Chapter I: Part 1

{161}

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

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"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.

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No. 70.] SATURDAY, MARCH 1. 1851. [Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d.

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CONTENTS.

NOTES:-- Page

A Word to the Literary Men of England, by K. R. H.
Mackenzie 161

The Essay on Satire, by Bolton Corney 162

Macklin's Ordinary and School of Criticism, by Dr. E.
F. Rimbault 163

"Love's Labour's Lost" 163

Notes on Newspapers, by H. M. Bealby 164

Mr. Gough's Translation of the History of the Bible 165

Minor Notes:--Origin of Harlequins--Monosyllables--
The Breeches, or Geneva Bible--Etymology of
Mushroom--Curious Fact in Natural History--Hudibras
in 1710--The Great Exhibition 165

QUERIES:--

The Ten Commandments, by Rev. A. Gatty 166

Minor Queries:--Was Hugh Peters ever on the Stage?--
English Synonymes--Christmas Day--A Coggeshall
Job--"Saffron Walden, God help me"--T. Gilburt
on Clandestine Marriages--Father Hehl, and Cahagnet--
Roman Catholic Bishops in Ireland--Derivation of
the Word Fib--Thomas May, the Author of the Supplement
to Lucan--Bunting's Irish Melodies--Rudbeck,
Campi Elysii--Prince of Wales' Motto--Borrow's
Danish Ballads--Head of the Saviour--Lines
on English History--The Sword Flamberg--Denarius
Philosophorum--"Sees Good in everything"--Oxford
Friar's Voyage to the North Pole--Roman
Catholic Church--Cor Linguae, &c. 166

REPLIES:--

Cardinal's Monument 169

Booty's Case 170

The Conquest, by C. H. Cooper 170

Descent of Henry IV., by J. B. Colman 171

Replies to Minor Queries:--Chauncy--Entwysel--
"Pretended" Reprint of Ancient Poetry--Lights on
the Altar--Cognation of the Jews and Lacedaemonians--
Queen Mary's Lament--Tandem D. O. M. 171

MISCELLANEOUS:--

Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 173

Books and Odd Volumes wanted 174

Notices to Correspondents 174

Advertisements 174

* * * * *

Notes.

A WORD TO THE LITERARY MEN OF ENGLAND.

"_Twenty scholars in seven years might retrieve the worst losses we
experience from the bigotry of popes and califs._ I do not intend to
assert that every Herculanean manuscript might, within that period, be
unfolded; but the three first legible sentences might be; which is
quite sufficient to inform the intelligent reader whether a farther
attempt on the scroll would repay his trouble. _There are fewer than
thirty Greek authors worth inquiring for; they exist, beyond doubt, and
beyond doubt they may, by attention, patience, and skill, be brought to
light._ * * With a _smaller_ sum than is annually expended on the
appointment of some silly and impertinent young envoy, we might restore
_all_, or _nearly all_ those writers of immortal name, whose
disappearance has been the regret of genius for four entire centuries.
In my opinion, a _few thousand pounds_, laid out on such an
undertaking, would be laid out as creditably as on a Persian carpet or
a Turkish tent."--Landor's _Imaginary Conversations--Southey and
Porson--Works_, vol. i. p. 20.

I call upon the literary men of England, upon the English government, and upon the public, to set the example in a glorious expedition, which, even in this age of wonders, is one of no little importance and magnitude. I conjure them to bear in mind the words I have placed at the head of this article,--the opinion of one of our best and most delightful authors. This opinion Mr. Landor, veiled under the eidolon of Porson, I feel assured, does not hold alone; I believe it to be engraven on the "red-leaved tablets" of the hearts of many more learned and more distinguished scholars than myself, who am but as the trumpet which is to rouse the friends of classical literature to action; as the bell which awakens the reaper to his abundant harvest: but I will sustain, that on none of them is it cut more deeply or more inextinguishably than on mine.

I propose that the friends of Classical, Scandinavian, and Oriental literature form themselves into an Association for the Rescue of the many ancient MSS. in the Greek, Latin, Anglo-Saxon, Norwegian, Zend, Sanscrit, Hebrew, Abyssinian, Ethiopian, Hindostanee, Persian, Syriac, Arabic, Armenian, Coptic, Turkish, and Chinese languages:--that application be made to government for the pecuniary furtherance of this enterprise;--and that the active co-operation of all foreign literary men be secured.[1]

Thus a careful and untiring search may be entered upon in all the regions of the earth where any MSS. are likely to be found, and the recovery or loss of the many inestimable authors of antiquity be made certain. Let the libraries of Europe be examined strictly and inquisitorially (and this will not be a heavy expense), and the new accessions to classical literature printed, the MSS. {162} which present themselves of already known authors carefully examined, and the variations to the received text marked. How much this is wanted we experience in the corruptions of Sophocles, AEschylus, Thucydides, Plato, and Aristoteles! In this way much that is valuable may be recovered; much that is matter of discussion set at rest. Let me instance the Babrian fables, and the discovery of Mr. Harris at Alexandria; who, it was remarked to me, might have discovered the whole, instead of a part, had proper hands unfolded the mummy.

On the advantages of this search, it were useless to expatiate: every one is sensible of it, and, sooner or later, it _must_ occur. Let us not allow our grandchildren to surpass us in everything, but let us set about this ourselves. Monstrous as the idea seems, it is simple of execution.

I will not take up the space so kindly afforded me by the Editor of "NOTES AND QUERIES" with speculation. The Association should be composed of a Literary Section and a Business Section: the first to be under the administration of a President and an efficient Board of Examiners, to look into literary matters, and examine and appoint the proper officers of the Investigation Parties; which parties must be composed of clever, adventurous, hardy, and adroit men, obtaining the assistance of the natives wherever they may be carrying on their researches; the Second Section to be under the direction of a Chairman and Finance Committee, to which the officers of the subordinate departments render their accounts.

I know not whether more will be required of me on this subject; very likely not: but I reserve much that I could say, until that time. I have now only to thank the Editor for inserting this long, but I will not say, wholly uninteresting proposal.

