Chapter I: Front Matter (1)

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NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION

FOR

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.

VOL. III.--No. 84. SATURDAY, JUNE 7. 1851.

Price, Sixpence. Stamped Edition, 7_d._

CONTENTS.

Page

NOTES:--

Edmund Burke, and the "Annual Register," by James
Crossley 441

Jews in China 442

The Dutch Martyrology 443

Lady Flora Hastings' Bequest 443

Witchcraft in the Seventeenth Century 444

Indulgences proposed to Benefactors to the Church of
St. George the Martyr, Southwark 444

Gray's Plagiarisms, by Henry H. Breen 445

On the Application of the Word "Littus" in the Sense
of Ripa, the Bank of a River 446

Minor Notes:--Epigrams by Coulanges and Prior--Brewhouse
Antiquities--Joseph of Exeter de Bello
Antiocheno--Illustrations of Welsh History 446

QUERIES:--

The Window-tax, Local Mints, and Nobbs of Norwich 447

Minor Queries:--Gillingham--"We hope, and hope,
and hope"--What is Champak?--Encorah and
Millicent--Diogenes in his Tub--Topical Memory--St.
Paul's Clock striking Thirteen--A regular Mull:
Origin of the Phrase--Register book of the Parish of
Petworth--Going to Old Weston--"As drunk as
Chloe"--Mark for a Dollar--Stepony--Longueville
MSS.--Carling Sunday--Lion Rampant holding a
Crozier--Monumental Symbolism--Ptolemy's Presents
to the Seventy-two--Baronette--Meaning of
"Hernshaw"--Hogan--"Trepidation talk'd"--Lines
on the Temple--Death--Was Stella Swift's Sister? 448

MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED:--John Marwoode--St. Paul--Meaning
of Zoll-verein--Crex, the White Bullace 450

REPLIES:--

The Outer Temple, by Edward Foss 451

The Old London Bellman and his Songs or Cries, by
Dr. E. F. Rimbault 451

The Travels of Baron Munchausen, and the Author of
"The Sabbath" 453

The Penn Family, by Hepworth Dixon 454

On the Word "Prenzie" in "Measure for Measure"
by S. W. Singer, S. Hickson, &c. 454

Replies to Minor Queries:--Countess of Pembroke's
Epitaph--Court Dress--Ex Pede Herculem--Day of
the Accession of Richard III.--Tennyson's
"In Memoriam"--Cardinal Azzolin--Babington's
Conspiracy--Robert de Welle--Family of Sir John
Banks--Charles Lamb's Epitaph--Quebeça and his Epitaph--The
Frozen Horn--West Chester--Registry of Dissenters--Poem
upon the Grave--Round Robin--Derivation of the Word
"Yankee"--Letters on the British Museum--Names of the
Ferret--Anonymous Ravennas--The Lion, a Symbol of the
Resurrection--Paring the Nails, &c.--Meaning of
Gig-Hill--The Mistletoe on the Oak--Spelling of
"Britannicus"--T. Gilbert on Clandestine Marriages--Dog's
Head in the Pot--Pope Joan--"Nettle in Dock out"--Mind your
P's and Q's--Lay of the Last Minstrel--Tingry--Sabbatical
and Jubilee Years of the Jews--Luncheon--Prophecy
respecting the Discovery or America--Shakespeare's
Designation of Cleopatra--Harlequins--Christ's-cross
Row, &c. 456

MISCELLANEOUS:--

Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 470

Books and Odd Volumes wanted 470

Notices to Correspondents 471

Notes.

EDMUND BURKE, AND THE "ANNUAL REGISTER."

That Burke wrote the _Annual Registers_ for Dodsley for some period after its commencement, is well known, but no one has yet distinctly stated when his participation in that work ceased. Mr. Prior, in his _Life of Burke_, places in his list of his writings: "_Annual Register_, at first the whole work, afterwards only the Historical Article, 1758," &c. He also states that "many of the sketches of contemporary history were written from his immediate dictation for about thirty years," and that "latterly a Mr. Ireland wrote much of it under Mr. Burke's immediate direction." (_Life_, vol. i. p. 85. edit. 1826.)

In proof of this statement, a fac-simile is given of Burke's receipts to Dodsley for two sums of 50_l._ each "for the _Annual Register_ of 1761," the originals of which were in Upcott's collection. At the sale of Mr. Wilks's autographs this month, I observe there was another receipt for writing the _Annual Register_ for 1763. I am not aware whether any other receipts from Burke are in existence for the money paid to him for his contributions to this periodical, but for the _Annual Registers_ beginning with 1767, and terminating in 1791, I have the receipts of Thomas English, who appears to have received from Dodsley, first 140_l._, and subsequently 150_l._ annually, for writing and compiling the historical portion of the work. Burke's connexion with the publication must therefore have lasted a much shorter period than Mr. Prior appears to have supposed, and apparently was not continued beyond seven or eight years, from 1758 to 1766, after which year, English seems to have taken his place.

Everything relating to Burke is of importance; and if any of your correspondents can afford any further assistance in defining as correctly as possible the limits of his participation in the _Annual Register_, I feel assured that the information will be gladly received by your readers.

I have not seen it noticed, that the historical articles in the _Annual Registers_, from 1758 to 1762 inclusive, were collected in an 8vo. vol. under the title of--

"A compleat History of the late War, or Annual Register of its
Rise, Progress, and Events in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America,
&c." London, 1763.

This work went through more than one edition. My copy, containing 559 pages, is a Dublin edition of the date of 1763, printed by John Exshaw.

As there seems to be no question that what is contained in this volume is the composition of Burke, and as it has never yet been superseded as a spirited history of the stirring period to which it relates, it ought undoubtedly to be attached as a supplement to the 8vo. edition of Burke's _Works_, with his "Account of the European Settlements in America," his title to which is now placed beyond dispute.

It is greatly to be regretted that some of Burke's early publications are yet undiscovered, amongst which are his poetical translations from the Latin, and his attack upon Henry Brooks, the author of the _Fool of Quality_.

JAS. CROSSLEY.

JEWS IN CHINA.

The mail which arrived from East India and China about the middle
or end of March last, brought news of the discovery of a race of
Jews in the interior of the latter country, of which I have seen
no notice taken by the English press.

