Chapter L: M., however, states as a matter of fact, that "the Lord Mayor is (1)

always _summoned to council_ on the accession of a new sovereign." Now I assert, and I think have proved in my former note, that the Lord Mayor never was so _summoned to council_. I now add that he never has on any occasion entered the _council chamber_, that he has never taken the oath nor performed any act of a privy councillor, and that in short there is not the smallest doubt with any one who knows anything about the Privy Council, that the _Lord Mayor of London_ no more belongs to it than the _Lord Mayors of York or Dublin_, or the _Lord Provost of Edinburgh_, all of whom are equally styled Right Honorable, which title, I repeat, is the sole and silly pretence of this new-fangled hypothesis.

C.

"HOUSE OF YVERY."

(Vol. iv., pp. 101. 136.)

Observing the imperfect knowledge which Lowndes and your correspondents apparently have of the work called Anderson's _House of Yvery_, I send you a few Notes to clear up some points.

It may be said there were two editions of this work; one containing the censorious comments of (I presume) Lord Egmont on the degraded state of the peerage; the second, that in which those comments were cancelled. To the first, no printer's name appeared in the title-page; to the second is the name of "H. Woodfall, jun."

Lowndes has entirely mistaken the origin of the different paging in vol. i. The fact is, the original edition of the Introduction contained 41 pages of text, but the cancels reduced that number to 37; which p. 37., as Lowndes correctly remarks, is in the second edition misprinted 29. I possess both copies, with and without the cancels. By Lowndes we are led to believe that only p. xxxvii. was destroyed; but in truth they are p. xvi., and parts of pp. xv. and xvii., and nearly the whole of pp. xxxv.-vi., containing the anecdotes of the tailor's son and the apothecary's brother-in-law being sent, or intended to be sent, to foreign courts, as ambassadors from England. Another cancel occurs in vol. ii., of nearly the whole of pp. 444-5-6, which occasions Lowndes to say that pp. 446-7 are missing. The duplicate pages 453 to 460 are peculiar to the second edition only. One of my copies contains two additional plates, one of Wardour Castle, the other of Acton Burnell, evidently engraved for the work. The map of the baronies of Duhallow, &c., is only in one copy, viz. the original edition. Unfortunately, this original edition wants all the portraits of Faber, but it has the tomb of Richard Percival of 1190, beginning "Orate," as in Lowndes. It contains also a duplicate portrait of Sir Philip Percival, engraved by Toms in 1738 (who also engraved the Wardour and Acton Burnell Castles); and this duplicate is also in the other copy.

Were I to form any judgment when this work was commenced, I should say about 1738, and that all the engravings for it were done by Toms; and the first edition was printed in 1742, without any printer's name, and that some copies were so bound up. The other copies remained in sheets until the next year, when Faber was employed to engrave the portraits, and till 1744 or 1747; 1747 being the latest date of Faber's plates. There is some curious information in these volumes, and I would recommend your readers to observe how much the conduct of the Catholics of Ireland, recorded in vol. ii. p. 271., resembles that of the Catholics of the present day.

P.

ON "RACK" IN THE TEMPEST.

(Vol. iv., pp. 37. 121.)

I think A. E. B. has not understood MR. HICKSON'S argument in reference to this word. Perhaps the latter may not have expressed himself very clearly; and not having by me his original paper on the subject, I cannot cite his exact words; but his argument I take to be to this effect:--In construction of the passage there is a double comparison, which, though perfectly clear to the intelligent reader, causes some confusion when a doubt is first raised as to the meaning of the word, and which can be cleared up only by a thorough analysis. "The cloud-capp'd towers," &c., are first compared with "the baseless fabric of this vision," _like which_ they "shall dissolve," and afterwards with "this insubstantial pageant," _like which_ (_having "faded"_) they shall "leave not a rack behind." A given object can be said to "leave behind" only that which was originally of its elements, and for this reason only a general term such as _wreck_ or _vestige_ will accord with the construction of the passage.

I am sorry to find that any one should misquote Shakspeare for the purpose of obtaining a temporary triumph: probably, however, in the instance I am about to cite, A. E. B. has really fallen into the common error of regarding two similes as one. He says, giving the substance of Shakspeare's passage, "the globe itself shall dissolve, and, like this vision, leave not a wreck behind." What Shakspeare in substance _does_ say is, "The globe itself, _like this vision_, shall dissolve, and, _like this faded pageant, shall_ leave not a rack behind." A. E. B.'s question, therefore, "in what was the resemblance to the vision to consist, if not in melting, like it, into thin air?" is thus answered: The resemblance _does_ consist in _dissolving_, or "melting" away.

My object in making these remarks is not to express an opinion on one side or the other, but to draw the attention of your readers to the real question at issue. I therefore say nothing as to whether Shakspeare may or may not have had a prevision of the nebular theory; though I cannot see that this would be in the least affected by our decision as to the meaning of this word, since the _wrack_ or _wreck_ of the world might well be represented by the "vapour" for which A. E. B. contends. As, however, this gentleman says such is its meaning "beyond all doubt," (a rather dogmatic way of settling the question, by the way, seeing that a doubt had been thrown upon it in the very paper he has engaged himself to answer,) I should like to be informed if there is any authority for the use of the word in Shakspeare, or his cotemporaries, as _mere_ "haze" or "vapour." I have generally understood it to mean a _particular_ description of cloud, or, as some say, more properly, the course of the clouds in motion.

