Chapter III: Canto IV: of Childe Harold, stanza 182 (2)

187. _Physiological Query._--Can any of your correspondents mention the work of any physiologist in which the _cause_ is given why all herbivorous animals suck in what they drink, and all carnivorous animals lap it up by the action of the tongue? Also, what naturalists have specified that broad distinction, and whether it has been mentioned in any other work?

ÆGROTUS.

188. _De Grammont's Memoirs._--Is there an earlier edition of De Grammont's _Memoirs_ than that in 12mo. printed at Cologne in 1713?

PETER CUNNINGHAM.

189. "_Frightened out of his seven Senses._"--Can this expression be met with in any author; or what is its origin?

Is it simply synonymous to the more usual phrase, "To be frightened out of one's wits?"

Is there any other passage in the language where the possession of more than _five_ senses is implied?

G. T. H.

Acton.

190. _Fides Carbonaria._--What is the _origin_ of a phrase known to readers of a certain Latinity, "Fides Carbonaria?" The French have an expression apparently equivalent, "Foi de Charbonnier;" but _what_ originated either?

A QUERIST.

191. _Bourchier Family._--I would be very much obliged to any correspondent who could tell me either the inscriptions on any monuments to the "Bourchier" family, or in what church they are to be found. I believe there are some in Northamptonshire.

L. M. M.

Dublin.

192. _Warnings to Scotland._--

"Warnings to Scotland, of the Eternal Spirit, to the City of
Edinburgh, in Scotland, by the mouths of Thomas Dutton, Guy Nutt,
John Glover, in their Mission by the Spirit to the said City, as
they were delivered in the year 1709, and faithfully taken down in
writing as they were spoken. London printed in the year 1710."

The trio also gave "warnings" to the sinful city of Glasgow, &c.

I would be glad if any of your correspondents could give me any information regarding this _agitation_, and if it produced any sensation at the time?

ELGINENSIS.

193. _Herschel anticipated._--Can one of your correspondents mention the name, and any other particulars, of the man who anticipated Herschel relative to the sun's motion; and was declared to be mad for entertaining such opinions?

ÆGROTUS.

194. _Duke of Wellington._--Where can a copy of the petition, presented by the Lord Mayor and Common Council, setting forth the insufficiency of the Duke of Wellington as a general, and his obvious incapacity, and begging his immediate recall, be obtained, and the date of it? It is a droll historical document, which should not sink into oblivion.

ÆGROTUS.

Minor Queries Answered.

_An early Printer._--I have seen an old black-letter book of homilies in Latin, with the following imprint:--

"Sermones Michaelis de Ungaria prædicabiles per tot[=u] annum
licet breves. Et sic est finis sit laus et gloria trinis
Impress[=u] suburbiis s[=a]cti germani de praetis per Petr[=u]
Leuet, anno d[=n]i millesimo quadring[=e]te sino nonagesimo
septimo primo die vero. xiij. Novembris."

I should be glad if any of your correspondents could furnish any information regarding the printer.

ABERDONIENSIS.

[Petrus Levet was one of the early Paris printers, and several of
the works printed by him are noticed in Gresswell's _Annals of
Parisian Typography_, pp. 96. 100. 104. At p. 178. will be found
his device, copied from the _Destructorium Vitiorum_, anno 1497.]

_Nimble Ninepence._--What is the origin of this expression?

P. S. KG.

["A nimble ninepence is better than a slow shilling."--_Old
Proverb._]

_Prince Rupert's Balls._--Why are the glass balls filled with floating bubbles called Rupert balls? Was the prince a glass-blower?

[Arrow symbol]

[The earliest experiments upon glass tears were made in 1656, both
in London and Paris; but it is not certain in what country they
were invented. They were first brought to England by Prince
Rupert, and experiments were made upon them by the Right Hon. Sir
Robert Moray, in 1661, by the command of his Majesty. An account
of these experiments is to be found in the Registers of the Royal
Society, of which he was one of the founders. See _Edinburgh
Encyclopædia_, vol. x. p. 319.]

_Knock under._--To _knock under_, in the sense of succumb, yield: _unde derivatur_?

NOCAB.

["From the submission expressed among good fellows by knocking
under the table."--_Johnson._]

_Freemasons._--Where can be found a good account of the origin of freemasons? And is there any truth in the story that Lord Doneraile made his daughter, the Honorable Miss E. St. Leger, a freemason?

[Arrow symbol]

[For a circumstantial account of the origin of Freemasons, see a
curious pamphlet published in 1812, entitled _Jachin and Boaz; or
an authentic Key to the Door of Freemasonry, both Ancient and
Modern_, &c.; also, Oliver's _Antiquities of Freemasonry_. A very
interesting historico-critical inquiry into the origin of the
Rosicrucians and Freemasons, from the pen of the English
Opium-eater, who in it has abstracted, arranged, and in some
respects re-arranged the German work of J. G. Buhle, _Ueber den
Ursprung und die vornehmsten Schicksale der Orden der Rosenkreuzer
und Freymaurer_, will be found in the _London Magazine_ for
January and February, 1824.

We believe it is perfectly true that the Hon. Miss E. St. Leger
was made a mason, and that she always accompanied her lodge in its
processions.]

Replies.

CONQUEST OF SCOTLAND.

(Vol. iv., p. 165.)

In an article of A. C. in "NOTES AND QUERIES" for 30th August last, under the head "Plowden of Plowden" from Burke's _Landed Gentry_, I find this paragraph:

"The names of the followers of William the Conqueror are often
alluded to; but the 'comers over' at the CONQUEST of Wales,
SCOTLAND, and Ireland are but seldom thought of, though they lend
to their descendants' pedigree a degree of historical interest."

I do not read this paragraph without pain, mingled with indignation. Who ever before heard of the conquest of Scotland? It is true, that, on repeated occasions, the English made successful inroads into that kingdom, sometimes of a larger, sometimes of a less extensive character; but the Scottish nation never did "lie at the proud foot of a conqueror."

Though Edward I., by means of intrigues unworthy of his high character, did for a short period, during the interregnum consequent on the death of the Maid of Norway, assume the government of the Scottish realm, and put to death some of the most distinguished of her defenders, yet his successor paid the penalty of this unjust assumption in the battle of Bannockburn; a battle having justice on the side of the victorious party, and regarded by all Scotsmen as to be ranked in military prowess with those of Cressy, Poictiers, and Agincourt.

