such story in the _Voiage and Travaile_: nay more, there is not in the whole of that "ryght merveillous" book, a single passage given on the authority of Sir John as eyewitness that is not perfectly credible. When he quotes Pliny for monsters, the Chronicles for legends, and the romances of his time for narratives of an extraordinary character, he does so in evident good faith as a compiler. His most improbable statements, too, are always qualified with some such phrase as "men seyn, but I have not sene it." In a word, I believe Sir John Maundevile to have been as truthful in intention as any writer of his age. I am afraid that J.M.G.'s knowledge of our old "voiager" is limited to some jest-book of more modern times, which attributes to him sayings and doings of which he is perfectly guiltless.

MARK ANTONY LOWER.

Lewes.

_Cockade and True Blue_ (Vol. iii., pp. 7. 27.) both owe their origin to the wars of the Scottish Covenanters; and the cockade appears to have been first adopted as a distinguishing emblem by the English army at the battle of Sherra-muir, where the Scotch wore the blue ribbon as a scarf, or on their bonnets (which was their favourite colour). The English army then, to distinguish themselves, assumed a black rosette on their hats; which, from its position, the Scotch nick-named a "cock'ade" (with which our use of the word "cockscomb" is connected) and is still retained.

An old Scotch song describing, "the Battle of Sherra-muir" (which name it bears) in verse 2., line 1., speaks of the English as--

"The red-coat lads, wi' black cockades;"

verse 3., describing the Scotch and their mode of fighting, says,--

"But had you seen the philibegs,
And skyrin tartan trews, man,
When in the teeth they dared our Whigs,
And Covenant TRUE-BLUES, man;
In lines extended lang and large,
When bayonets opposed the targe,
And thousands hasten'd to the charge,
Wi' Highland wrath, they frae the sheath
Drew blades o' death, till, out o' breath,
They fled like frighted doos, man."

The song, which is rather a long one, carries you with the army to the Forth, Dumblane, Stirling, Perth, and Dundee. Oft referring to the "Poor red-coat," and to the "Angus lads."

BLOWER.

_The Vavasours of Hazlewood (Vol. ii., p. 326.)._--1. It is a well-known fact that the stone for York minster was given by the Vavasour family. To commemorate this, there is, under the west window in that cathedral, a statue of the owner of Hazelwood at that period, holding a piece of stone in his hand. Hence may have arisen the tradition that the chief of the family might ride into York minster on horseback.

{72} 2. In feudal times Hazlewood was a fortified castle, having its regular retainers, &c.

3. Hazlewood Chapel was _the only Roman Catholic parish church_ in England which did not become a Protestant church at the Reformation.

CHAS. D. MARKHAM.

Jan. 10. 1851.

_"Breeches" Bible_ (Vol. iii., p. 17.).--In quoting from specimens of early printing, correctness of orthography, even in trivial matters, is desirable, and therefore I venture, in allusion to the interesting communication from [Curly-pi] on the subject of the Geneva or "_Breeches_" Bible, to state that the edition of 1576, in my possession, is "Imprinted by _Christopher Barkar_" (not Barker), "dwelling in Paternoster Rowe, at the signe of the Tygres Head."

The text quoted varies also in two or three words from my copy, and it is probably from the Geneva edition. The English edition of 1576 runs thus, (Gen. iii. 7.): "Then the eyes of them _both_ were opened, and they _knew_ that they were naked, and they sewed _figge_ tree _leaves_ together, and made them _selves_ breeches." I am, sir, yours truly,

S.H.H.

_Histoire des Sévarambes_ (Vol. iii., p. 4.).--On the subject of the authorship of this work I will transcribe a note which I subjoined to a short account of Isaac Vossius (Worthington's _Diary_, p. 125):--

"Whether the History of the Sevarites, of Sevarambi by Captains Thomas
Liden, published in two parts (London, 1675-9, 12mo.), which is one of
the ablest of the fictions written after the model of More's _Utopia_,
and which has been ascribed to Isaac Vossius by J.A. Fabricius, be his,
is a point yet unsettled. On a careful consideration of the internal
evidence, and a comparison with his avowed publications, so far as such
a comparison can be made between works so dissimilar in character, I
incline to the conclusion that this tract is justly ascribed to Isaac
Vossius."

