Chapter III: Part I (2)

_Stilico_'s expedition against the _Greek_ Emperor was stopt by the order of _Honorius_; and then _Alaric_ came out of _Epirus_ into _Noricum_, and requested a sum of money for his service. The Senate were inclined to deny him, but by _Stilico_'s mediation granted it. But after some time _Stilico_ being accused of a traiterous conspiracy with _Alaric_, and slain 10 Kal. _Sept._ A.C. 408; _Alaric_ was thereby disappointed of his money, and reputed an enemy to the Empire; he then broke strait into _Italy_ with the army he brought out of _Epirus_, and sent to his brother _Adolphus_ to follow him with what forces he had in _Pannonia_, which were not great, but yet not to be despised. Thereupon _Honorius_ fearing to be shut up in _Rome_, retired to _Ravenna_ in _October_ A.C. 408. And from that time _Ravenna_ continued to be the seat of the _Western_ Emperors. In those days the _Hunns_ also invaded _Pannonia_; and seizing the deserted seats of the _Vandals_, _Alans_, and _Goths_, founded a new kingdom there. _Alaric_ advancing to _Rome_ besieged it, and 9 Kal. _Sept._ A.C. 410 took it: and afterwards attempting to pass into _Africa_, was shipwrackt. After which _Honorius_ made peace with him, and got up an army to send against the Tyrant _Constantine_.

At the same time _Gerontius_, one of _Constantine_'s captains, revolted from him, and set up _Maximus_ Emperor in _Spain_. Whereupon _Constantine_ sent _Edobec_, another of his captains, to draw to his assistance, the _Barbarians_ under _Goar_ and _Gundicar_ in _Gallia_, and supplies of _Franks_ and _Alemans_ from beyond the _Rhine_; and committed the custody of _Vienne_ in _Gallia Narbonensis_ to his son _Constans_. _Gerontius_ advancing, first slew _Constans_ at _Vienne_, and then began to besiege _Constantine_ at _Arles_. But _Honorius_ at the same time sending _Constantius_ with an army on the same errand, _Gerontius_ fled, and _Constantius_ continued the siege, strengthned by the access of the greatest part of the soldiers of _Gerontius_. After four months siege, _Edobec_ having procured succours, the _Barbarian_ Kings at _Ments_, _Goar_ and _Gundicar_, constitute _Jovinus_ Emperor, and together with him set forward to relieve _Arles_. At their approach _Constantius_ retired. They pursued, and he beat them by surprize; but not prosecuting his victory, the _Barbarians_ soon recovered themselves; yet not so as to hinder the fall of the tyrants _Constantine_, _Jovinus_ and _Maximus_. _Britain_ could not be recovered to the Empire, but remained ever after a distinct kingdom.

The next year, A.C. 412, the _Visigoths_ being beaten in _Italy_, had _Aquitain_ granted them to retire into: and they invaded it with much violence, causing the _Alans_ and _Burgundians_ to retreat, who were then depopulating of it. At the same time the _Burgundians_ were brought to peace; and the Emperor granted them for inheritance a region upon the _Rhine_ which they had invaded: and the same, I presume, he did with the _Alans_. But the _Franks_ not long after retaking and burning _Triers_, _Castinus_, A.C. 415, was sent against them with an army, who routed them and slew _Theudomir_ their King This was the second taking of _Triers_ by the _Franks_. It was therefore taken four times, once by the _Vandals_ and thrice by the _Franks_. _Theudomir_ was succeeded by _Pharamond_, the Prince or King of the _Salian Franks_ in _Germany_. From thence he brought new forces, reigned over the whole, and had seats granted to his people within the Empire near the _Rhine_.

And now the _Barbarians_ were all quieted, and settled in several kingdoms within the Empire, not only by conquest, but also by the grants of the Emperor _Honorius_. For _Rutilius_ in his _Itinerary_, written in Autumn, _Anno Urbis_ 1169, that is, according to _Varro_'s computation then in use, A.C. 416, thus laments the wasted fields:

_Illa quidem longis nimium deformia bellis_;

And then adds,

_Jam tempus laceris post longa incendia fundis_
_Vel pastorales ædificare casas._

And a little after,

_Æternum tibi Rhenus aret._

And _Orosius_ in the end of his history, which was finished A.C. 417, represents now a general pacification of the barbarous nations by the words _comprimere_, _coangustare_, _addicere gentes immanissimas_; terming them _imperio addictas_, because they had obtained seats in the Empire by league and compact; and _coangustatas_, because they did no longer invade all regions at pleasure, but by the same compact remained quiet in the seats then granted them. And these are the kingdoms, of which the feet of the Image were henceforward composed, and which are represented by iron and clay intermixed, which did not stick one to another, and were of different strength.