It is not generally known, that upon the marriage of Mary to the Dauphin in 1558, Scotsmen were naturalised in France by an _ordonnance_ of Henry II.; and that, in like manner, by an act of the parliament of Scotland, all Frenchmen were naturalised in that country. The ordonnance granting these privileges to Scotsmen within the realm of France, is printed in the Scottish statute-book along with the Scottish act granting similar privileges to Frenchmen within Scotland.

One of the most distinguished writers on the law of Scotland, when dedicating his work to King Charles II., reminds him of the inscription on the palace of Holyrood: "Nobis hæc invicta miserunt centum sex Prouvi."

When, in 1707, Scotland treated of an incorporating union with the realm of England, she treated as an independent and sovereign power, and the Treaty of Union was concluded with her in that character: a treaty which was at least as beneficial to England as it was to Scotland, by precluding in all time to come the intrigues of France with the Scottish sovereign and nation.

That Scotland was able for so many centuries to defend her liberties and independence against the powerful kingdom of England, does her great honour. There is no problem of more difficult solution than this: What might have happened, if some other great event had happened otherwise than it did? When England had overcome the kingdom of France, if Scotland had not afforded the means of annoyance to England, the seat of government might have been removed to France, and the great English nation have been absorbed in that country: but Providence ruled otherwise; England lost her dominion in France, and Scotland remained independent.

SCOTUS OCTOGENARIUS.

BOROUGH-ENGLISH.

(Vol. iv., p. 133.)

W. FRAZER'S Query, which are the towns or districts in England in which Borough-English prevails, or has prevailed, and whether there are any instances on record of its being carried into effect in modern times, would require more knowledge than any individual can be expected to possess of local customs throughout the country to give a full answer to; but if all your legal correspondents would contribute their quotas of information on the subject, a very fair list might be made, which would not be uninteresting as illustrative of this peculiar custom. I do not know any work in which the places where the custom prevails are collected together. But I send you a short list of such manors and places as I know of and have been able to collect, in which the custom of Borough-English is the rule of descent, hoping that other correspondents will add to the list which I have only made a commencement of:--

_Manors and Places where the Custom of Borough-English
prevails._

The Manor of Lambeth }
" Kennington } Surrey.
" Hoo (qy.) Kent.

Reve v. Maltster, Croke's _Reports, Trin.
Term_, 11 Chas. I.

The Manor of Tottenham }
" Edmonton } Middlesex.

_Termes de la Ley_, Kitchin, fo. 102.

Turnham Green Middlesex.

Forester's _Equity Reports_, 276.

The Manor of Bray Berks.

_Co. Litt._ Sec. 211.

I am informed that the custom also prevails in some of the Duchy manors in Cornwall, but I cannot at present give you the names.

I may be able to add to this list in a future communication, and I hope to see in your pages some considerable additions to this list from other correspondents.

As to the continuance of the custom to modern times, nothing can alter it but an act of parliament; so that where the custom has prevailed, it is still the law of descent: and I have had under my notice a descent of copyhold property, in the manors of Lambeth and Kennington, to the youngest brother within the present century.

G. R. C.

There is a farm of about a hundred acres in the parish of Sullescombe in Sussex, which is held by this tenure; but whether the adjoining land is so, I am not aware. In case of the owner dying intestate, the land would go to the younger son; but I am not aware of an instance of this having occurred.

E. H. Y.

PENDULUM DEMONSTRATION OF THE EARTH'S ROTATION.

(Vol. iv., pp. 129. 177.)

Your correspondent A. E. B. appears, by his suggestion regarding Foucault's theory, to have rendered confusion worse confounded, mystery more mysterious. He says:

"If the propounders of this theory had from the first explained,
that they do not claim for the plane of oscillation an exemption
from the general rotation of the earth, but only the difference of
rotation due to the excess of velocity with which one extremity of
the line of oscillation may be affected more than the other, it
would have saved a world of fruitless conjecture and
misunderstanding."

This supposition makes an effect, which it is difficult to believe in, into one utterly impossible to conceive. It is hard enough to credit the theory, that the plane of oscillation of a pendulum is partially independent of the rotatory motion of the earth, but still not impossible, considering that the effect of the presumed cause is not inconsistent with the results of _à priori_ calculation. For instance, during the swing of a two-seconds pendulum, the angular motion of the earth will have been 1', or thereabouts, which, supposing the oscillation to be independent, would produce an appreciable angle on an index circle placed concentric with the pendulum, and at right angles to its plane of oscillation.

But as to A. E. B.'s theory, which supposes the variation of the pendulum's plane to be "due to the excess of velocity with which one extremity of the line of oscillation may be affected more than the other," it appears to me quite untenable for a moment. Let him reduce it to paper, and find what difference of velocity there is on the earth's surface at the two ends of a line of ten feet, the assumed length of the arc of a two-seconds pendulum,--a larger one, I presume, than that used by Foucault in his cellar,--and I believe he will find it to be practically nothing.

I confess I have had no faith in this theory from the first; the effect, if any and constant, I believe to be magnetic. The results of experiments have been stated from the first very loosely, and the theory itself has been put forth very indistinctly, and not supported by any name of eminence, except that of Professor Powell.

In the meantime, and until some competent authority has pronounced on the point, I propose that such of your readers as are interested in the question make experiments for themselves, dividing them into four classes, viz., with the plane of oscillation E. and W., N. and S., N.E. and S.W., N.W. and S.E.; take the mean of a great many, and communicate them to the editor of "NOTES AND QUERIES;" and I venture to say that such a collection will do more towards confirming or disproving the theory absolutely, than all the papers we have yet seen on the subject.

I am myself about to make experiments with a twenty-five feet pendulum.

H. C. K.

---- Rectory, Hereford, Sept. 8. 1851.

LORD MAYOR NOT A PRIVY COUNCILLOR.

(Vol. iv., pp. 9. 137. 180.)