It being a subject in which a number of your readers will
probably feel interested, and but comparatively few of them see
the China newspapers, I beg to enclose you an account from the
_Overland China Mail_, dated Hong Kong, Jan. 29, 1851.

The existence of a fragment of the family of Abraham in the interior of China has been certainly known for upwards of two hundred years, and surmised much longer. The Jesuit Ricci, during his residence at Peking in the beginning of the seventeenth century, was the means of exciting the attention of foreigners to the Jews of Kai-fung-fú, the ancient capital of Ho-nan province. In 1618 they were visited by Aleni, a follower of Ricci; and a hundred years later, between 1704 and 1723, Fathers Gozani, Domenge, and Gaubil were enabled from personal investigation on the spot to give minute descriptions of the people, their synagogue and sacred books, the latter of which few could even then read, while the former was, with the peculiar institutions of Moses, fast falling to decay. Beyond a few feeble and ineffective efforts on the part of Biblical critics, nothing was subsequently attempted to maintain a communication with this handful of Jews until in 1815 some brethren in London addressed a letter to them in Hebrew, and offered a large reward if any one would bring an answer in the same language. The letter was entrusted to a Chinese bookseller, a native of the province, who is reported to have delivered it, which was doubted, as he brought no written answer.

Recently the Jews' Society in London, encouraged by the munificence of Miss Cook, who placed ample funds at their disposal, instituted enquiries on the subject, and sought the co-operation of the Bishop of Victoria, who having previously opened a correspondence with Dr. Medhurst on the subject, during his Lordship's recent visit to Shanghae, the plan of operations was agreed upon. This was to despatch two Chinese Christians, one of them a literary graduate, the other a young man with a competent knowledge of English, acquired at the London Missionary School. The _North China Herald_ of the 18th January contains an interesting account of their mission, from which we gather the following particulars.

The two emissaries started on the 15th November last, and after an absence of fifty-five days, returned to Shanghae, the distance between the two cities being about six hundred miles.[1] Arrived at their destination, they found in the decayed city of Kai-fung-fú, both Mohamedans and Jews, the latter poverty-stricken and degraded, their synagogue in a state of dilapidation, and the distinguishing symbols of their religion nearly extinct. The books of the Law, written in a small square character on sheepskin, are however still preserved, although it would seem for many years they have been seen by no one able to read them.

[Footnote 1: Kai-fung-fú, according to Williams's map, is situated
about a league from the southern bank of the Hwang-ho, or Yellow
River, in 34° 55´ N. Lat., and 114° 40´ E. Long.]

The Jesuits mention the existence of the sacred books, but were not suffered to copy or even to inspect them; but the Chinese Christians encountered no such scruples; so that, besides taking copies of inscriptions on the stone tablets, they were enabled to bring away eight Hebrew manuscripts, six of them containing portions of the Old Testament, and two of the Hebrew liturgy. The correspondent of the _North China Herald_ states that--

"The portions of Scripture are from the 1st to the 6th chapters of
Exodus, from the 38th to the 40th chapters of the same book,
Leviticus 19th and 20th chapters, Numbers 13th, 14th, and 15th
chapters, Deuteronomy from the 11th to the 16th chapters, with the
32nd chapter of that book. Various portions of the Pentateuch,
Psalms, and Hagiographa occur in the books of prayers, which have
not yet been definitely fixed. The character in which these
portions are written is an antique form of the Hebrew, with
points.[2] They are written on thick paper, evidently by means of
a style, and the material employed, as well as the silk in which
the books are bound, exhibit marks of a foreign origin. Two
Israelitish gentlemen, to whom they have been shown in Shanghae,
say that they have seen such books in Aden; and the occurrence
here and there of Persian words, written with Hebrew letters, in
the notes appended, seem to indicate that the books in question
came originally from the western part of Asia, perhaps Persia or
Arabia. There is no trace whatever of the Chinese character about
them, and they must have been manufactured entirely by foreigners
residing in China, or who have come from a foreign country.
Regarding their age, it would be difficult to hazard even a
conjecture."

[Footnote 2: The Jesuits state expressly that the Hebrew was without
points.]

The result of this mission has been such that it cannot be doubted another will be sent, and we trust the attempt at least will be made by some discreet foreigner--a Jew, or at all events a Hebrew scholar--to penetrate to Kai-fung-fú; for although the proofs brought away on the present occasion are so far satisfactory, yet in the account given, on the authority of the Chinese emissaries, we presume, there are several things that might otherwise excite incredulity.

SALOPIAN.

[The _Jewish Intelligencer_ for May, 1851, contains a long article
on the "Present State of the Jews at Kai-fung-fú;" also a
fac-simile of the Hebrew MS. found in the synagogue at that place,
and a map of the eastern coast of China.]

THE DUTCH MARTYROLOGY.

Wall, in his _History of Infant Baptism_, frequently mentions a book called _The Dutch Martyrology_ as quoted by Danvers. He appears never to have seen it, and if I mistake not (although I cannot just now find the passage) he somewhere throws out a hint that no such book ever existed. Archdeacon Cotton, in his valuable edition of Wall's book, says (vol. ii. p. 131. note _m._):

"Danvers cites this work as 'The Dutch Martyrology called _The
bloody Theatre_; a most elaborate and worthy collection: written
in Dutch, by M. J. Van Braght.' I have never seen it."

A very fine copy of this curious and very important work is in the Fagel collection in the library of Trinity College, Dublin. It is on large paper, with the exception of some few leaves in different parts of the volume, which have been mounted to match the rest. It is full of beautiful engravings by Jan Luyken, representing the sufferings of the martyrs; some of them, indeed all, possessing very great artistic merit. The first in the volume, a crucifixion, representing Our Lord in the very act of being nailed to the cross, is a most striking picture: and I may also mention another, at p. 385., representing a party in a boat reading the Bible, having put out to sea to escape observation.