Notes to Chap. V.

[1] Procop. l. 1. de Bello Vandalico.

[2] Galli Arborici: _whence the region was named _Arboricbant_, and by contraction _Brabant__.

* * * * *

CHAP. VI.

_Of the ten Kingdoms represented by the ten horns of the fourth Beast._

Now by the wars above described the _Western_ Empire of the _Romans_, about the time that _Rome_ was besieged and taken by the _Goths_, became broken into the following ten kingdoms.

1. The kingdom of the _Vandals_ and _Alans_ in _Spain_ and _Africa_.
2. The kingdom of the _Suevians_ in _Spain_.
3. The kingdom of the _Visigoths_.
4. The kingdom of the _Alans_ in _Gallia_.
5. The kingdom of the _Burgundians_.
6. The kingdom of the _Franks_.
7. The kingdom of the _Britains_.
8. The kingdom of the _Hunns_.
9. The kingdom of the _Lombards_.
10. The kingdom of _Ravenna_.

Seven of these kingdoms are thus mentioned by _Sigonius_. 1_Honorio regnante_, _in Pannoniam_ 2_Hunni_, _in Hispaniam_ 3_Vandali_, 4_Alani_, 5_Suevi_ & 6_Gothi_, _in Galliam_ 4_Alani_ 7_Burgundiones_ & 6_Gothi_, _certis sedibus permissis, accepti_. Add the _Franks_, _Britains_, and _Lombards_, and you have the ten: for these arose about the same time with the seven. But let us view them severally.

1. The Kings of the _Vandals_ were, A.C. 407 _Godegesilus_, 407 _Gunderic_, 426 _Geiseric_, 477 _Hunneric_, 484 _Gundemund_, 496 _Thrasamund_, 513 _Geiseric_, 530 _Gelimer_. _Godegesilus_ led them into _Gallia_ A.C. 406, _Gunderic_ into _Spain_ A.C. 409, _Geiseric_ into _Africa_ A.C. 427; and _Gelimer_ was conquered by _Belisarius_ A.C. 533. Their kingdom lasted in _Gallia_, _Spain_ and _Africa_ together 126 years; and in _Africa_ they were very potent. The _Alans_ had only two Kings of their own in _Spain_, _Resplendial_, and _Ataces_, _Utacus_ or _Othacar_. Under _Resplendial_ they went into _France_ A.C. 407, and into _Spain_ A.C. 409. _Ataces_ was slain with almost all his army by _Vallia_ King of the _Visigoths_ A.C. 419. And then the remainder of these _Alans_ subjected themselves to _Gunderic_ King of the _Vandals_ in _Boetica_, and went afterwards with them into _Africa_, as I learn out of _Procopius_. Whence the Kings of the _Vandals_ styled themselves Kings of the _Vandals_ and _Alans_; as may be seen in the Edict of _Hunneric_ recited by _Victor_ in his _Vandalic_ persecution. In conjunction with the _Chatti_, these _Alans_ gave the name of _Cathalaunia_, or _Catth-Alania_, to the Province which is still so called. These _Alans_ had also _Gepides_ among them; and therefore the _Gepides_ came into _Pannonia_ before the _Alans_ left it. There they became subject to the _Hunns_ till the death of _Attila_ A.C. 454, and at length were conquered by the _Ostrogoths_.

2. The Kings of the _Suevians_ were, A.C. 407 _Ermeric_, 458 _Rechila_, 448 _Rechiarius_, 458 _Maldra_, 460 _Frumarius_, 463 _Regismund_. And after some other Kings who are unknown, reigned A.C. 558 _Theudomir_, 568 _Miro_, 582 _Euboricus_, and 583 _Andeca_. This kingdom, after it had been once seated in _Spain_, remained always in _Gallæcia_ and _Lusitania_. _Ermeric_ after the fall of the _Alan_ kingdom, enlarged it into all _Gallæcia_, forcing the _Vandals_ to retire into _Boetica_ and the _Carthaginian_ Province. This kingdom lasted 177 years according to _Isidorus_, and then was subdued by _Leovigildus_ King of the _Visigoths_, and made a Province of his kingdom A.C. 585.

