Chapter IV: Introduction: 257

APHORISMS CONCERNING THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE.

_Aphorism_ I. Relative to the Ancient Period 258
_Art._ 1. Common Words.
2. Descriptive Terms.
3. Theoretical Terms.
_Aphorism_ II. Relative to the Modern Period 269
_Art._ 1. Systematic Nomenclature.
2. Systematic Terminology.
3. Systematic Modification.
_Aphorisms_ (III. IV. V. VI. VII) relative to the
Application of Common Words 278
_Aphorisms_ (VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII.) relative to the
Construction of New Terms 285
_Aphorism_ XIV. Binary Nomenclature 307
XV. Linnæan Maxims 308
XVI. Numerical Names 309
XVII. Names of more than two Steps 310
XVIII. No arbitrary _Terms_ 311
XIX. Forms fixed by Convention 314
XX. _Form_ of Terms 318
_Art._ 1. Terms derived from Latin and Greek.
2. German Terms.
3. Descriptive Terms.
4. Nomenclature. Zoology.
5. ------------- Mineralogy.
6. ------------- Botany.
7. ------------- Chemistry.
8. ------------- Crystallography.
{xxiii}
_Aphorism_ XXI. Philological Rules 328
_Art._ 1. Hybrids.
2. Terminations of Substantives.
3. Formations of Substantives (names of things).
4. Abstract Substantives.
5. Rules of derivation from Greek and Latin.
6. Modification of Terminations.
_Aphorism_ XXII. Introduction of Changes 341

FURTHER ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE APHORISMS ON SCIENTIFIC
LANGUAGE, FROM THE RECENT COURSE OF SCIENCES.

1. BOTANY. _Aphorism_ XXIII. Multiplication of Genera 346

2. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.
_Aphorism_ XXIV. Single Names to be used 353
XXV. The History of Science is the History
of its Language 355
XXVI. Algebraical Symbols 357
XXVII. Algebraical Analogies 364
XXVIII. Capricious Derivations 365
XXIX. Inductions are our Definitions 368

{{1}} NOVUM ORGANON RENOVATUM.

DE Scientiis tum demum bene sperandum est, quando per SCALAM veram et per gradus continuos, et non intermissos aut hiulcos, a particularibus ascendetur ad Axiomata minora, et deinde ad media, alia aliis superiora, et postremo demum ad generalissima.

In constituendo autem Axiomate, Forma INDUCTIONIS alia quam adhuc in usu fuit, excogitanda est; et quæ non ad Principia tantum (quæ vocant) probanda et invenienda, sed etiam ad Axiomata minora, et media, denique omnia.

BACON, _Nov. Org._, Aph. civ. cv.

{{3}} NOVUM ORGANON RENOVATUM.

THE name _Organon_ was applied to the works of Aristotle which treated of Logic, that is, of the method of establishing and proving knowledge, and of refuting errour, by means of Syllogisms. Francis Bacon, holding that this method was insufficient and futile for the augmentation of real and useful knowledge, published his _Novum Organon_, in which he proposed for that purpose methods from which he promised a better success. Since his time real and useful knowledge has made great progress, and many Sciences have been greatly extended or newly constructed; so that even if Bacon's method had been the right one, and had been complete as far as the progress of Science up to his time could direct it, there would be room for the revision and improvement of the methods of arriving at scientific knowledge.

Inasmuch as we have gone through the _Histories_ of the principal _Sciences_, from the earliest up to the present time, in a previous work, and have also traced the _History of Scientific Ideas_ in another work, it may perhaps be regarded as not too presumptuous if we attempt this revision and improvement of the methods by which Sciences must rise and grow. This {4} is our task in the present volume; and to mark the reference of this undertaking to the work of Bacon, we name our book _Novum Organon Renovatum_.

Bacon has delivered his precepts in Aphorisms, some of them stated nakedly, others expanded into dissertations. The general results at which we have arrived by tracing the history of Scientific Ideas are the groundwork of such Precepts as we have to give: and I shall therefore begin by summing up these results in Aphorisms, referring to the former work for the historical proof that these Aphorisms are true.

{{5}} NOVUM ORGANON RENOVATUM.