Chapter L: D. L

_Cagots_ (Vol. iv., p. 190.).--In reply to the inquiry of RUSTICUS, I rather imagine the _Cagots_ are the remains of the Paulician "Churches" of Thoulouse Albi and _Cahors_ (_Charhagensis_) of Maitland's _Albigenes and Waldenses_, p. 428.; and that the Cretins are no other than _credentes_ (cf. Maitland passim), probably remnants of the same body of heretics.

AJAX.

Is there any resemblance between them and Cretins? Are there any families or races of Cretins ever heard of?

C. B.

_The Serpent represented with a human Head_ (Vol. iv., p. 191.).--I send you two instances of the serpent being represented with a human head; the first occurs in the Arundel MS. No. 23., in this College, containing the genealogical descent of King Edward IV., and apparently coeval with that sovereign. The other is a beautifully executed sketch of Adam and Eve in a MS., also in this College, of the time of Henry VII., at the commencement of _The Genealogy of the Saxon Kings from Adam_. They are both female heads, the latter, however, being the entire bust.

THOMAS W. KING (York Herald).

College of Arms.

In the stained glass of the east window in the Lady Chapel, Wells Cathedral (temp. Edw. III.), the serpent, which is entwined round a tree, and holds an apple, has not only the head but the upper half of a human figure. On a scroll is written in uncial letters, "Si comederitis de ligno vitæ eritis sicut Dii scientis bonis et malis;" and in a straight line below the subject, "Arbor cum Serpente."

T. WT.

_Fire Unknown_ (Vol. iv., pp. 209. 283.).--At the time when Leibnitz wrote, curious references to accounts of savages were not infrequent. All your readers will remember Locke's reference to some account of savages who had neither idea of God nor of being superior to man. It may be that narratives of tribes who did not use fire, who lived on dried flesh or fish, for instance, may have given rise to an idea of their not knowing fire. I think I remember to have seen it stated that some of the savages of Australia did not know fire. On this, five-and-twenty years ago, I made a note from Mr. Barron Field's _Collection of Geographical Memoirs of New South Wales_. Two wrecked Englishmen passed some time among the natives, and found they had no knowledge that water could be heated; but the very story seems to show that they knew of fire. On boiling some in a tin pot,

"The whole tribe gathered round them, and watched the pot till it
began to boil, when they all took to their heels, shouting and
screaming, nor could they be persuaded to return till they saw
them pour the water out and clean the pot, when they slowly
ventured back and carefully covered the place where the water was
spilt with sand."

These two Englishmen were treated with great attention by the natives, they were painted twice a day, and it was quite their own faults that they did not have their noses bored and their bodies scarified.

M.

_Plant in Texas_ (Vol. iv., p. 208.).--The following is an extract from a periodical of 1848 or 1849:

"According to the _Medical Times_, Major Alvord has discovered on
the American prairies a plant possessing the property of pointing
north and south, and has given it the name of _Sylphium
laciniatum_."

G. P***.

_Copying Inscriptions_ (Vol. iv., p. 266.).--M. Lottin de Laval, "by a new process," has produced the most accurate copies of cuneatic inscriptions that have yet been published. It is said that he has copied by his process (which must, I think, be some kind of heliography) 1200 inscriptions from the Sinaitic peninsula, the publication of which may be speedily expected, so that MR. BUCKTON'S wishes on this point are anticipated. These inscriptions have been already deciphered.

E. H. D. D.

_Chantrey's Statue of Mrs. Jordan_ (Vol. iv., p. 58.).--MR. CORNISH will find this statue at Mapledurham in Oxon, the living of the lady's son. It remains there, it is stated, until an appropriate site can be obtained.