3. The Kings of the _Visigoths_ were, A.C. 400 _Alaric_, 410 _Athaulphus_, 415 _Sergeric_ and _Vallia_, 419 _Theoderic_, 451 _Thorismund_, 452 _Theoderic_, 465 _Euric_, 482 _Alaric_, 505 _Gensalaric_, 526 _Amalaric_, 531 _Theudius_, 548 _Theudisclus_, &c. I date this kingdom from the time that _Alaric_ left _Thrace_ and _Greece_ to invade the _Western Empire_. In the end of the reign of _Athaulphus_ the _Goths_ were humbled by the _Romans_, and attempted to pass out of _France_ into _Spain_. _Sergeric_ reigned but a few days. In the beginning of _Vallia_'s reign they assaulted the _Romans_ afresh, but were again repulsed, and then made peace on this condition, that they should on the behalf of the Empire invade the _Barbarian_ kingdoms in _Spain_: and this they did, together with the _Romans_, in the years 417 and 418, overthrowing the _Alans_ and part of the _Vandals_. Then they received _Aquitain_ of the Emperor by a full donation, leaving their conquests in _Spain_ to the Emperor: and thereby the seats of the conquered _Alans_ came into the hands of the _Romans_. In the year 455, _Theoderic_, assisted by the _Burgundians_, invaded _Spain_, which was then almost all subject to the _Suevians_, and took a part of it from them. A.C. 506, the _Goths_ were driven out of _Gallia_ by the _Franks_. A.C. 585, they conquered the _Suevian_ kingdom, and became Lords of all _Spain_. A.C. 713, the _Saracens_ invaded them, but in time they recovered their dominions, and have reigned in _Spain_ ever since.

4. The Kings of the _Alans_ in _Gallia_ were _Goar_, _Sambida_, _Eocharic_, _Sangibanus_, _Beurgus_, &c. Under _Goar_ they invaded _Gallia_ A.C. 407, and had seats given them near the _Rhine_, A.C. 412. Under _Sambida_, whom _Bucher_ makes the successor, if not the son of _Goar_, they had the territories of _Valence_ given them by _Ætius_ the Emperor's General, A.C. 440. Under _Eocharic_ they conquered a region of the rebelling _Galli Arborici_, given them also by _Ætius_. This region was from them named _Alenconium, quasi Alanorum conventus_. Under _Sangibanus_ they were invaded, and their regal city _Orleans_ was besieged by _Attila_ King of the _Hunns_, with a vast army of 500000 men. _Ætius_ and the _Barbarian_ Kings of _Gallia_ came to raise the siege, and beat the _Hunns_ in a very memorable battle, A.C. 451, _in campis Catalaunicis_, so called from these _Alans_ mixt with the _Chatti_. The region is now called _Campania_ or _Champagne_. In that battle were slain on both sides 162000 men. A year or two after, _Attila_ returned with an immense army to conquer this kingdom, but was again beaten by them and the _Visigoths_ together in a battle of three days continuance, with a slaughter almost as great as the former. Under _Beurgus_, or _Biorgor_, they infested _Gallia_ round about, till the reign of _Maximus_ the Emperor; and then they passed the _Alps_ in winter, and came into _Liguria_, but were there beaten, and _Beurgus_ slain, by _Ricimer_ commander of the Emperor's forces, A.C. 464. Afterwards they were again beaten, by the joint force of _Odoacer_ King of _Italy_ and _Childeric_ King of the _Franks_, about the year 480, and again by _Theudobert_ King of the _Austrian Franks_ about the year 511.

5. The Kings of the _Burgundians_ were, A.C. 407 _Gundicar_, 436 _Gundioc_, 467 _Bilimer_, 473 _Gundobaldus_ with his brothers, 510 _Sigismund_, 517 _Godomarus_. Under _Gundicar_ they invaded _Gallia_ A.C. 407, and had seats given them by the Emperor near the _Rhine_ in _Gallia Belgica_, A.C. 412. They had _Saxons_ among them, and were now so potent, that _Orosius_ A.C. 417 wrote of them: '_Burgundionum esse prævalidam manum, Galliæ hodieque testes sunt, in quibus præsumpta possessione consistunt_. About the year 435 they received great overthrows by _Ætius_, and soon after by the _Hunns_: but five years after had _Savoy_ granted them to be shared with the inhabitants; and from that time became again a potent kingdom, being bounded by the river _Rhodanus_, but afterwards extending much further into the heart of _Gallia_. _Gundobald_ conquered the regions about the rivers _Araris_ and _Rhodanus_, with the territories of _Marseilles_; and invading _Italy_ in the time of the Emperor _Glycerius_, conquered all his brethren. _Godomarus_ made _Orleans_ his royal seat: whence the kingdom was called _Regnum Aurelianorum_. He was conquered by _Clotharius_ and _Childebert_, Kings of the _Franks_, A.C. 526. From thenceforward this kingdom was sometimes united to the kingdom of the _Franks_, and sometimes divided from it, till the reign of _Charles_ the great, who made his son _Carolottus_ King of _Burgundy_. From that time, for about 300 years together, it enjoyed its proper Kings; and was then broken into the Dukedom of _Burgundy_, County of _Burgundy_, and County of _Savoy_; and afterwards those were broken into other lesser Counties.

