Chapter C: H. Cooper

Cambridge.

T. P. is informed that the custom of Serjeants-at-law presenting rings with mottoes prevailed long before A.D. 1670. In the _Journal of the Arch. Institute_, vol. vii. p. 196., he will find mention of a mediæval ring of the kind, described as "A Serjeant-at-law's gold ring, the hoop 3/8 of an inch in width, and of equal thickness, inscribed _Lex regis præsidium_."

CEYREP.

On June 8, 1705, fifteen Serjeants-at-law took the customary oaths at the Chancery Bar, and delivered to the Lord Keeper a ring for the Queen, and another for his H.R.H. Prince George of Denmark, each ring being worth 6_l._ 13_s._ 4_d._ The Lord Keeper, Lord Treasurer, Lord Steward, Lord Privy Seal, Lord High Chamberlain, Master of the Household, Lord Chamberlain, and the two Chief Justices, received each a ring of the value of 18_s._; the Lord Chief Baron, Master of the Rolls, the Justices of either Bench and two Chief Secretaries each one worth 16_s._; the Chief Steward and Comptroller each a ring valued at 1_l._; the Marshal, Warden of the Fleet, every Serjeant-at-Law, the Attorney-General, and Solicitor-General, each a ring worth 12_s._; the three Barons of Exchequer a ring worth 10_s._; the two Clerks of the Crown, the three Prothonotaries, the Clerks of the Warrants, the Prothonotary of Queen's Bench, and the Chirographer, each a ring worth 5_s._; each Filazer and Exigenter, the Clerk of the Council, and the Custos Brevium, each a ring that cost 2_s._ 6_d._ The motto on the rings was this, "_Moribus, armis, legibus_."

MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.

48. Jermyn Street.

EXTERMINATION OF EARLY CHRISTIANS IN ORKNEY.

(Vol. iv., p. 439.)

It is capable of demonstration that Christianity was introduced into the Orkney Islands, or at least that missionaries were sent there, long previous to the invasion of Harold Harfagre. Your correspondent W. H. F. mentions that Depping, in the _Histoire des Expéditions Maritimes des Normands_, states that Sigurd, the second nominally, though really the first earl, expelled the Christians from Orkney, and he requests to know Depping's authority; as the circumstance is not alluded to by Torfæus, the Orkneyinga-Saga or Snorro Sturleson, and has been "either overlooked by Barry, or unknown to him."

The well-known "Diploma or Genealogical Deduction of the Earls of Orkney," written by the bishop of that diocese in the year 1406, and printed in Wallace's _Account of Orkney_, and in the appendices to Barry's _History_, and the Orkneyinga-Saga, is generally looked upon, from the circumstances under which it was drawn up, as an authentic document of considerable historical value. It is there mentioned, that the Norsemen found the islands inhabited by the Peti and the Papé, whom they exterminated. But I transcribe the words of the Diploma:

"Hæc terra sive insularum patria Orcadie fuit inhabitata et culta,
duabus nacionibus scilicet Peti et Pape, que due genera naciones
fuerant destructe radicitus, ac penitus per Norwegenses de stirpe
sive de tribu strenuissimi principis Rognaldi, qui sic sunt ipsias
naciones aggressi, quod posteritas ipsarum nacionum Peti et Pape
non remansit."

Though Chalmers (_Caledonia_, vol. i. p. 261.) is rather inclined to discredit the above account, it seems probable that those Papé were missionaries or priests, who were also found, under precisely the same name, in Iceland when that island was colonised by the Norsemen (Pinkerton's _Enquiry_, vol. ii. p. 297.). I have not my copy of Depping at present by me, and therefore am unable to say whether he explains his use of the word _Christians_ in his mention of their expulsion. It may be that, without going into detail, he accepted, as proved, the identity of the Papé and the priests, and believed himself warranted in making the assertion. But perhaps he might have had some other authority of which I am ignorant, as he attributes the expulsion (according to W. H. F.) to Sigurd, whereas the words of the Diploma are, "per Norwegenses de stirpe sive de tribu strenuissimi principis Rognaldi," by no means limiting the deed to his (Rognald's) immediate successor, though inferentially accusing Sigurd of participation. A careful consideration of the entire passage in Depping, and of his general style, may tend to show whether he relied merely on the Diploma, or whether he had some more definite authority.

