Chapter V: Part II (3)

"London, 9 Martii, 1603.

"About 10 dayes synce dyed the Countess of Notingham. The Queene loved
the Countess very much, and hath seemed to take her death very
heavelye, remayning euer synce in a deepe melancholye, w^{th} conceipte
of her own death, and complayneth of many infirmyties, sodainlye to
haue ouertaken her, as impost[=u]mecon in her head, aches in her bones,
and continuall cold in her legges, besides notable decay in iudgem^t
and memory, insomuch as she cannot attend to any discourses of
governm^t and state, _but delighteth to heare some of the 100 merry
tales, and such like, and to such is uery attentiue;_ at other tymes
uery impatient, and testye, so as none of the Counsayle, but the
secretary, dare come in her presence."

May we not class this story of her majesty's {152} predilection for the hundred merry tales among the "black relations of the Jesuits?"

SPES.

_Meaning of Cefn._--What is the meaning of the Welsh word "Cefn" used as prefix?

JOSEPHUS.

1. The first meaning of the word "Cefn" is, "the back;" _e.g._ "Cefn dyn," "the back of a man."

2. It also signifies "the upper part of the ridge of some elevated and exposed land." As a prefix, its meaning depends upon the fact whether the word attached to it be an adjective or a substantive. If an adjective be attached, it has the _second_ signification; _i.e._ it is the upper part of some exposed land, having the particular quality involved in the adjective, such as, "Cefndu," "Cefngwyn," "Cefncoch," the black, white, or red headland.

When a substantive is attached, it has the _first_ signification; _i.e._ it is the _back_ of the thing signified by the substantive; such as, "Cefnllys," the back of the court.

E. L.

_Portrait of Archbishop Williams_ (Vol. iii., p. 8.).--There is a portrait of this prelate in the library of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, in the Cloisters. The greater part of the archbishop's library was given to this library, but only one volume of it seems to have been preserved. It is of this library the remark is made in J. Beeverell, _Delices de la Grande Bretagne_, p. 847., 12mo., 1707:

"Il se trouve dans le cloistre une bibliotheque _publique_, qui s'ouvre
soir et matin pendant les seances des Cours de Justice dans
Westminstre."

[mu].

_Sir Alexander Cumming_ (Vol. iii., p. 39.).--In answer to an inquiry relative to Sir Alexander Cumming, of Culter, I may refer to the _Scottish Journal_ (Menzies, Edin. 1848) _of Topography, Antiquities, Traditions, &c._, vol. ii. p. 254., where an extract from a MS. autobiography of the baronet is given. The work in which this occurs is little known; but, as a repertory of much curious and interesting information, deserved a more extensive circulation than it obtained. It stopped with the second volume, and is now somewhat scarce, as the unsold copies were disposed of for waste paper.

_Pater-noster Tackling_ (Vol. iii., p. 89.).--_Pater-noster fishing-tackle_, so called in the shops, is used to catch fish (perch, for instance) which take the bait at various distances between the surface and the bottom of the water. Accordingly, hooks are attached to a line at given intervals throughout its length, with leaden shots, likewise regularly distributed, in order to sink it, and keep it extended perpendicularly in the water.

This regularity of arrangement, and the resemblance of the shots to _beads_, seems to have caused the contrivance to have been, somewhat fancifully, likened to a _chaplet_ or _rosary_. In a rosary there is a bead longer than the rest, for distinction's sake called the _Pater-noster_; from whence that name applies to a rosary; and, therefore, to anything likened to it; and, therefore, to the article of _fishing-tackle_ in question.

The word _pater-noster_, i.e. _pater-noster-wise_, is an heraldic term (_vide_ Ash's _Dictionary_), applied to _beads_ disposed in the form of a cross.

ROBERT SNOW.

_Welsh Words for Water_ (Vol. iii., p. 30.).--

"It is quite surprising," says Sharon Turner (_Trans. of the Royal
Society of Literature_, vol. i. pt. i. p. 97.), "to observe that, in
all the four quarters of the world, many nations signify this liquid by
a vocable of one or more syllables, from the letter M."

He mentions the Hebrew word for it, _mim_; in Africa he finds twenty-eight examples, in Asia sixteen, in South America five, in North America three, in Europe three; and elsewhere, in Canary Islands one, in New Zealand one. He adds--

"We trace the same radical in the Welsh _more_, the sea, and in the
Latin _mare, humor, humidus._[27]

"All these people cannot be supposed to have derived their sound from
each other. It must have descended to them from some primitive source,
common to all."

From the expression used by J. W. H., "the connexion of the Welsh _dwr_ with the Greek [Greek: hudor] is remarkable," he appears not to have known that Vezron found so many resemblances in the Doric or Laconic dialect, and the Celtic, that he thereupon raised the theory that the Lacedaemonians and the Celts were of the same--the Titanic--stock.

T. J.

[Footnote 27: He may have added the Armoric or Breton _mor_, _mar_; and the Irish _muir_, _mara_.]

_Early Culture of the Imagination_ (Vol. iii., p. 38.).--The germ of the thought alluded to by MR. GATTY is as ancient as the time of Plato, and may be found in the _Republic_, book ii. c. 17. If this will aid MR. GATTY in his research, it is gladly placed at his disposal by

KENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE.

January 20. 1851.

_Venville_ (Vol. iii., p. 38.).--R. E. G. inquires respecting the origin of this word, as applied to certain tenants round Dartmoor Forest. The name is peculiar to that district, and is applied chiefly to certain _vills_ or villages (for the most part also parishes), and to certain tenements within them, which pay fines to the Lord of Lidford and Dartmoor, viz. the Prince of Wales, as Duke of Cornwall. The fines are supposed to be due in respect either of rights of common on the forest, or of trespasses committed by cattle on it; for the point is a _vexata quaestio_ between the lord and tenants of Dartmoor and the tenants of the Venville lands, which lie along the boundaries of it. {153} In the accounts rendered to the lord of these fines, there was a distinct title, headed _"Fines Villarum"_ when these accounts were in Latin; and I think it cannot be doubted that the lands and tenures under this title came to be currently called _Finevill_ lands from this circumstance. Hence Fenvill, Fengfield, or Venvill; the last being now the usual spelling and pronunciation. R. E. G. may see a specimen of these accounts, and further observations on them, in Mr. Rowe's very instructive _Perambulation of Dartmoor_, published a year or two ago at Plymouth.