6. The Kings of the _Franks_ were, A.C. 407 _Theudomir_, 417 _Pharamond_, 428 _Clodio_, 448 _Merovæus_, 456 _Childeric_, 482 _Clodovæus_, &c. _Windeline_ and _Bucher_, two of the most diligent searchers into the originals of this kingdom, make it begin the same year with the _Barbarian_ invasions of _Gallia_, that is, A.C. 407. Of the first Kings there is in _Labbe's Bibliotheca M.S._ this record.

_Historica quædam excerpta ex veteri stemmate genealogico Regum Franciæ_.

_Genobaldus, Marcomerus, Suno, Theodemeris. Isti duces vel reguli extiterunt à principio gentis Francorum diversis temporibus. Sed incertum relinquunt historici quali sibi procreations lineâ successerunt_.

_Pharamundus: sub hoc rege suo primo Franci legibus se subdunt, quas primores eorum tulerunt Wisogastus, Atrogastus, Salegastus_.

_Chlochilo. Iste, transito Rheno, Romanos in Carbonaria sylva devicit, Camaracum cepit & obtinuit, annis 20 regnavit. Sub hoc rege Franci usque Summam progressi sunt_.

_Merovechus. Sub hoc rege Franci Trevirim destruunt, Metim succendunt, usque Aurelianum perveniunt_.

Now for _Genobaldus_, _Marcomer_ and _Suno_, they were captains of the _Transrhenane Franks_ in the reign of _Theodosius_, and concern us not. We are to begin with _Theudomir_ the first King of the rebelling _Salii_, called _Didio_ by _Ivo Carnotensis_, and _Thiedo_ and _Theudemerus_ by _Rhenanus_. His face is extant in a coin of gold found with this inscription, THEUDEMIR REX, published by _Petavius_, and still or lately extant, as _Windeline_ testifies: which shews that he was a King, and that in _Gallia_; seeing that rude _Germany_ understood not then the coining of money, nor used either _Latin_ words or letters. He was the son of _Ricimer_, or _Richomer_, the favourite of the Emperor _Theodosius_; and so being a _Roman Frank_, and of the _Salian_ royal blood, they therefore upon the rebellion made him King. The whole time of his reign you have stated in _Excerptis Gregorii Turonensis è Fredigario_, _cap._ 5, 6, 7, 8. where the making him King, the tyranny of _Jovinus_, the slaughter of the associates of _Jovinus_, the second taking of _Triers_ by the _Franks_, and their war with _Castinus_, in which this King was slain, are as a series of successive things thus set down in order. _Extinctis Ducibus in Francis, denuo Reges creantur ex eadem stirpe qua prius fuerant. Eodem tempore Jovinus ornatus regios assumpsit. Constantinus fugam versus Italiam dirigit; missis a Jovino Principe percussoribus super Mentio flumine, capite truncatur. Multi nobilium jussu Jovini apud Avernis capti, & a ducibus Honorii crudeliter interempti sunt. Trevirorum civitas, factione unius ex senatoribus nomine Lucii, à Francis captà & incensa est.--Castinus Domesticorum Comes expeditionem accipit contra Francos_, &c. Then returning to speak of _Theudomir_, he adds: _Franci electum à se regem, sicut prius fuerat, crinitum inquirentes diligenter ex genere Priami, Frigi & Francionis, super se crearunt nomine Theudemerum filium Richemeris, qui in hoc prælio quod supra memini, à Romanis interfectus est_; that is, in the battle with _Castinus_'s army. Of his death _Gregory Turonensis_ makes this further mention: _In consularibus legimus Theodemerem regem Francorum filium Ricimeris quondam, & Ascilam matrem ejus, gladio interfectos_.