On a reconsideration of the subject, I see no reason to alter this opinion. Morhof, who always attributed it to Isaac Vossius (see Polyhistor, vol. i. p. 74., edit. 1747), was thoroughly versed in the literary history, including the English, of the period, and was not likely to have been mistaken. Vossius lived in England from 1670 to 1688, when he died. I have seen several English letters of his, though his general correspondence was in Latin or French, and he seems quite able to have written it, as far as the language is concerned. Vairasse appears to have translated it into French but to have had no other part in it. I may observe, that the publication in English, London, 1738, is a retranslation from the French, not a reprint of the original work of 1675-9.

JAMES CROSSLEY.

_Verses attributed to Charles Yorke_ (Vol. ii., p. 7.; and Vol. iii., p. 43.).--These lines, "Stript to the naked soul," have been frequently printed, indeed so lately as in Lord Campbell's _Lives of the Chancellors_, at the end of the Life of Charles Yorke, as his, but without any observation. What is most singular is, that the excellent editor of Bishop Warburton's _Literary Remains_ has overlooked the fact that they are driven in that prelate's correspondence with Bishop Hurd as Pope's. (See _Letters_, p. 362., edit. 1809, 8vo.) Warburton observes, "The little poem is certainly his." He remarks in a letter to Yorke--

"You have obliged me much (as is your wont) by a fine little poem of my
excellent and endeared friend, Mr. Pope, and I propose to put in into
use."--_Letters from Warburton to C. Yorke_. 1812, 4to. p. 64.

Warburton then gave them to Ruffhead, who inserted them in his _Life of Pope_, from which they were transferred in Bowles's editions of _Pope's Works_ (vol. ii. p. 406), and in the supplementary volume to _Pope's Works_ (1807, 4to.). The extraordinary circumstance is, that they had appeared as far back as 1753 in the miscellaneous works of Aaron Hill, published in 1753, in 4 vols. 8vo., and are included in that collection as his own. Roscoe observes (Life of Pope, in vol. i. of his edition of _Pope's Works_, p. 361., edit. 1824), without, however appearing to have been fully acquainted with the facts of the case:

"These verses are not the production of Pope, as might indeed readily
have been perceived, but of Aaron Hill."

I must confess I cannot agree with the remark. If the point be to be decided by internal evidence, the verses are surely Pope's. The collection of A. Hill's miscellaneous works was a posthumous one for the benefit of the family, and includes several other poems, which were certainly not written by him. Little stress, therefore, can be laid upon the fact of the lines being included in this collection, which seems to have comprised whatever was found amongst Hill's papers, without any nice examination or scrutiny. My conclusion is, that the verses are Pope's; and it is at all events certain that they are not Charles Yorke's.

JAMES CROSSLEY.

_Archbishop Bolton of Cashel_ (Vol. iii., p. 39.).--He was born at Burrishool, in the county of Mayo, about 1678; graduated at Trinity College, Dublin; was ordained deacon in 1702; priest in 1703; became a prebendary of St. Patrick's, Dublin, in 1707; chancellor of that cathedral in 1714; vicar-general of the diocese of Dublin in 1720; vicar of Finglas, near Dublin, in the same year; præcentor of Christ Church, Dublin, in 1722; bishop of Clonfert in the same year; bishop of Elphin in 1724; archbishop of Cashel in 1729; to which diocese he bequeathed his valuable library.

He died in January, 1744, and was buried at St. Werburgh's Church, in Dublin.

{73} See my _Fasti Ecclesiæ Hibernicæ_, vols. i., ii., and iv., for a few more particulars, if required.

H. COTTON.

Thurles, Ireland, Jan. 20. 1851.

_Erasmus and Farel_ (Vol. iii., p. 38.).--In my _Life of Calvin_, p. 46., I mention that Erasmus named Farel, _Phallicus_; and infer that he probably did so from some manifestation of amorous propensities on the part of that reformer.

A querist in your last number (J.C.R.) points out that D'Aubigné, or his translator, spells the word _Fallicus_, and refers it to the deceitful character of Farel.

_Phallicus_ is a Greek word, and has a meaning--[Greek: phallikos], of or belonging to the [Greek: phallos]. _Fallicus_, to the best of my knowledge, is neither Greek nor Latin, and has no meaning. Erasmus, in his epistles, constantly spells the word _Phallicus_. (See _Epp._ 698. 707. &c. Leyden, ed. 1706.) And that I was justified in drawing from it an inference which is in analogy with its meaning, the following passages, in the last of the epistles just cited, will establish:--

"Hunc stomachum in me concepit (Phallicus) quod in _spongia_ dubitem de
Lutheri spiritu: præterea quod scripserim, quosdam sordidos, et _impuræ
vitæ_ se jactitare nomine Evangelii."