E. S.

_Cum Grano Salis_ (Vol. iii., p. 88.) simply means, with a grain of allowance; spoken of propositions which require qualification. The Cambridge man's explanation, therefore, does not suit the meaning. I have always supposed that salis was added to denote a small grain. I find in Forcellini that the Romans called a small flaw in crystals _sal_.

C. B.

_Hoops_ (Vol. iii., p. 88.).--The examples given in Johnson's article _Farthingale_ will sufficiently answer the question. Farthingales are mentioned in Latimer with much indignant eloquence:

"I trow Mary had never a verdingale."

If the question had been, not whether they were in use as early as 1651, but whether they were in use in 1651, perhaps there would have been more difficulty, for they do not appear in Hollar's dresses, 1640.

C. B.

_Cranmer's Descendants_ (Vol. iii., p. 8.).--It may be of some interest to C. D. F. to be informed, that the newspapers of the time recorded the death of Mr. Bishop Cranmer of Wivelescombe, co. Somerset, on the 8th April, 1831, at the age of eighty-eight. He is said to have been a direct descendant of the martyred archbishop, to whose portraits he bore a strong personal resemblance.

J. D. S.

_Shakspeare's Use of the Word "Captious"_ (Vol. ii., p. 354.).--Why may not the word have the same meaning as it has now? A _captious_ person is not primarily a deceitful person, but either one who catches at any argument to uphold his own cause, or, more generally, one who catches or cavils at arguments or expressions used by another, and fastens a frivolous objection on them; one who takes exception to a point on paltry and insufficient grounds:

"Yet in this captious and intenible sieve
I still pour in the waters of my love."

_i.e._ yet into this sieve, which catches at, and yet never holds them, I still pour the waters of my love.

There seems to me a double meaning of the word _captious_, indicating an under-current of thought in the author; first, the literal sense, then the inferential: "this sieve catches at and seems as if it would intercept the waters of my love, but takes me in, and disappoints me, because it will not uphold them." The objection to explaining _captious_ by simply _fallacious_, is that the word means this by inference or consequence, rather than primarily. Because one who is eager to controvert, _i.e._ who is captious, generally, but not always, acts for a sophistical purpose and means to deceive. Cicero, I believe, uses _fallax_ and _captiosus_ as distinct, not as synonymous, terms.

E. A. D.

_Boiling to Death_ (Vol. ii., p. 519.).--

"Impoysonments, so ordinary in Italy, are so abominable among English,
as 21 Hen. 8. it was made high treason, though since repealed; after
which the punishment for it was to be put alive in a caldron of water,
and there boiled to death: at present it is felony without benefit of
clergy."--Chamberlayne's _State of England_,--an old copy, without a
title-page.

Judging from the list of bishops and maids of honour, I believe the date to be 1669.

WEDSECNARF.

_Dozen of Bread_ (Vol. ii., p. 49.).--The Duchess of Newcastle says of her _Nature's Picture_:

"In this volume there are several feigned stories, &c. Also there are
some morals and some dialogues; but they are as the advantage loaf of
bread to the baker's dozen." 1656.

WEDSECNARF.

_Friday Weather_ (Vol. iii., p. 7.).--A very old friend of mine, a Shropshire lady, tells me that her mother (who was born before 1760) used to say that Friday was always the fairest, or the foulest, day of the week.

WEDSECNARF.

_Saint Paul's Clock_ (Vol. iii., p. 40.).--In reply to MR. CAMPKIN'S Query, I send you the following extract from Easton's _Human Longevity_ (London, 1799):

"James Hatfield died in 1770, aged 105. Was formerly a soldier: when on
duty as a centinel at Windsor, one night, at the expiration of his
guard, he heard St. Paul's clock, London, strike _thirteen_ strokes
instead of twelve, and not being relieved as he expected he fell
asleep; in which situation he was found by the succeeding guard, who
soon after came to relieve him; for such neglect he was tried by a
court-martial, but pleading that he was on duty his legal time, and
asserting, as a proof, the singular circumstance of hearing St. Paul's
clock strike thirteen strokes, which, upon inquiry, proved true--he was
in consequence acquitted."

J. B. COLMAN.

_Lunardi_ (Vol. ii., p. 469.).--I remember seeing Lunardi's balloon pass over the town of Ware, previous to its fall at Standon. I have seen the _moonstone_ described by your correspondent C. J. F., but all that I can remember of an old song on the occasion is. "They thought it had been the man in the moon," alluding to the men in the fields, who ran away frightened. But a servant girl had {154} the courage to take the rope thrown out by Lunardi, and was well rewarded. It caused a great sensation, and many of the principal inhabitants of Ware and Wadesmill assembled with Lunardi at the Feathers Inn, at the latter place.

J. TAYLOR.

Newick, Sussex.

_Outline in Painting_.--J. O. W. H. (Vol. i., p. 318.) and H. C. K. (Vol. iii., p. 63.) are earnestly referred, for resolution of their doubts, to the work by Mr. Ruskin, in 2 vols. large 8vo., entitled _Modern Painters_, by a _Graduate of Oxford_, published by Smith and Elder, 1846.

ROBERT SNOW.

_Handbell before a Corpse_ (vol. iii., p. 68.).--Your correspondent [Hebrew: B]. has too inconsiderately dismissed the Query which he has undertaken to answer touching the custom of ringing a handbell in advance of a funeral procession. He says, "I have never considered it as anything but _a cast of the bell-man's office_, to add more solemnity to the occasion."

