Chapter I: H. M

_By the bye_ (Vol. ii., p. 424.).--As no one of your correspondents has answered the Query of J. R. N., as to the etymology and meaning of _by the bye_ and _by and by_, I send you the following exposition; which I have collected from Richardson's _Dictionary_, and the authorities there referred to.

Spelman informs us, that in Norfolk there were in his time thirteen villages with names ending in _by:_ this _By_ being a Danish word, signifying "villa." That a _bye_-law, Dan. _by-lage_, is a law _peculiar_ to a villa. And thus we have the general application of _bye_ to any thing; peculiar, private, indirect, as distinguished from the direct or main: as, _bye-ways_, _bye-talk_, &c. &c. In the trial of Sir Walter Raleigh, _State Trials_, James I., 1603, are these words:--

"You are fools; you are on the _bye_, Raleigh and I are on the _main_.
We mean to take away the king and his cubs."

Here the contradistinction is manifest. Lord Bacon and B. Jonson write, _on_ the _by_; as if, on the way, in passing, indirectly:--

"'There is, _upon_ the _by_, to be noted.'--'Those who have seluted
poetry _on_ the _by_'--such being a collateral, and not the main object
of pursuit."

This I think is clear and satisfactory.

_By and by_ is quite a different matter. Mr. Tyrwhitt, upon the line in Chaucer,--

"These were his words _by and by_."--_R. R._ 4581.

interprets "separately, distinctly;" and there are various other instances in Chaucer admitting the same interpretation:--

"Two yonge knightes ligging, _by and by_."--_Kn. T._, v. 1016.

"His doughter had a bed all _by_ hireselve,
Right in the same chambre _by and by_."--_The Reves T._, v. 4441.

So also in the "Floure and the Leafe," stanzas 9 and 24. The latter I will quote, as it is much to the purpose:--

"The semes (of the surcote) echon,
As it were a maner garnishing,
Was set with emerauds, _one and one_,
_By and by_."

But there are more ancient usages, e.g. in R. Brunne, bearing also the same interpretation. "The chartre was read ilk poynt _bi and bi_:" William had taken the homage of barons "_bi_ and _bi_." He assayed (_i.e._ tried) "tham (the horses) _bi and bi_."

Richardson's conception is, that there is a _subaudition_ in all these expressions; and that the meaning is, by point and by point; by baron and by baron; by horse and by horse: _one and one_, as Chaucer writes; each _one_ separately, by _him_ or _it_-self. And thus, that _by and by_ may be explained, _by_ one and _by_ one; distinctly, both in space or time. Our modern usage is restricted to _time_, as, "I will do so _by and by_:" where _by and by_ is equivalent to _anon_, _i.e._ in one (moment, instant, &c.). And so--

GOOD B'YE.

Bloomsbury.

_Clement's Inn_ (Vol. iii., p. 84.).--This inn was neither "a court of law" nor "an inn of court," but "an inn of chancery;" according to the distinction drawn by Sir John Fortescue, in his _De Laudibus Legum Angliae_, chap. xlix., written between 1460 and 1470.

The evidence of its antiquity is traced back to an earlier date than 1486; for, according to Dugdale (_Orig._, p. 187.), in a _Record of Michaelmas_, 19 _Edward IV_., 1479, it is spoken of as then, and _diu ante_, an Inn "hominum Curiae Legis temporalis, necnon hominum Consiliariorum ejusdem Legis."

The early history of the Inns of Court and Chancery is involved in the greatest obscurity; and it is difficult to account for the original difference between the two denominations.

Any facts which your correspondents may be able to communicate on this subject, or in reference to what were the _ten_ Inns of Chancery existing in Fortescue's time, but not named by him, or relating to the history of either of the Inns, whether of Court or Chancery, will be most gratefully received by me, and be of important service at the present time, when I am preparing {110} for the press my two next volumes of _The Judges of England_.

EDWARD FOSS.

Street-End House, near Canterbury.

_Words are men's daughters_ (Vol. iii., p. 38.).--I take this to be a proverbial sentence. In the _Gnomologia_ of Fuller we have "Words are for women; actions for men"--but there is a nearer approach to it in a letter written by Sir Thomas Bodley to his librarian about the year 1604. He says,

"Sir John Parker hath promised more than you have signified: but words
are women, and deeds are men."

It was no doubt an adoption of the worthy knight, and I shall leave it to others to trace out the true author--hoping it may never be ascribed to an ancestor of

BOLTON CORNEY.