In p. 180. I find some observations respecting the rank of the Lord Mayor of London, which seem to require further elucidation. But I should not trouble you except for one passage, which leads me to think that the writer is under some little mistake. He seems to think that upon the occasion of a new king's accession, only Privy Councillors are summoned. This is not so. I remember upon the accession of George IV., that I received a summons, being then a member of the House of Commons and holding an official appointment; and some other private gentlemen were also summoned. I _think_ that the summonses were issued from the Home Office, but of this I am not certain; nor do I know if the same practice has been adopted upon the subsequent accessions. I remember that we all met at Carlton House; that we all signed some document, recognising the new sovereign, which I apprehend to be the authority for the proclamation; but that the _Privy Councillors only_ went in to the presence.

I understand that the theory for summoning me and others was that some persons of various ranks and grades of society should concur in placing the new king upon the throne.

All this is, however, mere speculation of my own. The _fact_ of my summons is certain. As to the Lord Mayor being Right Honorable, why need we look for other authority than usage? Usage only gives the title of Right Honorable to a Privy Councillor being a Commoner. Usage only gives that title to a Peer. Excuse this gossip.

DN.

COLLARS OF SS.

(Vol. iv., p. 147.)

I have the pleasure to add to the early examples of the collar of SS. given by MR. EDWARD FOSS, the names of some personages whose monuments are either represented or described in Blore's _Monumental Remains_, Dugdale's _History of St. Paul's_, Gough's _Sepulchral Monuments_, and Stothard's _Monumental Effigies_.

1. On the effigy of Sir Simon Burley, engraved by Hollar for Dugdale, is a collar apparently marked, but very indistinctly, with SS. Sir Simon was a Knight of the Garter, Chamberlain to Richard II., and was beheaded in 1388.

2 and 3. Sir Robert Waterton and his wife, in Methley church, Yorkshire. The collar was issued to this knight, when he was an esquire, out of the great wardrobe of Henry Earl of Derby, in the 20th year of Richard II.

4. Sir William Ryther, in Harwood church, Yorkshire: he lived in the time of Richard II.

5. John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, in the cathedral at Canterbury. He was Chamberlain of England, and Captain of Calais in the reign of Henry IV., and died in 1410.

6. Thomas Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel, in Arundel church, Sussex; Chief Butler of England at the coronation of Henry IV., who with his queen was present at the earl's wedding in 1404; temporary Marshal of England in 1405. Died in 1416, the 4th of Henry V.

7 and 8. Sir Edmund de Thorpe and his wife, in Ashwell-Thorpe church, Norfolk. Two persons of this name, Mon' Esmond Thorp and Mon' Esmon de Thor[=p], were summoned to a great council held at Westminster in the 2nd of Henry IV. It is considered that this Sir Edmund is the person called Lord Thorpe, who was slain in Normandy in 1418; that his wife is Joan, daughter of Sir Robert Norwood, and widow of Roger Lord Scales; and that she is the Lady Thorpe who died in 1415.

9. Thomas Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV., President of the Council, and Lieutenant General of the Forces. He died in 1421. Monument in Canterbury cathedral.

10, 11, and 12. Ralph Nevill, Earl of Westmorland, and his two wives, in Staindrop church, co. Durham. He was created Earl of Westmorland by Richard II., made Earl Marshal of England by Henry IV., present at the battle of Agincourt with Henry V., and died in the 4th of Henry VI., 1425.

Margaret, his first wife, was the daughter of Hugh Earl of Stafford; and his second wife was Joan de Beaufort, only daughter of John of Ghent, Duke of Lancaster, by Catherine Swinford.

13. John Fitz-Alan, Lord Maltravers and Earl of Arundel, in the church at Arundel, Sussex. He distinguished himself by the capture of many towns and fortresses in Normandy in the year of his death, 1434.

14. William Phelip Lord Bardolf, in Dennington church, Suffolk. Treasurer of the household of Henry V., Knight of the Garter, and Chamberlain to Henry VI. Died in the 19th year of this reign, 1440.

15 and 16. John Beaufort Duke of Somerset, and his wife, in Wimborne Minster, Dorset, Knight of the Garter, created Duke of Somerset and Earl of Kendal, and at the same time made Lieutenant and Captain-General of Aquitaine, France and Normandy. Died in 1444.

17. Robert Lord Hungerford, who served in the wars in France and Guienne, and died in 1453. His effigy is drawn by Stothard (_Mon. Eff._ p. 98.).

18. Sir John Nevill, in Harwood church, Yorkshire. Died 22nd Edward IV., 1482.

I presume that MR. EDWARD FOSS would refer to the curious passage in the printed _Rolls of Parliament_, vol. iii. p. 313., wherein it appears that Richard II., in the 20th year of his reign, formally declared that he _assumed_, bore, and used, and that by his leave and wish persons of his retinue also bore and used, the livery of the collar of his uncle, the Duke of Lancaster.

Mr. John Gough Nichols, in the _Gent. Mag._ for 1842, quotes the principal part of this passage, and produces some interesting evidence in favour of the view that the livery of the collar of the Duke of Lancaster was the collar of SS.

LLEWELLYN.

WRITTEN SERMONS.

(Vol. iii., pp. 478. 526.; Vol. iv., pp. 8. 41.)

The statement that the reading of sermons did not prevail in the early ages of Christianity not having been called in question, although irreconcileable with the practice of the Fathers, as ascertained from their own writings, I am induced to observe that in _Ferrarius de Ritu Sac. Concionum_, evidence is adduced that extemporaneous preaching was occasionally superseded by more elaborate and written discourses, sometimes committed to memory, sometimes recited, that is, read.

"Narrat Gregorius (Hom. 21. ex Libro Quadraginta Homiliarum)
solemne ibi fuisse dum Concionem haberet, per Dictatum loqui;
additque, Ob languentem stomachum jam _legere_ se non posse quæ
dictaverat; ac proinde velle se Evangelicæ Lectionis explanationem
non amplius per Dictatum, sed per familiares collocutiones
pronunciare. Per Dictatum autem loqui nihil aliud fuit Gregorio
quam de scripto dicere ex eo perspicuum fit, quod verbo Dictare
pro Scribere passim usi sunt Veteres Auctores, Sidonius Epistola
septima Libri primi, undecima quarti, ultima septimi, sexta
octavi, tertia noni; Aldhelmus _de Laudibus Virginitatis_, cap.
vii., Gregorius Magnus, lib. x. _Epistolarum_, Ep. xxii. "ad
Joannem Ravennæ Subdiaconum," et "Epistola ad Leonardum;" quæ
præmittitur Expositioni in Job, et alii: usu nimirum ex prisco
more petito quo Auctores olim, ut est apud Plinium in Epistolis
non uno loco, Notariis dictare consueverant. Vox præterea Legere
qua usus est Gregorius hoc ipsum aperte confirmat; ea enim
dumtaxat legere possumus quaæ scripta sunt et ante oculos
posita."--Ferrarius, _ut suprà_, lib ii. 15.