The custom is _invariably_ observed throughout Italy, and is common in France and Spain. I have witnessed at least some hundreds of funerals in various cities and villages of Piedmont, Sardinia, Tuscany, the Roman States, Naples, Elba, and Sicily; and in Malta; yet never knew I one without the handbell.

Its _object_, as first explained to me in Florence, is to clear the way for the procession; to remind passengers and loiterers to take off their hats; and to call the pious to their doors and windows to gaze upon the emblems of mortality, and to say a prayer for the repose of the departed soul.

NOCAB.

_Brandon the Juggler_ (Vol. ii., p. 424.).--Your correspondent T. CR. is referred to Scot's _Discoverie of Witchcraft_, p. 308. (edit. 1584) for a notice of this person and his pigeon.

JAS. CROSSLEY.

"_Words are Men's Daughters_" (Vol. iii., p. 38.).--This line is taken from Dr. Madden's _Boulter's Monument_ (Dublin, 1745, 8vo.), a poem which was revised by Dr. Johnson, but to which little attention has been paid by his biographers. Mr. Croker observes (edit. of Boswell, 1848, p. 107. note)--

"Dr. Madden wrote very bad verses. The few lines in Boulter's monument
which rise above mediocrity may be attributed to Johnson."

Those who take the trouble to refer to the poem itself, will, notwithstanding Mr. Croker's hasty criticism, find a great many fine and vigorous passages, in which the hand of Johnson is clearly distinguishable, and which ought not to be allowed to remain unnoticed. Perhaps on a future occasion I may, in support of this opinion, give some specimens from the poem. The line as to which T. J. inquires,--

"Words are men's daughters, but God's Sons are things,"--

and which is in allusion to Genesis vi. 2. 4., is, I entertain no doubt, one of Dr. Johnson's insertions.

JAS. CROSSLEY.

"_Fine by degrees, and beautifully less_" (Vol. iii., p. 105.).--This line is from Prior's "Henry and Emma," a poem, upon the model of the "Nut-brown Maid." I copy part of the passage in which it occurs, for the sake of any of your readers who may be lovers of _context_, and may not have the poem at hand to refer to.

"_Henry_ [addressing Emma].
"Vainly thou tell'st me what the woman's care
Shall in the wildness of the woods prepare; 420
Thou, ere thou goest, unhappiest of thy kind,
Must leave the habit and the sex behind.
No longer shall thy comely tresses break
In flowing ringlets on thy snowy neck;
Or sit behind thy head, an ample round,
In graceful braids with various ribbon bound:
No longer shall the bodice aptly lac'd
From thy full bosom to thy slender waist,
That air and harmony of shape express,
Fine by degrees, and beautifully less: 430
Nor shall thy lower garments' artful plait,
From thy fair side dependent to thy feet,
Arm their chaste beauties with a modest pride,
And double every charm they seek to hide."

C. FORBES.

Temple, Feb. 10.

[We are also indebted for replies to this Query to Robert Snow, Fras.
Crossley, A. M., J. J. M., A. H., S. T., E. S. T. T., V., W. K., R. B.,
and other correspondents. C. H. P. remarks:

"Pope, who died in 1744, twenty-three years after Prior, evidently had
this line in view when he wrote as follows:--

"'Ladies, like variegated tulips, show;
'Tis to their changes half their charms they owe;
Fine by defect, and delicately weak,
Their happy spots the nice admirer take.'"

And J. H. M. tells us, "The late Lord Ellenborough applied the line
somewhat ignobly, when speaking of bristles, in a dispute between two
brushmakers."]

_"The Soul's dark Cottage"_ (Vol. iii., p. 105.).--The couplet "EFFARESS" inquires for, is to be found in Waller's poems. It is a production of his later years, and occurs in the epilogue to his "Poems of Divine Love," and "Of the Fear of God," &c., thus:--

"The soul's dark cottage, batter'd and decay'd,
Lets in new light through chinks that time has made,
Stronger by weakness, wiser, men become,
As they draw nigh to their eternal home.
Leaving the old, both worlds at once they view,
That stand upon the threshold of the new."

{155}

There is another couplet worth citing--

"The seas are quiet, when the winds give o'er;
So calm are we, when passions are no more."

How different were the effusions of Waller's earlier muse! In the year 1645, Humphrey Mosley published "_Poems, &c_., written by Mr. Ed. Waller, of Beaconsfield, Esquire, lately a Member of the Honourable House of Commons." The title-page also states that--

"All the Lyrick Poems in this Booke were set by Mr. Henry Lawes of the
King's Chappell, and one of his Majesties Private Musick."

It is not a little remarkable that the same publisher, in the same year, should have also given to the world the first edition of that precious volume--Milton's _Minor Poems_; and, in the advertisement prefixed, he thus adverts to the circumstance:--

"That incouragement I have already received from the most ingenious
men, in their clear and courteous entertainment of _Mr. Waller's_ late
choice Peeces, hath onece more made me adventure into the world,
presenting it with these _ever-green and not to be blasted laurels_."

Had Humphrey Mosley any presentiment of the deathless fame of Milton?

S. W. SINGER.

_"The Soul's dark Cottage," &c_. (Vol. iii., p. 105.).--This admired couplet can never escape recollection. It was written by Waller. From the tenor of some preceding lines, and the place which the verses occupy in the edition of 1693, they must be among the latest of his compositions.

BOLTON CORNEY.

[A. H. H., R. B., C. J. R., H. G. T., and other friends have replied to
this Query.

The Rev. J. Sansom points out a kindred passage in his poem of _Divine
Love_, canto vi. p. 249.:

"The soul contending to that light to fly
From her dark cell," &c.

H. G. sends a beautiful parallel passage from Fuller (_Holy State Life
of Monica_): "Drawing near her death, she sent most pious thoughts as
harbingers to heaven, and her soul saw a glimpse of happiness through
the chinks of her sickness-broken body." And J. H. M. informs us that
amongst Duke's Poems is a most flattering one addressed to Waller,
evidently allusive to the lines in question.]