And a little farther on--

"At tamen quicquid hactenus in me blateravit Phallicus, non minus vane
quam virulente, facite condonabitur hominis morbo, modo posthac sumat
_mores Evangelii præcone dignos_."

THOS. H. DYER.

London, Jan. 20. 1851.

_Early Culture of the Imagination_, (Vol. iii., p. 38.).--The interesting article to which MR. GATTY refers will be found in the _Quarterly Review_, No. XLI. Sir Walter Scott, in a letter addressed to Edgar Taylor, Esq. (the translator of _German Fairy Tales and Popular Stories by M.M. Grimm_), dated Edinburgh, 16th Jan. 1823, says--

"There is also a sort of wild fairy interest in them [the _Tales_]
which makes me think them fully better adapted to awaken the
imagination and soften the heart of childhood, than the good-boy
stories which have been in later years composed for them. In the latter
case, their minds are, as it were, put into the stocks, like their feet
at the dancing-school, and the moral always consists in good moral
conduct being crowned with temporal success. Truth is, I would not give
one tear shed over _Little Red Riding-Hood_ for all the benefit to be
derived from a hundred Histories of Jemmy Goodchild.... In a word, I
think the selfish tendencies will be soon enough acquired in this
arithmetical age; and that, to make the higher class of character, our
wild fictions--like our own simple music--will have more effect in
awakening the fancy and elevating the disposition, than the colder and
more elaborate compositions of modern authors and composers."

F.R.R.

Milnrow Parsonage.

_Early Culture of the Imagination_ (Vol. iii., p. 38.).--MR. ALFRED GATTY will find what he inquires for in the 74th volume of the _Quarterly Review_, "Children's Books." With the prefatory remarks of that article may be compared No. 151. of the _Rambler_, "The Climacterics of the Mind."

T.J.

_William Chilcot_ (Vol. iii., p. 38.).--MR. HOOPER is referred to the History of Tiverton, by Lieut. Col. Harding, ed. Boyce, Tiverton; Whittaker, London, 1847, vol. ii., B. III., p. 167., for an account of the family of Chilcot _alias_ Comyn; to which most likely the author belonged, and was probably a native of Tiverton. As MR. HOOPER many not have ready access to the book, I send the substance of an extract. Robert Chilcott _alias_ Comyn, born at Tiverton, com. Devon, merchant, and who died, it is supposed, at Isleworth, com. Middlesex, about A.D. 1609, "married Ann, d. of Walter Cade of London, Haberdasher, by whom he had one son, _William_, who married Catherine, d. of Thomas Billingsly of London, Merchant, and had issue." Certain lands also in Tiverton, A.D. 1680-90, are described as "now or late of William Comyns _alias_ Chilcott."--_Ibid._ p. 61.

If the first edition of the work were in 1698, most likely the author was a grandson of the above-named William Chilcot and Catherine his wife, which the Tiverton registers might show. If the search prove unsuccessful there, try that of Watford, Herts, where a branch of the same family was settled, and to which there are monuments in Watford churchyard.

E.A.D.

_By and Bye_ (Vol. ii., p. 424.).--Surely this means "by the way." _Good by_ may mean "Bon voyage."

S.S.

_Mocker_ (Vol. ii., p. 519.).--In some of the provincial dialects of England, and in the Scotch of the lowlands of Scotland, there are a good many Dutch words. _Moker_, in Dutch, means _a large hammer_. This is probably the word used by the old cottager of Pembridge, and spelt _Mocker_ by W.M.

G.F.G.

Edinburgh.

_Was Colonel Hewson a Cobbler?_ (Vol. iii., p. 11.).--Hume's History relates that "Colonel Hewson suppressed the tumult of London apprentices, November, 1659:" and that "he was a man who rose from the _profession_ of a cobbler to a high rank in the army."

Colonel John Hewson was member for Guildford from September 17, 1656, to January 27, 1658-59. (Bray and Manning.)

GILBERT.

{74}

_Mole_ (Vol. ii., p. 225.).--This story is of course much older than the form which it now appears. Sir Bevil Grenville is the great hero of the N.W. coast of Cornwall most of the floating legend has been gathered about him.