In fine, as Prospero did undoubtedly point to the dissolution of the globe and all that it contained, it is quite clear that it could in such case leave neither "cloud" nor "vapour," nor anything else behind it. The simple question then remains: Is the word _rack_, as elsewhere used by Shakspeare and his contemporaries, logically applicable there?

A LOOKER-ON.

Dawlish, Aug. 16. 1851.

_Wolken Zug, English Term corresponding to._--Coleridge (_Death of Wallenstein_, Act V. Sc. 1.) gives the lines--

"Fast fly the clouds, the sickle of the moon
Struggling, darts snatches of uncertain light."

as a translation of

"---- schnell geht
Der Wolken Zug: die Mondessichel wankt
Und durch die Nacht zuckt ungewisse Helle."

In a note on this passage he says:

"The words _wanken_ and _schweben_ are not easily translated. The
English words by which we attempt to render them are either vulgar
or pedantic, or not of sufficiently general application. So 'der
Wolken Zug,' the draft, the procession of clouds, the masses of
the clouds sweep onward in swift _stream_."

On reading this, it struck me that the English word _rack_ exactly expresses the meaning of "der Wolken Zug."

Malone, in his note on the _Tempest_, Act IV. Sc. 1., says:

"_Rack_ is generally used for a _body of clouds_, or rather for
_the course of clouds in motion_."

I add a few instances of the use of this word, many of which are collected in the note I have referred to.

In _Antony and Cleopatra_--

"That which is now a horse, even with a thought
The _rack_ dislimns."

In Fletcher's _Faithful Shepherdess_--

"shall I stray
In the middle air, and stay
The sailing _rack_."

In Dryden's tenth _Æneid_--

"the doubtful _rack_ of heaven
Stands without motion."

The term _scud_, used by sailors, seems to express the same idea.

X. Z.

RICHARD ROLLE OF HAMPOLE.

(Vol. iv., pp. 49. 116.)

The productions of the writer known by the name of the Hermit of Hampole have been hitherto much neglected: they afford copious illustrations of ancient manners, and are very valuable in a philological point of view. I would especially name the _Speculum Vitæ, or Mirrour of Life_, of which I possess two MSS. in entirely distinct dialects.

Your Cambridge correspondent has shown that the Metrical Sermons contain interesting passages also illustrative of manners and as the extracts he has made have given occasion to some glossarial Queries from an Oxford correspondent, J. E., should they not be more satisfactorily answered by C. H., to whom they are addressed, perhaps the following attempt to resolve them may not be unacceptable.

1. By the _devenisch_ most probably the _Danish_ is meant, which we find elsewhere written _Deniske_, _Daniske_, and _Danske_.

2. _Guystroun_ should be _quystroun_, which is used by Chaucer in the _Romaunt of the Rose_, and signifies a _scullion_, as is evident from this passage. It is from the O. Fr. _quistron_ or _cuistron_. Thus in K. Alisaunder (Weber's _Metr. Rom._), v. 2511.:

"Ther n'as knave no _quistron_
That he no hadde gôd waryson."

3. By _Chaunsemlees_ we may probably understand _schoon-semeles_, signifying, no doubt, _sandals_.

4. "Hir chere was ay _semand_ sori," which your correspondent says is "an expression very strange to English verse," is nothing more than the old form of _seeming_: her cheer was ever sorrowful or _sad-seeming_. The termination _and_ or _ande_, as well as _inde_, was formerly used where we now have _ing_. Examples are numerous of this form; as _semand_ and _semynd_, _spekand_, _strikinde_, &c. &c.

In Gawin Douglas, _Eneados_, we have _glaidsembland_ for an appearance of joy or gladness, a _cheerful countenance_; and in b. ii. v. 159.:

"As that drery unarmyt wicht was sted
And with _eine_[8] blent about _semyn ful red_."

[Footnote 8: Your correspondent's extract has _ane_; but _eyes_
are evidently meant.]

There are other words which appear in an uncommon form in these extracts, for instance, _telid_ and _telith_, _hirched_ and _hirching_; and the following plural form I do not recollect to have observed elsewhere:

"For ser deyntes and many _mes_
Make men falle in many _sicknes_."

In the last line of the first page, _Salhanas_ should be _Sathanas_:

"And so slew Jesu Sathanas,"

reminding us of the tradition mentioned by DR. RIMBAULT, "the Devil died when Christ _suffered_," not when he was _born_.

S. W. Singer.

Mickleham, Aug. 18. 1851.

Replies to Minor Queries.

_Lady Flora Hastings' Bequest_ (Vol. iii., pp. 443. 522.; Vol. iv., pp. 44. 92. 108.).--ERZA regrets extremely the mistake she has made with regard to the above poem. The person from whom, and the circumstances under which she received it, all tended to confirm her in her error till the last moment--with which, if the authoress of this beautiful poem were acquainted, ERZA is sure she would be forgiven.

[To these regrets on the part of ERZA we have to add the
expression of our own that our columns should have been made the
medium of a statement which it is obvious originated in error. We
regret also that, after the contradictions given to the first
statement, ERZA should, without a positive knowledge of the real
facts of the case, have reiterated in such strong terms the claims
of Lady Flora Hastings to the authorship of a poem which it is now
quite clear is really the production of Miss Barber.]