"_Beauty Retire_" (Vol. iii., p. 105.).--The lines beginning "Beauty Retire," which Pepys set to music, taken from the second part of the _Siege of Rhodes_, act iv. scene 2., are printed in the 5th volume of the _Memoirs_, p. 250., 3rd edition.

I believe the music exists in the Pepysian Library, but any of the Fellows of Magdalene College could ascertain the fact.

BRAYBROOKE.

_Mythology of the Stars_ (Vol. iii., p. 70.).--I would here add to my recommendation of Captain Smyth's _Celestial Cycle_ (_ante_, p. 70.), that soon after it appeared it obtained for its author the annual gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society; and that it is a book adapted to the exigencies of astronomers of all degrees, from the experienced astronomer, furnished with every modern refinement of appliances and means of observation, to the humbler, but perhaps no less zealous beginner, furnished only with a good pair of natural eyes, aided, on occasion, by the common opera-glass. Such an observer, if he goes the right way to work, will make sure of a high degree of entertainment and instruction, and may reasonably hope to light on a discovery or two, worthy, even in the present day, of being recorded.

ROBERT SNOW.

_Simon Bache_ (Vol. iii., p. 105.).--_Thesaurarius Hospitii_.--The office of "Thesaurarius Hospitii," about which A. W. H. inquires, means, I believe, "Treasurer of the Household." In Chauncy's _Hertfordshire_, vol. ii. p. 102., the inscription on Simon Bache is given in the same terms as by your correspondent. The learned author then gives, at p. 103., the epitaph on another monument also in Knebworth Church, erected to the memory of John Hotoft, in which occur these two lines:

"Hospitii regis qui Thesaurarius olim
Henrici sexti merito pollebat honore."

At p. 93. of the same volume, Sir Henry Chauncy speaks of the same John Hotoft as an eminent man, and sheriff of the county, and adds:

"He was also Treasurer of the King's Household afterwards; he dyed and
was buried in the chancel of this church, where his monument remains at
this day."

Who Simon Bache was, or how he came to be buried at Knebworth, I cannot tell. The name of "Bach" occurs in Chauncy several times, as that of mayors and assistants, at Hertford, between 1672 and 1689.

J. H. L.

_Winifreda_ (Vol. iii., p. 108.).--It may perhaps interest LORD BRAYBROOKE and J. H. M. to know, that I have in my possession the copy of Dodsley's _Minor Poems_, which belonged to John Gilbert Cooper, and which was bought at the sale of his grandson, the late Colonel John Gilbert-Cooper-Gardiner. The song of "Winifreda" is at page 282. of the 4th volume; and a manuscript note, in the handwriting of the son of the author of _Letters concerning Taste_, states it to have been written "by John Gilbert Cooper." The _praise_ bestowed by Cooper on the poem, and which J. H. M. conceives to militate against his claim to the composition, is obviously intended to apply to the _original_, and not to Cooper's elegant translation.

A.

Newark.

_Queries on Costume_ (Vol. iii., p. 88.).--Addison's paper in the _Spectator_, No. 127., seems to be {156} conclusive that hooped petticoats were not in use so early as the year 1651. The anecdote in connection with the subject related in Wilson's _Life of De Foe_, has always appeared to me very questionable, not only on that consideration, but because Charles was at the time a fine tall young man of more than twenty-one years of age, and at the only period that he could have been in the neighbourhood referred to, he was on horseback and attended by at least two persons, who were also mounted. Neither can the circumstances related be at all reconciled with the particulars given by Clarendon and subsequent writers, who have professed to correct the statements of that historian by authority.

J. D. S.

_Antiquitas Saeculi Juventus Mundi_ (Vol. ii., p. 218.; Vol. iii., p. 125.).--Permit me again to express my opinion, with due deference to the eminent authorities cited in your pages, that the comprehensive words of Lord Bacon, "Antiquitas saeculi juventus mundi," were not borrowed from any author, ancient or modern. But it would be a compliment which that great genius would have been the first to ridicule, were we to affirm that no anterior writer had adopted analogous language in expressing the benefits of "the philosophy of time." On the contrary, he would have called our attention to the expressions of the Egyptian priest addressed to Solon, (see a few pages beyond the one referred to in his _Advancement of Learning_):

"Ye Grecians are ever children, ye have no knowledge of antiquity nor
antiquity of knowledge."

The words of Bacon to me appear to be a condensation of the well-known dialogue in Plato's _Timaeus_, above quoted, as will, I hope, appear in the following paraphrase:

"Apud vos propter inundationes ineunte modo saeculo nihil scientiarum
est augmentationis. Quoad nos _juventus mundi_ ac terrae Aegyptiacae, qua
nulla hominum exitia fuerunt, progrediente tempore, _antiquitas_ fit
_saeculi_, et antiquissimarum rerum apud nos momumenta servantur."

T. J.

_Lady Bingham_ (Vol. iii., p. 61.).--Lady Bingham, whose daughter, afterwards Lady Crewe, was unsuccessfully courted by Sir Symonds D'Ewes (for which see his autobiography), was Sarah, the daughter of John Heigham, Esq., of Gifford's Hall in Urekham Brook, Suffolk, of the same family with Sir Clement Heigham, Knt., of Barrow, Suffolk, Speaker of the House of Commons. She was married by banns at St. Olave's, Hart Street, Jan. 11, 1588, to Sir Richard Bingham, Knt., of co. Dorset. She married, secondly, Edward Waldegrave, Esq., of Lawford, Essex, to whom she was second wife, and by him had Jemima, afterwards Lady Crewe. Edward Waldegrave, married to his first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Bartholomew Averell, of Southminster, Essex, had by her an only daughter, Anne, who married Drew, afterwards Sir Drew Drury, Bart., of Riddlesworth, Norfolk. He, Edward Waldegrave, was descended from a younger branch of the family of Waldegrave, of Smallbridge, in the parish of Bures, Suffolk, from whence descends the present Earl Waldegrave.

