Chapter L: H. K

_Arches of Pelaga_ (Vol. iii., p. 478.)--This term is in common use among sailors, meaning the Mediterranean Archipelago, and they may very often be heard saying--"When I was up the Arches."

E. N. W.

Southwark, June 16. 1851.

_Engraved Warming-Pans_ (Vol. iii., pp. 84. 115.).--I beg to add to the lists of H. G. T., and E. B. Price.

Some years ago I purchased one in Bradford, Wilts, and several at Bedwyn Magna in the same county. The Bradford one bears an heraldic nondescript animal with horns on its head and nose, and a coronet round its neck, surrounded by--

"The . Lord . reseve . us . into . His . kingdom . 1616."

One of the Bedwyn ones bears a lion passant holding a scimitar, with the motto:

"Feare . God . and . obay . the . king . 161--."

The last figure of the date is obliterated. Another has a shield bearing three tuns, surrounded by--

"The Vintners' arms."

One in the possession of a farmer in the parish of Barton Turf, Norfolk, bears an eagle with a human head at its feet, surrounded by--

"The . Erl . of . Darbeyes . arms." 1660.

W. C. LUKIS.

Great Bedwyn, June, 1851.

_St. Pancras_ (Vol. iii., pp. 285. 397.).--St. Pancras was a native of the province of Phrygia, the son of a nobleman of the name of Cledonius; who, when at the point of death, strongly recommended this his only son, together with his fortune, which was very great, to the care of his brother Dionysius, he being the only near relative in being, the mother having previously deceased.

This trust Dionysius faithfully fulfilled, bringing up and loving his nephew as he would have done his own son; and when, three years after the death of Cledonius, he quitted his native country and proceeded to Rome, the youthful Pancras accompanied him. Upon reaching the imperial city, the uncle and nephew took up their residence in the same suburb where the Pope Marcellinus had fled for concealment from the persecution which had been raised against the Christians by the Emperors Diocletian and Maximianus. Here they had not been long resident before the fame of the great sanctity and virtue of Marcellinus reached their ears, and caused an ardent desire in both to see and converse with one so highly spoken of. A convenient opportunity was soon found, and in a short time both the uncle and nephew, renouncing their idolatry, became converted to the Christian faith.

So strong was the effect produced upon them by this change, that the chief desire of both was to die for their religion; and, without waiting for the arrival of the officers who were continually searching for the hidden Christians, they voluntarily surrendered themselves to the ministers of justice.

A few days after this event, however, Dionysius was called hence by a natural death.

Diocletian, who is said to have been a friend of Cledonius, and moved perhaps by the youth and graceful appearance of Pancras, strove by flattery and caresses to induce him to do sacrifice to the heathen gods; to this proposition Pancras absolutely refused to consent, and reproached the Emperor for his weakness in believing to be gods, men, who, while on earth, had been remarkable for their vices. Diocletian, stung by these reproaches, commanded that the youth should be instantly beheaded, which sentence was immediately carried into execution. His death is said to have taken place on 12th May, 303; the martyr being then but fourteen years of age.

The gate in Rome, rendered so remarkable lately as having been the chief point attacked by the French troops, was formerly called Porta Aurelia; but was subsequently named Porta Pancrazio, after this youthful sufferer.

R. R. M.

_Pallavicino and Count d'Olivarez_ (Vol. iii., p. 478.)--Ferrante Pallavicino was descended from a noble family, seated in Placenza. He entered the monastery of Augustine Friars at Milan, where he became a regular canon of the Lateran congregation. He was a man of fine genius, and possessed great wit, but having employed it in writing several satirical pieces against Urban VIII. during the war between the Barberini and the Duke of Parma and Placenza, he became so detested at the court of Rome, that a price was set on his head. One Charles Morfu, a French villain, was bribed to ensnare him, and pretending to pass for his friend and pity his misfortunes, persuaded him to go to France, which he said would be much to his advantage. Pallavicino gave himself up entirely to the direction of this false friend, who conducted him over the bridge at Sorgues into the territory of Venaissin, where he was arrested by people suborned for that purpose, was carried to Avignon, thrown into a dungeon, from which he tried to make his escape, and in the year 1644, after a fourteen months' imprisonment, was beheaded in the flower of his age. He was the author of a number of small pieces, all of which are marked by the lively genius of the author. They were collected and published at Venice in 1655, and amongst them I found one entitled "La disgracia del Conte d'Olivarez," which, perhaps, may be the work Mr. Souley has in MS.