"_The Right Divine of Kings to govern wrong_" (Vol. iv., p. 125).--I cannot concur in MR. CROSSLEY'S conjecture that the _marks of quotation_ affixed to this line in the eighteenth book of the _Dunciad_ may have been a mere _error of the press_; because, in the first place, I do not find that the _Dunciad_ is more negligently printed than other works of the day. I should say rather less so; but (which is more important) any one who will look at the successive editions will, I think, be satisfied that the _remarkable typography_ of the line, carefully reproduced in _all_, could not be accidental. This matter is less trifling than it at first sight may seem, because there are several lines in Pope's works similarly marked as quotations, on which questions have arisen; and my belief is that everything so marked will turn out to have really been a _quotation_, though in this case, and in that other,

"No Lord's anointed but a Russian bear,"

we have, as yet, failed to find the original.

C.

_Fairlight Church_ (Vol. iv., p. 57.).--The old church was Early English; the original windows were lancet-shaped. It was built, like all the adjoining churches, of stone; but it had been repaired with brick, and the roof of the tower had been covered with tiles instead of shingles. The earliest brick building in Sussex, after the Roman period, is Herstmonceux Castle, built by Sir Roger de Fynes, treasurer of the household to Henry VI.

W. D. COOPER

_Dogmatism and Puppyism_ (Vol. iv, p. 102).--The quotation your correspondent writes about to be found in MR. DOUGLAS JERROLD'S _A Man Made of Money_, p. 252.:

"'Robert, my dear,' said Jenny, with the deferential air of a
scholar, 'Robert, what did Mr. Carraways mean when he said he
hated dog--dogmatism?' Topps was puzzled. 'Robert, my dear,' Jenny
urged, 'what--what in the world is dogmatism?' Now it was the
weakness of Topps, never to confess ignorance of anything soever
to his wife. 'A man should never do it,' Topps had been known in
convivial seasons to declare; 'it makes 'em conceited.' Whereupon
Topps prepared himself, as was his wont, to make solemn,
satisfying, answer. Taking off his hat, and smoothing the wrinkles
of his brow, Topps said, 'Humph! what is dogmatism? Why, it is
this, of course: dogmatism is puppyism come to its full growth.'"

ED. STEANE JACKSON.

Saffron Walden, Aug. 10.

_Was Stella Swift's Sister?_ (Vol. iii., p. 450.; Vol. iv., p. 110.).--That Swift was the son of Sir William Temple seems to have been completely disproved by Mason. Swift was born in Dublin, 30th November, 1667, in the house of his uncle Godwin Swift, who, after the death of his younger brother, Jonathan, in the preceding April, took charge of his widow. Sir William Temple appears from his letters to have been abroad in a public capacity from 1665 to 1670. If therefore, there existed such consanguinity between Swift and Stella as to be a bar to their marriage, it must have arisen in some other way. Swift says that Stella "was born at Richmond in Surrey, on 13th March, 1681; her father being the younger brother of a good family in Nottinghamshire [Qy. Sir Wm. Temple? Sheen, where he resided, was close by], her mother of a lower degree." There can be little doubt that she was illegitimate. The question arises, who was her mother? On this point the Richmond registry might perhaps throw some light. _Has it ever been searched?_ In order that the supposed consanguinity should have existed, her mother must have been either Swift's mother, Abigail Swift (_née_ Erick) of Leicestershire, or (what seems more probable) an illegitimate half-sister of Swift. It has been surmised, however, that an impediment to Swift's marriage of an entirely different nature from consanguinity may have existed; or that, feeling himself to be labouring under an hereditary disease, he may have been unwilling to propagate it. I am much inclined to think that the objection to the marriage of Swift and Stella, which certainly must have existed, was of this last description; and that it would have been equally strong the case of any other female. However this may be, I believe that full credit may be given to what Swift has stated respecting the perfect purity of his intercourse with Stella.

"I knew her from six years old, and had some share in her
education, by directing what books she should read, and
perpetually instructing her in the principles of honour and
virtue, from which she never swerved in any one action or moment
of her life."--Swift's _Works_, vol ix. p. 489. (_citante_ Mason).

E. H. D. D.

_Charles Lamb's Epitaph_ (Vol. iii., pp. 322. 459.).--It has been suggested to me by a lady who was an intimate friend of Lamb's, that Mr. Justice Talfourd was the author of this epitaph. The observation, however, was made without, I believe, any _certain_ knowledge on the subject.

COWGILL.

_Meaning of Carnaby_ (Vol. iii., p. 495.).--ARUN inquires as to the meaning of Carnaby as the name of a street. Carnaby is a surname probably deriving from the parish of Carnaby in Yorkshire. It has become a Christian name in the family of ---- Haggerston, Bart., since the marriage of an heiress of Carnaby's into that family.

Streets are often called after proper names.

[Dagger symbol]

_Scandinavian Mythology_ (Vol. ii, p. 141.).--Your correspondent T. J. has called attention to the tradition-falsifying assertion of Mr. G. Pigott, that the custom with which the Scandinavians were long reproached, of drinking out of the skulls of their enemies, has no other foundation than a blunder of Olaus Wormius in translating a passage in the death-song of Regner Lodbrog.