Fabricius, in his _Bibliothecaria Antiquaria_ (cap. xi., De Concionibus Christianorum), thus refers to this passage:

"Conciones plerasque dictas ex memoria, quasdam etiam de scripto
recitatas, observatum Ferrario, lib. ii. cap. 15."

It may therefore be inferred that he knew of no other testimony equally pertinent, but surely we may surmise that other fathers, _e.g._ Gregory Nazianzen (who, in the words of Bellarmine, "sapientiam mirificè cum eloquentia copulavit") occasionally were unable to commit to memory the numerous discussions which they had so diligently prepared.

I have been requested by the Rev. Richard Bingham, Jun., to state that he has in his possession autograph sermons by his illustrious ancestor, in some of which are notes only or heads of subjects, and which are therefore unfavourable to the suspicion expressed (p. 42.), that the author of the _Antiquities of the Christian Church_ was prejudiced against extempore preaching.

BIBLIOTHECARIUS CHETHAMENSIS.

Replies to Minor Queries.

_The Authoress of "A Residence on the Shores of the Baltic"_ (Vol. iv., p. 113.).--As in a publication such as "NOTES AND QUERIES" the most precise correctness, even in matters of secondary importance, is, above all things, to be desiderated, I am sure J. R. will be glad to be corrected in a statement made by him, in the concluding sentence of his interesting communication, "Traditions from remote Periods through few Hands," concerning the above accomplished lady. This elegant writer was not "one of _four_ congenital children," though it is quite true that such a birth occurred in her family. The following account of so unusual an occurrence is taken from Matchett's _Norfolk and Norwich Remembrancer and Vade Mecum_, a work compiled principally from the columns of _The Norfolk Chronicle_, of which Mr. Matchett was for many year a co-proprietor and assistant editor:--

"August 15, 1817. At Dr. R.'s house, at Framingham (a small
village four miles from Norwich), Mrs. R., who in 1804 had first
brought him twins, was safely delivered of four living children,
three sons and a daughter, who were privately baptized by the
names of Primus John, Secundus Charles Henry, Tertius Robert
Palgrave, and Quarta Caroline. They were weighed with their shirts
on by Dr. Hamel, physician to the Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia,
who paid Dr. R. a visit a few days after the quadruple birth, and
were found to be 21 lbs. 2 oz. One lived eighteen days; the other
three from eight to ten weeks. Dr. R. being a grandfather at the
time, the children were born great-uncles and a great-aunt."

They are buried in Framingham Earl churchyard, where is a table monument over their remains, setting forth the above particulars in full, with the respective periods of their deaths.

Dr. R. was Mayor of Norwich in 1805, and, as J. R. states, an eminent physician of that city. He was the author of _An Essay on Animal Heat_, _On the Agriculture of Framingham and Holkham_, and of other works on Midwifery, Medicine, and Agriculture. He died Oct. 27, 1821, aged seventy-three years.

COWGILL.

_Winifreda_ (Vol. iii., p. 27.; Vol. iv., p. 196.).--Notwithstanding the MS. note referred to by DR. RIMBAULT in a recent number, I cannot think that G. A. Stevens was the author of "Winifreda," as he had barely attained his sixteenth year when that song was first printed in 1726. Neither is it easy to imagine that the commonplace lines quoted in Reed's _Biographia Dramatica_, vol. i. p. 687., from Stevens's poem called "Religion, or the Libertine Repentant," and "Winifreda," could have been the production of the same person. We learn also from Reed, that, owing to a pirated edition of Stevens's songs being published at Whitehaven, he in 1772 printed a genuine collection of them at Oxford. This book I never met with. Should it contain Winifreda, I shall be satisfied: if not, we may still say of the mysterious author, "Non est inventus."

BRAYBROOKE.

_Querelle d'Alleman_ (Vol. iii, p. 495.), not _d'Allemand_, as your correspondent MR. BREEN has written it; this saying deriving its origin from the _Allemans_, a powerful family of the Dauphiné, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and having no reference whatever to the national character of the Germans, as will appear by the following extract from the _Revue Historique de la Noblesse, voce_ ALLEMAN:--

"Durant le 13e et le 14e siècle, la région montagneuse qui s'élève
entre le Drac et l'Isère était presque en totalité le domaine
d'une immense famille de seigneurs qui portaient tous le nom
_d'Alleman_.... Jamais souche féodale ne produisit plus de
rameaux, et nulle part les membres d'une même famille ne se
groupèrent autour de leurs chefs avec un soin plus jaloux.... Ils
se mariaient entre eux, jugeaient entre eux leurs différends, et
en toute circonstance se pretaient les uns aux autres un
infaillible appui. Malheur à l'imprudent voisin qui eût troublé
dans son héritage ou dans son honneur le plus humble des
_Alleman_. Sur la plainte de l'offensé, un conseil de famille
était réuni, la guerre votée par acclamations, et l'on voyait
bientôt déboucher dans la plaine de Grenoble les bandes armées qui
guidaient au châtiment de l'agresseur les bannières d'Uriage et de
Valbonnais."

Hence, from the ardour with which this family avenged the smallest injury, came the saying, "_Faire une querelle d'Alleman_;" to which Oudin, in his _Curiosités Françoises_, gives the following interpretation:--

"_Querelle d'Alleman_, fondée sur peu de sujet et facile à
appaiser."

Having reference to the same family was also the proverb, known in the Dauphiné, "_Gare la queue des Alleman_," applied to those entering upon some difficult enterprise; in other words, "mind the consequences."

In Le Roux de Lincy's _Livres des Proverbes Français_, vol. ii. p. 15., I find the following:

"Arces, Varces, Granges et Comiers,
Tel les regarde qui ni les ose ferier,
Mais gare la queue d'Alleman et des Brangiers."

PHILIP S. KING.