For a more lengthy account of this unhappy and extraordinary man, I would refer Mr. Souley to the life prefixed to his collected works, and to that prefixed to a French translation of his _Divortio celeste_, printed at Amsterdam in 1696; and also to the preface to the English translation of that same very curious work, printed at London in 1718.

WILLIAM BROWN, JUN.

_Mind your P's and Q's_ (Vol. iii., pp. 328. 357. 463.).--When I proposed this Query, I mentioned that I had heard one derivation of the phrase. As it is different from either of those which have been sent, it may, perhaps, be worth insertion. I was told by a printer that the phrase had originated among those of his craft, since young compositors experience great difficulty in discriminating between the types of the two letters.

R. D. H.

[A correspondent has kindly suggested a new version of this saying, and suggests that for the future our readers should be reminded to mind, not their P's and Q's, but their N's and Q's.]

_Banks, Family of_ (Vol. iii., pp. 390. 458.).--In No. 81. R. C. H. H. asks if John Banks the philosopher was descended from Sir John Banks, Lord Chief Justice in Charles I.'s reign.

As a grandson of the former, I take great interest in this, but am sorry to say that I can give no information at present on that branch of the subject. The philosopher's family were settled for some generations at Grange, near Keswick. I should be obliged if R. C. H. H. would communicate the name and publisher of the book on the Lakes which he quotes from, as I am exceedingly anxious to trace the genealogy.

BAY.

Liverpool, June 19. 1851.

_National Debts_ (Vol. iii., p. 374.).--The following extract from _La Cronica di Giovanni Villani_, lib. xii. c. 35., appears to have some reference to the Query made by F. E. M.:

"E nel detto mese di Febbraio, 1344, per lo comune si fece ordine,
che qualunque cittadino dovesse avere dal comune per le prestanze
fatte al tempo de' venti della balia, come addieto facemmo
menzione, che si trovarono fiorini cinquecento-settantamila d'oro,
sanza il debito di Messer Mastino della Scala, ch' erano presso a
centomila fiorini d'oro, che si mettessono in uno registro
ordinatemente; e dare il comune ogni anno di provvisione e
usufrutto cinque per centinaio, dando ogni mese la paga per rata;
e diputossi a fornire il detto guiderdone parte alla gabella delle
parti, e parte ad altre gabelle, che montava l'anno da fiorini
venticinque mila d'oro, dov' erano assegnate le paghe di Messer
Mastino; e pagato lui, fossone assignati alla detta satisfazione;
il quale Messer Mastino fu pagato del mese di Dicembre per lo modo
che diremo innanzi. E cominciossi la paga della detta provvisione
del mese d'Ottobre 1345."

R. R. M.

_Monte di Pietà_ (Vol. iii., p. 372.)--In reply to your correspondent W. B. H., requesting to be informed of the connexion between a "Pietà" and a "Monte di Pietà," it may be observed that there does not appear to be any necessary connexion between the two expressions. The term "a Pietà" is generally used to denote the figure of the dead Saviour attended by His Blessed Mother: for example, the celebrated one in St. Peter's at Rome. The word "Monte," besides its signification of "montagna," expresses also "luogo publico ove si danno oi si pigliano denari ad interesse;" also "luogo publico altresì dove col pegno si prestano denari con piccolo interesse."