The following extracts from the curious and learned work of Bartholinus, _De Causis Contemptæ a Danis Adhuc Gentilibus Mortis_, will, I think, show that the subject deserves further inquiry before we consent to place this ancient historical tradition in the category of vulgar errors. Speaking of the banquets of the beatified heroes in Valhalla, Bartholinus says:

"Neque tamen ex communi animalium cornu elaborata pocula in
Valhalla viserentur; sacratiora desiderabantur ex cæsorum craniis
inimicorum confecta, quæ apud Danos vel ex Daniâ oriundos, alias
quoque gentes, in summo erant pretio."--Lib. ii. cap. xii. p. 555.

In proof of this assertion he quotes the following authors; Herodotus (lib. iv. cap. 65.) and Plato (Euthydemus), who attribute this custom to the Scythians. Aristotle is supposed to allude to it, _De Repub._ lib. vii. cap. 2. In the _Historia Miscellanea_, lib. vi., it is mentioned as a custom of the Scordisci; and similar customs are recorded of the Panebi by Nicolaus Damascenus, of the Essedones by Solinus and Mela, of the Boii by Livy (lib iii. cap. 24.), of the Celts by Silius Italicus (lib. ii.), of the Langobards by Paulus Diaconus (lib. i. cap. 27.). The last-mentioned author informs us that these skull cups were alled "scalæ;" upon which Bartholinus remarks--

"Unde genus, undeque morem ejusmodi conficiendarum paterarum unde
etiam nomen _scalæ_ iis inditum, ex septentrione nempe traxerunt
Langobardi manifestum facient Vaulundar qvidu.

"Enn poer skalar
&c. &c.
h. e.
Crania autem illa
Quæ pericraniis suberant
Argento obduxit et
Nidado tradidit."

W. B. R.

_Scandal against Queen Elizabeth_ (Vol. iii., pp. 225. 285. 393.).--I do not recollect that either of your correspondents on this subject has brought forward the aspersion upon Queen Elizabeth's fair fame in precisely the same form in which the Jesuit Sanders places it in the following passage:--

"Hâc Ecclesiæ contra ipsam sententiâ, et Catholicorum novis
incrementis quotidianis, non mediocriter offensa Elizabetha,
convocatis ordinibus, leges valde iracundas et cruentas contra
veteris fidei cultores promulgat: quibus primum cavetur, _ne quis
Elizabetham hæreticam, schismaticam, infidelem, usurpatricemve,
sub poenâ capitis vocet_. Item. _Ne quis aliam quamcunque certam
personam nominet, cui regnum vel in vitâ, vel post mortem ipsius,
deberi dicatur, exceptâ Elizabethæ naturali prole._ Ea enim sunt
ipsa decreti verba. In eam enim homines vel adulationem vel
necessitatem ita perduxit hæresis, ut quod illud nobilissimum
regnum illegitimæ illius regis sui proli ægre unquam concessit,
nunc _naturali_, id est, _spuriæ_, soboli reginæ in cujus sexu
fornicationis peccatum est foedius, non denegarint: pariter et
reipublicæ, ex proximi successoris ignoratione, extremum
periculum, et Elizabethæ incontinentiam prodentes."--Nicolai
Sanderi _Hist. Schism. Angl._ lib. iii. § Novæ leges latæ in
Catholicos, ann. 1571, ed. 8vo. Col. Agr. 1628, p. 299.

To some of your readers this passage may seem to indicate that the use of the equivocal word _naturali_ may have given colour, not to say occasion, to the whole scandal against Queen Elizabeth. By many, I apprehend, it will be acknowledged that _spuriæ_ is not the only, if an allowable, interpretation.

J. SANSOM.

Oxford, July 22. 1851.

_Meaning of "Deal"_ (Vol. iv., p. 88.).--I think the following may help to throw a little light upon the use of the word _deal_ as meaning _divide_. I was in Wensleydale about a month ago; and on inquiring where the boundary between the North and West Ridings of Yorkshire ran, was told, "On the top of Penhill, where God's water deals" (_i. e._ the rain divides). I may further add, on my own knowledge, that in the north-west corner of Suffolk, where the country is almost entirely open, the boundaries of the different parishes are marked by earthen mounds, from three to six feet high, which are known in the neighbourhood as _dools_ the word being probably derived from the same root. I have been told, however, that it should be spelled _duals_, and that the derivation of it was from the Latin _duo_ as marking two parishes; but I am sure that it is always pronounced by the country-people at a monosyllable, and therefore the chances are in favour of the former derivation being the right one.

_A propos_ to Suffolk, another of your correspondents (Vol. iv., p. 55) lately mentioned the fashion the people there have of leaving out the _ve_ in the middle of the names of places. In this I can bear him witness also; but I do not think it is confined to those letters only: _e. g._ Eriswell, pronounced _Asel_; Wymondham (in Norfolk) _Wyndham_, &c. Among those names of places in which the _ve_ is left out, your correspondent has omitted Elved_e_n (commonly, though erroneously, Elved_o_n), which is always called and often spelled _Elden_.

A. N.

_"The Worm in the Bud," &c._ (Vol. iv., p. 86.).--This quotation is from Cowper's lines appended to the Bill of Mortality for the parish of All Saints, Northampton, for 1787:

"Read, ye that run, the awful truth
With which I charge my page;
A worm is in the bud of youth,
And at the root of age."