Upon this victory of the _Romans_, the _Franks_ and rebelling _Gauls_, who in the time of _Theudomir_ were at war with one another, united to strengthen themselves, as _Ordericus Vitalis_[1] thus mentions. _Cum Galli prius contra Romanos rebellâssent, Franci iis sociati sunt, & pariter juncti, Ferramundum Sunonis ducis filium, sibi regem præfecerunt_. _Prosper_ sets down the time; _Anno 25 Honorii, Pharamundus regnat in Francia_. This, _Bucher_ well observes, refers to the end of the year 416, or the beginning of the next year, dating the years of _Honorius_ from the death of _Valentinian_; and argues well, that at this time _Pharamond_ was not only King by the constitution of the _Franks_, but crowned also by the consent of _Honorius_, and had a part of _Gallia_ assigned him by covenant. And this might be the cause that _Roman_ writers reckoned him the first King: which some not understanding, have reputed him the founder of this kingdom by an army of the _Transrhenane Franks_. He might come with such an army, but he succeeded _Theudomir_ by right of blood and consent of the people. For the above cited passage of _Fredigarius_, _Extinctis Ducibus, in Francis denuo Reges creantur ex eadem stirpe quâ prius fuerant_, implies that the kingdom continued to this new elected family during the reign of more Kings than one. If you date the years of _Honorius_ from the death of his father, the reign of _Pharamond_ might begin two years later than is assigned by _Bucher_. The _Salique_ laws made in his reign, which are yet extant, shew by their name that it was the kingdom of the _Salii_ over which he reigned; and, by the pecuniary mulcts in them, that the place where he reigned abounded much with money, and consequently was within the Empire; rude _Germany_ knowing not the use of money, till they mixed with the _Romans_. In the Preface also to the _Salique_ laws, written and prefixed to them soon after the conversion of the _Franks_ to the Christian religion, that is, in the end of the reign of _Merovæus_, or soon after, the original of this kingdom is thus described: _Hæc enim gens, quæ fortis dum esset & robore valida, Romanorum jugum durissimum de suis cervicibus excussit pugnando_, &c. This kingdom therefore was erected, not by invasion but by rebellion, as was described above. _Prosper_ in registering their Kings in order, tells us: _Pharamundus regnat in Francia; Clodio regnat in Francia; Merovæus regnat in Francia_: and who can imagine but that in all these places he meant one and the same _Francia_? And yet 'tis certain that the _Francia_ of _Merovæus_ was in _Gallia_.

Yet the father of _Pharamond_, being king of a body of _Franks_ in _Germany_ in the reign of the Emperor _Theodosius_, as above, _Pharamond_ might reign over the same _Franks_ in _Germany_ before he succeeded _Theudomir_ in the kingdom of the _Salians_ within the Empire, and even before _Theudomir_ began his reign; suppose in the first year of _Honorius_, or when those _Franks_ being repulsed by _Stilico_, lost their Kings _Marcomir_ and _Suno_, one of which was the father of _Pharamond_: and the _Roman Franks_, after the death of _Theudomir_, might invite _Pharamond_ with his people from beyond the _Rhine_. But we are not to regard the reign of _Pharamond_ in _Germany_: we are to date this kingdom from its rise within the Empire, and to look upon it as strengthened by the access of other _Franks_ coming from beyond the _Rhine_, whether in the reign of this King or in that of his successor _Clodio_. For in the last year of _Pharamond_'s reign, _Ætius_ took from him a part of his possession in _Gallia_: but his successor _Clodio_, whom _Fredigarius_ represents as the son of _Theudomir_, and some call _Clogio_, _Cloio_, and _Claudius_, inviting from beyond the _Rhine_ a great body of _Franks_, recovered all, and carried on their conquests as far as the river _Soame_. Then those _Franks_ dividing conquests with him, erected certain new kingdoms at _Cologn_ and _Cambray_, and some other cities: all which were afterwards conquered by _Clodovæus_, who also drove the _Goths_ out of _Gallia_, and fix'd his seat at _Paris_, where it has continued ever since. And this was the original of the present kingdom of _France_.