KENNETH R. H. MACKENZIE.

February 18. 1851.

[Footnote 1: I need not remind you how favourable an opportunity is presented by this year.]

* * * * *

THE ESSAY ON SATIRE.

Dryden, as sir Walter Scott observes, left a name in literature "second only to those of Milton and Shakspere"; but, popular as his writings were, he gave no collective edition of his poetical or dramatic works. The current editions of his poems may therefore be open to censure, both on the score of deficiency and redundancy--and such I believe to be the fact.

An _Essay on satire_, itself a coarse satire, has been ascribed to him for more than a century on dubious authority, and the correctness of this ascription has been properly suggested as a question for examination.

We have to decide on the credibility of two opposite statements, as made in the publications about to be enumerated:--

1. "The works of John Sheffield, earl of Mulgrave, marquis of Normanby,
and duke of Buckingham. LONDON: printed for John Barber, 1723. 4º. 2
vols."

2. "The works of John Sheffield, earl of Mulgrave, marquis of Normanby,
and duke of Buckingham. Printed for John Barber, alderman of LONDON,
1726. Small 8º. 2 vols."

3. "Original poems and translations, by John Dryden, Esq. LONDON:
printed for J. and R. Tonson, 1743. 12º. 2 vols."

In the two former publications, the poem appears as the entire composition of the noble author, and is said to have been "written in the year 1675." In the latter publication it appears without date, and is said to be "by Mr. Dryden and the earl of Mulgrave."

The publications were posthumous, and as the editors afford no explanation of the point in dispute, we must consult the reputed authors.

In the year 1691, as an advertisement to _King Arthur_, a dramatic opera, Dryden printed a catalogue of his "plays and poems in quarto," in order to prevent future mis-ascriptions. The catalogue comprises ten poems, but no _Essay on satire_. The publisher of _King Arthur_ was Mr. Jacob Tonson.

In 1682, the earl of Mulgrave published, anonymously, through the agency of Mr. Joseph Hindmarsh, an _Essay upon poetry_. It contains these lines:--

"The laureat here may justly claim our praise,
Crown'd by _Mac-Fleckno_ with immortal bays;
Though prais'd and punish'd for another's rimes,
His own deserve that glorious fate sometimes,
Were he not forc'd to carry now dead weight,
Rid by some lumpish minister of state."

In 1717, Mr. Tonson published _Poems by the earl of Roscommon_; and added thereto the _Essay on poetry_, "with the leave and with the corrections of the author." The lines shall now be given in their amended state, as they appear in that volume, with the accompanying notes:--

"The _Laureat_[2] here may justly claim our praise,
Crown'd by _Mack-Fleckno_[3] with immortal bays;
Tho' _prais'd_ and _punish'd_ once for other's[4] rhimes,
His own deserve as great applause sometimes;
Yet _Pegasus_[5], of late, has born _dead weight_,
Rid by some _lumpish_ ministers of state."

Next to Dryden and the earl of Mulgrave, as authorities on this question, comes the elder Jacob Tonson. Both writers were contributors to his _Poetical miscellanies_. In 1701 he published _Poems on various occasions, etc. By Mr. John Dryden_. The volume has not the _Essay on satire_. The same {163} Tonson, as we have just seen, gave currency to the assertion that Dryden was "ignorant of the whole matter."

To this display of contemporary evidence must be added the information derivable from the posthumous publications enumerated in the former part of this article. The publication of 1723 was made by direction of the duchess of Buckingham. The couplet, "Tho' prais'd," &c., and the appended note, were omitted. In 1726 Mr. alderman Barber republished the volumes "with several additions, and without any castrations," restoring the couplet and note as they were printed in 1717. In the _Original poems_ of Dryden, as collectively published in 1743, the joint authorship is stated without a word of evidence in support of it.

If we turn to the earlier writers on Dryden, we meet with no facts in favour of his claim to the poem in question. Anthony a Wood says, "the earl of Mulgrave was generally thought to be the author." This was written about 1694. The reverend Thomas Birch, a man of vast information, repeated this statement in 1736. Neither Congreve nor Giles Jacob allude to the poem.

The witnesses on the other side are, 1. The publisher of the _State poems_. 2. Dean Lockier. And 3. The reverend Thomas Broughton.

The _State poems_, in which the essay is ascribed to Dryden, may be called a surreptitious publication: it carries no authority. The testimony of Lockier, which is to the same effect, was never published by himself. It was a scrap of conversation held thirty years after the death of Dryden, and reported by another from memory. The reverend Thomas Broughton, who asserts the joint authorship of the poems, cites as his authority the _Original poems_, &c. Now Kippis assures us that he edited those volumes. On the question at issue, he could discover no authority but himself!

Dryden _may_ have revised the _Essay on satire_. Is that a sufficient reason for incorporating it with his works? Do we tack to the works of Pope the poems of Wycherly and Parnell? We have authority for stating that Pope revised the _Essay on poetry_. Is it to be added to the works of Pope? Be it as it may, the poem was published, in substance, six years before Pope was born!

As the evidence is very brief, there can be no necessity for recapitulation; and I shall only add, that if about to edit the poetical works of Dryden, I should reject the _Essay on satire_.

BOLTON CORNEY.

[Footnote 2: Mr. _Dryden_.]

[Footnote 3: A famous satyrical poem of his.]

[Footnote 4: A copy of verses called, _An essay on satyr_, for which Mr _Dryden_ was both applauded and beaten, tho' not only innocent but ignorant, of the whole matter.]

[Footnote 5: A poem call'd, _The hind and panther_.]

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MACKLIN'S ORDINARY AND SCHOOL OF CRITICISM.

Mr. George Wingrove Cooke, in his valuable work, _The History of Party_ (vol. iii, p. 66.), gives an admirable sketch of the life of Edmund Burke. Speaking of his early career, and of the various designs which he formed for his future course, we are told that "at _Macklin's Debating Society_ he made the first essay of his powers of oratory."