I know not with whom the idea originated. The imagery is frequently used by Shakspeare, but with him never indicates disease or death.

I can call to mind no similar expression in the classics.

H. E. H.

_Moore's Almanack_ (Vol. iv., p. 74.).--Your correspondent FRANCIS is in error as to the MSS. and correspondence of Henry Andrews being in the possession of his son, Mr. Wm. Henry Andrews. Mr. W. H. Andrews some time ago sold to me the whole of his father's MSS. correspondence, astronomical and astrological calculations, with a mass of very curious letters from persons desirous of having their "nativities cast." I have also some copies of Andrews' portrait, one of which shall be much at your service.

Moore's _Almanack_ was known by that name long before Andrews had any connection with it, but he was for upwards of forty years its compiler for the Company of Stationers, whose liberal (?) treatment of Andrews may be collected from the following postscript to a letter addressed to me by his son:--

"My father's calculations, &c., for Moore's _Almanack_, continued
during a period of forty-three years; and although through his
great talent and management he increased the sale of that work
from 100,000 to 500,000, yet, strange to say, all he received for
his services was 25_l._ per ann.!! Yet I never heard him murmur
even once about it; such was his delight in pursuing his favourite
studies, that his anxiety about remuneration was out of the
question. Sir Richard Phillips, who at times visited him at
Royston, once met him in London, and endeavoured to persuade him
to go with him to Stationers' Hall, and he would get him 100_l._;
but he declined going, saying that he was satisfied."

Andrews was also computer to the Board of Longitude, and Maskelyne's _Letters_ evidence the value and correctness of his calculations.

The only materials left by Andrews for a memoir of his life I believe I possess, and some day I may find leisure to put them into order for publication.

ROBT. COLE.

_Scurvy Ale._--The Query (Vol. iv., p. 68.) "What was scurvy ale?" may perhaps be answered by an extract from a little work, _The Polar Sea and Regions_, published by Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. In the account of Baffin's voyage, in which he discovered the bay called after him Baffin's Bay, we are told that--

"Finding the health of his crew rather declining, he sailed across
to Greenland, where an abundance of _scurvy grass boiled in beer_
quickly restored them; and the Lord then sent them a speedy and
good passage homeward."

Johnson explains scurvy-grass as spoonwort.

W. FRASER.

_Siege of Londonderry_ (Vol. iv., p. 87.).--Will you have the goodness to inform your correspondent that I have a pamphlet, printed soon after the famous siege was over, giving a particular account of it, though it altogether omits mentioning the name of an ancestor of mine who distinguished himself in the relief of that place. I shall be happy to afford E. A. any information or assistance he may require.

B. G.

_Salting the Bodies of the Dead_ (Vol. iv., p. 6.), about which MR. MCCABE asks, is a very old custom in England. Matt. Paris, in his description of Abbot William's funeral at St. Albans, A.D. 1235, tells us how--

"Corpus apertum est. &c. Et quicquid in corpore repertum est, in
quadam cuna repositum est, sale conspersum. Et in coemiterio, est
humatum. Corpus autem interius, aceto lotum et imbutum et multo
sale respersum et resutum. Et hoc sic factum est circumspecte et
prudenter, ne corpus per triduum et amplius reservandum, tetrum
aliquem odorem olfacientibus generaret et corpus tumulandum,
contrectantibus aliquod offendiculum praesentaret."--_Vitæ S.
Albani Abbatum_, p. 87. ed. Wats, Paris, 1644.

DA. ROCK.

Buckland, July 24. 1851.

In the 86th and two following sections of the Second Book of Herodotus is the description of the ancient Egyptian methods of preserving the bodies of the dead. These were more or less embalmed with aromatic spices, according to the condition of the person, and then corned with saltpetre ([Greek: litron], _nitre_) for seventy days; strictly, _salted_. Is it possible that the early Christians, in adopting this practice, may have been influenced by that very obscure passage, Mark ix. 49.: "Every one shall be _salted_ with fire?"

ALFRED GATTY.

The custom of placing a plate of salt on the body of the dead is very general in Wales. I remember, when a child, inquiring the reason of the practice, and being told by an old woman that it was to prevent the body from swelling. My remark, that _any_ weight might answer the same purpose, was met by the reply; "there's no weight so heavy as salt gets when it is on the dead." This proves that some feeling of superstition mingles with the custom. Has not the use of salt in baptism, amongst the Italians &c., come allusion to the banishment of the evil spirit?

SELEUCUS.

_The Word "Repudiate"_ (Vol. iv., p. 54.).--That the use of the word _repudiate_, in the sense of refuse, repel, reject, abandon, disown, cast off, is by no means modern; and that such phrases as "I repudiate the idea," "I repudiate the sentiment," "I repudiate the proposal," are strictly correct, is evident from the use of the word by "standard classical authors" in the original language from which it has come down to us. Sallust, for instance, in his _History of Catiline's Conspiracy_, says that Lentulus advised him to seek assistance everywhere, even amongst the dregs of the populace; asking him at the same time, "Why, since the senate had already adjudged him to be an enemy to the republic, he should _repudiate the slaves_?" i. e., refuse to enrol them in his levies.

"Cum ab senatu hostis judicatus sit, quo consilio _servitia
repudiet_?"--_Sall. Cat._ 44.