Lady Bingham lies buried in the chancel of Lawford church, where a stone in the floor states her age to have been sixty-nine, and that she was buried Sept. 9. 1634. There is also another stone in the floor for Edward Waldegrave, Esq., who married Dame Sarah Bingham, by whom he had one daughter, Jemima, who was married to John Stearne (a mistake evidently for Stene, the seat of James Lord Crewe). Edward Waldegrave was buried Feb. 13, 1621, aged about sixty-eight.

The large monument in Lawford church is for the father of this Edward Waldegrave, who died in 1584.

D. A. Y.

_Proclamation of Langholme Fair_ (Vol. iii., p. 56.).--MONKBARNS wishes the meaning of the choice expressions in the proclamation. They may be explained as follows:--_Hustrin_, hustling, or riotously inclined, being so consonanted to make it alliterate with _custrin_, spelt by Jamieson, _custroun_, and signifying a pitiful fellow. Chaucer has the word _truston_ in this sense.

_Land-louper_, one who runs over the country, a vagabond.

_Dukes-couper_ I take to be a petty dealer in ducks or poultry, and to be used in a reproachful sense, as we find "pedlar," "jockey," &c.

_Gang-y-gate swinger_, a fighting man, who goes swaggering in the road (or _gate_); a roisterer who takes the wall of every one. _Swing_ is an old word for a stroke or blow.

_Durdam_ is an old word meaning an uproar, and akin to the Welsh word _dowrd_. _Urdam_ may be a corruption of _whoredom_, but is more probably prefixed to the genuine word as a co-sounding expletive.

_Brabblement_ seems to be a derivative from the Scotch verb "bra," to make a loud and disagreeable noise (see Jamieson); and _squabblement_ explains itself.

_Lugs_, ears; _tacked_, nailed; _trone_, an old word, properly signifying the public weighing-machine, and sometimes used for the pillory.

_A nail o' twal-a-penny_ is, of course, a nail of that size and sort of which twelve are bought for a penny.

_Until he down of his hobshanks, and up with his muckle doubs_, evidently means, until he goes down on his knees and raises his hands. _Hobshanks_ is, I think, still in common use. Of _doubs_ I can give no explanation.

W. T. M.

Edinburgh, Jan. 29th.

_Burying in Church Walls_ (Vol. iii., p. 37.).--To {157} the examples mentioned by N. of tombs in church walls, may be added the remarkable ones at Bottisham, Cambridgeshire. There are several of these in the south aisle, with arches _internally and externally_: the wall between resting on the coffin lid. They are, of course, coeval with the church, which is fine early Decorated. They are considered, I believe, to be memorials of the priors of Anglesey, a neighbouring religious house. They will, no doubt, be fully elucidated in the memoir of Bottisham and Anglesey, which is understood to be in preparation by members of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. At Trumpington, in the same county, is a recessed tomb of Decorated date, in the south wall of the chancel, externally.

C. R. M.

_Defender of the Faith_ (Vol. ii., pp. 442. 481.; Vol. iii., pp. 9. 94.).--Should not King Edward the Confessor's claim to _defend the church as God's Vicar_ be added to the several valuable notices in relation to the title _Defender of the Faith_, with which some of your learned contributors have favoured us through your pages?

According to Hoveden, one of the laws adopted from the Anglo-Saxons by _William_ was:

"Rex autem atque vicarius Ejus ad hoc est constitutus, ut regnum
terrenum, populum Dei, et super omnia _sanctam ecclesiam_, revereatur
et ab injuriatoribus _defendat_," &c.

Which duty of princes was further enforced by the words--

"Illos decet vocari reges, qui vigilant, _defendunt_, et regunt
Ecclesiam Dei et populum Ejus, imitantes regem psalmographum,"
&c.--Vid. _Rogeri de Hoveden Annal._, par. post., Sec.. Regis Officium;
ap. Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores post Bedam, ed. Francof. 1601, p. 604.
Conf. Prynne's _Chronol. Records_, ed. Lond. 1666, tom i. p. 310.

This law appears always to have been received as of authority after the Conquest; and it may, perhaps, be considered as the first seed of that constitutional church supremacy vested in our sovereigns, which several of our kings before the Reformation had occasion to vindicate against Papal claims, and which Henry VIII. strove to carry in the other direction, to an unconstitutional excess.

J. SANSOM.

_Sauenap, Meaning of_ (Vol. ii., p. 479.).--The word probably means a _napkin_ or _pinafore_; the two often, in old times, the same thing. The Cornish name for _pinafore_ is _save-all_. (See Halliwell's _Arch. Dict._) I need not add that _nap_, _napery_, was a common word for linen.

GEORGE STEPHENS.

Stockholm.

_Sir Thomas Herbert's Memoirs_ (Vol. ii., p. 476.).--The memoirs of Charles I. by Sir Thomas Herbert were published in 1702. I transcribe the title from a copy in my possession:--

"Memoirs of the two last years of the reign of that unparall'd prince,
of ever blessed memory, king Charles I. By sir Tho. Herbert, major
Huntingdon, col. Edw. Coke, and Mr. Hen. Firebrace, _etc_. London, Rob.
Clavell, 1702, 8vo."

The volume, for a publication of that period, is of uncommon occurrence. It was printed, as far as above described, "from a _manuscript_ of the Right Reverend the Bishop of Ely, lately deceased." The remainder of the volume consists of reprinted articles.

BOLTON CORNEY.