"Pietà," in addition to its signification of "devozione," or "virtù per cui si ama ed onora Dia," &c., which would apply to the figure of the dead Saviour, expresses "compassione amorevole verso il suo simile."

Monte di Pietà would therefore be a place where money was lent at interest, on such terms as were in unison with a kind and compassionate feeling towards our neighbour. This species of establishment was first commenced in Italy towards the end of the fifteenth century, by Il Beato Bernardino da Feltri, who carried his opposition to the Jews so far as to preach a crusade against them. The earliest Monte of which any record appears to exist was founded in the city of Padua in 1491; the effect of which was to cause the closing of twelve loan banks belonging to the Jews.

From Italy they were shortly afterwards introduced into France.

The first legal sanction given to these establishments was granted by Pope Leo X. in 1551.

R. R. M.

_Registry of Dissenting Baptisms_ (Vol. iii., pp. 370. 460.).--From the replies to my Query on this subject that have been published, it is plain that in all parts of England Dissenters have wished to procure the registry of their children's births or baptisms in their parish churches. In some instances they have been registered _as dissenting baptisms_; and then the fact appears from the Registry itself. In other instances, and probably far the more numerous (though this would be difficult to _prove_), they were registered among the canonical baptisms; and the fact of their being performed by Dissenting Ministers is only discoverable by reference to the Dissenting Register, when it happens to have been preserved. So in the instances referred to in p. 370., the baptisms are registered without distinction from others in the Registry of St. Peter's Church, Chester; but a duplicate registry _as on the same day_ was made at Cross Lane Meeting House, which is, I believe, not in St. Peter's parish; though, I presume, the residence of the parents was in it.

D. X.

_Eisell_ (Vol. iii., pp. 66. 397.).--I am not aware that the following passage has been quoted by any of the disputants in the late "Eisell" controversy. It occurs in Jewel's _Controversy with Harding_, pp. 651-2. of vol. ii. of the Parker Society's edition of Jewel's works.

"A Christian man removeth his household, and, having there an
image of Christ, equal unto him in length, and breadth, and all
proportion, by forgetfulness leaveth it there in a secret place
behind him. A Jew after him inhabiteth the same house a long
while, and seeth it not; another strange Jew, sitting there at
dinner, immediately espieth it standing open against a wall....
Afterward the priests and rulers of the Jews come together, and
abuse it with all villany. They crown it with a thorn, make it
drink _esel_ and gall, and stick it to the heart with a spear. Out
issueth blood in great quantity, the powers of Heaven are shaken;
the sun is darkened; the moon loseth her light."

CUDYN GWYN.

_English Sapphics_ (Vol. iii., p. 494.).--A beautiful specimen of this measure, far superior in rhythm to the attempt of Dr. Watts, appeared in the _Youth's Magazine_ twenty-five years ago. It consisted of the Psalm "By the Waters of Babylon." I remember the last verse only.

"Dumb be my tuneful eloquence, if ever
Strange echoes answer to a song of Zion;
Blasted this right hand, if I should forget thee,
Land of my fathers."
H. E. H.

_Mints at Norwich--Joseph Nobbs_ (Vol. iii., p. 447.).--I beg to inform Cowgill that the operation of the Mint of the Great Recoinage of 1696-7 was performed in a room at St. Andrew's Hall, in this city; but the amount there coined, or at any of the other places mentioned, I am not able to inform him. The total amount said to be recoined was 6,882,908_l._ 19_s._ 7_d._

£ _s._ _d._

The amount at the Tower 5,091,121 7 7

And in the Country Mints 1,791,787 12 0

--------------------------

£6,882,908 19 7

The following are the names of persons employed in the Mint at Norwich:--

Francis Gardener, Esq., Treasurer.

Thomas Moore, Gent., Warder; Thomas Allen, his clerk.

Anthony Redhead, Gent., Master Worker; Mr. Beaser, his clerk.

William Lamb, Comptroller; Mr. Samuel Oliver, his clerk.