The book is a large folio in 2 vols.: the first consisting of 450, the second of 840 pages; and contains a most important collection of original documents, which are indispensable to the history of the Reformation, and many of them are intimately connected with the English Reformation. The history of the martyrs begins with Our Saviour's crucifixion (for He is represented as the first Anabaptist martyr!), and ends with the year 1660. The Dublin copy is the second edition, and its full title is as follows:--

"Het Bloedig Tooneel, of Martelaers Spiegel der Doops-gesinde of
Weerloose Christenen, die om't getuygenis van JESUS naren
Selighmaker, geleden hebben, ende gedood zijn, van CHRISTI tijd
af tot desen tijd toe. Versamelt uyt verscheyde geloofweerdige
Chronijken, Memorien, en Getuygenissen. Door T. J. V. Braght [or,
as he is called on the engraved title-page, Tileman Van Braght].
Den Tweeden Druk, Bysonder vermeerdert met veele Autentijke
Stucken, en over de hondert curieuse Konstplaten. Amsterdam.
1685."

Since writing the above, I see that the Bodleian Library has a copy; procured, however, it is right (for Dr. Cotton's sake) to say, since the publication of his edition of Wall's _History of Infant Baptism_.

J. H. T.

Trin. Coll., Dub.

LADY FLORA HASTINGS' BEQUEST.

All who reverence and love the memory of Lady Flora Hastings,--all who have had the happiness of a personal acquaintance with that gentle and gifted being,--who have mourned over her hapless fate,--who have read her poems, so full of beauty and promise, will receive her "Last Bequest" with feelings of deep interest.

This poem has never before been published.

ERZA.

Oh, let the kindred circle,
Far in our northern land,
From heart to heart draw closer
Affection's strength'ning hand:
To fill my place long vacant,
Soon may our loved ones learn;
For to our pleasant dwelling
I never shall return.

Peace to each heart that troubled
My course of happy years;
Peace to each angry spirit
That quench'd my life in tears!
Let not the thought of vengeance
Be mingled with regret;
Forgive my wrongs, dear mother!
Seek even to forget.

Give to the friend, the stranger,
Whatever once was mine;
Nor keep the smallest token
To wake fresh tears of thine,--
Save one, one loved memorial,
With thee I fain would leave;
'Tis one that will not teach thee
Yet more for me to grieve.

'Twas mine when early childhood
Turn'd to its sacred page,
The gay, the thoughtless glances
Of almost infant age;
'Twas mine thro' days yet brighter,
The joyous years of youth,
When never had affliction
Bow'd down mine ear to truth.

'Twas mine when deep devotion
Hung breathless on each line
Of pardon, peace, and promise,
Till I could call them mine;
Till o'er my soul's awakening
The gift of Heavenly love,
The spirit of adoption,
Descended from above.

Unmark'd, unhelp'd, unheeded,
In heart I've walk'd alone;
Unknown the prayers I've utter'd,
The hopes I held, unknown;
Till in the hour of trial,
Upon the mighty train,
With strength and succour laden,
To bear the weight of pain.

Then, Oh! I fain would leave thee,
For now my hours are few,
The hidden mine of treasure,
Whence all my strength I drew.
Take then the gift, my mother,
And till thy path is trod,
Thy child's last token cherish--
It is the Book of God.

WITCHCRAFT IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.

Sir Roger Twysden, with all his learning, could not rise above the credulity of his age; and was, to the last, as firm a believer in palmistry and witchcraft, and all the illusions of magic, as the generality of his cotemporaries. His commonplace-books furnish numerous instances of the childlike simplicity with which he gave credence to any tale of superstition for which the slightest shadow of authenticity could be discovered.

The following amusing instance of this almost infantine credulity, I have extracted from one of his note-books; merely premising that his wife Isabella was daughter of Sir Nicholas Saunders, the narrator of the tale:--

"The 24th September, 1632, Sir Nicholas Saunders told me hee herd
my lady of Arundall, widow of Phylip who dyed in y'e Tower 1595, a
virtuous and religious lady in her way, tell the ensuing relation
of a Cat her Lord had. Her Lord's butler on a tyme, lost a cuppe
or bowle of sylver, or at least of y't prise he was much troubled
for, and knowing no other way, he went to a wyzard or Conjurer to
know what was become of it, who told him he could tell him where
he might see the bowle if he durst take it. The servant sayd he
would venture to take it if he could see it, bee it where it
would. The wyzard then told hym in such a wood there was a bare
place, where if he hyed himself for a tyme he appoynted, behind a
tree late in the night he should see y'e Cuppe brought in, but
w'th all advised him if he stept in to take it, he should make
hast away w'th it as fast as myght bee. The servant observed what
he was commanded by y'e Conjurer, and about Mydnyght he saw his
Lord's Cat bring in the cup was myst, and divers other creatures
bring in severall other things; hee stept in, went, and felt y'e
Cuppe, and hyde home: where when he came he told his fellow
servants this tale, so y't at y'e last it was caryed to my Lord of
Arundel's eare; who, when his Cat came to him, purring about his
leggs as they used to doo, began jestingly to speake to her of it.
The Cat presently upon his speech flewe in his face, at his
throat, so y't w'thout y'e help of company he had not escaped
w'thout hurt, it was w'th such violence: and after my lord being
rescued got away, unknown how, and never after seene.

"There is just such a tale told of a cat a Lord Willoughby had,
but this former coming from so good hands I cannot but
believe.--R. T."

L. B. L.

_Witchcraft._--In the 13th year of the reign of King William the Third--

"One Hathaway, a most notorious rogue, feigned himself bewitched
and deprived of his sight, and pretended to have fasted nine weeks
together; and continuing, as he pretended, under this evil
influence, he was advised, in order to discover the person
supposed to have bewitched him, to boil his own water in a glass
bottle till the bottle should break, and the first that came into
the house after, should be the witch; and that if he scratched the
body of that person till he fetched blood, it would cure him;
which being done, and a poor old woman coming by chance into the
house, she was seized on as the witch, and obliged to submit to be
scratched till the blood came, whereupon the fellow pretended to
find present ease. The poor woman hereupon was indicted for
witchcraft, and tried and acquitted at Surrey assizes, before
Holt, chief justice, a man of no great faith in these things; and
the fellow persisting in his wicked contrivance, pretended still
to be ill, and the poor woman, notwithstanding the acquittal,
forced by the mob to suffer herself to be scratched by him. And
this being discovered to be all imposition, an information was
filed against him."--_Modern Reports_, vol. xii. p. 556.

Q. D.

INDULGENCES PROPOSED TO BENEFACTORS TO THE CHURCH OF ST. GEORGE THE MARTYR, SOUTHWARK.