Cicero, in his Offices, in opposition to the opinion of the peripatetic school, that anger is implanted in us by nature for useful ends, lays it down as a principle, that "on all occasions _anger ought to be repudiated_;" that is, "cast out of the mind," and says that "it is to be wished that persons who are at the head of the state should be like the laws, which inflict punishment not in anger but in justice."

"_Illa_ (iracundia) vero omnibus in rebus _repudianda
est_."--_Cic. de Off._ I. xxv. 13.

Cicero knew nothing of the Christian grace of "being angry and sinning, not;" he knew nothing of the severity of love. In another place he tells us that on one occasion Themistocles declared in the Athenian assembly, that he had a plan to propose which would be of great advantage to the state, but ought not to be made public. He was willing, however, to communicate it to any one person whom they might select. Aristides, rightly named the Just, being the person selected, Themistocles disclosed his plan to him: which was, secretly to set fire to the Lacedæmonian fleet in the dockyard of Gytheum, by which means they would effectually crush the power of the Lacedæmonians. Aristides returned to the assembly, and at once declared that Themistocles' plan was certainly very advantageous, but by no means honourable; whereupon the Athenians, rightly considering that what was not attended with honour, could not be attended even with advantage in reality, without hearing another word, "_repudiated the whole affair_;" that is, utterly rejected the proposal.

"Itaque Athenienses, quod honestum non esset, id ne utile quidem
putaverunt; _totamque eam rem_, quam ne audierant quidem, auctore
Aristide, _repudiaverunt_."--_Cic. de Off._ III. xi. 12.

In a third place, he relates that some persons forged a will of one Minucius Basilus, who had died in Greece; and, in order that they might the more easily obtain their end, put down Marcus Crassus and Quintus Hortensius, two of the most influential men in Rome at that time, as co-legatees with themselves, who although they suspected the will to be forged, yet did not _repudiate the little legacy_ coming to them through other persons' fraud, because forsooth they were not privy to the actual commission of the forgery.

"Qui cum illud falsum esse suspicarentur, sibi autem nullius
essent conscii culpæ, alieni facinoris _munusculum non
repudiaverunt_."--_Cic. de Off._ III. xviii. 4.

A little further research might easily multiply instances, but I think these are quite sufficient to prove that we moderns are but following the ancients in using the word _repudiate_ without reference to any _obligation_ expressed or implied.

F. F. F.

_Repudiate, Ringlet, Outburst_ (Vol. iv., p. 54.).--Your correspondent H. C. K. has dealt, I fear, somewhat too harshly with "repudiate." Surely "repudiare" is "to reject what one is ashamed of, scorns, or disdains." Two instances immediately suggest themselves in _Cicer. pro Plancio_, 18 (44). 20 (50). In the former--

"Respuerent aures, nemo agnosceret, repudiarent,"

perhaps the word is a gloss upon "respuerunt." The latter, however, is unexceptionable:

"Nunquam enim fere nobilitas, integra præsertim atque innocens, a
Populo Romano supplex repudiata fuit."

Why then should "repudiate" necessarily imply the notion of "obligation?" and why should I, if I "repudiate" the criticism of H. C. K., be held to "talk nonsense?"

May I be allowed room for a couple of Queries? 1. Is our modern usage of "ringlet" found before the time of Milton? 2. What is the earliest authority for "outburst?"

CHARLES THIRIOLD.

Cambridge, July 29. 1851.

_On the Letter "v"_ (Vol. iv., p. 55.).--I have read with pleasure the paragraphs in your "NOTES AND QUERIES" on "the letter _v_," and beg space for a further notice, with an especial reference to the patronymic of _Ray_ or _Wray_. One family uses the motto, "Juste et _V_rai," whose name is _Wray_; and another the same motto, whose name is _Ray_. And it will be remembered that John Ray, the naturalist, changed the orthography of his name from _Wray_ to _Ray_, as he concluded it had been formerly written; and in one of the letters published by the Ray Society[9], allusion is made to the adjective or substantive _vrai_, as if that distinguished philosopher and divine had either derived his name thence, or it had the same signification as that French word. Are we then to take this as an instance of the silent _v_ or _double u_ or _v_; and as any proof that families writing their names _Wray_ and _Ray_ were originally of one patronymic and one common root, and that presumptively Norman?

[Footnote 9: Vide the _Correspondence of John Ray_. Edited by
Edwin Lankester, M.D. London, 1848, pp. 65, 66.]

Under a separate heading, perhaps you will also indulge me with a Query as to the coat of arms, under the portrait by Bathon, 1760, after W. Hibbart, of Joannes Rajus, A.M., prefixed to Dr. Derham's _Life of John Ray_, published by George Scott, M.A. and F.R.S.: London, 1760. The shield is, gules, on a fesse, between three crescents, three cross crosslets. Is it inferable that that coat was ever borne by patent or admissible prescriptive right, by any of his ancestors? Several families in the north of England, whence his father came, also have registered in respectable armories crescents against their names. The poor origin of John Ray is obviated, in some degree, by what is said in a Life of him, published in _The Portrait Gallery of British Worthies_, by Charles Knight. I suppose he himself used the armorials in question, and was related to the family of nearly the same name, bearing crescents, viz. Reay.

The glasses of some of your correspondents may assist one more shortsighted than themselves.