_Coins of Constantius II._ (Vol. ii., pp. 42. 254.).--Not being exactly satisfied with my former reply to MR. WITTON on this subject, I have made further search on the subject in numismatic works, and I would refer him to the following note in Banduri, vol. ii. p. 418.:--

"Galli numismata Antiquarii olim cum nummis Constantii Augusti
confundebant; sed Erud. Harduinus numismata omnia Constantii
Cæsaris (Galli) in quibus FEL. TEMP. REPARATIO. item ea in quibus
CONSTANTIVS. IVN. appellatur, aut FL. CL. CONSTANTIVS, ad Gallum
nostrum pertinere ostendit; in quibus omnibus cum eadem effigies
expressa sit a Constantii Augusti effigie plurimum diversa, et
caput nudum semper sit; omnia numismata in quibus et caput nudum,
et idem qui in cæteris vultus conspicitur, ad eundem Gallum
retulimus, tametsi eorum numismatum nonnulla FL. IVL. Constantium
appellant. Haud dissimulandum tamen descripta ab Occone fuisse
numismata duo Constantii Augusti, in quibus FL. CL. Constantius
nominatur, quæ inter numismata illius Principis ex ære incerti
moduli exhibuimus suprà. Cæterum hujus Principis nummi omnes ex
argento rari sunt, et desiderantur in Mediobarbo, excepto hoc,
quem perperam (licet ex Tristano) inter æreos recenset laudatus
Mediobarbus, et duobus sequentibus."

On the whole, therefore, I conclude, that we may more safely assign to Gallus the _bare_ head; the legends "CONSTANTIVS IVN." and "FL. CL. CONSTANTIVS," and the _diademed_ head, and the legends, "FL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS," and "CONSTANTIVS AVG.," to Constantius II. Those with "FL. VAL. CONSTANTIVS" would seem more properly to belong to Constantius Chlorus. I may add, that all those coins of Constantius which bear an A behind the portrait, certainly belong to Gallus.

E. S. TAYLOR.

_Proverb; what constitutes one?_ (Vol. iv., p. 191.).--There can be no doubt that, according to modern usage, any short sentence which is commonly used, whether by way of enunciating a principle, foretelling a consequence, describing a situation, or recommending a course of action, &c., is a proverb. Brevity is an essential: that is, we apply the term _proverb_ to nothing but apophthegms. In truth, nothing but what is said in few words can be frequently said by all. Accordingly a proverb, in the nineteenth century, is a commonly known and frequently cited apophthegm. But it was not always so. The _proverb_ was only _one_ of a class which we may cite under the name of _adage_, because the various folio collections of them generally have this word in the title, as descriptive of all. These works contain proverbs properly so called, sentences (_sententiæ_, pieces of _sententiousness_), parables, apologues, aphorisms, witticisms, apophthegms, &c. &c., many of the instances having a right to two or more of these names. According to Erasmus, all the definitions which he had met with of the _paroemia_ or _proverb_ might be contained under one or other of the following:--

"Proverbium est sermo ad vitæ rationem conducibilis, moderata
quadam obscuritate multam in sese continens utilitatem."

"Proverbium est sermo, rem manifestam obscuritate tegens."

The old proverb then has a soul of utility, and a body of obscurity: the modern one has a soul of brevity, and a body of notoriety. This distinction will be held obscure enough for an old proverb, but not brief enough for a new one.

M.

_Dr. Matthew Sutcliffe_ (Vol. iv., p. 152.).--Your learned correspondent MR. CROSSLEY is right in his conjecture that this celebrated controversialist was of a family settled at Mayroyd in the parish of Halifax in Yorkshire. According to a pedigree certified in 1624 by Sir William Segar, Garter, he was the second son of John Sutcliffe of Melroyd, in the county of York, gent., by his wife Margaret, daughter of ---- Owlsworth of Ashley in the same county. The Doctor married Ann, daughter of John Bradley of Louth, co. Lincoln, Esq., and had issue an only daughter Ann, the wife of Mr. Halls or Halse, of the county of Devon. The Doctor had four brothers, viz. Adam, Solomon, Luke, and John. Adam, the eldest, lived at Grimsby, co. Lincoln, and had an only daughter, Judith. Solomon was of Melroyd and of Grimsby; he married Elizabeth, daughter of John Bradley of Louth, Esq., by Frances his wife, daughter of ---- Fairfax of Denton, co. York, and had issue four daughters, and also one son, viz. John Sutcliffe, one of the esquires of the body to King James. His wife was Alice, daughter of Luke Woodhouse of Kimberley, co. Norfolk, Esq., and he had issue one daughter, Susan. Segar granted arms to this gentleman in 1624. Of the other brothers of the Dean, Luke died unmarried, and John married a daughter of Jo. Kirton of Lincolnshire.

F. R. R.

Milnrow Parsonage.

_Pope's Translations, or Imitations of Horace_ (Vol. i., p. 230.; Vol. iv., pp. 58. 122. 139.).--Having every wish to accede to the request of your correspondent C., I have made a search, but am unable to lay my hand at present on the publication by Curll. There can be no doubt that I shall ultimately meet with it; and when I do, it will be quite at his service. Having compared it not very long ago with the folio edition by Boreman of this Imitation, which I suppose was the first in its complete state, I can be under no mistake as to the existence of the prior publication. It occurs in a thin 8vo. published by Curll in 1716, containing poetical miscellanies, which in my copy are bound up with other tracts. It is headed "By Mr. P----e," and contains only a portion of that subsequently printed. Curll afterwards reprinted the Imitation, as published by Boreman, in one of the volumes, I think the third of the collection, which he styles "Letters of Mr. Pope."

That the Imitation is by Pope, though I am not aware of any express acknowledgment of it by him, there can be no doubt, and as little that it found its way to the press, as published by Boreman, with his privity. Curll even says, if any weight be due to the assertions of such a miscreant, that Pope received a sum of money for it from Boreman. But I do not consider that Pope can be deemed to have affiliated it by its publication in Dodsley's edition in 1738; which is, as far as I have always understood, a mere bookseller's collection. The only collection of his works which can be called his own, and for which he is fairly responsible, is that in 2 vols., folio and 4to., 1717-35, to each volume of which a preface or notice by him is prefixed; and in the latter of these volumes, though previously published, he has not included this Imitation, which seems to indicate that he did not feel disposed to acknowledge it publicly, and indeed he had good reason to be ashamed of it.

JAS. CROSSLEY.