As I believe little is known of the early history of this church, which was dependent upon the Abbey and Convent of Bermondsey, the following curious hand-bill or _affiche_, printed in black letter (which must have been promulgated previous to the disgrace of Cardinal Wolsey, and the suppression of religious houses in the reign of Henry VIII.), seems worthy of preservation. It was part of the lining of an old cover of a book, and thus escaped destruction. It is surmounted, at the left hand corner, by a small woodcut representing St. George slaying the dragon, and on the right, by a shield, which, with part of the margin, has been cut away by the bookbinder. But few words are wanting, which are supplied by conjecture in Italics.

It appears from Staveley's _History of Churches in England_, p. 99., that the monks were sent up and down the country, with briefs of a similar character, to gather contributions of the people on these occasions, and that the king's letter was sometimes obtained, in order that they might prove more effectual.

It is most probable that the collectors were authorised to grant special indulgences proportionate to the value of the contribution. No comment is necessary upon these proceedings, from which at least the Reformation relieved the people, and placed pious benefactions upon purer and better motives.

MISO-DOLOS.

"Unto all maner and synguler Cristen people beholdynge or herynge
these present letters shall come gretynge.

"Our holy Fathers, xii. Cardynallys of Rome chosen by the mercy of
Almighty God and by the Auctorite of these appostles Peter and
Paule, to all and synguler cristen people of eyther kynde, trewely
penytent and confessyd, and deuoutly gyue to the churche of _oure
la_dy and Seynt George the martyr in Sowthwerke, protector and
defender of this Realme of Englande, any thyng or helpe with any
parte of theyr _goodes_ to the Reparacions or maynteyninge of the
seruyce of almighty God do_ne in y'e_ same place, as gyuynge any
boke, belle, or lyght, or any other churchly Ornamentis, they
shall haue of eche of us Cardinallys syngulerly aforesayd a C.
dayes of pardon. ¶ Also there is founded in the same parysshe
churche aforesayd, iii. Chauntre preestis perpetually to praye in
the sayd churche for the Bretherne and Systers of the same
Fraternyte, and for the soules of them that be departed, and for
all cristen soules. And also iiii. tymes by the yere Placebo and
Dirige, with xiiii. preestis and clerkes, with iii. solempne
Masses, one of our Lady, another of Seynt George, with a Masse of
Requiem. ¶ Moreouer our holy Fathers, Cardynallys of Rome
aforesayd, hathe graunted the pardons followethe to all theym that
be Bretherne and Systers of the same Fraternyte at euery of the
dayes followynge, that is to say, the firste sonday after the
feest of Seynt Johannes Baptyst, on the whiche the same churche
was halowed, xii. C. dayes of pardon. ¶ Also the feest of Seynt
Mychael y'e Archangell, xii. C. dayes of pardon. ¶ Also the second
sonday in Lent, xii. C. dayes of pardon. ¶ Also good Frydaye, the
whiche daye Criste sufferyd his passion, xii. C. dayes of pardon.
¶ Also Tewisday in the wytson weke, xii. C. dayes of pardon. ¶ And
also at euery feeste of our lorde _Criste_ syngulerly by himselfe,
from the firste euynsonge to the seconde euynsonge inclusyuely,
xii. C. dayes of pardon. ¶ Also my lorde Cardynall and Chaunceller
of Englande hathe gyuen a C. dayes of pardon.

"¶ The summe of the masses that is sayd and songe within the same
Parysshe Churche of Seynt George, is a m. and xliiii.

"¶ God Saue the Kynge."

GRAY'S PLAGIARISMS.

Your correspondent VARRO (Vol. iii., p. 206.) rejects as a plagiarism in Gray the instance quoted by me from a note in Byron (Vol. iii., p. 35.), on the ground that Gray has himself expressly stated that the passage was "_an imitation_" of the one in Dante. I always thought that in literature, as in other things, some thefts were acknowledged and others unacknowledged, and that the only difference between them was, that, while the acknowledgment went to extenuate the offence, it the more completely established the fact of the appropriation. A great many actual borrowings, but for such acknowledgment, might pass for coincidences. "On peut se rencontrer," as the Chevalier Ramsay said on a similar occasion.

The object, however, of this Note is not to shake VARRO'S belief in the impeccability of Gray, for whose genius I entertain the highest admiration and respect, but to show your readers that the imputation of plagiarism against that poet is not wholly unfounded. First, we have the well-known line in his poem of _The Bard_,--

"Give ample room and verge enough,"--

which is shown to have been appropriated from the following passage in Dryden's tragedy of _Don Sebastian_:

"Let fortune empty her whole quiver on me;
I have a soul that, like an _ample_ shield,
Can take in all, and _verge enough_ for more."

To this I shall add the famous apothegm at the close of the following stanzas, in his Ode _On a Prospect of Eton College_:

"Yet, ah! why should they _know_ their fate,
Since _sorrow_ never comes too late,
And happiness too swiftly flies;
... ... _Where ignorance is bliss,
'Tis folly to be wise_."

The same thought is expressed by Sir W. Davenant in the lines:

"Then ask not bodies doom'd to die
To what abode they go:
Since knowledge is but sorrow's spy,
'Tis better not to know."

But the source of Gray's apothegm is still more obviously traceable to these lines in Prior:

"Seeing aright we see our woes;
Then what avails us to have eyes?
_From ignorance our comfort flows,
The only wretched are the wise._"

A third sample in Gray is borrowed from Milton. The latter, in speaking of the Deity, has this beautiful image:

"_Dark with excessive light_ thy skirts appear."

And Gray, with true poetic feeling, has applied this image to Milton himself in those forceful lines in the _Progress of Poesy_, in which he alludes to the poet's blindness:

"The living throne, the sapphire blaze,
Where angels tremble while they gaze,
He saw; but, _blasted with excess of light_,
Closed his eyes in endless night."

There is a passage in Longinus which appears to me to have furnished Milton with the germ of this thought. The Greek rhetorician is commenting on the use of figurative language, and, after illustrating his views by a quotation from Demosthenes, he adds: "In what has the orator here _concealed_ the figure? plainly _in its own lustre_." In this passage Longinus elucidates one figure by another,--a not unusual practice with that elegant writer.

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia, April, 1851.

ON THE APPLICATION OF THE WORD "LITTUS" IN THE SENSE OF RIPA, THE BANK OF A RIVER.