Mr. Cunningham, in his _Handbook for London_, speaks of Macklin delivering Lectures on Elocution at Pewterer's Hall (p. 394.), and of his residence in Tavistock Row, Covent Garden (p. 484.); but he does not mention _Macklin's Debating Society_. I imagine that by this "Debating Society" is meant an _Ordinary and School of Criticism_, which that eminent actor established in the year 1754, in the Piazza, Covent Garden. Mr. W. Cooke, in his _Life of Macklin_, 1806, p. 199., says--

"What induced him [Macklin] to quit the stage in the full vigour of
fame and constitution, was one of those schemes which he had long
previously indulged himself in, of suddenly making his fortune by the
establishment of a tavern and coffee-house in the Piazza, Covent
Garden; to which he afterwards added a school of oratory, upon a plan
hitherto unknown in England, founded upon the Greek, Roman, French, and
Italian Societies, under the title of _The British Inquisition_."

The first part of this plan (the public ordinary) was opened on the 11th of March, 1754; and an amusing account of its operations may be found in Angelo's _Pic Nic_, p. 32. The second part of "Macklin's mad plan," as it was then termed, "The British Inquisition," commenced proceedings on the 21st of November in the same year; and here, according to the first advertisement, "such subjects in Arts, Sciences, Literature, Criticism, Philosophy, History, Politics, and Morality, as shall be found useful and entertaining to society, will be lectured upon and freely debated."

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

* * * * *

"LOVE'S LABOUR'S LOST (Act II. Scene 1.).

"It is odd that Shakspeare should make Dumain inquire after Rosaline,
who was the mistress of Biron, and neglect Katharine, who was his own.
Biron behaves in the same manner.--Perhaps _all_ the ladies wore
masks.--STEEVENS.

"They certainly did."--MALONE.

"And what if they did?"--QUERY.

In what possible way can the circumstance of the ladies _wearing masks_ lessen the inconsistency pointed out by Steevens?

Rosaline has been immediately singled out by her former admirer--

"Did I not dance with you in Brabant once?"

--a circumstance quite inconsistent with uncertain identity afterwards.

But if the gentlemen really did mistake the identity of their ladies, Boyet's answers must have misled them into a similar mistake in _their names_: so that the natural consequence would have been, that each lover would afterwards address his {164} poetical effusion _nominally_ to the wrong lady! which does not appear to have been the case.

Therefore, even if the masking be admitted, it can in no way lessen the inconsistency of the cross questions, which to me appears to have arisen from a most palpable instance of clerical or typographical transposition.

Steevens was on the right scent, although he rejected it in the same breath, when he said,--

"No advantage would be gained by _an exchange of names_, because the
last speech is determined to Biron by Maria, who gives a character of
him after he has made his exit."

This is a good reason against a transposition in the _male_ names, but it is none whatever against the same occurrence in the ladies' names; and consequently it is there that the true solution of the difficulty must be sought.

If we admit that a substitution may have occurred, of "Rosaline" for "Katharine," in Boyet's answer to Dumain, and _vice versa_ in his answer to Biron, all difficulty disappears at once.

The completeness with which the idea of transposition not only accounts for the existence of the error, but at the same time suggests the manner in which it may be corrected, ought of itself to secure its reception, even if it were not corroborated in a very singular way by the following collateral circumstance.

It may be observed that Boyet points out two of the ladies, not only by name, but also by styling them "heirs;" one of Falconbridge, the other of Alencon. Now in their previous descriptions of their respective lovers, one of the ladies (Maria) says she had met Longaville at a marriage of a "Falconbridge;" another lady (Katharine) says she had met Dumain at "Duke Alencon's." When, therefore, we find that Boyet, in reply to Longaville's question, designates _Maria_ as "heir of Falconbridge," it is in direct analogy that he should, in answer to Dumain's question, designate _Katharine_ as "heir of Alencon;" but, in consequence of the transposition of names, Boyet appears, as the text now stands, to confer that designation, not upon Katharine, but upon Rosaline, whom Biron had met at Brabant!

There can be no doubt, therefore, that the names of Katharine and Rosaline have been transposed _contrary to the author's intention_, and the only wonder is--not that such a very commonplace error should have been committed--but that it should have been suffered to remain through so many editions up to the present time.

A. G. B.

Leeds, Feb. 10. 1851.

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NOTES ON NEWSPAPERS.

I send you the following, as a help to "Materials for a satisfactory History of Newspapers," alluded to in the last volume of "NOTES AND QUERIES," p. 375.

I have in my possession some old newspapers, ranging from 1691 to 1694, entitled _A Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade_, edited by John Houghton, F.R.S., St. Bartholomew Lane, behind the Royal Exchange, London. The size is a small folio, published weekly, generally every Friday. It was carried on for some time merely as a single leaf, with no advertisements. In this form, the editor says--

"These papers are 2d. each here, and anybody may have them by the post.
But where that is thought too much, it may be eased by ten or twelve
obliging themselves constantly to take them from a bookseller,
coffee-man, or some other, who may afford to pay a carrier, and sell
them there for 2d., or at most 3d.; or carriers themselves may gain
well, if they'll serve the country gentlemen. And any such bookseller,
coffee-man, or carrier, that will apply themselves to me, shall have
good encouragement, with liberty to return those that won't sell."

Ultimately the editor determined on admitting advertisements. He then doubled the size of his paper, making it two leaves instead of one. In reference to this increased size he says,--

"My collection I shall carry on as usual. This part is to give away;
and those who like it not, may omit the reading. I believe it will help
on trade, particularly encourage the advertisers to increase the vent
of my papers. I shall receive all sorts of advertisements, but shall
answer for the reasonableness of none; unless I give thereof a
particular character, on which (as I shall give it) may be dependence,
but no argument that others deserve not as well."

"I am inform'd that great numbers of gazettes are each time printed,
which makes them the most universal intelligencers; but I'll suppose
mine their first handmaid, because it goes (tho' not so thick, yet) to
most parts. It's also lasting, to be put into volumes with indexes; and
particularly there shall be an index of all the advertisements,
whereby, for ages to come, they may be useful. I have publish'd on the
subject of Husbandry and Trade, two quarto volumes, three folio
volumes, with the great sheet of taxes, acres, houses, &c.; and am
weekly carrying on this paper, which may be brought to anybodies house
within the Bills of Mortality, or penny post, for one penny the week;
and anywhere else in England (where enough will encourage a bookseller
or carrier). The volumes may be had from most booksellers of England,
Scotland, or Ireland."