I may mention, that though it has escaped W. H. F.'s observation, he will find, by referring to pp. 87. 116. 133., Headrick's edition, that Barry did not overlook the early Christianising of the Orkneys, and the extirpation of the Papé; although, seeing that the former is matter of history, and the latter was not a mere tradition in 1406, but derived from a more trustworthy source ("sicut _cronice_ nostre clare demonstrant"), he is scarcely distinct enough, or decided in his inferences. It would be interesting to know what were those "cronice" appealed to by the bishop.

A. H. R.

Caithness.

THE CRIME OF POISONING PUNISHED BY BOILING.

(Vol. v., p. 32.)

MR. J. B. COLMAN has directed attention to the special act of attainder passed in 22 Hen. VIII. in order to punish Richard Roose for poisoning the family of the Bishop of Rochester; but I have reason to believe that he is wrong in his assertion that, prior to that statute, "there was no peculiarity in the mode of punishment" for the crime in question. In the _Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London_, which I am now engaged in editing for the Camden Society, I find an instance of the like punishment being inflicted for the same crime in the 13th Hen. VIII.:

"And this yere was a man soddyne in a cautherne (_sc._ a cauldron)
in Smythfelde, and lett up and downe dyvers tymes tyll he was
dede, for because he wold a poyssynd dyvers persons."

I would therefore beg to inquire whether MR. COLMAN has taken a correct view of the statute of 22 Hen. VIII. as prescribing a new punishment, _retrospective_ to the case of Richard Roose; and whether the act was not, so far as he was concerned, simply one of attainder, to deprive the culprit of the "advantage of his clargie," whereby he might otherwise have escaped the legal punishment already provided for the crime. Having declared Roose attainted of high treason, the statute proceeds to enact that all future poisoners shall also be debarred of the benefit of clergy, and immediately committed to death by boiling. Roose's own case is recorded in the _Grey Friars' Chronicle_ with the same horrible circumstances as those related in the former instance, of his life being gradually destroyed:

"He was lockyd in a chayne and pullyd up and downe with a gybbyt
at dyvers tymes tyll he was dede."

A third instance occurs in 1542, when--

"The x day of March was a mayde boyllyd in Smythfelde for
poysynyng of dyvers persons."

This last is the same case which is cited by L. H. K. in your Vol. ii., p. 519. If my view of the statute of 22 Hen. VIII. be the right one, it still remains to be ascertained when this barbarous punishment was first adopted; and is it certain that it ceased with the reign of Hen. VIII.?

JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS.

There appears to have occurred in Scotland _one_ instance at least of this barbarous mode of executing justice. In his Notes to Leyden's Ballad of _Lord Soulis_ (in the _Minstrelsy of the Border_), Sir Walter Scott says:--

"The tradition regarding the death of Lord Soulis, however
singular, is not without a parallel in the real history of
Scotland. The same extraordinary mode of cookery was actually
practised (_horresco referens_) upon the body of a Sheriff of the
Mearns. This person, whose name was Melville of Glenbervie, bore
his faculties so harshly, that he became detested by the Barons of
the country. Reiterated complaints of his conduct having been made
to James I. (or, as others say, to the Duke of Albany), the
monarch answered, in a moment of unguarded impatience, 'Sorrow gin
the Sheriff were sodden, and supped in broo!' The complainers
retired, perfectly satisfied. Shortly after, the Lairds of
Arbuthnot, Mather, Laureston, and Pattaraw, decoyed Melville to
the top of the hill of Garvock, above Lawrencekirk, under pretence
of a grand hunting party. Upon this place (still called the
_Sheriff's Pot_), the Barons had prepared a fire and a boiling
cauldron, into which they plunged the unlucky Sheriff. After he
was _sodden_ (as the king termed it) for a sufficient time, the
savages, that they might literally observe the royal mandate,
concluded the scene of abomination by actually partaking of the
hell-broth.

"The three Lairds were outlawed for this offence; and Barclay, one
of their number, to screen himself from justice, erected the kaim
(_i.e._ the camp, or fortress) of Mathers, which stands upon a
rocky and almost inaccessible peninsula, overhanging the German
Ocean. The Laird of Arbuthnot is said to have eluded the royal
vengeance, by claiming the benefit of the law of clan Macduff. A
pardon, or perhaps a deed of replegiation, founded upon that law,
is said to be still extant upon the records of the Viscount of
Arbuthnot.

"The punishment of boiling," adds Sir Walter, "seems to have been
in use among the English at a very late period, as appears from
the following passage in Stowe's _Chronicle_:--'The 17th March
(1524) Margaret Davy, a maid, was boiled at Smithfield for
poisoning of three households that she had dwelled in.'"