7. The Kings of _Britain_ were, A.C. 407 or 408, _Marcus_, _Gratian_, and _Constantine_ successively; A.C. 425 _Vortigern_, 466 _Aurelius Ambrosius_, 498 _Uther Pendraco_, 508 _Arthur_, 542 _Constantinus_, 545 _Aurelius Cunanus_, 578 _Vortiporeus_, 581 _Malgo_, 586 _Careticus_, 613 _Cadwan_, 635 _Cadwalin_, 676 _Cadwallader_. The three first were _Roman_ Tyrants, who revolted from the Empire. _Orosius_, _Prosper_ and _Zosimus_ connect their revolt with the irruptions of the _Barbarians_ into _Gallia_, as consequent thereunto. _Prosper_, with whom _Zosimus_ agrees, puts it in the year which began the day after that irruption. The just time I thus collect: _Marcus_ reigned not many days, _Gratian_ four months, and _Constantine_ three years. He was slain the year after the taking of _Rome_, that is A.C. 411, 14 Kal. _Octob._ Whence the revolt was in Spring A.C. 408. _Sozomen_ joins _Constantine_'s expedition into _Gallia_ with _Arcadius_'s death, or the times a little after; and _Arcadius_ died A.C. 408 _May_ the 1st. Now tho the reign of these Tyrants was but short, yet they gave a beginning to the kingdom of _Britain_, and so may be reckoned the three first Kings, especially since the posterity of _Constantine_, viz. his sons _Aurelius Ambrosius_, and _Uther Pendraco_, and his grandson _Arthur_, reigned afterwards. For from the time of the revolt of these Tyrants _Britain_ continued a distict kingdom absolved from subjection to the Empire, the Emperor not being able to spare soldiers to be sent thither to receive and keep the Island, and therefore neglecting it; as we learn by unquestionable records. For _Prosper_ tells us; _A.C._ 410, _Variane Cos. Hac tempestate præ valetudine Romanorum, vires funditùs attenuatæ Britanniæ_. And _Sigebert_, conjoining this with the siege of _Rome_, saith: _Britannorum vires attenuatæ, & substrahunt se à Romanorum dominatione_. And _Zosimus_ _lib._ 6. _The _Transrhenane Barbarians_ invading all places, reduced the inhabitants of the island of _Britain_, and also certain _Celtic_ nations to that pass, that they fell off from the _Roman_ Empire; and being no longer obedient to the _Roman_ laws_, [Greek: kat' heauton biateuein], _they lived in separate bodies after their own pleasure. The _Britons_ therefore taking up arms, and hazarding themselves for their own safety, freed their cities from the imminent _Barbarians_. In like manner all _Brabant_ and some other Provinces of the _Gauls_ imitating the _Britons_, freed themselves also, ejecting the _Roman_ Presidents, and forming themselves into a sort of commonwealth according to their own pleasure. This rebellion of _Britain_ and the _Celtic_ nations happened when _Constantine_ usurped the kingdom_. So also _Procopius_, _lib._ 1. _Vandal._ speaking of the same _Constantine_, saith: Constantine _being overcome in battle, was slain with his children:_ [Greek: Bretannian men toi Rômaioi anasôsasthai ouketi echon; all' ousa hypo tyrannous ap' autou emene.] _Yet the _Romans_ could not recover _Britain_ any more, but from that time it remained under Tyrants_. And _Beda_, l. 1. _c._ 11. _Fracta est Roma à Gothis anno 1164 suæ conditionis; ex quo tempore Romani in Britannia regnare cessaverunt_. And _Ethelwaldus_: _A tempore Romæ à Gothis expugnatæ, cessavit imperium Romanorum à Britannia insula, & ab aliis; quas sub jugo servitutis tenebant, multis terris_. And _Theodoret_, _serm._ 9. _de curand. Græc. affect_. about the year 424, reckons the _Britons_ among the nations which were not then in subjection to the _Roman_ Empire. Thus _Sigonius_: _ad annum 411, Imperium Romanorum post excessum Constantini in Britannia nullum fuit_.

Between the death of _Constantine_ and the reign of _Vortigern_ was an interregnum of about 14 years, in which the _Britons_ had wars with the _Picts_ and _Scots_, and twice obtained the assistance of a _Roman_ Legion, who drove out the enemy, but told them positively at their departure that they would come no more. Of _Vortigern_'s beginning to reign there is this record in an old Chronicle in _Nennius_, quoted by _Camden_ and others: _Guortigernus tenuit imperium in Britannia, Theodosio & Valentiniano Coss._ [viz. A.C. 425.] _& in quarto anno regni sui Saxones ad Britanniam venerunt, Felice & Tauro Coss._ [viz. A.C. 428.] This coming of the _Saxons_, _Sigebert_ refers to the 4th year of _Valentinian_, which falls in with the year 428 assigned by this Chronicle: and two years after, the _Saxons_ together with the _Picts_ were beaten by the _Britons_. Afterwards in the reign of _Martian_ the Emperor, that is, between the years 450 and 456, the _Saxons_ under _Hengist_ were called in by the _Britons_, but six years after revolted from them, made war upon them with various success, and by degrees succeeded them. Yet the _Britons_ continued a flourishing kingdom till the reign of _Careticus_; and the war between the two nations continued till the pontificate of _Sergius_ A.C. 688.[2]