Heneage Price, Gent., King's clerk.

Mr. Rapier, Weigher and Teller.

Henry Yaxley, Surveyor of the Meltings.

Mr. John Young, Deputy Graver.

John Seabrook, Provost, and Master of the Moneyers.

Mr. Hartstongue, Assay Master, and his servant.--His brother,
Edger, and Lotterer of the Half-Crowns, Shillings, and Sixpences.
It is said crowns were not struck here, and I have never seen one
of this Mint.

The whole of the work was finished here, September 29, 1698.

In pulling up the floor of an old house, in Tombland, in 1847, a quantity of the silver coin minted here was discovered, which, from the appearance of the coins, were never in circulation: they were sold to Mr. Cooper, silversmith, in London Street, for about 20_l._ No doubt the coins were abstracted from the Mint during the process of coining.

In the Register of Burials at St. Gregory's is the following entry, A. D. 1717:

"Joseph Nobbs, Parish Clerk of St. Gregory's, aged 89, was buried
November. 4, 1717, being the year following the last entry in his
Chronology. He was then 89 years of age, and, what is somewhat
remarkable, that is the age of the present Clerk of St.
Gregory's."

G. H. I.

P. S. Some other matters relative to this Mint are among my memoranda.

Norwich, June 16. 1851.

_Voltaire, where situated_ (Vol. iii., p. 329.).--Your correspondent V. is informed, that the following particulars on the subject of his Query are given in a note to the article "Voltaire," in Quérard's _France Littéraire_, vol. x. p. 276.:--

"Voltaire est le nom d'un petit bien de famille, qui appartenait à
la mère de l'auteur de la '_Henriade_,'--Marie Catherine Daumart,
d'une famille noble du Poitou."

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia, May, 1851.

_Meaning of Pilcher_ (Vol. iii., p. 476).--I must say I can see no difficulty at all about _pilcher_. If the _r_ at the end makes it so strange a word, leave that out, and then you will have a word, as it seems, quite well established--_pylche_, toga pellice: Lye. Skinner thinks _pilchard_ may be derived from it.

"Pilch, an outer garment generally worn in cold weather, and made of skins of fur. 'Pelicium, a pylche.' (_Nominale MS._) The term is still retained in connected senses in our dialects. 'A piece of flannel, or other woollen, put under a child next the clout is, in Kent, called a _pilch_; a coarse shagged piece of rug laid over a saddle, for ease of a rider, is, in our midland parts, called a pilch.' (_MS. Lansd._ 1033.) 'Warme pilche and warme shon.' (_MS. Digby_, 86.) 'In our old dramatists the term is applied to a buff or leather jerkin; and Shakspeare has _pilcher_ for the sheath of a sword." (Halliwell's _Dictionary_.)

"_Pilche_, or _pilcher_, a scabbard, from _pylche_, a skin coat, Saxon. A pilche, or leather coat, seems to have been the common dress for a carman. Coles has 'a pilch for a saddle, instratum,' which explains that it was an external covering, and probably of leather. Kersey also calls it a covering for a saddle; but he likewise gives it the sense of 'a piece of flannel to be wrapt about a young child.' It seems, therefore, to have been used for any covering." (Nares' _Glossary_.)

C. B.

_Catalogues of Coins of Canute_ (Vol. iii., p. 326.).--The following is a copy of the title-page of the work referred to by [Greek: Boreas]:--_A Catalogue of the Coins of Canute, King of Denmark and England; with Specimens._ London: Printed by W. Bowyer and J. Nichols. 4to. 1777. It consists of twenty-four pages, and was compiled by Richard Gough, Esq.

J. Y.

_Pontoppidan's Natural History of Norway_ (Vol. iii., p. 326.).--An interesting notice of this work occurs in the _Retrospective Review_, vol. xiii., pp. 181-213.; but neither in that article nor in any bibliographical or biographical dictionary is the name of the translator given.