According to tradition, however, the boiling, or _broiling_ rather, of the Wizard-Earl Soulis, was still more frightful:--

"On a circle of stones they placed the pot,
On a circle of stones but barely nine;
They heated it red and fiery hot,
Till the burnished brass did glimmer and shine.

"_They rolled him up in a sheet of lead_,
A sheet of lead for a funeral pall;
They plunged him in the cauldron red,
_And melted him, lead, and bones, and all_."

R. S. F.

Perth.

Replies to Minor Queries.

_List of English Sovereigns_ (Vol. v., p. 28.).--The principal reason why the names of the Empress Matilda, King Henry junior, and Queen Jane (Grey or Dudley), are not inserted in the lists of English sovereigns, as J. J. S. suggests they should be, arises from the fact of the periods of their supposed reigns being concurrent with those of other monarchs, and our constitution recognising one only at a time. The name of Queen Jane has, however, found a place in some recent lists; following that given in Sir Harris Nicolas's _Chronology of History_ (edit. 1833, p. 330.), where he states that her nominal reign extended from the 6th to the 17th July, 1553. Appended to _The Chronicle of Queen Jane and Queen Mary_ (printed for the Camden Society), I have given a list of all the public documents or state papers known to be extant which bear date in the reign of Queen Jane, and the last is a letter of the Privy Council to Lord Rich, dated the 19th July; this extends the period two days longer than in the _Chronology of History_, and was certainly the last public document that recognised Jane's authority. Only one _private_ document so dated has been discovered. It is a deed relating to the parish of St. Dunstan's in Kent (dated 15th July), which was communicated by Mr. Hunter to the _Retrospective Review_, N. S. vol. i. p. 505. But an act of parliament of the 1st March, 1553-4, legalised all documents that might be so dated from the 6th of July to the last day of the same month (_Nicolas_, p. 316.). Among our historians, Heylin, in his _History of the Reformation_, has apportioned a distinct division of his narrative to "The Reign of Queen Jane."

JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS.

_Moravian Hymns_ (Vol. v., p. 30.).--I cannot tell H. B. C. what is the _editio princeps_ of these hymns; but as he appears to know of no edition anterior to 1749, I beg to observe that an edition of _Psalms and Hymns_ for the use of the Moravians was published by the Rev. John Gambold, one of their bishops, at London, in 1738. It is in 12mo. without the name of any printer. There is a copy of this book in the archiepiscopal library at Lambeth. But as it is five-and-twenty years, or more, since I saw it, I have no recollection of the particulars of its contents.

H. C.

Thurles.

In 1801 a Moravian Hymn-book was issued, which, being out of print, was reprinted in 1809. I should suppose the book a great improvement upon the old Moravian hymn-books. I have a copy of the edition of 1809: about half the hymns are translations from the German, and the rest selected from Watts, Wesley, Steel, Robinson, and others. The hymn "To you, ye Jesus' wounds" is not in it. The book contains also their simple and beautiful liturgy, offices for baptism, burial, ordination of bishops, priests, and deacons, &c.

JAMES EDMESTON.

Homerton.

The following is the title of a book, printed in 1749, for James Hutton, Fetter Lane:--_Hymns composed for the Use of the Brethren by the Right Rev. and most Illustrious C. Z._ (Count Zinzendorf?) I transcribe some specimens.

"God's side hole, hear my prayer,
Accept my meditation;
On thee I cast my care,
With childlike adoration.
While days and ages pass, and endless periods roll,
An everlasting blaze shall sparkle from that hole.

* * * * *

Lovely side hole, dearest side hole!
Sweetest side hole, made for me;
O my most beloved side hole!
I wish to be lost in thee.
O my dearest side hole!
Thou art to my bride soul
The most dear and loveliest place;
Pleura's space!
Soul and body in the pass.

* * * * *

The daughters reverence do,
Christess and praise thee too,
Thou happy Kyria, daughter of Abijah;
We reach each sister of Jehovah,
Manness of the man Jeshuah,
Out of the pleura Hosannah."

JAMES CORNISH.