H. W. G. R., Presbyter,

and Member of the Ray Society.

1. Mead Place, Derby, Aug. 2. 1851.

I beg leave to correct a remark of W. S. W***. as to _Tiverton_, Devon, which was never pronounced _Terton_; it is Twiverton, near Bath, which is pronounced _Twerton_.

S. S.

_"Whig" and "Tory"_ (Vol. iv., p. 57.).--The name "Whig" is derived from the Celtic _ugham_, a sort of large saddle, with bags attached to it, in use among the freebooters of the borders of Scotland: hence those robbers were known to the Highlanders by the name of _Whiggam-more_, or "big-saddle thieves;" and when the Civil War broke out, the Highlanders and Irish, who supported the king, called themselves _a taobh Righ_, _i. e._ "the king's party," and gave the name of _Whiggamore thieves_ to their opponents. _Whiggammore_ and _taobh Righ_ soon became shortened to _Whig_ and _Tory_, and in aftertimes served to distinguish the supporters of the rival houses of Hanover and Stuart. The modern signification of the terms is different, _Whig_ being taken to mean "liberal," and _Tory_ "exclusive."

FRAS. CROSSLEY.

_Planets of the Months_ (Vol. iv., p. 23.).--I do not understand this Query. What is meant by "planets for the months?" There are twelve months, and in common parlance only seven planets. Nor do I see what is meant by "precious stones symbolizing _those_ planets." In heraldry, the arms of sovereigns and royal personages are blazoned by the names of the sun, moon, and planets, for colours, as those of noblemen are by precious stones. If this is what is asked after, the following table will explain it:--

_Colours._ _Pr. Stones._ _Planets._
Or Topaz Sol
Argent Pearl Luna
Sable Diamond Saturn
Gules Ruby Mars
Azure Sapphire Jupiter
Vert Emerald Venus
Purpure Amethyst Mercury

C.

_Baronets of Ireland_ (Vol. iv., p. 44.).--The two following extracts may throw some light upon the origin of the title of baronet. James I. probably adopted this title, which he found to have been so long existing in Ireland, for the new order of nobility he was about to establish. And it should be remembered that the order of baronet was instituted for the purpose of promoting the plantation of Ulster.

The names mentioned in the second extract are probably those of the baronets whom Spenser mentions as being, in existence in his time. There was, thirty years ago, a "Baron of Galtrim;" perhaps there is still.

EUDOX: "You say well, for by the increase of Freeholders, their
numbers hereby will be greatly augmented; but how should it passe
through the higher house, which still must consiste all of Irish?"

IREN: "Marry, that also may bee redressed by ensample of that
which I heard was done in the like case by King Edward III. (as I
remember), who being greatly bearded and crossed by the Lords of
the cleargie, they being there [_i. e._ in the Parliament of
_Ireland_] by reason of the Lords Abbots, and others, too many and
too strong for him, so as hee could not for their frowardnesse
order and reforme things as hee desired, was advised to direct out
his writts to certaine Gentlemen of the best ability and trust,
entitling them therein Barons, to serve and sitt as Barons in the
next Parlament. By which meanes hee had so many Barons in his
Parlament, as were able to weigh down the Cleargie and their
friends: the which Barons, they say, were not afterwards Lords,
but onely Baronets, as sundry of them doe yet retayne the
name."--Spenser's "View of the State of Ireland," in the _Ancient
Irish Histories_, Dublin Edition, 1809, pp. 223, 224.

"BARONETS.

"Seint Leger, Baronet of Slemarge, meere Irish.
Den, Baronet of Por man ston, waxing Irish.
Fitz Gerald, Baronet of Burnchurch.
Welleslye, Baronet of Narraghe.
[Ancestor of the Duke of Wellington.]
Husee, Baronet of Galtrim.
S. Michell, Baronet of Reban.
Marwarde, Baronet of Scryne.
Nangle, Baronet of Navan."

Campion's "Historie of Ireland," written in the yeare 1571, p.
12. (In the _Ancient Irish Histories_, Dublin edition, 1809.)

T. J.

_Hopkins the Witchfinder_ (Vol. ii., pp. 392. 413.).--Your correspondents will find some "curious memoirs" of this person in the _Anthologia Hibernica_ for June, 1793, p. 424. The memoirs are embellished with a plate "correctly copied from an extreme rare print in the collection of J. Bindley, Esq."

R. H.

_Plowden_ (Vol. iv., p. 58.).--From Burke's _Landed Gentry_, 1846, under "Plowden of Plowden" (A.D. 1194), it would appear that Edmund was of Wansted, Hampshire, and ancestor of the Plowdens of Lassam, Hants, and that he "was styled in his will, July 29, 1655, Sir Edmund, lord earl palatine, governor, and captain general, of the province of New Albion." I would suggest to your Transatlantic readers the interest that would be derived from a compilation of surnames in the United States; and in cases where it can be ascertained, the date of introduction, position of first immigrant, ancestry, and descendants. The names and subsequent history of those families who remained loyal during the American Revolution, are worthy of record; most of whom have, I believe, prospered in the world since the confiscation of their property.

The names of the followers of William the Conqueror are often alluded to; but the "comers over" at the conquest of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland are but seldom thought of, though they lend to their descendants' pedigree a degree of historical interest.