J. Y.

_The First Panorama_ (Vol. iii., p. 406.).--I have often heard my father say, that the first panorama exhibited was painted by Thomas Girtin, and was a semicircular view of London, from the top of the Albion Mills, near Blackfriars Bridge. It was exhibited in St. Martin's Lane, where, not many years back, I saw it, it having been found rolled up in a loft over a carpenter's shop. It was painted about 1793 or 1794, and my father has some of the original sketches.

E. N. W.

Southwark, June 2.

_Written Sermons_ (Vol. iii., p. 478.).--If M. C. L. asks, when and why written sermons took the place of extemporaneous discourses, I believe it may be said that written sermons were first in vogue. Certainly, the inability of most men to preach "without book," would be sufficient to ensure their early introduction. According to Bingham (see _Ant. of the Christian Church_, book xiv. chap. 4.), Origen was the first who preached extemporaneously, and not until after he was sixty years old. The great divines of the time of the English Reformation preached both written and oral sermons: many of these, especially of the former, are included in their printed works. The same remark also applies to the early Fathers of the Church. The use of the homilies, which were drawn up for the ignorant clergy at the Reformation, at once gave a sanction to the practice of _writing_ sermons. The story of the preacher turning over his hour-glass at Paul's Cross, and starting afresh, must of course refer to an _unwritten_ discourse. Sermons, being explications of scripture, used to follow the reading of the psalms and lessons: now, for the same reason, they come after the epistle and gospel. In olden time, the bishop was the only preacher, going from church to church, as now-a-days[2], with the same sermon or charge; and he addressed the people from the altar steps: afterwards the priest, as his deputy, preached in the pulpit, but the deacons were not allowed to preach at all.

[Footnote 2: One of the highest dignitaries in our Church recently
declined to print a sermon, as requested; because, he frankly
said, he should want to preach it again.]

ALFRED GATTY.

_Bogatsky_ (Vol. iii., p. 478.).--The little work, so justly popular in England, under the title of Bogatsky's _Golden Treasury_, is by no means a literal translation of the original; but was almost entirely re-written by Venn, the author of the _Complete Duty of Man_. This I state on good authority, as I believe; but I have never seen the original.

R. D. H.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.

Under the title of a _Hand-Book of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy: First Course--Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Sound, Optics_, Dr. Lardner has just issued a small closely printed volume with the object of supplying that "information relating to physical and mechanical science, which is required by the medical and law student, the engineer and artisan, by those who are preparing for the universities, and, in short, by those who, having already entered upon the active pursuits of business, are still desirous to sustain and improve their knowledge of the general truths of physics, and of those laws by which the order and stability of the material world are maintained." The work, which is illustrated with upwards of four hundred woodcuts, is extremely well adapted for the object in question; and will, we have no doubt, obtain, as it deserves, a very extensive circulation among the various classes of readers for whose use it has been composed; and, in short, among all readers who desire to obtain a knowledge of the elements of physics without pursuing them through their mathematical consequences and details. The illustrations are generally of a popular character, and therefore the better calculated to impress upon the mind of the student the principles they are intended to explain.

The new volume of Mr. Bohn's _Standard Library_ consists of the third of Mr. Torrey's translation of Dr. Neander's _General History of the Christian Religion and Church_. The period included in the present division of this important contribution to ecclesiastical history extends from the end of the Diocletian persecution to the time of Gregory the Great, or from the year 312 to 590. A translation of _The Fasti, Tristia, Pontic Epistles, Ibis and Halieuticon of Ovid_, with copious notes by Henry T. Riley, B.A., is the last addition made by Mr. Bohn to his _Classical Library_. Though these translations furnish very imperfect pictures of the manner and style of the original writers, they supply the mere English reader with a good general notion of their matter, especially when they are as copiously annotated as the work before us.

We are informed that, in consequence of the great care and delicacy which is found to be required in the presswork of the _Lansdowne Shakspeare_, a beautiful volume, unique as a specimen of the art of typography, the publication will be unavoidably postponed for a few weeks.