Legends referring to the origin of different animals are common. Mrs. Jamieson (Canada) has a very beautiful Chippewa story of the first robin.

It is believed in Devonshire that moles begin to work with the flow, and leave off with the ebb of the tide. The same thing is asserted of the beaver.

_Pillgarlick_ (Vol. ii., p. 393.; Vol. iii., p. 42.).--The word is given by Todd, in his edition of Johnson, under the forms _Pilgarlick_ and _Pilled-garlick_. The same orthography is adopted by other lexicographers. The spelling, concerning which your querist desires information, is, however, the least important point. I trust that the question will elicit information of a valuable kind as to the origin of the term, by which I have I myself been sorely puzzled, and which, I think, has not been satisfactorily cleared up by any of those who have attempted it. Following the authority of Skinner, our philologists are satisfied with assuring us, that _pilled_ means bald (French, pelé) and about this there can be no dispute. Thus Chaucer (Reve's Tale) says:--

Round was his face, and camuse was his nose,
And _pilled_ as an ape was his skull."

Shakspeare also has:--

"Pieled priest! doost thou command me to be shut out?"

for "shaven priest." But _pilled_, in other cases as might be shown by quotations, which for the sake of brevity I omit, means _pillaged_, _robbed_, and also _peeled_, of which last sense the quotations above given seem only to be a figurative application. The difficulties which arise from these explanations are, first, if _bald_ be the true meaning, why must we, with Todd, limit it to baldness, resulting from disease, or more especially (as Grose will have it) from a disgraceful disease?

Secondly, if _peeled_ be taken as the equivalent to _pilled_, why is peeled garlick a more perfect type of misery than any other peeled root or fruit?

Thirdly, if _pillage_ is an essential ingredient in the true meaning of the term "pilled garlick," what has the stolen garlick to do with wretchedness? And,

Lastly, how will any one, or all of these explanations together, tally with the following passage from Skelton:--

"Wyll, Wyll, Wyll, Wyll, Wyll
He ruleth always styll.
Good reason and good skyll,
_They may garlyck pyll_,
Cary sackes to the myll,
Or pescoddes they may shyll,
Or elles go rost a stone?"
_Why come ye not to Courte?_ 103-109.

Without further elucidation of this pilling, the existing definitions are pills which defy deglutition of

F.S.Q.

_A Recent Novel_ (Vol. i., pp. 231, 285.).--May I be permitted to correct an error in a communication from one of your correspondents? ADOLPHUS (p. 231.) puts a Query respecting the title of a recent novel; and J.S. (p. 285) informs him that the title is _Le Morne au Diable_, by Eugène Sue. The fact is, that "La Morne au Diable" is the principal scene of the events described, and nothing more. The title is _L'Aventurier, ou la Barbe-bleue_; and an English translation, styled the _Female Blue Beard, or the Adventurer_, was published in 1845 by W. Strange, 21. Paternoster Row.

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia, W.I., Nov. 1850

_Tablet to Napoleon_ (Vol. i., p. 461.).--The form and punctuation given to this inscription by C. suggest its true meaning. Napoleon is called the Egyptian, the Italian, for reasons similar to those for which Publius Cornelius Scipio obtained the name of "Africanus." There is, however, another sense in which the epithet "bis Italicus" is applicable to Napoleon: he was an Italian by birth as well as by conquest. It is in this sense that Voltaire has applied to Henri Quatre the second line of the following couplet:--

"Je chante ce héros qui régna sur la France
Et par droit de _conquête_, et par droit de _naissance_."

As to the "lingual purity" of the inscription, there is not much to be said about it, one way or the other. It is on a level with most modern inscriptions and epitaphs in the Latin language; neither so elegant as the Latinity of Dr. Johnson, or Walter Savage Landor, nor yet so hackneyed as our "Latin de cuisine."

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia, W.I., Nov. 1850.

_North Sides of Churchyards_ (Vol. ii., pp. 55. &c.)--In a chapter on the custom of burying on the south side of churches, in Thompson's _History of Swine_, published 1824, I find the following mention of the north side being appropriated to felons:

"The writer hereof remembers, that between fifty and sixty years ago, a
man who was executed at Lincoln, was brought to Swine, and buried on
the north side of the church, as the proper place in which to bury a
felon."