The Collection, which the editor will carry on as usual, refers to the single sheet. The Gazette must have been the London Gazette. In what sort of way the editor could suppose that advertisements could be useful for ages to come, we, in this age of enlightenment and knowledge, are at a loss to conceive. The great sheet of taxes, acres, houses, &c., I have, and may give you an account of its contents at some future time. The first page {165} of the paper was always devoted to a letter from the editor's own pen on husbandry, trade, chemistry, domestic cookery, and a variety of other topics. The editor appears to have been a spirited man, who collected with great care and diligence a great variety of facts whereby to interest his readers. The advertisements are very curious, specimens of which I will give you in another communication. Each paper contains the weekly prices of wheat, rye, barley, malt, oats, horse beans, peas, coals, hops, hay, tallow, and wool, in all the counties of England and Wales; the prices of provisions in London; also a weekly statement of wind and weather; the number of deaths, and their causes; the number of christenings and burials, specifying how many of each sex. The editor often concludes a column of information by stating, "this is all I see useful to posterity." He not only appears to have been a man of an active mind, but also a very kind man; for he says to those who advertise in his paper for situations, &c., that "if they apply themselves to me, I'll strive to help them." He appears also to have kept a shop, or at least to have traded in certain articles: for in one of his papers is this advertisement:--

"In my first volume of 1682, I publish'd my own selling of chocolate,
and have sold in small quantities ever since: I have now two sorts,
both made of the best nuts, without spice or perfume; the one 5s., and
the other 6s. the pound; and I'll answer for their goodness. If I shall
think fit to sell any other sorts, I'll give notice.

JOHN HOUGHTON."

By this advertisement we get at the date when the paper was first published.

H. M. BEALBY.

North Brixton.

* * * * *

MR. GOUGH'S TRANSLATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE BIBLE.

The original work is thus described by Brunet, in his _Manuel_, Paris, 1842, vol. ii. p. 583.:

"Histoire du Vieux et du Nouveau Testament (par Dav. Martin), enrichie
de plus de 400 fig. Anvers (Antwerp), P. Mortier, 1700, 2 vol. gr. in
fol."

This work is usually called _Bible de Mortier_. It is not a difficult book to be met with, but the price varies considerably according to the state of the plates.

H. F.

_Mr. Gough's Translation of the History of the Bible_ (Vol. iii., p. 100.).--A friend has furnished me with the following extract from the _Manuel du Libraire_ of M. J. C. Brunet in reply to my inquiry who was the author of the original history. It is taken from tom. i. p. 544.

"Histoire du V. et du N. Testament (par Dav. Martin), enrichie de plus
de 400 fig. Anvers (Antwerp.), P. Mortier, 1700, 2 vol. gr. in fol."

M. Brunet informs us that copies of these volumes are valued by the state of the plates; one of which, in the Apocalypse, having been broken, was mended with nails, which marked the impression, and gave the distinction of copies before or with the nails.

As there can be no doubt but that most booksellers take in your useful publication, one of them may be induced to inform the undersigned if he has a copy for sale, and the price.

J. M. GUTCH.

Worcester.

* * * * *

Minor Notes.

_Origin of Harlequins._--In a note to his translation of Priscus' "History of the Embassy sent to Attila by Theodosius the Younger" (_Hist. Civiliz._ app. iii. vol. ii. p. 430., Bogue's edit. European Library), M. Guizot remarks, alluding to the appearance of Zercho, a Moor, at Attila's feast:

"Is it not singular to find an harlequin at the court of Attila? Yet
such is the origin of these buffoons. The colour of the black slaves,
the strangeness of their face and manners, caused them to be sought
after as excellent ministers of mirth; to complete the singularity,
Zercho asks his wife at the hands of Attila, closely paralleling
Harlequin demanding Columbine."

Is this account of the origin of Harlequins generally acquiesced in? I should be obliged by any early notice of the character of Harlequin, and his introduction on the English or any foreign stage.

E. L. N.

_Monosyllables_.--Among the many correspondents who have sent you specimens of monosyllabic poetry, I have seen no one who has quoted this very singular passage from Phineas Fletcher's _Purple Island_. It is _far more striking_ than anything you have yet inserted on this subject.

Canto I. Stanza 7.
"New light new love, new love new life hath bred;
A life that lives by love, and loves by light;
A love to Him to whom all loves are wed;
A light to whom the sun is darkest night:
Eye's light, heart's love, soul's only life He is;
Life, soul, love, heart, light, eye, and all are His;
He eye, light, heart, love, soul; He all my joy and bliss."

In seventy words only _one_ of more than a syllable; the alliteration in the second line is likewise noticeable.

H. A. B.

Trin. Col., Cambridge.

_The Breeches, or Geneva Bible_ (Vol. iii, p. 17.).--I have before me a copy of Christopher Barkar's edition of the "Breeches" Bible, 1576, small folio, in which, on the fly-leaf, is the following interesting note in the handwriting of the late Francis Douce:--

"It is generally conceived that the peculiarity, 'and they sewed fig
tree leaves together, and made themselves breeches,' belongs
exclusively to this Bible, but it is a mistake. The Saxon version of
AElfric has, {166} '_and sewed fig-leaves, and worked them_ WEED-BREECH,
_or cloaths for the breech._' Wicliffe also translates 'and maden hem
_breechis_;' and it is singular that Littleton, in his excellent
_Dictionary_, explains _perizomata_, the word used in the Vulgate, by
_breeches_. In the manuscript French translation of Petrus Comestor's
_Commentary on the Bible_, made by Guiars des Moulins in the 13th
century, we have 'Couvertures tout autres-sint comme unnes petites
_braies_.'"