8. The Kings of the _Hunns_ were, A.C. 406 _Octar_ and _Rugila_, 433 _Bleda_ and _Attila_. _Octar_ and _Rugila_ were the brothers of _Munzuc_ King of the _Hunns_ in _Gothia_ beyond the _Danube_; and _Bleda_ and _Attila_ were his sons, and _Munzuc_ was the son of _Balamir_. The two first, as _Jornandes_ tells us, were Kings of the _Hunns_, but not of them all; and had the two last for their successors. I date the reign of the _Hunns_ in _Pannonia_ from the time that the _Vandals_ and _Alans_ relinquished _Pannonia_ to them, A.C. 407. _Sigonius_ from the time that the _Visigoths_ relinquished _Pannonia_ A. C. 408. _Constat_, saith he, _quod Gothis ex Illyrico profectis, Hunni successerunt, atque imprimis Pannoniam tenuerunt. Neque enim Honorius viribus ad resistendum in tantis difficultatibus destitutus, prorsus eos prohibere potuit, sed meliore consilio, animo ad pacem converso, foedus cum eis, datis acceptisque obsidibus fecit; ex quibus qui dati sunt, Ætius, qui etiam Alarico tributus fuerat, præcipue memoratur_. How _Ætius_ was hostage to the _Goths_ and _Hunns_ is related by _Frigeridus_, who when he had mentioned that _Theodosius_ Emperor of the _East_ had sent grievous commands to _John_, who after the death of _Honorius_ had usurped the crown of the _Western Empire_, he subjoins: _Iis permotus Johannes, Ætium id tempus curam palatii gerentem cum ingenti auri pondere ad Chunnos transmisit, notos sibi obsidiatûs sui tempore & familiari amicitiâ devinctos_--And a little after: _Ætius tribus annis Alarici obses, dehinc Chunnorum, postea Carpilionis gener ex Comite domesticorum & Joannis curopalatæ._ Now _Bucher_ shews that _Ætius_ was hostage to _Alaric_ till the year 410, when _Alaric_ died, and to the _Hunns_ between the years 411 and 415, and son-in-law to _Carpilio_ about the year 417 or 418, and _Curopalates_ to _John_ about the end of the year 423. Whence 'tis probable that he became hostage to the _Hunns_ about the year 412 or 413, when _Honorius_ made leagues with almost all the barbarous nations, and granted them seats: but I had rather say with _Sigonius_, that _Ætius_ became hostage to _Alaric_ A.C. 403. It is further manifest out of _Prosper_, that the _Hunns_ were in quiet possession of _Pannonia_ in the year 432. For in the first book of _Eusebius_'s Chronicle _Prosper_ writes: _Anno decimo post obitum Honorii, cum ad Chunnorum gentem cui tunc Rugila præerat, post prælium cum Bonifacio se Ætius contulisset, impetrato auxilio ad Romanorum solum regreditur._ And in the second book: _Ætio & Valerio Coss. Ætius depositâ potestate profugus ad Hunnos in Pannonia pervenit, quorum amicitiâ auxilioque usus, pacem principum interpellatæ potestatis obtinuit._ Hereby it appears that at this time _Rugila_, or as _Maximus_ calls him, _Rechilla_, reigned over the _Hunns_ in _Pannonia_; and that _Pannonia_ was not now so much as accounted within the soil of the Empire, being formerly granted away to the _Hunns_; and that these were the very same body of _Hunns_ with which _Ætius_ had, in the time of his being an hostage, contracted friendship: by virtue of which, as he sollicited them before to the aid of _John_ the Tyrant A.C. 424, so now he procured their intercession for himself with the Emperor. _Octar_ died A.C. 430; for _Socrates_ tells us, that about that time the _Burgundians_ having been newly vext by the _Hunns_, upon intelligence of _Octar_'s death, seeing them without a leader, set upon them suddenly with so much vigour, that 3000 _Burgundians_ slew 10000 _Hunns_. Of _Rugila_'s being now King in _Pannonia_ you have heard already. He died A.C. 433, and was succeeded by _Bleda_, as _Prosper_ and _Maximus_ inform us. This _Bleda_ with his brother _Attila_ were before this time Kings of the _Hunns_ beyond the _Danube_, their father _Munzuc_'s kingdom being divided between them; and now they united the kingdom _Pannonia_ to their own. Whence _Paulus Diaconus_ saith, they did _regnum intra Pannoniam Daciamque gerere_. In the year 441, they began to invade the Empire afresh, adding to the _Pannonian_ forces new and great armies from _Scythia_. But this war was presently composed, and then _Attila_, seeing _Bleda_ inclined to peace, slew him, A.C. 444, inherited his dominions, and invaded the Empire again. At length, after various great wars with the _Romans_, _Attila_ perished A.C. 454; and his sons quarrelling about his dominions, gave occasion to the _Gepides_, _Ostrogoths_ and other nations who were their subjects, to rebel and make war upon them. The same year the _Ostrogoths_ had seats granted them in _Pannonia_ by the Emperors _Marcian_ and _Valentinian_; and with the _Romans_ ejected the _Hunns_ out of _Pannonia_, soon after the death of _Attila_, as all historians agree. This ejection was in the reign of _Avitus_, as is mentioned in the _Chronicum Boiorum_, and in _Sidonius, Carm. 7 in Avitum_, which speaks thus of that Emperor.