The late Marquis Wellesley, towards the close of his long and glorious life, wrote the beautiful copy of Latin verses upon the theme "Salix Babylonica," which is printed among his _Reliquiæ_.

In this copy of verses is to be found the line,--

"At tu, pulchra Salix, Thamesini _littoris_ hospes."

Certain critics object to this word "littoris," used here in the sense of "ripa." The question is, whether such an application can be borne out by ancient authorities. To be sure, the substitution of "marginis" for "littoris" would obviate all controversy; but as the objection has been started, and urged with some pertinacity, it may be worth while to consider it. The ordinary meaning of _littus_ is undoubtedly the sea-shore; but it seems quite certain that it is used occasionally in the sense of "ripa."

In the 2d Ode of Horace, book 1st, we find:

"Vidimus flavum Tiberim, retortis
_Littore_ Etrusco violenter undis,
Ire dejectum monumenta regis,
Templaque Vestæ;
Iliæ dum se nimium querenti
Jactat ultorem; vagus et sinistrâ
Labitur _ripâ_."

--meaning, as I conceive, that the waters of the Tiber were thrown back from the Etruscan _shore_, or _right bank_, which was the steep side, so as to flood the left bank, and do all the mischief. If this interpretation be correct, which Gesner supports by the following note, the question is settled by this single passage:

"Quod fere malim propter ea quæ sequuntur, _littus ipsius Tiberis_
dextrum, quod spectat Etruriam: unde _retortis undis sinistrâ
ripâ_ Romam alluente, _labitur_."

Thus, at all events, I have the authority of Gesner's scholarship for "_littus ipsius Tiberis_."

There are two other passages in Horace's _Odes_ where "littus" seems to bear a different sense from the sea-shore. The first, book iii. ode 4.:

"Insanientem _navita_ Bosporum
Tentabo, et arentes arenas
Littoris Assyrii _viator_."

The next, book iii. ode 17.:

"Qui Formiarum moenia dicitur
Princeps, et innantem Maricæ
Littoribus tenuisse Lirim."

Upon which latter Gesner says, that as Marica was a nymph from whom the river received its name,--

"Hinc _patet_ Lirim atque Maricam fuisse _duo unius fluminis
nomina_."

But I will not insist upon these examples even with the support of Gesner, because Marica _may_ have been a district situate on the sea-shore, and because, in the former passage, "littus Assyrium" _may_ mean the _Syrian_ coast, which is washed by the Mediterranean.

But to go to another author, in book x. of Lucan's _Pharsalia_ will be found (line 244.):

"Vel quod aquas toties rumpentis _littora_ Nili
Assiduè[3] feriunt, coguntque resistere flatus."

This seems to be a clear case of the Nile breaking its banks, and is conclusive. Again, in book viii. l. 641.:

"Et prior in _Nili_ pervenit _littora_ Cæsar."

[Footnote 3: Sc. Zephyri.]

And again, "littore Niliaco," book ix. l. 135.

Lastly, in Scheller's _Dictionary_, the same meaning is given from the 8th book of Virgil's _Æneid_:

"_Viridique in littore_ conspicitur sus;"

where, beyond a doubt, is meant "littore" _fluviali_.

It appears, then, from these examples that Lord Wellesley is justified in his application of the word "littus" to the adjective "Thamesinus."

Q. E. D. (A Borderer.)

Minor Notes.

_Epigrams by Coulanges and Prior._--Has the following coincidence been noticed between an epigram of M. de Coulanges and some verses by Mat. Prior?

"_L'Origine de la Noblesse._

"D'Adam nous sommes tous enfants,
La preuve en est connue,
Et que tous nos premiers parents
Ont mené la charrue.

"Mais, las de cultiver enfin
La terre labourée,
L'une a dételé le matin,
L'autre l'après-dinée."--(Published 1698.)

"_The Old Gentry._

"That all from Adam first begun,
None but ungodly Woolston doubts,
And that his son, and his son's sons
Were all but ploughmen, clowns and louts.

"Each, when his rustic pains began,
To merit pleaded equal right,
'Twas only who left off at noon,
Or who went on to work till night."

C. P. Ph***.

_Brewhouse Antiquities._--In Forth and others _versus_ Stanton, Trinity Term, 20 Charles II., Timothy Alsopp and others sue for 100_l._ for cost of beer, sold by them to defendant's late husband. Can this Timothy Alsopp be a lineal predecessor of the present eminent firm of Samuel Alsopp and Sons? We are told that Child's is the oldest banking-house--which may be the oldest brewing establishment?

J. H. S.

_Joseph of Exeter de Bello Antiocheno._--Joseph of Exeter, or Iscanus, was the author of two poems: 1st, _De Bello Trojano_; 2dly, _De Bello Antiocheno_. The _first_ has been printed and published. The _second_ was only known by _fragments_ to Leland. See his work _De Scrip. Brit._ p. 239. Mr. Warton, in his _History of English Poetry_ (1774), affirms, that Mr. Wise, the Radcliffe librarian, had informed him that a MS. copy of the latter was in the library of the Duke of Chandos at _Canons_. Query, where is it? It was not at Stowe. It is not in Lord Ashburnham's collection, nor in the British Museum; nor in the Bodleian Library, nor in the archives of Sir Thomas Phillipps. For the honour of the nation, we earnestly hope that it may be discovered and committed to the press.

EXONIENSIS.

_Illustrations of Welsh History:_--1. _Offer by David, Prince of Wales, to become a Vassal of the Pope._--2. _Death in the Tower of Griffith ap Llewellyn, Prince of North Wales._--In Madox's Collections in the British Museum (Add. MSS. No. 4565., vol. lxxxviii. p. 387.) are the annexed references to two interesting incidents in the history of Wales, noticed in a MS. Chronicle of John De Malverne, in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. The references are sent for insertion in "NOTES AND QUERIES," in the hope that some member of the University may be induced to favour the readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES" with the passages referred to by Madox.

"Per idem tempus David Princeps Norwalliæ ad alas papalis
protectionis confugere proponens, terram suam optulit ei ab ipso
tenere, reddendo inde sibi quingentas marcas, cui perhibetur D.
Papa favorem præbuisse in magnum regni Angliæ præjudicium: novit
enim mundus Principem Walliæ ab antiquo vassallum Regis Angliæ
extitisse. Ex eod. Chron. [MS. Joh. de Malverne, M. 14.] A. Dom.
1244."