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

_Etymology of Mushroom._--In the sixteenth century this word appears generally to have been spelt _Mushrump_. Nares, in his valuable _Glossary_, gives an instance from Marlow's play of _Edward the Second_, 1598; but there is an earlier example in Robert Southwell's _Spirituall Poems_, 1595:

"He that high growth on cedars did bestow,
Gave also lowly _mushrumps_ leave to growe."

It is also spelt _Mushrump_ in Cockeram's _Dictionary_, 1632. These instances may possibly lead to a correct etymology of the word.

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

_Curious Fact in Natural History._--There is in the Brazils a popular superstition to this effect. There is a tree called Japecarga, which is said to grow out of the body of the insect called Cigara. This is a very large tree, and the Cigara is an insect which makes an incessant chirping on the tree, and, as the saying goes, chirps till it bursts. When the insect dies, the tree is said to grow out of it, the roots growing down the legs. My explanation is this: The insect feeds on the seeds of the Japecarga, and occasionally, under advantageous circumstances, some of the seeds germinate, and cause the death of the insect, the tree shooting up through the softest part, the back, and the rootlets making their way down the only outlets, the legs. I wish to know whether any similar fact in Natural History has been noticed, and if not, how is it accounted for, since I can vouch for the skin of the insect having been found with the tree growing out of its back, and the roots growing down through the legs.

JOHN MANLEY.

Pernambuco.

_Hudibras in 1710._--On the back of the oldest register of the parish of Syston, Leicestershire, is the following memorandum:--

"July 19th, 1710. Borrow'd then of Mr. Hesketh _Hudibrass_ in 3 parts,
w^{ch} I promise to return upon demand; witness my hand, JOHN KILBY."

A pretty strong proof of the value and interest of this work about a century and a half ago.

ARUN.

_The Great Exhibition._--It is well known that the vineyards of Switzerland have been long protected from hail by means of upright poles having copper wire attached to them, termed "paragreles," distant from each other from 60 to 100 feet. The formation of hail is an effect of which electricity is the cause, and the cloud being deprived of this agent by the conductors, descends in the shape of rain. Mr. John Murray, F.S.A., F.L.S., &c., in his work on Switzerland, speaks very decidedly of their utility. Has then this ingenious contrivance been considered with reference to the protection of the Great Exhibition and its valuable, or rather invaluable, contents? or why is it deemed inapplicable to the purpose?

C. T.

* * * * *

Queries.

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS.

Everybody can see that the first commandment is directed against polytheism, and the second against idolatry; and most people know that the Church of Rome differs from the Church of England in joining these two into one commandment, and dividing the tenth into two commandments, so as to make up the full number, ten. This point of difference betwixt the two churches must necessarily have been the subject of much dispute. There must be plausible reasons on both sides for every commandment in the Anglican ritual being different from its correspondent on the Roman tables: and the settlement of this question must properly belong to the theologian, since holy scripture only mentions how many divine commandments there are (Exodus, xxxiv. 28.; Deuteronomy, iv. 13., x. 4.), without authoritatively separating them.

Will any one kindly inform me where this question may be found fully discussed; and where mention is made of the earliest known divisions of the law? Also, I should be glad to know how the Jews at the present day divide the commandments; and whether there is any record or tradition of there ever having been discussions in their church upon this very interesting and no less important matter?

ALFRED GATTY.

Ecclesfield.

* * * * *

Minor Queries.

_Was Hugh Peters ever on the Stage?_--In a pamphlet entitled _Arbitrary Government displayed to the Life, in the illegal Transactions of the late Times under the tyrannick Usurpation of Oliver Cromwell_, ed. 1690, p. 98., we are informed that Hugh Peters, after he had been expelled the University of Cambridge, went to London, and enrolled himself as player in Shakspeare's company, "in which he usually performed the part of Clown." Is there any other authority for this statement?

EDWARD F. RIMBAULT.

_English Synonymes._--What are the books of best authority for the _synonymes_ of the English language?

A FOREIGNER.

{167}

_Christmas Day._--Which of the popes fixed dogmatically the 25th of December as the birthday of our Saviour? Was it not either Julius I. or II.? and what grounds had he for his decision?

J. C.

_A Coggeshall Job._--"_Saffron Walden, God help me._"--Has the old saying of "A Coggeshall Job" occupied the attention of your readers? And why is it that many of the mendicants who ramble the county of Suffolk in search of relief, when asked where they come from, reply in a pitiful tone, "Saffron Walden, God help me."

J. C.

Easton.

_T. Gilburt on Clandestine Marriages._--I have a MS. against the validity of clandestine marriages, dated from Oxford, June 23rd, 1682, signed T. Gilburt. It is a learned and argumentative treatise on this subject. It is entitled:

"An Argument against the Validitie of Clandestine Marriages in the
Sight of God. Sent with a Letter to a person of Qualitie desiring my
Judgment in y^e case wherein he was too nearly concerned."

I am anxious to know who this T. Gilburt may have been.

W. F.

_Father Hehl, and Cahagnet._--If any of your numerous readers can say where any account of Father Hehl, who in 1774 discovered animal magnetism, may be found; and whether such a person as M. L. Alph. Cahagnet is _living_ in Paris or elsewhere, whether he is a doctor or pharmacien, what his age may be, and whether the persons whose letters are given in his book, _Arcanes de la Vie future devoiles_, are real or imaginary beings, they will greatly comfort

ENGASTRIMYTHUS.

_Roman Catholic Bishops in Ireland._--Can any of your readers refer me to any printed or manuscript account of the appointment of Roman Catholic bishops in Ireland by the Stuart family subsequent to the death of James II., containing names, dates, &c.?

DRUMLETHGLAS.

_Derivation of the Word Fib._--Can any of your readers suggest a proper derivation of this word? Old Bailey, to whom a reference would occasionally save many doubts and inquiries, connects it with "fable." Johnson says nothing as to the etymology, but explains it as "a cant word among children;" while, at the same time, he inserts it on the authority of Pope and Arbuthnot.