A. C.

_As lazy as Ludlam's Dog_ (Vol. i., pp. 382. 475.).--This proverb is to be found in Ray's first edition (1670), and is quoted in a little book entitled _Scarronides, et cet._, a burlesque on the second book of Virgil's _Æneid_. Æneas, reposing on the "toro alto," is likened to "Ludlam's curr, on truckle lolling;" whilst a marginal note says "'Tis a proverb, Ludlam's dog lean'd his head against a wall when he went to bark." Both here and in Ray the name is spelt _Ludl_a_m_.

CRANMORE.

_Pope and Flatman_ (Vol. iv., p. 132.).--The piece quoted by MR. BARTON had long since been pointed out by Warton (_Essay on Pope_), who has also collected many others which Pope _may_ have known and made use of, some which he _must_.

V.

_Spenser's Faerie Queene_ (Vol. iv., p. 133.).--The explanation of the stanza in question would occupy more space than I think you would spare me. It will suffice to note that a very sufficient one will be found in Todd's edition of _Spenser_ (1803) in vol. iii., at the close of canto ix. book ii.; and that the letter of Sir K. Digby is given at full length, before the editor's own commentary and explanation, in that place.

V.

Belgravia.

_Bells in Churches_ (Vol. ii., p. 326.).--In reply to the inquiry whether there is still a law against the use of bells as a summons to divine services, except in churches, which has not been answered, permit me to quote the following sentences from a judgment of Lord Chief Justice Campbell, as reported in the _Times_ of August 14.

"First, with regard to the right of using bells at all. By the
common law, churches of every denomination had a full right to use
bells, and it was a vulgar error to suppose that there was any
distinction at the present time in this respect. At the same time,
those bells might undoubtedly be made use of in such a manner as
to create a nuisance; and in that case a Protestant church and a
Roman Catholic one were equally liable."

The case (Soltan _v._ De Weld) from the judgment in which the above remarks are extracted was tried at the Croydon Assizes, and related to the use of bells by a Romanist community in such a manner as was alleged to be a nuisance.

ARUN.

_Proverb of James I._ (Vol. iv., p. 85.).--The meaning of this proverb will be found in Jamieson's _Scottish Dictionary_, 4to. ed:--To "_cone_" or "_cunne_" thanks, is "to give thanks; to express a sense of obligation; to leave a sense of obligation."

S. WMSON.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC.

Many of our readers who take an interest in our Anglo-Saxon Language and Literature are aware that an accomplished German scholar, Dr. Pauli, has during a residence of considerable length in this country been devoting his attention to those subjects; and we have just received some of the fruits of his labours in a volume entitled _König Ælfred und seine Stelle in der Geschichte Englands_. It is an interesting contribution to a very important period in the history of this country; and it is the more valuable from the use made in it of the labours of our own distinguished Saxonists, Kemble and Thorpe.

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_Address at the Anniversary Meeting of the Royal Geographical Society_, by Captain W. H. Smyth, R.N., President, &c. This Address give a concise yet most clear view of the progress of Geographical Discovery during the preceding year; and is alike creditable to the learned and gallant Captain and the Society over which he presides.

We desire to direct the attention of our readers, more especially those who are old enough to remember the first appearance the _The Literary Gazette_, to the Testimonial which the friends of the Editor, Mr. Jerdan, propose to present to that gentleman. The names of the Committee, and a statement of the Subscriptions in aid of the object, will be found in our advertising columns.

The Memorial which we mentioned some time since as having been addressed to the master of the Rolls, requesting "that persons who are merely engaged in historical inquiry, antiquarian research, and other literary pursuits connected therewith, should have permission granted them to have access to the Public Records, with the Indices and Calendars, without payment of Fees," has been very favourable responded to by Sir John Romilly; and a meeting of the gentlemen by whom it was signed has been held at the apartments of the Society of Antiquaries, when certain resolutions were agreed to, acknowledging the obligations of antiquarian literature to Sir John Romilly for the arrangements which he has at present determined upon, and for the further increased facilities for consulting the documents in question, which he has promised on the completion of the new Record Office. The thanks of the Meeting were also voted to Mr. Bruce, with whom the movement originated.

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_To account for the non-appearance of several letters which have been received, and to prevent others of a like nature from being sent, the Editor begs to state that as it is obviously impossible that well-known controverted points in religion, politics, science &c., can be adequately discussed in a work like "NOTES AND QUERIES," we cannot insert letters which go directly to provoke the discussion of such points. Correspondents from whom they are received, we can only refer to the notorious sources of information; inquirers to whom these are unknown, are probably not in a state to profit by any dispute which they might engender._

J. B. _or_ J. O. (Birmingham). _The Editor believes that the portraits respecting which our correspondent inquires are mere impostures unworthy of notice._

S. P. H. T. _is thanked for his kind reminder. The subject has not been lost sight of; but postponed partly from the pressure of correspondence, and the consequent want of room--partly from want of time. We hope however to take some steps in it before the present volume is completed._

T. LAWRENCE. _The puzzling epitaph forwarded by our correspondent has already been recorded and explained in_ "NOTES AND QUERIES." _See_ Vol. II., pp. 311. 346.

E. H. Y. _The Query was inserted_ Vol. iii., p. 351.; _and the only satisfactory reply received is one not calculated for publication, but shall be forwarded to our correspondent, if he will kindly say how a letter may be addressed to him._

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