"Griff. fil. Lewel. Princeps Norwalliæ, being in the Tower of
London, fell down as he tryed to make his escape out of a window,
and dyed. Ib. ad. Ann. 1244."

JOHN AP WILLIAM AP JOHN.

Inner Temple, May 28.

Queries.

THE WINDOW-TAX, LOCAL MINTS, AND NOBBS OF NORWICH.

In a MS. chronicle, now before me, of remarkable events which occurred, in connexion with the history of the city of Norwich, from the earliest period to the year 1716, compiled by an inhabitant of the place named Nobbs, of whom a word or two at the end of this note, occurs the following passage:

"This year (1695) the parliament made an act for remedying the
coin of the nation, which was generally debased by counterfeits,
and diminished by clipping, and _laid a tax upon glass windows_,
to make good the deficiency when it should be taken in. And, for
the speedy supply of money to the subjects, upon calling in of the
old money, there were mints set up in York, Bristol, Chester,
Exeter, and Norwich. The mint in Norwich began to work in Sept.
1696. Coined there 259,371_l._ The amount of plate and coin
brought into this mint was 17,709 ounces."

These quantities are identical with those given by Blomefield (_History of Norwich_, fol., 1741, p. 300.).

1. The duties chargeable on windows, as now collected, were _regulated_ by Sched. A. of 48 Geo. III. c. 55.; but, assuming the correctness of Nobbs' statement, is it generally known that this tax _originated_ in the year, and under the circumstances, above recorded?

Bishop Burnet (_Hist. Own Time_, 8vo., 1833, vol. iv. pp. 252. 258.), describing the proceedings taken by parliament for rectifying the state of the coinage, without telling us by what means the money was raised, says (p. 290.):

"Twelve thousand pounds was given to supply the deficiency of the
bad and clipped money."

Is this sum the amount of the proceeds of the tax laid, as our chronicle records, upon glass windows? If so, or from whatever source obtained, it may, in passing, be remarked, that it appears to be ridiculously inadequate to meet the requirements of the case; for, according to the Bishop, in another place (p. 316.):

"About five millions of clipped money was brought into the
exchequer, and the loss that the nation suffered, by the recoining
of the money, amounted to two millions and two hundred thousand
pounds."

The window duties have of late provoked much discussion, and it would prove of some interest, if, through the medium of your pages, any of your correspondents would take the trouble to investigate a little further the subject of this note. It very easily admits of confirmation or denial.

2. The principal reason, however, for now writing, is to request answers to the two following Queries: 1. What amount of money was respectively coined during 1696, and the following year, in the cities of York, Bristol, Chester, and Exeter? and 2. In what parish of each of these places, including Norwich, was the mint situated?

And now let me add a sentence or two respecting the compiler of the above-named chronicle, which I am induced to do, as his name is closely connected with that of one of the most celebrated controversial writers of the Augustan age of Anne and George I., the friend of Whiston, of Newton, and of Hoadley, and the subject of Pope's sarcastic allusion:

"We nobly take the high priori road,
And reason downwards till we doubt of God."

It appears, on the authority of a MS. letter before me, dated Aylsham, Norfolk, Jan. 25, 1755, and addressed to Mr. Nehemiah Lodge, town clerk of Norwich, by Mr. Thos. Johnson, who was speaker of the common council of that city from 1731 to 1736, that Nobbs

"Was many years clerk of St. Gregory's parish in Norwich, where he
kept a school, and was so good a scholar as to fit youths for the
university, amongst whom were the great Dr. Samuel Clarke, and his
brother, the Dean of Salisbury."

The old man's MS. is very neatly written, and arranged with much method. It was made great use of, frequently without acknowledgment, by Blomefield, in the compilation of his history; and besides the chronicle of events immediately connected with the city, there are interspersed through its pages notices of earthquakes, great famines, blazing stars, dry summers, long frosts, and other similar unusual occurrences. The simplicity, and grave unhesitating credulity, with which some of the more astonishing marvels, culled, I suppose, from the pages "of Holinshed or Stow," are recorded, is very amusing. I cannot refrain from offering you a couple of examples, and with them I will bring this heterogeneous "note" to a close.

"In the eighth year of this king's reign (E. II.) it was ordained
by parliament, that an ox fatted with grass should be sold for
15_s._, fatted with corn 20_s._, the best cow for 12_s._; a fat
hog of two years 3_s._ 4_d._; a fat sheep shorn 14_d._, and with
fleece 20_d._; a fat capon 2_d._, a fat hen 1_d._, four pigeons
1_d._ And whosoever sold for more, should forfeit his ware to the
king. But this order was soon revoked, by reason of the scarcity
that after followed. For, in the year following, 1315, there was
so great a dearth, that continued three years, and therewith a
mortality, that the living were not sufficient to bury the dead;
horses, dogs, and children were eaten in that famine, and thieves
in prison plucked in pieces those that were newly brought in, and
eat them half alive."

But, again, sub ann. 1349:

"This year dyed in Norwich of the plague, from the first of
January to the last of June, 57,374 persons, besides religious
people and beggars; and in Yarmouth, 7053. This plague began
November the first, 1348, and continued to 1357, and it hath been
observed that they that were born after this had but twenty-eight
teeth, whereas before they had thirty-two."

This latter notice refers to the first of those three destructive epidemics which visited Europe during the reign of our Edw. III., and are so frequently mentioned in ancient records. It is styled the "Pestilencia Prima et Magna, Anno Domini 1349, a festo Stæ. Petronillæ usque ad festum Sti. Michaelis." (Nicolas, _Chron. of Hist._, p. 345.)

COWGILL.

Minor Queries.

_Gillingham._--Can you, or any of your correspondents, furnish me with any historical or local data that may tend to identify the place where that memorable council was convened, by which the succession to the English crown was transferred from the Danish to the Saxon line? Hutchins, in his _History of Dorset_ (Edw. II., 1813, vol. iii. p. 196.), says:

"Malmsbury[4] mentions a council held at Gillingham, in which
Edward the Confessor was chosen king. It was really a grand
council of the realm; but the generality of our historians place
it with more probability at London, or in the environs thereof."

[Footnote 4: Book ii. c. 12. p. 45.]