W. A.

_Portraits of Burke_ (Vol. iv., p. 271.).--I doubt that Sir Joshua Reynolds ever painted a miniature, and I should say certainly not after Mr. Burke "had passed the meridian of life." His sister, Miss Reynolds, was a professed _miniature painter_, and I have little doubt must have painted Mr. Burke, as she certainly did Johnson; but the description given of this miniature is very unlike Mr. Burke. The name of the possessor might, in some degree, enable us to ascertain whether the portraits mentioned are really of the great statesman.

C.

_Martial's Distribution of Hours_ (Vol. iv., p. 273.).--Martial's distribution of hours and employments seems to me to be as follows:--From 6 till 8 the visits of the "salutantes" are received; from 8 till 9 the law tribunals are attended; from 9 till 11 the "varii labores" occupy; from 11 till 12 the "quies." The expression "in quintam" must bring us to the end of the 5th hour; and the "sexta hora" must be that which concludes at 12.

Your inquirer A. E. B. might have further asked what is the difference between the "quies" of the "sexta," and the "finis" of the "septima." To understand this is to understand the difficulty which he propounds. I apprehend the "quies" not to mean the "siesta," but that gradual and perhaps irregular cessation or suspension of employments which precedes the close of business for the day. The "siesta" is the "finis" of Martial, which would thus fall between 12 and 1; that time of the day at which A. E. B. fixes it rightly. I think he errs in identifying the "siesta" with the "sexta hora."

To question 214 I may be allowed to reply, that the effect of moonlight upon the face of those who sleep exposed to it in hot climates is very severe indeed, producing an appearance not very unlike that of a swollen and putrescent corpse. The Psalmist refers to it Ps. cxxi. 6.; and all who have lived in the East Indies are well acquainted with the phenomenon.

THEOPHYLACT.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.

The _Antiquarian Gleanings in the North of England, being Examples of Antique Furniture, Plate, Church Decorations, Objects of Historical Interest, &c., drawn and etched by William B. Scott, Government School of Design, Newcastle_, which has just been completed, is a valuable addition to the numerous works which have been published of late years illustrative of archæology in its most picturesque aspect. It will be seen from the title that Mr. Scott has not confined himself to any one class of objects; in some cases historical associations having determined his choice; in others, the rarity of examples of the object illustrated; in others, their intrinsic beauty. The Chair of the Venerable Bede, and the Swords of Cromwell, Fairfax, and Lambert, belong to the first of these divisions; as the Nautilus Cup set in gold, and the Ivory Cup, both the property of Mr. Howard of Corby, belong to the last: and so much taste and skill has Mr. Scott shown in the whole of the thirty-eight plates, as quite to justify the hope expressed by him, that in all of them the connoisseur and the artist will find something worthy attention.

We have before us two books to which we desire to direct the attention of our readers. The first is _A Manual of Ecclesiastical History, from the First to the Twelfth Century_, by the Rev. E. S. Foulkes, M.A., the main plan of which has been borrowed from Spanheim, and the materials principally compiled from that writer, Spondanus, Mosheim and Fleury, Gieseler, Döllinger, and others, respecting whom, however, Mr. Foulkes states, "I believe I have never once trusted to them on a point involving controversy without examining their authorities." "Let nobody," he elsewhere observes, "think that he can fairly know Church History from reading a single modern historian, whether Protestant or Roman Catholic; the only way of getting a correct view, unless a person should have time to consult the originals, is to read two opposite writers, side by side, and balance one set of facts against the other. Yet even so it is hopeless to get a true appreciation of past times except through cotemporary writings; I have therefore appended to the catalogue of modern historians a few of the principal cotemporary works, disciplinary, doctrinal, and historical, from age to age down to the end of the twelfth century, which would be a far more trustworthy clue to the real sentiments of the times than could be gained from a more modern source, and could not, I think, fail to be a corrective to narrow misapprehensions, and a great help to the student whose wish it is to be fair and candid." These extracts from Mr. Foulke's preface (which contains brief notices of the principal modern writers on the subject) sufficiently explain the nature of his very useful and carefully compiled volume.