I have heard it stated by several inhabitants of the parish, that it is only within a few years that burials began to be made irrespectively on the north side. Whilst speaking of things in connection with this church, I may mention for the {75} interest of antiquaries, that only a short time ago, the sexton discovered a very curious fresco of the Virgin on one of the pillars in the north aisle. There is an inscription beneath the figure, but so very indistinct, as not to admit of being deciphered.

R.W.E.

Hull.

_Wisby_ (Vol. ii., p. 444.).--

"Wisby was fortified about 1200 against its country neighbours; and
King Magnus, 1288, quieted another civil war, and allowed the citizens
to restore their fallen walls."--_Olaus Magnus_, ii. 24.

"It was destroyed in 1361 (Koch) by Walderna, King of Denmark, who,
taking advantage of the discords in Sweden, and having flattered the
King Magnus till he made him a mere tool of his own, conquered or
destroyed some valuable parts of the Swedish dominions, and among the
rest Gothland."--_Johannes Magnus, Rex Suev._, xxi. 6.

and in 7.:

"... ob direptum insigne emporium Vis becense."

"As, therefore, it was not an individual event, probably it had not any
individual cause, and that the pane of glass story is not
true."--_Olaus Magnus_, x. 16

The same Olaus (ii. 24.) says, that pride and discord were its ruin; that its inhabitants scattered into the continental cities; and that in his time, 1545, there were splendid ruins, iron doors, brass or copper windows, once gilt or silvered.

C.B.

_Singing of Swans_ (Vol. ii., p. 475.).--If your correspondent T.J. will turn to Erman's _Travels in Siberia_ translated by Cooley, vol. ii. p. 43., he will find that the singing of swans is by no means so groundless a notion as Bp. Percy supposed. _Erman_ says the notes of the Cygnus Olor are most beautifully clear and loud--"and that this bird, when wounded, pours forth its last breath in such notes, is now known for certain." There is more also to the same purpose.

A.C.M.

_Dacre Monument at Herstmonceux_ (Vol. ii., p. 478.).--In answer to part of the third Query of your correspondent E.V., I beg to inform him that sable, a cross _potent_ or, is the coat of Alleyn. Sable, a cross _patonce_ or, belongs to Lascelles. Argent a fesse gules belongs to the Solers family. And barry of six argent and gules, _with a canton ermine_, is the coat of Apseley of Sussex.

H.C.K.

_Herstmonceux Castle_ (Vol. ii., p. 477.).--The elucidation of your correspondent's _second_ Query suggests several further questions; for instance--Was _Juliana_ wife of _William_, the _owner_ of the estate? If so, did she die in the lifetime of her husband? If so, did she leave issue? semble not, and assuming her to have no direct heirs, the estate would escheat. Was the King lord of the fee? Were William de Warburton and Ingelram de Monceaux relatives of the _half_ blood of Juliana? If so, a re-grant to them, if claimants, would not, I imagine, have been unusual upon payment of a fine to the crown. It would almost seems as if a doubt existed as to the heirship, from the expression "_whose next of kin they _SAY_ they are_." This note is conjectural only, and is therefore offered with much diffidence.

I.B.C.

_Suem._--_Ferling._--_Grasson_ (Vol. iii., p. 7.).--It is obvious that your correspondent's extract from the Rotherfield court-roll is not accurately transcribed. The original most probably contains no such words as _suem_.

_Ferling_ is a well-known word in old legal phraseology. As a term of superficial measure it denotes a quarter of an acre; of lineal measure, an eighth of a mile, or furlong.

_Grassum_ is the term commonly used in the northern parts of the kingdom to signify the fine, or foregift in money, paid by a lessee for the renewal of his lease from a lay or ecclesiastical corporation. It is derived from the A.-S. _Gærsum_ or _Gærsame_, a treasure; the root of which is still retained in the northern word _Gear_, goods or stuff.

[Delta].

Jan. 10. 1851.

_Portrait of Archbishop Williams_ (Vol. iii., p. 8.).--Your correspondent Y.Y. desires to be informed of the "locus" of the portraits of several bishops, among them of _John Williams_, Archbishop of York. There is a full-length in the hall of this college, which I shall have great pleasure in showing to him should he ever find it convenient to pay Cambridge a visit.

P.J.F. GANTILLON.

St. John's College.