I am not aware of anything else that can be advanced in support of the claims of the Dorset shire Gillingham to be the scene of this event except it be the fact that a royal palace or hunting-seat there was the occasional residence of the English kings early in the twelfth century, and subsequently. I do not know whether its existence can be traced prior to the Conquest; and unless that can be done, it is obviously of no importance in the present inquiry. Now it had occurred to me that, after all, Gillingham, near Chatham in _Kent_, may be the true locality; but, unfortunately, my knowledge of that place is limited to the fact, that our London letters, when directed without the addition of "Dorset," are usually sent to rusticate there for a day or two. Perhaps one of your Kentish correspondents will favour me with some more pertinent information.

QUIDAM.

"_We hope, and hope, and hope._"--I wish to discover the author (a disappointed courtier, I believe) of a poem ending thus:

"We hope, and hope, and hope, then sum
The total up--Despair!"

C. P. Ph***.

_What is Champak?_--In Shelley's "Lines to an Indian Air," I read--"The Champak odours fail." Is it connected with the spice-bearing regions of Champava, or Tsiampa, in Siam?

C. P. Ph***.

_Encorah and Millicent._--These are very common baptismal names for females in this parish, and I should be very much obliged to any one who could refer me to the origin and meaning of either or both of them. The former is also spelt _Anchora_ and _Enchora_.

J. EASTWOOD.

Ecclesfield.

_Diogenes in his Tub._--It may be hypercritical, but is there any authority for placing Diogenes in the tub at the time of his interview with Alexander, which took place at _Corinth_, as Landseer has done in his celebrated dog-picture?

A. A. D.

_Topical Memory._--Where can I find the subject of "topical memory" treated of? _Cic. de Orat._ i. 34. alludes to it.

A. A. D.

_St. Paul's Clock striking Thirteen._--Will you allow me on this subject to put to men of science, and to watchmakers, the _à priori_ question--_Is the alleged fact mechanically possible?_

AVENA.

_A regular Mull--Origin of the Phrase._--"You have made a regular _mull_ of it," meaning a complete failure. This expression I have often heard, from my school days even to the present time. Can you give me the origin of it? In reading a very clever and interesting paper communicated by J. M. Kemble, Esq., to the Archæological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland in the volume of their proceedings for 1845, entitled, "The Names, Surnames, and Nicnames of the Anglo-Saxons," I found the following paragraph:

"Two among the early kings of Wessex are worthy of peculiar
attention, viz., the celebrated sons of Cênberht, Cædwealha and
his brother Mûl. Of the former it is known, that after a short and
brilliant career of victory, he voluntarily relinquished the power
he had won, became a convert to Christianity, and having retired
to Rome, was there baptised by the name Petrus, and died while yet
in the Albs, a few days after the ceremony. His brother Mûl,
during their wars in Kent, suffered himself to be surprised by the
country-people and was burnt to death, together with twelve
comrades, in a house where they had taken refuge."

This "Note," I think, answers my Query. Do you know of any other explanation?

W. E. W.

_Register-book of the Parish of Petworth._--Can any reader of "NOTES AND QUERIES" assist in discovering a document which was formerly quoted by this title? Heylin used it for the reign of Edward VI., but his learned editor (Mr. Robertson) appears to have searched for it in vain.

C. H.

St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge.

_Going to Old Weston._--When a Huntingdonshire man is asked "If he has ever been to Old Weston," and replies in the negative, he is invariably told, "You must go before you die." Old Weston is an out-of-the-way village in the county, and until within a few years was almost inapproachable by carriages in winter; but in what the point of the remark lies, I do not know.

ARUN.

"_As drunk as Chloe._"--Who was Chloe, and what gave rise to the expression?

J. N. C.

_Mark for a Dollar._--What is the origin of the mark for a dollar, $?

T. C.

_Stepony_ (Vol. ii., p. 267.).--If not too stale by this time, may I put a Query to any Worcestershire reader on the possible connexion of Stepony ale with a well-known country _inn_ in that county, which must have startled many a traveller with strange hippophagous apprehensions, viz., _Stew-poney_?

B.

Lincoln.

_Longueville MSS._--Was the collection of MSS. possessed by Henry Viscount Longueville, and catalogued in Cat. Lib. MSS. Angliæ, 1697, dispersed; or, if not, where is it to be found?

E. T. B.

York, May 13.

_Carling Sunday._--Carling Sunday, occurring nowabouts, is observed on the north coast of England by the custom of frying dry peas; and much augury attends the process, as indicated by the different effect of the bounding peas on the hot plate. Is any solution to be given? The writer has heard that the practice originated in the loss of a ship (freighted with peas) on the coast of Northumberland. Carling is the foundation beam of a ship, or the main beam on the keel.

X.

_Lion Rampant holding a Crozier._--I met with this crest some time since on a private seal, and should be glad to ascertain whether the device was borne by chancellors and archbishops who exercised these functions contemporaneously, the last of whom was the Archbishop of York, who was also Lord Keeper from 1621 to Nov. 1625. The motto on the seal is--

"Malentour."

To this I cannot trace any meaning. Perhaps some of your heraldic antiquaries can favour me with a solution of the above device of the motto?

F. E. M.

_Monumental Symbolism._--On a monument dated 1600, or thereabouts, erected to a member of an ancient Roman Catholic family in Leicestershire, there are effigies of his children sculptured. Two of the sons are represented in a kneeling posture, with their hands clasped and upraised; while all the others are standing, some cased in armour, or otherwise. Can you, from knowledge of heraldry, or any other source, decide confidently what is the reason of the difference of posture, or rather what it is intended to denote?

Reader.

_Ptolemy's Presents to the Seventy-two._--Josephus (_Ant._ b. xii. ch. ii. sect. 15.) mentions, as among the presents bestowed by Ptolemy on the Seventy-two elders, "the furniture of the room in which they were entertained." Was this a usual custom of antiquity?

H. J.

_Baronette_ (Vol. ii., p. 194.).--In an extract from a statute temp. Hen. IV., it is stated that "dukes, earls, barons, and _baronettes_ might use livery of our lord the king, or his collar," &c. Query the meaning of the term _baronette_, in the reign of Henry IV.?