_Age of Trees--"Essex Broad Oak"_ (Vol. v., pp. 10. 40.).--Was not the "Essex Broad Oak" identical with the "Fairlop Oak?" The Fairlop Oak is thus described in _Excursions through Essex_ (Longman, 1818, vol. ii. p. 56.):

"In Hainault Forest, about one mile from Barkingside, stands an
oak which has been known through many centuries by the name of
Fairlop. For an account of this celebrated tree (which seems to
have escaped the attention of the laborious Camden, and his
indefatigable continuator, Mr. Gough) we are indebted to the Rev.
Mr. Gilpin. 'The tradition of this tree,' says this ingenious
writer in his _Remarks on Forest Scenery and other Woodland
Views_, 'traces it half way up the Christian æra. It is still a
noble tree, though it has suffered greatly from the depredations
of time. About a yard from the ground, where its rough fluted stem
is 36 feet in circumference, it divides into eleven vast arms; yet
not in the horizontal manner of an oak, but rather in that of a
beach. Beneath its shade, which overspreads an area of 300 feet in
circuit, an annual fair has long been held on the first Friday in
July.' This celebrated tree was for some time fenced round with a
close paling about five feet high. Almost all the extremities of
its branches have been sawed off, and Mr. Forsyth's composition
applied to them, to preserve then from decay; and the injury which
the trunk of the tree had sustained from the lighting of fires
have been repaired, as much as possible, with the same
composition. On one of the branches a board was fixed, with this
inscription, 'All good foresters are requested not to hurt this
old tree, a plaister having been lately applied to its wounds.'"

If my recollection serves me correctly, a drawing and description of this old tree is contained in one of Hone's publications,--I think his _Table Book_.[9]

[Footnote 9: [The drawing and description of this venerable oak is given in the _Mirror_, vol. ii. p. 81., where it is stated that Mr. Forsyth's precautions were insufficient to protect it from an injurious custom practised by many of its thoughtless visitors, of making a fire within the cavities to cook their provisions; for, in the month of June, 1805, it was set on fire, and continued burning until the following day, by which the trunk was considerably injured. The high winds of February, 1820, at last stretched its massy trunk and limbs on that turf which it had for so many ages overshadowed with its verdant foliage. The wood of which the pulpit and reading-desk of St. Pancras new church are composed was a portion of the Fairlop Oak; and are looked upon as matters of greater curiosity perhaps, on that account, than even the beautiful grained and highly polished material and the splendid carvings.--ED.]]

Another large tree is mentioned in the same volume (p. 87.) as being called "Doodle [Query, _dole_ or _boundary_] Oke."

To conclude (if I have not already trespassed too much upon your space), Is the Fairlop Oak still standing; and, if so, what is its present condition?

J. B. COLMAN.

Eye.

Cypress trees on the continent of America grow to immense ages. By counting the concentric rings observed in the wood, on sawing a trunk across, it appears that 400 years is a common age. There is a gigantic trunk near Santa Maria del Tula, in the province of Oaxaca, in Mexico, whose circumference at the dilated base is no less than 200 feet. Of this, taking 1·6 line as the average growth of a year, the age would be 3512 years. (Lyell's _Second Visit to United States_, vol. ii. pp. 254, 255. Prescott's _Peru_, vol. ii. p. 315. 4th edition.) Adanson, the celebrated botanist, calculated the age of one of the famous Baobab trees of Senegal to be 5150 years. (Marquis of Ormonde's _Sicily_, p. 76.) A tamarind tree in the Mahometan burial-ground at Putelam, in Ceylon, is 39 feet in diameter, or upwards of 117 feet in circumference, from which the age may be calculated on the above scale. (Sirr's _Ceylon_, vol. i. p. 85.)

T. G.

_Arrangement of Books_ (Vol. v., p. 49.).--Your correspondent L.'s letter is very valuable. May I add a few contributions?

There is a mode of printing used in Cuvier's _Règne Animal_, which is exceedingly useful for books of classification, that is, to print those sentences which relate to the primary divisions in a larger type, and full up to the side; the subdivisions to be printed short, as sums are entered in an account book, and in a smaller type. I believe I had the fortune to introduce a slight improvement in indexes. For instance, in your index the subordinate items are arranged according to time, but that gives a great deal of trouble. Under MR. BREEN'S name there are fifteen items; they should be arranged alphabetically, like the principal items, as is done in the same index in the case of notices of books, unavoidably. But such subordinate items had better, in general, have the word on which the alphabetical arrangement turns printed in Italics to catch the eye, rather than invert the order of the words, as _must_ be done in the principal items.

In what books the old spelling should be retained is a matter of individual question, upon which no rules can be laid down. Walpole complained that the _Paston Letters_ were printed with the old spelling, and that, though a version is on the opposite page; but few persons will agree with him in that. In such books we have a right to see the old spelling in order to judge whether the version is right, as well as for general information.