_Swans hatched during Thunder_ (Vol. ii., p. 510.).--Some years ago I purchased a pair of swans, and, during the first breeding season after I procured them, they made a nest in which they deposited seven eggs. After they had been sitting about six weeks, I observed to my servant, who had charge of them and the other water-fowl, that it was about the time for the swans to hatch. He immediately said, that it was no use expecting it till there had been a rattling peal of thunder to crack the egg-shells, as they were so hard and thick that it was impossible for the cygnets to break them without some such assistance. Perhaps this is the reason why swans are said to be hatched during a thunder-storm. I need only say, that this is a popular fallacy, as swans regularly hatch after sitting six weeks, whether there happens to be a thunder-storm or not.

HENRY E.

_Etymology of Apricot_ (Vol. ii., p. 420.).--I cannot agree in the opinion expressed by your correspondent E.C.H., that this word is derived from the Latin _præcox_, signifying "early-ripening,"--that the words [Greek: prokokkia] and [Greek: prekokkia] are {76} Græcised Latin,--and that the Arabs themselves, adopting the word with a slight variation, made it _al-bercoy_.

The fact of the fruit itself being of Asiatic origin, renders it in the highest degree improbable that the Orientals would borrow a name for it from the Latin.

My own opinion is, that the reverse is the case--that the Latin is merely a corruption of the Arabic; and that the Latins, in adopting the word, naturally gave it the slight alteration which rendered the Arabic word, to them unmeaning, appropriately significant of the nature of the fruit.

I find that in various languages the word strolls thus in the Latin of the middle age, _avercoccius_--in the modern Greek, [Greek: berykokkion]--in the Italian, _albercocco_, _albicocca_--in the Spanish, _albaricoque_--and all these various words, undeducible from the Latin _præcox_, are readily derivable from the Arabic word, the prefix _al_, which is merely the article, being in some cases dropped, and in others retained.

I may add, as a curious fact, that, in the south of Italy, of which I am a native, the common people call the apricot _verricocca_, and _the peach_ _precucco_, although the former ripen _earlier_ than the latter.

A.P. DI PIO, Italo-Græcos.

Carlisle.

_"Plurima gemma latet cæcâ tellure sepulta"_ (Vol. ii., p.133.).--In the course of my reading, some time back, I met with a passage which was given as quotation from Bishop Hall. I transcribe it, as it appears to me to approach nearer to the above hexameter than even Gray's lines:

"There is many a rich stone laid up, in the bowels of the earth; many a
fair pearl in the bosom of the sea, that never was seen, nor ever shall
be."

_Time when Herodotus wrote_ (Vol. ii., p. 405.).--The passage in Herodotus which shows that he was still employed on his history when he was seventy-five, is in his first book. But A.W.H. thinks, that, as it is a general introduction, showing why he mentioned all places, small or great, it must have been written at the beginning. I should infer the contrary; that he would give an account why he had done so after he had done it, and not while it rested merely in intention.

But perhaps it may be said, that [Greek: ên] is in the former part of the sentence, and therefore might have been repeated in the latter part, which is the converse of it, though it might not be exactly the proper tense.

However, F. Clinton puts down his birth B.C. 484; 452 or 456 as the years in which he read his history at the Olympic Games; and 408 as a year in which he was still adding to it.

However, if he wrote the passage when he was thirty, that would justify the past tense, which perhaps, too, we have a right to construe _have been_, for that verb has no perfect preterite.

C.B.

_Lucy and Colin_ (Vol. iii., p. 7.).--The ballad adverted to, which is the one translated by Vincent Bourne, is by Tickel, and will be found in any collection of his works. Notwithstanding Southeys epithet "wretched!" it will always be admired, both in the original and the translation.

JAMES CROSSLEY.

Manchester, Jan. 18. 1851.

_Translations of Apuleius_, &c. (Vol. ii., p. 464.).--In answer to your correspondent, G.P.I., concerning a translation of the _Golden Ass of Apuleius_, I beg you will insert the following particulars.

There is a copy in the British Museum (Press Mark, case 21. b.) of a translation by Adlington. The title is as follows--_"The XI. Bookes of the Golden Asse, conteining the Metamorphosie of Lucius Apuleius, enterlaced with an excellent Narration of the Marriage of Cupido and Psiches, set out in the iiii. v. and vi. Bookes. Translated out of Latine into Englishe by William Adlington. Imprinted at London, in Fleet streate, and the sign of the Oliphante, by Henry Wykes. Anno 1566."_ This work is of extreme rarity. At the end of the Dedicatory Epistle there is a MS. note, which I transcribe:--"_This translation and its author has escaped ye notice of the Industrious Oxford Antiquary[14], for I find not his name in the Athen. Oxon., nor is the book menconed _(mentioned)_ in Mr. Ames's Typographical Antiquities, both which omissions add a singular rareness to this scarce book. R.E.W."_ The pagination of the book is only on one side, and contains 127 folios, including the table of contents. Ritson (_vide_ note on fly-leaf) does not notice this edition (1566), nor the second in 1571, but quotes that of 1596.