Messrs. Sotheby and Co. (3. Wellington Street, Strand) will commence, on Wednesday next, a seven days' sale of the valuable Library of the date Rev. Dr. Penrose, which is particularly rich in books illustrated with engravings.

Books Received.--_Illustrations of Mediæval Costume in England, &c._, by C. A. Day and J. H. Dines: Part IV., illustrating what the editors call the "mediæval foppery" of Richard II. and his court.--_The Traveller's Library, No. IV._, _Sir Roger de Coverley, by "The Spectator," with Notes and Illustrations, by W. Henry Wills._ A delightful shilling's worth, well calculated to make the traveller a wiser and better man.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

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Chippenham, Wilts.

MR. F. ALEXANDER has been favoured with instructions to prepare
for SALE by AUCTION, on the Premises, on TUESDAY, the 1st of July,
1851, and two following days, commencing at 12 o'clock each day
precisely, the Valuable and Select Library of Mr. John Provis, of
Chippenham, comprising 3,500 Volumes, including many Works of
great value. Among those remarkable for their rarity, &c., will be
found a fine copy of Purchas's Pilgrimes, 5 vols., 1625; Nuremburg
Chronicle, 1493; Dante, printed at Rome, 1487; Coverdale's Bible,
1539; Cranmer's Bible, 1585; Musée Français, 4 vols.; Chaucer's
Works; Philosophical Transactions, 88 vols.; Houbraken's Heads,
&c., &c.

May be viewed two days previous to the Sale, by Catalogues only
(6_d._ each), which may be obtained five days prior to the sale,
of Messrs. Wickham & Yelland, 163. Strand, London; at the White
Hart Hotel, Bristol; Castle Hotel, Bath; Star Hotel, Oxford; Royal
Hotel, Cheltenham; Bear Inn, Devizes; and of the Auctioneer,
Chippenham.

FOR EVERY CHILD IN THE KINGDOM.

On 1st July, 1851, Price 2_s._ 6_d._, an Enduring Record, full of
Interesting Details--Vivid Descriptions--Moral Sentiments--and
Beautiful Pictures, entitled

LITTLE HENRY'S HOLIDAY
AT
THE GREAT EXHIBITION,

By the Editor of "Pleasant Pages."

PLEASANT PAGES.--Double Numbers are now publishing, containing a
Course of "OBJECT LESSONS" from the Great Exhibition.--Volume II.
is just out. Third Edition of Volume I. is now ready.

London: HOULSTON AND STONEMAN; and all Booksellers.

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. Parliament Street, London.

VALUABLE NEW PRINCIPLE.

Payment of premiums may be occasionally suspended without
forfeiting the policy, on a new and valuable plan, adopted by this
society only, as fully detailed in the prospectus.

A. Scratchley, M.A.,

Actuary and Secretary: Author of "Industrial Investment and
Emigration; being a Second Edition of a Treatise on Benefit
Building Societies, &c." Price 10_s._ 6_d._

London: J. W. PARKER, West Strand.

Nearly ready, Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated by Special Permission to

THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.

PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected
by the Very Rev. H. H. Milman, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The Music
arranged for Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One,
including Chants for the Services, Responses to the Commandments,
and a Concise System Of Chanting, by J. B. SALE. Musical
Instructor and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco
cloth, price 25_s._ To be had of Mr. J. B. Sale, 21. Holywell
Street, Millbank, Westminster, on the receipt of a Post Office
Order for that amount: and, by order, of the principal Booksellers
and Music Warehouses.

"A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with
our Church and Cathedral Service."--_Times._

"A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this
country."--_Literary Gazette._

"One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well
merits the distinguished patronage under which it
appears."--_Musical World._

"A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of
Chanting of a very superior character to any which has hitherto
appeared."--_John Bull._

Also, lately published,

J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the
Chapel Royal St. James, price 2_s._