_Passage in St. Mark_ (Vol. iii., p. 8.).--Irenaeus is considered the best (if not the only) commentator among the very early Fathers upon those words in Mark xiii. 32. "[Greek: oude ho huios?]" and though I cannot refer CALMET further than to the author's works, he can trust the general accuracy of the following translation:--

"Our Lord himself," says he, "the Son of God, acknowledged that the
Father only knew the day and hour of judgment, declaring expressly,
that of that day and hour knoweth no one, neither the Son, but the
Father only. Now, if the Son himself was not ashamed to leave the
knowledge of that day to the Father, but plainly declared the truth;
neither ought we to be ashamed to leave to God such questions as are
too high for us. For if any one inquires why the Father, who
communicates in all things to the Son, is yet by our Lord declared to
know alone that day and hour, he cannot at present find any better, or
more decent, or indeed any other safe answer at all, than this, that
since our Lord is the only teacher of truth, we should learn of him,
that the Father is above all; for the Son saith, 'He is greater than
I.' The Father, therefore, is by Our Lord declared to be superior even
in knowledge also; to this end, that we, while we continue in this
world, may learn to acknowledge God only to have perfect knowledge, and
leave such questions to him; and (put a stop to our presumption), lest
curiously inquiring into the greatness of the Father, we run at last
into so great a danger, as to ask whether even above God there be not
another God."

BLOWEN.

"_And Coxcombs vanquish Berkeley by a Grin_" (Vol. i., p. 384.).--This line is taken from Dr. Brown's _Essay on Satire_, part ii. v. 224. The entire couplet is--

"Truth's sacred fort th' exploded laugh shall win,
And coxcombs vanquish Berkeley by a grin."

Dr. Brown's Essay is prefixed to Pope's "Essay on Man" in Warburton's edition of Pope's _Works_. (See vol. iii. p. 15., edit. 1770, 8vo.)

_Dr. Trusler's Memoirs_ (Vol. iii., p. 61.).--The first part of Dr. Trusler's _Memoirs_ (Bath, 1806), mentioned by your correspondent, but which is not very scarce, is the only one published. I have the continuation in the Doctor's _Autograph_, which is exceedingly entertaining and curious, and full of anecdotes of his contemporaries. It is closely written in two 8vo. volumes, and comprises 554 pages, and appears to have been finally revised for publication. Why it never appeared I do not know. He was a very extraordinary and ingenious man, and wrote upon everything, from farriery to carving. With life in all its varieties he was perfectly acquainted, and had personally known almost every eminent man of his day. He had experienced every variety of fortune, but seems to have died in very reduced circumstances. The _Sententiae Variorum_ referred to by your correspondent is, I presume, what was published under the title of--

"Detached Philosophic Thoughts of near 300 of the best Writers, Ancient
and Modern, on Man, Life, Death, and Immortality, systematically
arranged under the Authors' Names." 2 vols. 12mo. 1810.

JAS. CROSSLEY.

Manchester, Jan. 25. 1851.

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Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.

Dr. Latham seems to have adopted as his literary motto the dictum of the poet,

"The proper study of mankind is man."

We have recently had occasion to call the attention of our readers to his learned and interesting volume entitled _The English Language_,--a work which affords proof how deeply he has studied that remarkable characteristic of our race, which Goldsmith wittily described as being "given to man to conceal his thoughts." From the language to _The Natural History of the Varieties of Man_, the transition is an easy one. The same preliminary studies lead to a mastery of both divisions of this one great subject: and having so lately seen how successfully Dr. Latham had pursued his researches into the languages of the earth, we were quite prepared to find, as we have done, the same learning, acumen, and philosophical spirit of investigation leading to the same satisfactory results in this kindred, but new field of inquiry. In paying a well-deserved tribute to his predecessor, Dr. Prichard, whom he describes as "a physiologist among physiologists, and a scholar among scholars,"--and his work as one "which, by combining the historical, the philological, and the anatomical methods, should command the attention of the naturalist, as well as of the scholar,"--Dr. Latham has at once done justice to that distinguished man, and expressed very neatly the opinion which will be entertained by the great majority of his readers of his own acquirements, and of the merits of this his last contribution to our stock of knowledge.

_The Family Almanack and Educational Register for_ 1851, with what its editor justly describes as "its noble list of grammar schools," to a great extent the "offspring of the English Reformation in the sixteenth {111} century," will be a very acceptable book to every parent who belongs to the middle classes of society; and who must feel that an endowed school, of which the masters are bound to produce testimonials of moral and intellectual fitness, presents the best security for the acquirement by his sons of a solid, well-grounded education.

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