C. B.

_The Ring-finger_ (Vol. iv., pp. 150. 198. 261.).--The two questions mooted concerning the ring-finger, _i.e._ why the third finger is the ring-finger, and why the wedding-ring is worn on the third finger of the left hand? have not yet been satisfactorily answered.

The _third finger is the only recognised ring-finger_. Hence all who wear rings _ex officio_, wear them on that finger. Cardinals, bishops, doctors, abbots, &c., wear their ring on the third finger. The _reason is that it is the first vacant finger_. The thumb and the first two fingers have always been reserved as symbols of the three persons of the Blessed Trinity. When a bishop gives his blessing, he blesses with the thumb and first two fingers. Our brasses and sepulchral slabs bear witness to this fact. And at the marriage ceremony, the ring is put on to the thumb and the first two fingers, whilst the names of "The Father, and the Son, and the Holy Ghost" are pronounced. Thus the third is the first vacant finger, and the ring-finger. _The wedding-ring is worn on the left hand to signify the subjection of the wife to her husband._ The right hand signifies power, independence, authority; according to the words:

"The salvation of his right hand is in powers."

Psalm xx. 6.

"The change of the right hand of the Most High."

Psalm lxxvii. 10.

The left hand signifies dependence or subjection. Married women, then, wear the wedding-ring on the third finger of the left hand, because they are subject to their husbands.

Bishops, because they have ecclesiastical authority, and doctors, because they have authority to teach, wear the ring on the ring-finger of the right hand.

CEYREP.

_Count Königsmark_ (Vol. v., p. 78.).--The Queries put by MR. MARKLAND will be found solved in that excellent book, _The English Causes Célèbres_, edited by Mr. Craik, and published in 1840. It is a great pity that Mr. Craik's undertaking was not prosecuted beyond vol. i.

Walpole was wrong, and Sir Egerton Brydges right. Charles John Count Königsmark was the instigator of the assassination of Mr. Thynne. Philip Christopher von Königsmark, the younger brother of Charles John, was the presumed lover of Sophia of Zell.

Charles John von Königsmark was mortally wounded at the battle of Argos, on the 29th August, 1686.

The presumed "foul play" in the Königsmark case consisted, I suppose, in Chief Justice Pemberton summing up strongly, in accordance with the known wish of the king, that the Count should be acquitted.

JOHN BRUCE.

MR. MARKLAND will find his inquiries as to the two Königsmarks answered in a late number of the _Quarterly Review_ (I think that for October, 1851), in an article on the Lexington Papers.

C.

_Petition respecting the Duke of Wellington_ (Vol. iv., pp. 233. 477.; Vol. v., p. 43.).--I thank ÆGROTUS for the clue he has afforded me, as to the date of the document he inquired for, and can now give him some further particulars. At a Court of Common Council held Feb. 23, 1810, in consequence of a proposition in the House of Commons to settle upon Lord Wellington 2000_l._ per ann. for three lives, a motion was made, and carried by sixty-five to fifty-eight, to petition the House against it. The petition is very long, but it is to the following tenor: it commences by objecting to the grant on the ground of economy, and that his services have not deserved it; "that his gallant efforts in Portugal have lead only to the disgraceful and scandalous Convention of Cintra, signed by his own hand;" that the result of the battle of Talavera was a retreat, with the abandonment of sick and wounded; that as yet they have seen no inquiry into either of these campaigns; that he and his family have held lucrative appointments in the East Indies; that no provision has been made for the family of the highly deserving Sir John Moore. It then goes on to say, "that it appears a high aggravation of the misconduct of his Majesty's incapable and unprincipled advisers;" that they advised his Majesty to refuse to receive from the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, either at a levee, or personal audience, a petition from the livery praying an inquiry into the conduct of the commanders of the late campaign. This is the substance of the petition which I should think might be readily seen _in extenso_ by a reference to a file of newspapers of the date.

E. N. W.

Southwark.

P.S.--The petition from the Livery, doubtless agreed to in Common
Hall, which the king refused to receive, and which is referred to
above, is most probably the one which ÆGROTUS inquires about, and
of which the Duke complains in his dispatch of Jan. 1810. I have
not been able to see it; but if I can find it, will send you notes
of it; the mem. I have sent establishes the fact of its having
been carried.