_Robert Burton_ (Vol. iii., p. 106.).--The supposition that the author of the _Anatomy of Melancholy_ was born at Fald, Staffordshire, instead of Lindley, Leicestershire, seems probable from the fact, that in an edition of the _History of Leicestershire_, by his brother William, I find that the latter dates his preface "From Falde, neere Tutbury, Staff., Oct. 30. 1622." In this work, also, under the head "Lindley," is given the pedigree of his family, commencing with "James de Burton, Squier of the body to King Richard the First;" down to "Rafe Burton, of Lindley, borne 1547; died 17 March, 1619;" leaving "Robert Burton, bachelor of divinity and student of Christ Church, Oxon; author of the _Anatomy of Melancholy_; borne 8 of Febr. 1578;" and "William Burton, author of this work (_History of Leicestershire_), borne 24 of Aug. 1575, now dwelling at Falde, ann. 1622."

T. T.

Leicester.

_Drachmarus_ (Vol. iii., p. 105.).--If your correspondents (Nos. 66 and 67.) who have inquired for a book called _Jartuare_, and for a writer named "Drachmarus," would add a little to the length of their questions, so as not by extra-briefness to deaden the dexterity of conjecturers, perhaps they might be nearer to the reception of replies. Many stranger things have happened than that _Drachmarus_ should be renovated by the context into Christian _Druthmar_.

_Averia_ (Vol. iii., p. 42.).--I have long desired to know the exact meaning of _averia_, but I have not met with a good explanation until lately. It is clear, however, from the following legal expression, "_Nullus distringatur per averia carucae._" _Caruca_ is the French _charrue_, and therefore _averia_ must mean either cart-horses or oxen which draw the plough.

P.

_Dragons_ (Vol. iii., p. 40.).--I think the _Draco_ of the Crusaders' times must have been the _Boa constrictor_. If you will look into St. Jerome's _Vitas Patrum_, you will find that he mentions the trail of a "draco" seen in the sand in the Desert, which appeared as if a _great beam_ had been dragged along. I think it not likely that a crocodile would have {158} ventured so far from the banks of the Nile as to be seen in the Desert.

P.

* * * * *

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.

The members of the Percy Society have just received the third and concluding volume of _The Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer, a new Text, with Illustrative Notes, edited by Thomas Wright, Esq_. It is urged as an objection to Tyrwhitt's excellent edition of the _Canterbury Tales_, that one does not know his authority for any particular reading, inasmuch as he has given what he considered the best among the different MSS. he consulted. Mr. Wright has gone on an entirely different principle. Considering the Harleian MS. (No. 7334.) as both "the oldest and best manuscript he has yet met with," he has "reproduced it with literal accuracy," and for the adoption of this course Mr. Wright may plead the good example of German scholars when editing the _Nibelungen Lied_. That the members of the Society approve the principle of giving complete editions of works like the present, has been shown by the anxiety with which they have looked for the completion of Mr. Wright's labours; and we doubt not that, if the Council follow up this edition of the _Canterbury Tales_ with some other of the collected works which they have announced--such as those of Hoccleve, Taylor the Water Poet, &c.--they will readily fill up any vacancies which may now exist in their list of members.

Mr. Parker has just issued another handsome, and handsomely illustrated volume to gladden the hearts of all ecclesiologists and architectural antiquaries. We allude to Mr. Freeman's _Essay on the Origin and Development of Window Tracery in England_, which consists of an improved and extended form of several papers on the subject of Tracery read before the Oxford Architectural Society at intervals during the years 1846 and 1848. To those of our readers who know what are Mr. Freeman's abilities for the task he has undertaken, the present announcement will be a sufficient inducement to make them turn to the volume itself; while those who have not yet paid any attention to this interesting chapter in the history of Architectural progress, will find no better introduction to the study of it than Mr. Freeman's able volume with its four hundred illustrations.

Mr. Foss has, we hear, gone to press with two additional volumes of his _Judges of England_, which will carry his subject down to the end of the reign of Richard III.

_The Athenaeum_ of Saturday last announces that the remaining Stowe MSS., including the unpublished Diaries and Correspondence of George Grenville, have been bought by Mr. Murray, of Albemarle Street, from the Trustees of the Duke of Buckingham. The correspondence will form about four volumes, and will be ready to appear among our next winter's novelties. The Grenville Diary reveals, it is said, the secret movements of Lord Bute's administration--the private histories of Wilkes and Lord Chatham--and the features of the early madness of George III.; while the Correspondence exhibits Wilkes, we are told, in a new light--and reveals (what the Stowe Papers were expected to reveal) something of moment about Junius; So that we may at length look for the solution of this important query.

Messrs. Puttick and Simpson (191. Piccadilly) will sell, on Monday and Tuesday next, a collection of Choice Books, mostly in beautiful condition. Among the more curious lots are, an unpublished work of Archbishop Laud, on _Church Government_, said to have been presented to Charles I. for the instruction of Prince Henry; and an unique Series of Illustrations for Scotland, consisting of several thousand engravings, and many interesting drawings and autographs.

We have received the following Catalogues:--Bernard Quaritch's (16. Castle Street, Leicester Square) Catalogue (No. 24.) of Books in European and Oriental Languages and Dialects, Fine Arts, Antiquities, &c.; Waller and Son's (188. Fleet Street) Catalogue of Autograph Letters and Manuscripts, English and Foreign, containing many rare and interesting Documents.

* * * * *

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

CONDER'S PROVINCIAL COINS. Publisher's name I cannot recollect.
HISTORICAL REGISTER for 1st February, 1845, price _6d_. No. 5.; also for
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its discontinuation. Published by Wallbridge, 7. Catherine Street,
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LULLII (RAYMONDI) OPERA, Mogunt, 10 Vols. fol., 1721-42.
LICETI (FORTUNII) DE QUAESITIS PER EPISTOLAS, Bonon. 7 tom. 4to., 1640-50.
SCALICHII SIVE SCALIGERI (PAULI) OPERA, Basil, 1559, 4to.
---- OCCULTA OCCULTORUM, Vienn. 1556, 4to.
---- SATIRAE PHILOSOPHICAE, Regiom. 1563, 8vo.
---- MISCELLANEORUM, Colon. 1570, 4to.
---- DE VITA EJUS ET SCRIPTIS, 4to., Ulmae, 1803.
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Colon. 1567, 4to.
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8vo.
---- CONTRADICENTIUM MEDICORUM, Lugd. 1584, 4to.
---- THEONOSTON, Rom. 1617, 4to.
---- DE IMMORTALITATE ANIMORUM, Ludg. 1545, 12mo.
---- DE MALO MEDENDI USU, Venet. 1536, 12mo.
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MEDICI DETEGUNTUR, Paris, 1630, 8vo.
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---- OBSERVATIONES LINGUAE LATINAE, Francof., 1609, 8vo.
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---- INSTAURATIO TABULARII REATINI, Romae, 1640, 4to.