B. DE M.

_Meaning of "Hernshaw."_--_Hernshaw_ occurs in _Hamlet_, II. 2. Query, What is the derivation of it? It means, I believe, a young heron. Chaucer ("Squire's Tale," l. 90.) spells it "heronsewe." As _sewe_ signifies a dish (whence the word _sewer_, he who serves up the dinner), this word applied to _heron_ may mean one fit for eating, young and tender.

J. H. C.

Adelaide, South Australia.

_Hogan._--

"For your reputation we keep to ourselves your not hunting nor
drinking hogan, either of which here would be sufficient to lay
your honor in the dust."

This passage occurs in a letter from Gray to Horace Walpole in 1737. Can any subscriber state what "hogan" was, the not drinking of which was "to lay your honor in the dust?"

HENRY CAMPKIN.

"_Trepidation talk'd._"--What mean the following words in Milton, _Paradise Lost_, book iii. line 481?

"They pass the planets seven, and pass the fixed,
And that crystalline sphere _whose balance weighs
The trepidation_ TALK'D, and that first moved."

By the last three words we may easily understand the _primum mobile_ of the Ptolemaic astronomy; and _trepidation_ is thus explained in the _Imperial Dictionary_:

"In the _old astr._ a libration of the eighth sphere, or a motion
which the Ptolemaic system ascribes to the firmament, to account
for the changes and motion of the axis of the world."

Newton, in his edition of Milton, is silent. Bentley says in a note:

"_Foolish_ ostentation, in a thing that a child may be taught in a
map of these imaginary spheres. _Talk'd_, not good English, for
called, styled, named."

Paterson, in his _Commentary on Paradise Lost_, 1744, for the sight of which I am indebted to the courtesy of the librarian of the Chetham Library, says:

"_Trepidation_, Lat., an astronomical T., a trembling, a passing.
Here, two imagined motions of those spheres. Therefore Milton
justly ridicules those wild notions."

Granting that _trepidation_ and _whose balance weighs_ are understood, can any of your readers explain the phrase _trepidation talk'd_?

W. B. H.

Manchester.

_Lines on the Temple._--Can any of your readers inform me if these lines, said to be the impromptu production of some passer-by struck with the horse and lamb over the Temple gates, have ever been in print, and where?

"As by the Templars holds you go,
The Horse and Lamb display'd
In emblematic figures show,
The merits of their trade.

"That travellers may infer from hence
How just is their profession;
The lamb sets forth their innocence,
The horse their expedition.

"Oh! happy Britons! happy isle,
May wondering nations say,
There you get justice without guile,
And law without delay."

J. S.

_Death._--I am making a collection, for a literary purpose, of the forms or similitudes under which the idea of Death has been embodied in different ages, and among different nations, and shall be highly obliged by any additions which your numerous learned and intelligent correspondents may be able to make to my stock of materials. References to manuscripts, books, coins, paintings, and sculptures, will be highly acceptable. I must confess that it has not yet been in my power to trace satisfactorily the origin, or the earliest pictorial example, of the current representation of Death as a skeleton, with hour-glass and scythe.

S. T. D.

_Was Stella Swift's Sister?_--Being last week on a visit to Dublin, I went to see St. Patrick's Cathedral there, when, contemplating the monuments of the Dean and Stella, the verger's boy informed me, that after the death of the latter, the Dean discovered that she was his own sister, which occasioned him to go mad. Is there any foundation for this?

J. H. S.

MINOR QUERIES ANSWERED.

_John Marwoode._--A house in the town of Honiton, Devon, has the following inscription carved above the dining-room mantelpiece:

"John . Marwoode . Get . Phisition . Bridget . Wife . Buylded."

From a marble tablet in the porch, J. M. appears to have been "Gentleman Physician" to Queen Elizabeth. Any information respecting him will be acceptable to

C. P. Ph***.

[Dr. Thomas Marwood, of Honiton, was a physician of the first
eminence in the West of England, and succeeded in effecting a cure
in a diseased foot of the Earl of Essex, for which he received
from Queen Elizabeth, as a reward for his professional skill, an
estate near Honiton. From an inscription on his tomb in the parish
church, it appears that "he died the 18th Sept., 1617, aged
_above 105_." The house mentioned by our correspondent was
erected in 1619 by John Marwood, who was also a physician, and by
Bridget his wife. For further particulars respecting the family of
the Marwoods, see _Gentleman's Magazine_, vols. lxi. p. 608.;
lxiii. 113.; lxxix. 3.; lxxx. pt. i. 429.; lxxx. pt. ii. 320.]

_St. Paul._--I shall be obliged if you will allow me the opportunity of asking your correspondents for a reference to the fullest and most reliable life of St. Paul the apostle?

EMUN.

[Our correspondent is referred to _The Life and Epistles of St.
Paul, comprising a complete Biography of the Apostle and a
paraphrastic Translation of his Epistles, inserted in
Chronological Order_, now in course of publication by Messrs.
Longman, under the editorship of the Rev. W. J. Conybeare, M.A.,
and the Rev. J. S. Howson. The work is copiously illustrated with
maps plans, views, &c.]

_Meaning of Zoll-verein._--Should a one-shilling visitor to the Crystal Palace ask a question of a holder of a season ticket touching the exact meaning and history of the word Zoll-verein, I wonder what he would tell him?

CORDEROY.

[Zoll-Verein, _i. e._ Customs Union.--An union of smaller states
with Prussia for the purposes of Customs uniformity, first
commenced in 1819 by the union of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, and
which now includes Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, Wirtemburg, Baden,
Hesse-Cassel, Brunswick, and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and all
intermediate principalities. For the purposes of trade and customs
these different kingdoms and principalities act as one empire.]

_Crex, the White Bullace._--Will you insert a Query from a new correspondent but old subscriber? _Crex_ is the ordinary name with Cambridgeshire folk for the White Bullace. I cannot answer for the orthography, as neither Dictionary nor Provincial Glossary acknowledges the word. Can any of your correspondents enlighten me?

CHARLES THIRIOLD.

St. Dunstan.

[This Cambridgeshire name for the White Bullace is clearly
connected with the Dutch name for Cherry, _Kriecke_. See Killian,
s. v., where we find KRIECKE, Cerasum, and the several kinds of
cherry, described as _Swarte Kriecke_, _Spaensche Kriecke_, _Roode
Kriecke_, &c.]

Replies.

THE OUTER TEMPLE.

(Vol. iii., p. 375.)