In reading the works of that very learned and instructive author, Samuel Werenfels, I was struck with a passage in his _Diatribe de Meteoris_, p. 272. (Amstel. Wetstein, 1702), which seemed to furnish a probable solution of the question:--"Propter abusum nominis Phoebi evenit, ut omnes qui, altius in oratione, quam decet, se extollere volunt, Gallis hodiernis [Greek: phoibologein] Phoebum loqui, _Parler_ _Phebus_, dicantur." So far as the sound is concerned, this seems a nearer approximation to "fib" than the word "fable." The sense, too, is not _very_ remote from the accepted one of "_talking fibs_." Query, as to this conjecture?

C. H. P.

Brighton, Feb. 10. 1851.

_Thomas May, the Author of the Supplement to Lucan._--Who was this Thomas May? To an Elzevir edition of Lucan, 1658, Amsterdam, "accuranto Cornelio Schrevelio," there is added "Supplementum Lucani Libri Septem; authore Thoma Maio, Anglo." In the preface it is stated, "Supplementum Lucani ab Anglo quodam antehac seorsim editum, et huic materiae aptissimum adjunximus, ne quid esset quod hic desideraretur." In the fourth book of this _Supplement_, Cato is represented as soliloquising before his death as follows:--

"Quam diversa, inquit, restant post funera sortes!
Credo equidem, divine Plato, te dogmata vera
Haec ipsum docuisse Deum. Deus ipse sequendam
(Aut Natura homines ratioque innata fefellit)
Proposuit virtutem, et praemia debita justis
Haec quonian justos injusta potentia fraudat
Saepius in terris, et gens humana rebellat
Solvere post mortem justissimus ipse tenetur."

The famous soliloquy in Addison's _Cato_ seems to resemble this, in its general tone of thought. In a former passage occur these lines:--

"Solatia sola haec,
Quod meliore frui post mortem lumine sperat.
Immortalem animam spes haec probat."

The idea is similar to that contained in--

"Else whence this pleasing hope, this fond desire,
This longing after immortality?"

Addison seems to me to have had May's description of Cato's death in his mind, when he wrote the soliloquy.

J. H. L.

_Bunting's Irish Melodies._--This admirable musical scholar many years since promised a new edition of the first two volumes of his _Irish Airs_. Is there any hope of this being soon accomplished?

GEORGE STEPHENS.

Stockholm.

_Rudbeck, Campi Elysii._--A copy of this work is said to exist in Sherard's[6] _Collection_, in the Botanical Garden, Oxford. It must have been acquired _before_ 1797. (See _Bibliotheca Banksiana_, iii. 67.)

Vol. I.--The title and some following leaves are written. Does any note exist as to _who_ copied these leaves, or _when_, or _where_?

Is any name of any former owner written on the book-back, title, or elsewhere; or is it known when it was purchased, or at what price?

{168} Does any library-mark, auction-number, or other identifying signature occur?

Is it quite complete at the end, or is anything missing after page 224.?

Does the whole consist of figures, or have some leaves an introduction, text, or corrections, &c.?

Vol. II.--Does anything in this volume illustrate any of the above questions?

A SWEDISH BIBLIOGNOST.

Stockholm.

[Footnote 6: Sherard, 1738.]

_Prince of Wales' Motto_ (Vol. iii., p. 106.).--The Query of EFFESSA is one of great interest to us "Taffies," but I wish to add the following to it. Is there any foundation for the idea, which we so strenuously maintain, that "_Ich Dien_" is a misspelled edition of "_Eich Dyn_," "Behold the man:" and that the motto was bestowed on Edward of Carnarvon in consequence of his royal father having learned these two Welsh words, and made use of them when he presented his infant to the assembled tribes as a prince who could "speak no word of English?"

SELEUCUS.

_Borrow's Danish Ballads._--The singular author of _Lavengro_, Mr. Geo. Borrow, some years ago published certain translations of Danish or other northern ballads, with which I have never been able to meet. Can you or any of your readers furnish me with the title of the book and publisher's name?

My curiosity respecting it has again been aroused somewhat strongly by the account in _Lavengro_ of the way in which he began to study Danish. It might afford a good lesson to all _young_ "philologers."

I presume that, at the mature age of "NOTES AND QUERIES," commonplace compliments as to its usefulness and high general value, begin to be very stale; but I cannot close without a hearty "God speed" to you in your labours.

BRUNO.

_Head of the Saviour._--Can any of your readers give me some information about an engraving of our Saviour, which may just now be seen in many of the London print-shops? It represents the side-face, and is said to be a fac-simile of a likeness engraved on an emerald by order of some Roman Emperor, and which served as the ransom of some other famous person (who, I quite forget). Is this really the truth?

P. M. M.

_Lines on English History._--_The Sword Flamberg._--I shall be greatly obliged to any of your correspondents who can inform me where I can procure a copy of some lines on English history, commencing:

"William the Norman conquers England's state--
In his own forest Rufus meets his fate," &c.

They are said to be written by a Roman Catholic gentleman named Chaloner.

I also wish to know something about the old German sword called the "Flamberg." I have seen it represented as twisted like a column of flame, and should like to know its history, and whether there was any allusion in it to the flaming sword that kept the gate of Paradise.

Mention is made of it by Koerner in his poem, "Maenner und Buben:"

"Stosst mit an
Mann fuer Mann
Wer den Flamberg schwingen kann."

Can your correspondents tell me, also, whether there is such a phrase, expressive of the place where four roads met, as a "four warnt way," and whence its origin, and how properly spelt?

AN ENGLISH MOTHER.

_Denarius Philosophorum._--Can you inform me what the inscription "Denarius Philosophorum" means, on Bishop Thornborough's monument in Worcester Cathedral?

D. Y.

_"Sees Good in everything."_--Where does the line,

"Sees good in everything, and God in all."

come from?

D. Y.

Christchurch, Oxford.

_Oxford Friar's Voyage to the North Pole._--In a book I have, entitled _Prospects of the most famous Parts of the World_, date 1646, occurs the following:

"Towards the north pole we have gained, more in proportion, as far as
Nova Zembla, and the sea is known to be navigable to the 81st degree:
whether the rest be land or not it never yet appeared to any (as I
heare of) but an Oxford Friar by a Magique voyage. He reports of a
Black Rock just under the pole, and an Isle of Pygmies; other strange
miracles, to which, for my part, I shall give little credit till I have
better proof for it than the Devil's word."