*** Letters stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be sent to Mr. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

* * * * *

Notices to Correspondents.

J. E., _The price of_ "NOTES AND QUERIES" _is_ 3d. _per Number. There was an extra charge for the Index; and No. 65. was a double Number, price_ 6d. _The taking of the Index was, as Lubin Log says, "quite optional."_ {159}

PHILO-STEVENS. _We do not know of any Memoir of the late Mr. Price, the Editor of Warton's_ History of English Poetry. _There is not certainly one prefixed to any edition of Warton. Mr. Price was a thorough scholar, and well deserving of such a memorial._

E. S. T. _Only waiting for an opportunity of using them._

MARTIN FAMILY (of Wivenhoe). CLERICUS, _who sought for information respecting this Family, may, by application to our publisher, learn the address of a gentleman who has collected evidence of their pedigree._

DE NAVORSCHER. _Mr. Nutt, of 270. Strand, is the London Agent for this interesting work, of which we have received the January and February Numbers._

_Our_ MONTHLY PART _for_ FEBRUARY, _price_ 1s. 3d., _will be ready on Wednesday next._

REPLIES RECEIVED. _Salisbury Craigs_--_Shaking Hands_--_Robert Burton_--_Ulm MS._--_Metrical Psalms_--_Booty's Case_--_Language given to Man_--_Eisel_--_Lammer Beads_--_Tradescant_--_Munchausen_--_Sixes and Sevens_--_Under the Rose, &c. (from Ache)_--_Waste Book_--_Cracowe Pike_--_Gloves_--_Descent of Henry IV._--_Lord Howard of Effingham_--_Lincoln Missal_--_Prayer at the Healing_--_Hats of Cardinals_--_Aver_--_St. Paul's Clock._

NOTE AND QUERIES _may be procured, by order, of all Booksellers and Newsvenders. It is published at noon on Friday, so that our country Subscribers ought not to experience any difficulty in procuring it regularly. Many of the country Booksellers, &c., are, probably, not yet aware of this arrangement, which will enable them to receive_ NOTES AND QUERIES _in their Saturday parcels._

_All communications for the Editor of_ NOTES AND QUERIES _should be addressed to the care of_ MR. BELL, No. 186. Fleet Street.

_Erratum._--No. 67. p. 101. l. 4., for _a_ read _an_.

* * * * *

An unpublished MS. of ARCHBISHOP LAUD on Church Government, and very Choice Books, Mahogany Glazed Book-case, Two Fine Marble Figures, &c.

PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, on MONDAY, February 24th, and following Day, a Collection of very Choice Books in beautiful Condition, Books of Prints, Picture Galleries, a Fine Set of Curtis' Botanical Magazine; a beautiful Series of Pennant's Works, in russia; Musee Francaise and Musee Royal, morocco; Annual Register, whole-bound in calf, and numerous other valuable Books, many in rich bindings.

Catalogues will be sent on application.

* * * * *

Highly Interesting Autograph Letters.

PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, on FRIDAY, February 28th, a highly Interesting Collection of Autograph Letters, particularly Letters of Modern Poets, CRABBE, BYRON, &c.; some very rare Documents connected with the Scottish History; an Extraordinary Declaration issued by James III., the Old Pretender; and many others of equal consequence.

Catalogues will be sent on application.

* * * * *

Valuable Library, late the Property of the Rev. GEORGE INNES, Head Master of the King's School, Warwick, deceased. Six Days' Sale.

PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, on MONDAY, March 3rd, and Five following Days, the valuable LIBRARY of the late Rev. GEORGE INNES, consisting of Theology; Greek and Latin Classics; the Works of Standard Historians, Poets and Dramatists; a Complete Set of the Gentleman's Magazine to 1842; a few County Histories, all in good condition, many handsomely bound.

Catalogues will be sent on application.

* * * * *

SOWERBY'S ENGLISH BOTANY. Now ready, Vol. IV. price 1l. 16s. cloth boards.

Vols. I. II. and III., price 1l. 19s. 6d. each, and cases for binding the Vols. always on hand.

*** Subscribers who may desire to complete their copies can do so from the stock of the second edition, at Re-issue price.

To be had of Mr. SOWERBY, 3. Mead Place, Lambeth; and of all Booksellers.

* * * * *

WHITAKER'S CLERGYMAN'S DIARY AND ECCLESIASTICAL CALENDAR FOR 1851, containing a Diary with the Lessons, Collects, and Directions for Public Worship, with blank spaces for Memoranda for every Day in the Year, the Sundays and other Holidays being printed in red.

The Ecclesiastical Calendar contains a list of all the Bishops, Deans, Archdeacons, Canons, Prebendaries, and other dignitaries of the United Church of England and Ireland, arranged under their respective Dioceses. The Bishops and other Dignitaries of the Colonial Church, the Scottish and American Episcopal Churches; Statistics of the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches, the various bodies of Dissenters, Religious Societies in connexion with the Church, with their Income and Expenditure; Directions to Candidates for Holy Orders, Curates, and newly-appointed Incumbents; the Universities, Heads of Houses, Prizes, &c.