_M. Lominus, Theologus_ (Vol. iv., p. 193.).--The exact title of the work inquired for is, _Blackloanæ Hæresis, olim in Pelagio et Manichæis damnatæ, nunc denuo renascentis, Historia et Confutatio_. This 4to. volume consists of 332 pages, exclusive of the dedicatory epistle and the appendix; and a "printed account" of the author may be seen in Sir James Ware's _Writers of Ireland_ (ed. Harris, pp. 191-3), and in Dodd's _Church History of England_, vol. iii. pp. 284-5.: Brussels, 1742. It is to be hoped that in the Bodleian Catalogue something further has been stated respecting this curious and very rare book than that it was written by "M. Lominus, Theologus," who was merely an imaginary divine. The real author was the famous PETER TALBOT, brother of "Lying Dick Talbot" (the Duke of Tyrconnel and Viceroy of Ireland), almoner to Catharine, queen of Charles II., and titular Archbishop of Dublin.

R. G.

The work referred to, entitled _Blackloanæ Hæresis, olim in Pelagio et Manichæis damnatæ, nunc denuo renascentis, Historia et Confutatio_, Gand. 1675, 4to., I have a copy of. It is written against the Blackloists, the leaders of whom were Thomas White, the follower of Sir Kenelm Digby, and John Sargeant, the voluminous Roman Catholic writer. The real author of the book was Peter Talbot, the brother of Richard Talbot, Duke of Tyrconnel. He also published the _History of Manicheism and Pelagianism, in which it is shown that Thomas White and his Adherents have revived those Heresies_: Paris, 1674, 8vo.

JAS. CROSSLEY.

_Corpse passing makes a Right of Way_ (Vol. iii., pp. 477. 507. 519.; Vol. iv., p. 124.).--This belief is common in East Anglia, and such paths are called _Bierways_. When the common lands at Alby in Norfolk were enclosed, much difficulty was experienced in stopping one road, on account of its being an ancient bierway. In Norwich the passage through a part of the city called the Bull Close, is accounted public for this reason; and a very few years since a gentleman at Whittlesey, in Cambridgeshire, prevented a funeral from taking a shorter road through his grounds, through fear of its being afterwards esteemed a public thoroughfare.

E. S. TAYLOR.

_Horology_ (Vol. iv., p. 175.).--H. C. K. will probably find all he requires in the _Penny Cyclopædia_ (Articles "Horology" and "Pendulum"), or in a two-shilling volume published by Weale last year, Denison _on Clocks, Chimes, &c._, or in the other works enumerated below:--Ellicott _on regulating Clocks_, 4to., 1753; Vulliamy's _Considerations on Public Clocks_, 4to., 1828; Derham's _Artificial Clock Maker_, 12mo., 1734; Berthoudi's _Essai sur l'Horlogerie_, 4to., 2 vols. 1763.

H. T. E.

Clyst St. George.

_Curfew_ (Vol. ii., p. 103.).--In Charleston, the capital of the state of South Carolina, a bell is tolled twice every evening, at eight and ten o'clock in summer, and at seven and nine in winter: this custom dates from early times. At the ringing of the _second_ bell the watch for the night is set, and our servants are prohibited from being abroad after that hour without a permit from their masters; the first bell subserves no purpose, and is merely rung in conformity to ancient usage. I am inclined to think that our ancestors had this bell rung in order to keep up the old custom of the curfew bell of their cherished mother-country. It is still a custom when "the first bell rings" for the younger children of the family to say "Good night," and retire to bed. This is the only practical use to which this early ringing is put, and a capital custom it is, though rather distasteful to the young folks when they are anxious to sit up a little longer.

H. H. B.

Monte Cavallo, South Carolina.

"_Going the whole Hog_" (Vol. iii., p. 250.).--A querist asks information as to the origin of the American figure of speech "to go the whole hog." I apprehend its parentage belongs less to America than to Ireland, where a "hog" is still the synonym for a shilling, and a "tester" or "taster" for a sixpence. Previously to the assimilation of the currency of the two countries in 1825, a "white hog" meant the English shilling or twelve pence, and a "black hog" the Irish shilling, of thirteen pence. To "go the whole hog" is a convivial determination _to spend the whole shilling_, and the prevalence of the expression, with an extension of its applications in America, can be readily traced to its importation by the multitudes of emigrants from Ireland.

M. R***SON.

Belfast.

_John Bodley_ (Vol. iv., p. 59.).--"---- Burleigh, M.A." who is mentioned by S. S. S. as one of the translators of the Bible in 1611, must have been a different person to John Bodley, the father of the celebrated Sir Thomas Bodley. In the very interesting "History of English Translations and Translators" prefixed to Bagster's _English Hexapla_, "Mr. Burgley of Stretford" is mentioned as one, with this note:--

"In the Lambeth MS. it is 'Mr. Henry Burleigh.' It is added, one
of that name was B.D. in 1594, and D.D. in 1607."--P. 104.

Townley, however, in his _Illustrations of Biblical Literature_, 1821, vol. iii. p. 293, supposes him to have been the Francis Burleigh, D.D., who, according to Newcourt, became vicar of Stortford, or Bishop Stortford, in 1590. See _Repertorium_, vol. i. p. 896.

JOHN I. DREDGE.

Among my matches in and about London (which I shall always be glad to search for your correspondents) is the following:

"23 July 1608, _John Bodleigh_, Aldgate, printer B. 34, free of
the stationers and a freeman; and _Elizabeth Hemp_ of Paul's
Wharf, Sp. 30. St. Brides."