KENNETH MACKENZIE.

[Footnote 11: Wood.]

Taylor's translation of Apuleius's _Golden Ass_, Lond. 1822, 2 vols., is said by Lowndes to be an esteemed version.

The French translations of the same work, according to De Bure (see _Manuel du Libraire_) are very inferior.

C.I.R.

_Etymology of "Grasson"_ (Vol. iii., p. 8.).--Grasson appears to be derived front "grassor," "to assail." Livy somewhere has the following--"Grassor in possessionem agri"--which would be rendered, "To enter upon it by force;" it being only by the payment of the fine (Grasson) that the entry, "Grassor," or alienation of copyhold lands, could be warded off: hence the act of the lord of the manor (Grassor) became the name for the fine paid by this tenant, "Grasson."

BLOWER.

_Lynch Law_ (Vol. iii., p. 24.).--Webster's {77} _American Dictionary_ (1848) explains this phrase thus--

"The practice of punishing men for crimes and offences by private
unauthorized persons, without a legal trial. The term is said to be
derived from a Virginian farmer, named Lynch, who thus took the law
into his own hands." (U.S.)

Webster is considered the highest authority in America, or I should not offer the above.

G.H.B.

"_Talk not of Love_" (Vol. iii., p. 7.).--The song quoted by your Querist, A. M., was written by Mrs. MacLehose, the "Clarinda" of Burns, and is to be found in most of the lives of the Scottish poet.

[J.H., JR., says it is printed in Chambers's _Journal_, No. 1. New
Series. DANIEL FERGUSON points them out at p. 212. of a _Collection of
Songs of England and Scotland_, published by Cochrane, of Waterloo
Place; and in vol. ii. of Johnson's _Scots Musical Museum_; and G.T.
also refers to the last-named collection.]

_The Butcher Duke_ (Vol. iii., p. 8.).--The song referred to by MEZZOTINTO is to be found in most of the collections of Scotch songs, under the name of "Bonnie Laddie, Highland Laddie," for which old air it was written; or, when only partially printed, by the commencing line of one of its stanzas:--

"Geordie sits in Charlie's chair."

It is one of the numerous Jacobite songs composed either about 1715, by some one "out in the Fifteen," or later by a poet of "the Forty-five." The author's name is unknown. In the collection of Scottish songs, published by Robert Chambers in 1829, the song, consisting of no less than twenty-two stanzas, will be found at p. 367.

[L.M.M.R. has also kindly transcribed the song from the _Scots Musical
Museum;_ and DR. C., of Newcastle, who says "it is well known in the
remoter districts of Northumberland," obligingly offers to furnish
MEZZOTINTO with a copy, if he should desire it.]

_Curfew_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--_The Curfew_ is rung at Handsworth, near Sheffield.

H.J.

_Robertson Struan_ (Vol. iii., p. 40.).--As one of those who quarter the coat of Robertson Struan, I may perhaps be able to afford C.R.M. some slight information. My maternal grandfather was a son of William Robertson, of Richmond, one of whose daughters married Sir David Dundas, Bart. The arms borne by him were, Gules, three wolves' heads erased, langued, azure. A selvage man in chains hanging beneath the shield. Crest, a bare cubit, supporting a regal Crown. Motto, "Virtutis Gloriæ Merces."

W.J. BERNHARD SMITH.

Temple.

* * * * *

MISCELLANEOUS.

NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.

The landing of Charles Edward Stuart, and the "Seven Men of Moidart," on the memorable 25th July, 1745, was the opening of the last, and, in many respects, the most brilliant and stirring chapter in the Romance of English History. That Mr. Murray has therefore done wisely in the publication, in a separate form, of _The Forty-Five: by Lord Mahon, being the Narrative of the Insurrection of 1745, extracted from Lord Mahon's History of England_, there can be little doubt. The memory of that eventful period is so kept alive among us, by snatches of Jacobite ballads, and recitals of the strange incidents in which it was so rich, that this separate publication of so much of Lord Mahon's _History of England from the Peace of Utrecht (1713) to the Peace of Paris (1763)_ as relates to its "moving accidents by flood and field," will be a great boon to those numerous readers who have neither means, time, nor opportunity to peruse Lord Mahon's interesting narrative in that valuable contribution to our national history for which it was originally written.