The Miscellaneous Part contains complete Lists of both Houses of Parliament, the Ministry, Judges, &c., Tables of the Revenue, Taxes, Wages, &c., with a variety of matter useful to all Clergymen, the whole forming a COMPLETE AND CONVENIENT CLERGYMAN'S POCKET BOOK. Price, in cloth, 3s., or with a tuck as a pocket book, roan, 5s., or in morocco, 6s. 6d.

"It appears to be exceedingly well got up, and to contain all that a clergyman or churchman can desire."--_Guardian._

"Well arranged, and full of useful matter."--_John Bull._

"The most complete and useful thing of the kind."--_Christian Remembrancer._

Oxford: JOHN HENRY PARKER; and 377. Strand, London.

* * * * *

Committee for the Repair of the TOMB OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER.

JOHN BRUCE, Esq., Treas. S.A.
J. PAYNE COLLIER, Esq., V.P.S.A.
PETER CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.S.A.
WILLIAM RICHARD DRAKE, Esq., F.S.A.
THOMAS W. KING, Esq., F.S.A.
SIR FREDERICK MADDEN, K.H.
JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, Esq., F.S.A.
HENRY SHAW, Esq., F.S.A.
SAMUEL SHEPHERD, Esq., F.S.A.
WILLIAM J. THOMS, Esq., F.S.A.

The Tomb of Geoffrey Chaucer in Westminster Abbey is fast mouldering into irretrievable decay. A sum of One Hundred Pounds will effect a perfect repair. The Committee have not thought it right to fix any limit to the contribution; they themselves have opened the list with a subscription from each of them of Five Shillings; but they will be ready to receive any amount, more or less, which those who value poetry and honour Chaucer may be kind enough to remit to them.

Subscriptions have been received from the Earls of Carlisle, Ellesmere, and Shaftsbury, Viscounts Strangford and Mahon Pres. Soc. Antiq., The Lords Braybrooke and Londesborough, and many other noblemen and gentlemen.

Subscriptions are received by all the members of the Committee, and at the Union Bank, Pall Mall East. Post-office orders may be made payable at the Charing Cross Office, to William Richard Drake, Esq., the Treasurer, 46. Parliament Street, or William J. Thoms, Esq., Hon. Sec., 25. Holy-Well Street, Millbank.

{160}

* * * * *

Now Ready, in 200 pages, Demy 18mo.,

WITH A PICTORIAL VIEW AND GROUND PLAN OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION BUILDING,

AND VIEW OF THE BIRMINGHAM EXPOSITION.

_Price, in Fancy Binding, 2s. 6d., or Post Free, 3s._

Dedicated to His Royal Highness Price Albert

GILBERT'S POPULAR NARRATIVE

OF THE ORIGIN, HISTORY, PROGRESS, AND PROSPECTS OF THE

GREAT INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION,

1851;

WITH A GUIDE TO THE FUTURE RULES AND ARRANGEMENTS. By PETER BERLYN.

* * * * *

PUBLISHED BY JAMES GILBERT, 49. PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. _Orders Received by all Booksellers, Stationers, and Newsvendors_.

* * * * *

Just published, No. 5., price 2s. 6d.,

DETAILS OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, Measured and Drawn from existing Examples. By JAMES K. COLLING, Architect.

CONTENTS:
Archway from Bishop Burton Church and Corbel from Wawn Church,
Yorkshire.
Font from Bradfield Church, Norfolk.
Nave Arches, St. Mary's Church, Beverley.
Clerestory Windows from ditto.
One compartment of Nave and Label Terminations from ditto.

London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.

* * * * *

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE.--The Volume of Transactions of the LINCOLN MEETING, to which Subscribers for the year 1848 are entitled, is ready for delivery, and may be obtained, on application at the Office of the Society, 26. Suffolk Street, Pall Mall. Directions regarding transmission of copies to Country Members should be addressed to GEORGE VULLIAMY, Esq., Secretary. The Norwich Volume is also completed, and will be forthwith delivered.

It is requested that all arrears of subscription may be remitted without delay to the Treasurer, EDWARD HAWKINS, Esq. The Journal, No. 29., commencing Vol. VIII., will be published at the close of March, and forwarded, Postage Free, to all Members not in arrear of their contributions.

The SALISBURY VOLUME is nearly ready for delivery. Subscribers' names received by the Publisher,

GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.

* * * * *

THE DEVOTIONAL LIBRARY, Edited by WALTER FARQUHAR HOOK, D.D., Vicar of Leeds. Just Published.

THE HISTORY OF OUR LORD AND SAVIOUR JESUS CHRIST. With suitable Meditations and Prayers. By WILLIAM READING, M.A. (Reprinted from the Edition of 1737.) 32mo. cloth, price _2s._

Also,

DEVOUT MUSINGS ON THE BOOK OF PSALMS, Part 3. Psalms LXXVI. to CX. Price 1s. cloth; and Vol. I., containing Parts 1. and 2., price 2s. 6d. cloth.

Leeds: RICHARD SLOCOMBE. London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.

* * * * *

FOREIGN LITERATURE.

D. NUTT begs to call the Attention of the Public to his Establishment for the SALE of FOREIGN BOOKS, both Old and New, in various Languages, and in every Department of Literature. His Stock is one of the largest of its kind in London, and is being continually augmented by Weekly Importations from the Continent. He has recently published the following Catalogues, either of which may be had Gratis, and forwarded anywhere by Post upon receipt of Four Stamps:--Classical and Philological Books; Miscellaneous German Books and Elementary Works; Theological, Philosophical, and Oriental Books.

270. Strand (opposite Arundel Street), removed from Fleet Street.

* * * * *

Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.--Saturday, February 22. 1851.

* * * * *

Corrections made to printed original.

Contents, "Groatsworth of Witte": 'Groathsworth' in original ('Groatsworth' twice in article).

pages 130 & 131, "The Lyars": 'Lyan' in original.

page 130, "Margaret Nicholson": 'Magaret' in original.

page 132, "which is similarly subject to Venus": 'smilary' in original.

page 139, "the first two parts of the Ecclesiastical History": 'patts' in original.