J. S. B.

_Ancient Egypt, Language of_ (Vol. iv., p. 152.).--In Adelung's _Mithridates_ the titles of the best works explanatory of this language will be found. To these must be added those of Dr. Thomas Young and Champollian Junior. There are some recent German works on the subject; your correspondent will, however, be very little benefited after mastering all the writers, for they have really but little to tell. The method to be pursued with a feasible prospect of success is, to acquire the Coptic-Egyptian language from the New Testament and De Woide, with the special object of mastering the roots, about 200 in number, of that language. Next, some knowledge of the Chinese language should be obtained, so far at least as is necessary to comprehend the _hieroglyphic principle_, whereby 214 letter-keys are made to do duty in representing 5000, or more, distinct ideas. The next matter, which admits of a very simple explanation, is to ascertain how the Chinese _dissevers_ the _idea_ of a character (hieroglyphic) from its _sound_, and makes his ideas (hieroglyphic characters) stand for syllables alone, by prefixing the character _more_ (mouth) to indicate that the characters next following are to be read as _sounds_ and not as _ideas_. In the Egyptian hieroglyphic such characters (representing the names of places and persons) are inclosed in a sort of lozenge or parallelogram. Having found out certain _sounds_ in the Egyptian hieroglyphic, _e.g._ _Cle-o-pa-tra_, turn to the _Coptic Lexicon_ and ascertain what _idea_ (thing) _cle_ represents in Coptic, and so on with _o_, with _pa_, &c., and all other with syllable sounds. Here Champollian Junior stuck fast, and little has been done since his day in the way of _translation_; and the reason is evident--the separate characters representing sounds found in these lozenges are too few in number to give any hope that the Egyptian hieroglyphics will ever be rendered generally intelligible; their object, however, has been far more effectually secured by the paintings and representations of objects and actions, which supply an infinitely better means of knowing what was interesting in Egypt than mere words, sounds, or ideas (hieroglyphics) could convey.

J. BUCKTON.

Lichfield.

_The late William Hone_ (Vol. iii., p. 477., Vol. iv., pp. 105, 106.).--If E. V. will take the trouble to apply to the Rev. Thomas Binney, of the Weigh House Chapel, London, he will be in the way of receiving the most authentic information concerning the happy conversion, and triumphant death, of William Hone, who adorned the doctrine of God his Saviour for some years previous to his decease in communion with a congregation of Protestant Dissenters.

O. T. D.

The interesting letter of the late William Hone, published in Vol. iv., pp. 105, 106., scarcely throws any discredit upon an anecdote I often have heard as to the means of his _first awakening_ to a better mind, somewhat as follows:--that, asking a drink of milk of a little child, and observing a book in her hand, he inquired what it was? She answered, "A Bible:" and, in reply to some depreciatory remarks of his, added, "I thought everybody loved their Bible, Sir." I hope that this may not be contradicted, but confirmed.

C. W. B.

_Bensley_ (Vol. iv., p. 115.).--The "Bensley tragedy" was no doubt the sudden death, in April or May, 1765, by a fall from his horse, of _James Bensley_, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn; probably an early acquaintance of Hill and Cowper. The melancholy death of another friend of theirs, poor Lloyd (which Southey also calls a _tragedy_), had happened three or four months earlier.

C.

_John Lilburne_ (Vol. iv., p. 134.).--The name of John Lilburne occurs in Cleveland's _Poems_ more than once, _e.g._ "The General Eclipse:"--

"Thus 'tis a general eclipse,
And the whole world is _al-a-mort_;
Only the House of Commons trips
The stage in a Triumphant sort,
Now e'en _John Lilburn_ take 'em for't."

_Works_, p. 57. Lond. 1687.

And again, "On the Inundation of the River Trent," p. 294.:

"One herd and flock in one kind hill found mercy,
Like _Lilburn_ (and his wool) in the Isle of _Jersey_."

RT.

Warmington.

_School of the Heart_ (Vol. iii., p. 390. Vol. iv., p. 141.).--Is your correspondent aware of Benedict Haeften's _Schola Cordis_, from which Harvey's _School of the Heart_ was imitated? It was published at Antwerp in 1635. The copy I now have before me is dated 1699, but I will give its full title:

"Schola Cordis, sive aversi a Deo Cordis ad eumdem reductio, et
instructio. Auctore Benedicto Haefteno, Reformati Monast.
Affligeminsis, Ordinis S. Benedicti, præposito. Antverpiæ, apud
Henricum et Cornelium Verdurrin, MDCXCIX."

P. S. The _emblems_ are fifty-five in number.

RT.

Warmington.

_Sir W. Raleigh in Virginia_ (Vol. iv., p. 190.).--That Mr. Hallam should have forgotten to correct an incidental allusion is natural enough; and that Raleigh in person discovered Virginia _was_ commonly believed. Sir Walter Scott, for instance, believed it, as appears by a passage at the end of _Kenilworth_. But the very title-page of Hariot's account of the discovery of Virginia (whether in the English of 1588, or the Frankfort Latin of 1590), negatives the idea of Raleigh assisting in person. And the _Biographia Britannica_, or, I believe, any similar work of authority, will show that no biographer of note has affirmed it. It was an expedition _fitted out_ by Raleigh which discovered Virginia.

M.

It appears by the _Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia_, by Strachey, so ably edited by Mr. Major for the Hakluyt Society, that Sir Walter Raleigh sent out his first expedition to Virginia in 1584, under Captain Amadas; in 1585 a fleet under Sir R. Grenville, which he intended to have commanded in person, but jealousy at court prevented him. In 1587 a second fleet was sent to Roanoak under Captain White, in 1590 supplies by Captain White, and in 1602 he sent Samuel Mace. Neither Oldys nor Cayley mention his having gone there; and as they carry on the events of his life pretty clearly year by year, I think, in reply to the Query of MR. BREEN, that there is pretty good evidence to show that he never was there.

E. N. W.

Southwark.

_Siege of Londonderry_ (Vol. iv., p. 162.).--Can B. G. give any information respecting the list of persons who received grants of land in the county of Londonderry after the conclusion of the war in 1691? Also, whether he knows of an old ballad (cotemporary I believe) called "The Battle of the Boyne?" I have an old history of the siege of Derry, by Mr. George Walker, 1689. I should be glad to know what the pamphlet contains, and whether the family of Downing are mentioned in it.

A. C. L.

_Cowper Law_ (Vol. iv., p. 101.).--For the satisfaction of your correspondent C. DE D., I transcribe from Jamieson's _Dictionary_ the following:

"COWPER JUSTICE, trying a man after execution: the same with
_Jeddart_, or _Jedburgh justice_[17] [See JEDDART JUSTICE.]

"'Yet let the present swearing trustees
Know they give conscience _Cowper Justice_,
And by subscribing it in gross,
Renounces every solid gloss.--
And if my judgement be not scant,
Some lybel will be relevant,
And all the process firm and fast,
To give the counsel _Jedburgh cast_.'
"Cleland's _Poems_, pp. 109, 110.

"This phrase is said to have had its rise from the conduct of a
Baron-bailie in _Coupar_-Angus, before the abolition of heritable
jurisdictions."