Query, Who was the friar? and where is the account of his voyage to be found?

J. Y. R.

_Roman Catholic Church._--The Rev. J. M. Neale has just published an appendix to his _Introduction to the History of the Holy Eastern Church_, containing a list of all the sees in that communion, with the names of the present possessors. Can any of your correspondents inform me where I can meet with a similar notitia of the sees in the Roman Catholic Church?

E. H. A.

[The _Almanach du Clerge de France_ contains a catalogue of Roman
Catholic bishops throughout the world, complied from documents
furnished by the Congregation De Propaganda Fide of Rome.]

_Cor Linguae._--May I ask who is the author of the following epigram, quoted by Coke on the trial of Garnet?

"Cor linguae foederat naturae sanctio,
Veluti in quodam certo connubio;
Ergo cum dissonent cor et locutio,
Sermo concipitur in adulterio."

J. BS.

{169}

_Bishop Hooper's Godly Confession, &c._--Being engaged in editing Bishop Hooper's works, and finding myself impeded by want of the original edition of his _Godly Confession and Protestation of the Christian Faith_, printed at London by John Day, 1550, I am induced to seek your assistance, and to ask whether you can inform me where a copy of the above work may be found?

(THE REV.) CHARLES NEVINSON.

Browne's Hospital, Stamford.

_Extradition, Ignore, Diamagnetism._--In pursuance of my note to you regarding the definition of words in science and literature which may have sprung up of late years, will you allow me to quote, as instances in the latter department, the two words "extradition" and "ignore?"

1. Is the following a correct definition of "extradition," viz., "the surrender by a state, of a political refugee, at the request of a foreign power?"

2. Is the etymology of the word made up of "extra" and "ditio" put for "deditio," a giving up or surrendering?

Does "ignore" mean to "treat as non-existent;" and are there no other words in the language which express exactly the meaning conveyed by these two?

In science, I would ask, is "diamagnetism" correctly explained by terming it "the property of any substance whereby it turns itself, when freely suspended, at right angles to the magnetic meridian."

P. S.

_Cinquante Lettres d'Exhortation._--Can any of your readers inform me who is the author of the following work?--

"Cinquante lettres d'exhortation et de consolation sur les souffrances
de ces derniers tems, et sur quelques autres sujets; ecrites a diverses
personnes par Mons. D. V. B. pendant ses exils et ses prisons, en
France; et depuis que par ordre du Roi, il s'est retire en Hollande. La
Haye, 1704, 8vo."

The copy which I have seen is lettered on the back "Beringke-Lettres;" but I can find no account of any person of that name at all likely to have written the letters, nor any authority for ascribing their authorship to a person of that name.

TYRO.

Dublin.

_Old Tract on the Eucharist._--Can any of your readers tell me the name of the author of the following tract?--

"A Full View of the Doctrines and Practices of the Ancient Church,
relating to the Eucharist. Lond. 1688."

Wishing to procure a copy, I have asked several booksellers, but without success. It has been most strongly recommended by a writer of the present day.

ABHBA.

* * * * *

Replies.

CARDINAL'S MONUMENT.

(Vol. iii., p. 106.)

Your correspondent and querist, J. D. A., asks for some information respecting the coat of arms surmounted by a cardinal's hat, sculptured and affixed to one of the pillars of the south transept in St. Saviour's Church, Southwark. I send in reply an extract from a now scarce book, Arthur Tiler's _History and Antiquities of St. Saviour's_, 1765, with which all the later historians of the church agree:--

"Anno 1400. 2 Hen. IV.

"The whole church was new built about this time; Henry Beaufort (second
son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of Edward III.), Cardinal
of St. Eusebius, and Bishop of Winchester from the year 1405 to the
time of his death in 1447, might have contributed towards the building,
being a man of great wealth, for which he was called the rich Cardinal,
_as the arms of the Beauforts are carved in stone on a pillar in the
south cross aisle; and by the remaining sculpture on each side it
appears to be done for strings pendant from a Cardinal's hat placed
over them_. The arms are quarterly France and England, a border compone
argent and azure."

When the transepts were rebuilt, some years since, the cardinal's hat, which till that time was nearly defaced, was then restored, and the coat of arms newly emblazoned.

W. B.

19. Winchester Place, St. Saviour's, Southwark.

[G. A. S. and JAMES H. SMITH have forwarded similar replies.]

With reference to the Query of J. D. A. (p. 106. ante), it would appear that the cardinal's hat, but with a difference in the number of rows of tassels, is sometimes seen on the monuments of men who never were raised to that dignity.

In the Cathedral of St. Canice, Kilkenny, are two monuments placed there during the rule of the Confederate Catholics, viz., that of James Cleere, "Protonotarius et Rector ecclesiae D. Joannis Dioecesis oporiensis," who died A.D. 1643, Nov. 14; and David Rothe, intrusive Roman Catholic Bishop of Ossery, who died some years after--on both of which the arms of the individual are surmounted by a cardinal's hat. It is quite certain that neither of these ecclesiastics had a right to this distinction _as cardinals_. For the right of Bishops and Prothonotaries to wear hats or caps of the same shape as the cardinals, with their colours and peculiarities, see _Glossary of Heraldry_ (Oxford), under "Cap-Cardinals." Any further examples will oblige

J. GRAVES.

Kilkenny, Feb. 10. 1851.

The Cardinal's hat, with arms beneath, on a pillar near the poet Gower's monument, in St. Saviour's, Southwark, refers directly to the beneficence of that busy cardinal and very remarkable man, {170} Cardinal Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester, and who in that capacity resided in the adjoining palace; indirectly it refers to the marriage of James V. of Scotland with Jane Beaufort, the Cardinal's niece: and it is something to the honour of St. Mary Overies, (the church in question,) to add that it was within its walls that the ceremony took place. Besides Gower, the parish registers state that Edmond Shakspeare ob. 1607 (one of the brothers of the great dramatist), John Fletcher ob. 1625, and Philip Massinger ob. 1640. (See Mr. Knight's _Old England_, eng. 548. p. 147.)