The other, Calmet's _Dictionary of the Bible, Abridged, Modernized, and Re-edited, according to the most recent Biblical Researches_, by T. A. Buckley, B.A., is addressed to a wider class of readers, and in its preparation general utility has been the main object; while in the remodelling which this popular and useful work of Calmet has here undergone, care has been taken to purify it from the Rationalism with which all the later editions have been charged, and to supply its place by such copious additions and alterations from the most recent biblical researches, so as to make the present edition rather a new book than a reprint of an old one; and deserving of that extensive circulation which its extremely moderate price is calculated to procure for it.

_The Principles of Chemistry illustrated by Simple Experiments_, by Dr. J. A. Stöckhardt, Professor in the Royal Academy of Agriculture at Tharaud, having been extensively adopted as an introductory work in the Schools of Germany, in consequence of its convenient classification and its clear and concise elucidation of principles, and explanation of chemical phenomena, it was translated into English at the recommendation of Professor Horsford; and a reprint of it from the American edition forms the new volume of Bohn's _Standard Library_. It is illustrated with numerous engravings, and as the necessary apparatus for performing most of the experiments in it is extremely small, the book will no doubt soon become a popular one.

The Chetham Library, Manchester, will shortly receive a valuable addition to its literary treasures by Mr. Halliwell's donation of his extensive collection of Proclamations, Ballads, and Broadsides, which, we are informed, extends to upwards of 2500 articles, including many of great rarity, and a few probably unique. Amongst the latter are two curious black-letter ballads, printed in the year 1570, unnoticed by all bibliographers, and not to be found in the useful and interesting _Extracts from the Registers of the Stationers' Company_, recently published by Mr. Collier; but the greater portion of the collection belongs to the latter half of the seventeenth, and commencement of the eighteenth century, most of the ballads being reprints of much older copies.

We are requested to remind such of our readers as are members of the Archæological Institute that the Salisbury volume will be ready next week.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.--J. Petheram's (94. High Holborn) Catalogue 127., being 8. for 1851, of Old and New Books; J. Gray Bell's (17. Bedford Street, Covent Garden) Catalogue Part 27. of Valuable and Interesting Books, Manuscripts, Prints, Drawings, &c.; W. Pedder's (10. Holywell Street) Catalogue Part 7. for 1851 of Ancient and Modern Books; B. Quaritch's (16. Castle Street, Leicester Square) Catalogue No. 35. of Books in European Languages, Dialects, Classics, &c.

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HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF TWICKENHAM, being the First Part of Parochial Collections for the County of Middlesex, begun in 1780 by E. Ironside, Esq., London, 1797. (This work forms 1 vol. of Miscell. Antiquities in continuation of the Bib. Topographica, and is usually bound in the 10th Volume.)

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THEOPHILUS AND PHILODOXUS, or Several Conferences, &c., by Gilbert Giles, D.D., Oxon, 1674; or the same work republished 1679, under the title of a "Dialogue between a Protestant and a Papist."

PECK'S COMPLETE CATALOGUE OF ALL THE DISCOURSES WRITTEN BOTH FOR AND AGAINST PAPACY IN THE TIME OF KING JAMES II. 1735. 4to.

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NOVUS. "The Three Treatises by Wickliffe," _edited by Dr. Todd, have not actually been published as yet. Copies will, however, soon be on sale at Messrs. Hamilton and Adams', Paternoster Row._

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[Hebrew: A. T.] _is thanked for his very kind letter, which we have availed ourselves of his permission to forward._

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ALMANACKS FOR 1852.

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Now ready, Price 25_s._, Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated by Special Permission to

THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.

PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected
by the Very Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The Music
arranged for Four Voices, but applicable also to Two or One,
including Chants for the Services, Responses to the commandments,
and a Concise SYSTEM OF CHANTING, by J. B. SALE, Musical
Instructor and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco
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"A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with
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"A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of
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London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.

Also, lately published,

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