[Footnote 17: Also "_Jedwood_ Justice." See Scott's _Fair Maid of
Perth_, vol. xliii. p. 304.]

CHARLES THIRIOLD.

Cambridge, Sept. 8. 1851.

_Decretorum Doctor_ (Vol. iv., p. 191.).--The precise meaning of this term is Doctor of the Canon Law. A doctor of laws was a doctor of _both the laws_ (that is, the Civil Law _and_ the Canon Law). The University of Cambridge was forbidden to grant degrees in Canon Law in 1535; and soon afterwards these degrees were discontinued in Oxford, in consequence of the repudiation of the Papal authority, although three or more persons took the degree of Bachelor of Decrees there in the reign of Queen Mary. Further details respecting the Canon Law, and the graduates in that faculty, will be found in Fuller's _History of the University of Cambridge_, ed. Priskett and Wright, pp. 220. 225.; Wood's _History and Antiq. of the University of Oxford_, ed. Gutch, vol. i. pp. 63. 359.; vol. ii. pp. 67. 79. 768, 769, 770. 902.; Hallam's _Middle Ages_, 9th ed. vol. ii. p. 2.; _Peacock on Statutes of the University of Cambridge_, Appendix A. xlix. n. 1.

C. H. COOPER.

Cambridge, Sept. 13. 1851.

_Nightingale and Thorn_ (Vol. iv., p. 175.), by A. W. H.:--

"Every thing did banish moan,
Save the nightingale alone:
She, poor bird, as all forlorn,
Leaned her breast up-till a thorn,
And there sung the dolefull'st ditty,
That to hear it was great pity."
Shakspeare: _Passionate Pilgrim_, xix.

W. J. BERNHARD SMITH.

Temple.

The earliest allusion to this fable, that I know of, occurs in the _Passionate Pilgrim_, Sect. xix.

Ovid, in his version of the fable of Tereus, does not introduce the thorn; so probably the allusion is not classical.

Apollodorus also gives this myth, but I have him not to refer to.

H. E. H.

_Carli the Economist_ (Vol. iv., p. 175.).--ALPHA will find in a very excellent work, entitled _Storia della Economia Pubblica in Italia, &c., di Giuseppe Pecchio_, Lugano, 1829, 8vo., the information he requires regarding the first work on political economy, by an Italian writer, who seems to have been Gasparo Scaruffi; and also learn that Gian Rinaldo Carli died in 1795.

F. R. A.

_Tale of a Tub_ (Vol. i., p. 326.; Vol. iii., p. 28.).--It is no wonder that Henry VIII.'s chancellor Sir Thomas More should have heard of an extraordinary tale about a tub, since its earliest form--the model of so many copies--is in Apuleius, at the beginning of the 9th book. It forms likewise the argument of the second novel of Boccacio's _Seventh Day, ove_ "Peronella mette un suo amante in un doglio." Girolamo Morlino told the same objectionable story in Latin; and Agnolo Firenzuola, the Italian translator of Apuleius, seems to have adopted the witty Florentine's imagery, forgetting the original which he professed to follow. See Manni, _Istoria del Decamerone_, Firenze, 1742, pp. 466. 472. "Tale of a tub," like Conte de peau d'âne, Conte de la Cigogne, Conte de la Mère Oie, denotes a marvellous or cock and bull story--Conte gras, Conte pour rire. There is no doubt that Jean-Jaques' miniature French opera, _Le Tonnelier_, was founded, though through certain strainers well refined, on the wicked Milesian fiction of the African jester:

"Un tonnelier vieux et jaloux
Aimait une jeune bergère:
Il voulait être son époux,
Mais il n'avait pas su lui plaire:
Travaillez, travaillez, bon tonnelier!
Raccommodez votre cuvier!"

GEORGE MÉTIVIER.

_Wyle Cop_ (Vol. iv., p. 116.).--May not Wyle Cop be derived from the Anglo-Saxon _wylle_, well or fountain, and _cop_, head or top? SALOPIAN can perhaps judge whether "_Fountain Hill_" or "_Well Head_" would be at all applicable to the Wyle Cop in Shrewsbury.

THOS. LAWRENCE.

Ashby de la Zouch.

_Visiting Cards_ (Vol. iv., pp. 133. 195.).--"Marriage à-la-Mode," Plate IV., supplies an additional proof of playing cards having done duty as Visiting Cards and Cards of Invitation during the middle of the last century. There are several lying on the floor, in the right-hand corner of the picture. One is inscribed--"Count Basset begs to no how Lade Squander sleapt last nite."

C. FORBES.

Temple.

_Absalom's Hair_ (Vol. iv., p. 131.).--Your correspondent P. P. remarks in the number of "NOTES AND QUERIES" for August 23, that "Absalom's long hair had nothing to do with his death; his head itself, and not the hair upon it, having been caught in the boughs of the tree." Even allowing the silence of Scripture upon the matter, the tradition has certainly the basis of respectable antiquity to rest on. Bishop J. Taylor thus writes in his _Second Sermon upon St. Matthew_, xvi. 26. _ad finem_:--

"The Doctors of the Jews report that when _Absalom hanged among
the oaks by the hair of the head_, he seemed to see under him Hell
gaping wide ready to receive him; and he _durst not cut off the
hair that intangled him_, for fear he should fall into the horrid
Lake, whose portion is flames and torment, but chose to protract
his miserable life a few minutes in that pain of posture, and to
abide the stroke of his pursuing enemies. His condition was sad
when his arts of remedy were so vain."

RT.

Warmington, Sept. 3, 1851.

_MS. Book of Sentences_ (Vol. iv., p. 188.).--The name of the Durham monk referred to by W. S. W. is more probably "Swallwell" than "Wallwell," because the former is the name of a township or vill in Durham county.

E. S.

_The Winchester Execution_ (Vol. iv., p. 191.).--The narrative related from memory of M. W. B. bears on its face strong indications of fiction: according to that statement a sheepstealer was "some years ago" condemned to death; a "warrant" for his execution was made out, but mislaid, by whom does not appear. After the lapse of years, during which the prisoner had been employed in "executing commissions in distant places" for the gaoler, and in obtaining a high character for his amiable and moral conduct, the fatal warrant arrives, and is "forwarded to the high sheriff, and to the delinquent himself," who is forthwith hanged.