BLOWEN.

A cardinal's hat is differenced by colour and the number of its tassels, not by its shape, which is the same for all clergymen. Thus, for simple priests, a black hat, with one tassel on either side; for a bishop, a green hat with three tassels; for a cardinal, a crimson hat with five or seven tassels. What the reason may be for the variation in the number of the tassels amongst cardinals, I should be glad to learn.

W. D-N.

In Ciaconius (_Vitae et Res Gestae Pontificum_, Rome, 1630), there is a list of all the cardinals created up to that date, with their armorial bearings; and the only instances of France and England quarterly (which is, no doubt, what is intended), are those of Cardinal Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester, and Cardinal Hallum, Bishop of Salisbury. I can find no mention anywhere of the family of Cardinal Hallum, or Hallam; and should be glad to know who he was descended from, and why he had those arms assigned to him by Ciaconius, who is tolerably correct.

A. W. M.

* * * * *

BOOTY'S CASE.

(Vol. iii., p. 40.)

I cannot refer DEMONOLOGIST to an _authentic_ report of Booty's case, but I believe none is more so, than that in Kirby's _Wonderful and Eccentric Museum_, vol. ii. p. 247.

The following extract is given from the journal of Mr. Spinks:--

"Friday, 15th May, 1687. We had the observation of Mr. Booty this day.
Captain Barrisby, Captain Bristowe, Captain Brown, I, and Mr. Ball,
merchant, went on shore in Captain Barnaby's boat, to shoot rabbits
upon Stromboli; and when we had done we called all our men together by
us, and about half an hour and fourteen minutes after three in the
afternoon, to our great surprise, we all of us saw two men come running
towards us with such swiftness that no living man could run half so
fast as they did run, when all of us heard Captain Barnaby say, 'Lord
bless me, the foremost is old Booty, my next-door neighbour;' but he
said he did not know the other that run behind: he was in black
clothes, and the foremost was in grey. Then Captain Barnaby desired all
of us to take an account of the time, and put it down in our
pocket-books, and when we got on board we wrote it in our journals; for
we saw them into the flames of fire, and there was a great noise which
greatly affrighted us all; for we none of us ever saw or heard the like
before. Captain Barnaby said he was certain it was old Booty, which he
saw running over Stromboli and into the flames of Hell. It is stated
that Captain Barnaby told his wife, and she told somebody else, and
that it was afterward told to Mrs. Booty, who arrested Captain Barnaby
in a thousand pound action, for what he had said of her husband.
Captain Barnaby gave bail to it, and it came on to a trial in the Court
of King's Bench, and they had Mr. Booty's wearing apparel brought into
court, and the sexton of the parish, and the people that were with him
when he died; and we swore to our journals, and it came to the same
time within two minutes; ten of our men swore to the buttons on his
coat, and that they were covered with the same sort of cloth his coat
was made of, and so it proved. The jury asked Mr. Spinks if he knew Mr.
Booty. He answered, 'I never saw him till he ran by me on the burning
mountain.'"

The chief justice from April, 1687, to February, 1689, was Sir Robert Wright. His name is not given in the report, but _the judge_ said--

"Lord have mercy upon me, and grant that I may never see what you have
seen: one, two, or three may be mistaken, but thirty never can be
mistaken. So the widow lost her suit."

An action for slander of a deceased husband, brought by the widow, and the defendant held to bail, is a remarkable beginning. The plea of justification, that Booty ran into Hell, is hardly supported by evidence that he ran into the flames at Stromboli. The evidence was, that the defendant _said_ that one of the two runners was Booty; it does not appear that the other witnesses knew him. The witnesses must have kept a good look to observe the buttons of Booty's coat when he ran more than twice as fast as any living man could run. Finally, as the time of the death and the observation "came to the same within two minutes," and Stromboli is about 15 deg. east of Gravesend, Booty must have run to Hell before he died.

I have no doubt that "the case is well known in the navy." The facts are of the sort usually reported to the marines; but the law such as was unknown before 9 & 10 Vict. c. 95.

H. B. C.

U. U. Club, Feb. 11.

* * * * *

THE CONQUEST.

(Vol. ii., p. 440.; Vol. iii., p. 92.)

I question the position of S. K., that the phrase "post conquestum" is used in the deed he cites (Vol. ii., p. 92.) for the accession of the king. "Post conquestum" was, in records and deeds, applied with more or less frequency to all our kings, from Edward III. to Henry VIII. To show this I give the following references to the pages of Madox's _Formulare Anglicanum_:-- {171}

EDWARD III. 12. 19. 92. 94. 120. 121. 139. 140. 166. 167. 168. 201. 203. 228. 229. 230. 264. 282. 283. 318. 322. 349. 361. 362. 386. 387. 388. 389. 402. 403.

RICHARD II. 66. 96. 122. 123. 140. 141. 169. 203. 268. 284. 323. 325. 326. 327. 362. 390. 404. 405. 410.

HENRY IV. 67. 97. 98. 124. 125. 142. 172. 204. 205. 269. 270. 284. 285. 328. 329. 330. 350. 391. 405. 407.

HENRY V. 67. 68. 126. 143. 144. 206. 285. 331. 391. 408. 420.

HENRY VI. 18. 34. 100. 101. 103. 104. 126. 127. 145. 147. 148. 206. 207. 208. 233. 270. 271. 286. 331. 332. 333. 334. 351. 364. 392. 393. 394. 409. 410. 434.

EDWARD IV. 128. 148. 209. 234. 286. 335. 352. 365. 394. 395.

RICHARD III. 108. 209. 212. 411.

HENRY VII. 71. 214. 235. 339. 352. 365. 396. 412. 438.

HENRY VIII. 235. 236. 273. 343. 396. 414.

I believe "post conquestum" was also applied to Edward V.; but the records and deeds of his short reign are necessarily but few.

I conjecture that the use of the term "post conquestum" thus originated.