Some time since the British Museum purchased for about 120l. a volume containing no less than sixty-four early French Farces and Moralities, printed between the year 1542 and 1548, of which a very large proportion was entirely unknown. How important a collection of materials for the early history of the Drama, especially in France, is contained in this precious volume, we learn from a work which has reached us, "_pas destiné au commerce_," under the title of _Description Bibliographique et Analyse d'un Livre unique qui se trouve au Musée Britannique_, which contains a short but able analysis of the various pieces which formed the volume thus fortunately secured for our national library. Though the name of the editor is stated, on the title-page, to be _Tridace-Nafe-Théobrome, Gentilhomme Breton_, we strongly suspect that no such gentleman is to be found; and that we are really indebted for this highly curious and interesting book to a gentleman who has already laid the world of letters under great obligation, M. Delpierre, the accomplished Secretary of Legation of the Belgian Embassy.

Literature, Science, and the Arts have sustained a heavy loss in the death of that accomplished patron of them--that most amiable nobleman the Marquess of Northampton. His noble simplicity and single-mindedness of character, and his unaffected kindliness of manner, endeared him to all who had the good fortune to be honoured with his acquaintance, and by all of whom his death will be long and most deeply regretted.

Mr. Sandys, F.S.A., of Canterbury, has issued a Prospectus for the immediate publication, by Subscription, of the _Consuetudines Kanciæ: a History of Gavelkind and other remarkable Customs in the County of Kent_.

Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson will sell on Monday next, and four following days, a very select and valuable Library, the property of a gentleman deceased, including among other choice lots, two early MSS. of the _Divina Comedia_, and an extensive, rare, and interesting series of early editions of Dante. {78}

_Books Received._--_Clark's Introduction to Heraldry_ (London, Washbourne), fourteenth edition, which contains a chapter and plates, which are entirely new, on Heraldry in conjunction with Architecture;--_Hints and Queries intended to promote the Preservation of Antiquities and the Collection and Arrangement of Information on the Subject of Local History and Tradition_--a most useful little tract, highly creditable to the _Kilkenny Archæological Society_, by whose order it has been printed for circulation;--_The Peril of the Papal Aggression; or, the Case as it stands between the Queen and the Pope, by Anglicanus_. London, Bosworth.

_Catalogues Received._--Charles Skeet's (21. King William Street, Charing Cross) Catalogue No. 1. for 1851, of a Miscellaneous Collection of Books, New and Second-hand; John Petheram's (94. High Holborn) Catalogue, Part CXX. (No. 1. for 1851) of Old and New Books; Edward Stibbs' (331. Strand) Catalogue, Part II., of a valuable Collection of Books, including an extensive purchase of Italian, French, and Spanish Literature; Bernard Quaritch's (16. Castle Street, Leicester Square) Catalogue No. 23. of European and Oriental Philology and General Literature; John Miller's (43. Chandos Street) Catalogue No. XVII. of Books Old and New.

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MR. KENNETH MACKENZIE, MR. M.A. LOWER. MR. GEORGE STEPHENS (_of_ Stockholm), _and several anonymous Correspondents, who have written to us suggesting certain alterations either in our size, price, mode of publication, or other arrangements, are assured that fully appreciating the kind motives which have prompted their communications, their respective suggestions will receive our best attention; and that if we do not adopt them, it will be for reasons the force of which our Correspondents would, we have no doubt, if they could be made fully acquainted with them, be the very first to admit._

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Like angels' visits, few and far between,"

_is referred to our First Vol. p. 102, and our Second Vol. p. 286., for two quotations from Norris of Bemerton, which embody the same idea._

_If _MR. JOHN POWERS_, who in _NOTES AND QUERIES_ for Jan. 12th. 1850, p. 163., offered to furnish an extract from Hardiman's _Statute of Kilkenny_, will have the kindness to so at this distance of time, and to forward it to us, the Querist to whom he replied, and whose direction we have just received, will be much obliged to him._

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"God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb,"

_will find many earlier instances of this proverbial expression quoted in our First Vol._ pp. 325. 357. 418.

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Mr. Maccabe's Romance of the Dark Ages,

BERTHA.

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{79}

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