_Reichenbach's Ghosts_ (Vol. iv., p. 5.; Vol. v., p. 89.).--If A. N. will do me the favour to refer to my question, he will see that his remarks do not furnish a reply. Reichenbach says, that "thousands of ghost stories will now receive a natural explanation," from his discovery that the decomposition of animal matter is accompanied by light, or luminous vapour, which is visible to certain sensitive persons. As I originally stated, "my Query is, _where to find_ the 'thousands of ghost stories' which are explained by it." I now repeat that Query in unaffected ignorance. I have read a good many ghost stories, British and foreign; but I know that some of the writers in "N. & Q." are much better acquainted with German literature and superstitions than I am; and I ask them if they can tell me where to find _such_ stories,--that is, ghost stories explained by Reichenbach's discovery? I do not ask for "thousands," nor even hundreds--a score or two will be quite enough; or even a dozen, if they are good ones.

S. R. MAITLAND.

Gloucester.

_The Broad Arrow._--I can only offer the following note on the above subject as a conjecture, probably most of your readers will think a very wild one.

It has sometimes occurred to me that the origin of the symbol now generally known as the "broad arrow" might be traced back to the mysteries of Mithras. At all events, it is known that the same figure occurs on coins, gems, &c. as the symbol of Mithras as the _Sun_. Now, so widely was the worship of Mithras spread throughout the Roman empire, that I believe no one would feel any surprise at the adoption of a Mithraic symbol even in the remotest parts of the empire; and indeed the fact that Carausius, during his usurpation of the imperial authority in Britain, issued coins with the inscription Ἡλίῳ Μίθρᾳ ἀνικήτῳ, brings the worship of Mithras, as it were, home to our own doors. Whether the symbol of the sun was ever employed for any such purpose as our modern broad arrow, is a question on which I hope some of your readers may be able to throw some light. Meanwhile, being quite ignorant as to the antiquity of our Ordnance mark, the above is merely thrown out as a conjecture. It is perhaps, to some extent, confirmed by a statement of Grimm's (_Deutsche Mythologie_), that the symbol of the _Moon_ was used by the ancient Germans precisely as our broad arrow, viz. on boundary stones, &c.

I think there is more probability in another conjecture of mine, that the same symbol occurs elsewhere, and for a very different purpose, viz. in our churches, and as symbolical of the Sun of Righteousness. Our painted windows and our altar-cloths contain the symbol [arrow symbol], which I believe generally goes by the name of the "three sacred nails,"--an explanation which I always thought ridiculous, even at a time when I could give no other. Is it not far more in accordance with the principles of symbolism, and the practice of the early Christians, to believe it to be the adoption of a heathen symbol, and its application to Christian purposes?

J. M. (4).

St. Mary Tavy, Tavistock.

_Quarter Waggoner_ (Vol. v., p. 11.).--I have met with a gentleman in the navy who informs me that these words should be "Quarter Wagner," and was so called from the publisher's name, "Wagner," who published the charts in four parts answering to the four quarters of the globe. These charts so called have been disused for near thirty years; and it was commonly observed that they who did not make alteration by improvement in the charts, or who knew not of anything beyond what was then known in maritime affairs, did not know anything beyond what was noted on the then existing charts by Wagner. Hence the phrase.

[+]

In connexion with the notes of BOLTON CORNEY, I would mention that I have a ponderous folio volume, with thick oak backs, covered with canvas, on which is the name of the book, _The Dutch Waggoner_: the printed title is--

"The Lightning Columne or Sea-Mirrour, containing the Sea-Coasts
of the Northern, Eastern, and Western Navigation; Setting forth in
divers necessarie Sea-Cards, all the Ports, Rivers, Bayes, Roads,
Depths and Sands, very curiously placed on its due Polus heigt
furnished, With the discoveries of the chief Countries, and on
what cours and distance they lay one from another. Never
theretofore so clearly laid open, and here and there very
diligently bettered and augmented for the use of all Seamen. As
also the Situation of the Northernly Countries, as Islands, the
Strate Davids, the Isle of Jan Mayen, Bear's Island, Old
Greenland, Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla: Adorned with many
Sea-Cards and Discoveries, gathered out of the Experience and
Practice of divers Pilots and Lovers of the famous Art of
Navigation. Whereunto is added a brief Instruction of the Art of
Navigation, together with New Tables of the Sun's Declination, wit
an New Almanach. At Amsterdam. Printed by Casparus Loots-man,
Bookseller upon the Water in the Loots-man, 1689. With previledge
for fiftheen Iears."

The "priviledge" is signed "Arent Baron van Waggenaer. By the appointment of the States, Symon van Beaumont." The book is full of very curious charts, sections, and headlands, and other engravings, and is very rare; but I merely mention it to show that books of charts, &c. _were_ known as _waggoners_.