----_Cujus solum amissas post sæcula multa_
_Pannonias revocavit iter, jam credere promptum est._
_Quid faciet bellis._

The Poet means, that by the coming of _Avitus_ the _Hunns_ yielded more easily to the _Goths_. This was written by _Sidonius_ in the beginning of the reign of _Avitus_: and his reign began in the end of the year 455, and lasted not one full year.

_Jornandes_ tells us: _Duodecimo anno regni Valiæ, quando & Hunni post pene quinquaginta annos invasa Pannonia, à Romanis & Gothis expulsi sunt._ And _Marcellinus_: _Hierio & Ardaburio Coss. Pannoniæ, quæ per quinquaginta annos ab Hunnis retinebantur, à Romanis receptæ sunt_: whence it should seem that the _Hunns_ invaded and held _Pannonia_ from the year 378 or 379 to the year 427, and then were driven out of it. But this is a plain mistake: for it is certain that the Emperor _Theodosius_ left the Empire entire; and we have shewed out of _Prosper_, that the _Hunns_ were in quiet possession of _Pannonia_ in the year 432. The _Visigoths_ in those days had nothing to do with _Pannonia_, and the _Ostrogoths_ continued subject to the _Hunns_ till the death of _Attila_, A.C. 454; and _Valia_ King of the _Visigoths_ did not reign twelve years. He began his reign in the end of the year 415, reigned three years, and was slain A.C. 419, as _Idacius_, _Isidorus_, and the _Spanish_ manuscript Chronicles seen by _Grotius_ testify. And _Olympiodorus_, who carries his history only to the year 425, sets down therein the death of _Valia_ King of the _Visigoths_, and conjoins it with that of _Constantius_ which happened A.C. 420. Wherefore the _Valia_ of _Jornandes_, who reigned at the least twelve years, is some other King. And I suspect that this name hath been put by mistake for _Valamir_ King of the _Ostrogoths_: for the action recorded was of the _Romans_ and _Ostrogoths_ driving the _Hunns_ out of _Pannonia_ after the death of _Attila_; and it is not likely that the historian would refer the history of the _Ostrogoths_ to the years of the _Visigothic_ Kings. This action happened in the end of the year 455, which I take to be the twelfth year of _Valamir_ in _Pannonia_, and which was almost fifty years after the year 406, in which the _Hunns_ succeeded the _Vandals_ and _Alans_ in _Pannonia_. Upon the ceasing of the line of _Hunnimund_ the son of _Hermaneric_, the _Ostrogoths_ lived without Kings of their own nation about forty years together, being subject to the _Hunns_. And when _Alaric_ began to make war upon the _Romans_, which was in the year 444, he made _Valamir_, with his brothers _Theodomir_ and _Videmir_ the grandsons of _Vinethar_, captains or kings of these _Ostrogoths_ under him. In the twelfth year of _Valamir_'s reign dated from thence, the _Hunns_ were driven out of _Pannonia_.

Yet the _Hunns_ were not so ejected, but that they had further contests with the _Romans_, till the head of _Denfix_ the son of _Attila_, was carried to _Constantinople_, A.C. 469, in the Consulship of _Zeno_ and _Marcian_, as _Marcellinus_ relates. Nor were they yet totally ejected the Empire: for besides their reliques in _Pannonia_, _Sigonius_ tells us, that when the Emperors _Marcian_ and _Valentinian_ granted _Pannonia_ to the _Goths_, which was in the year 454, they granted part of _Illyricum_ to some of the _Hunns_ and _Sarmatians_. And in the year 526, when the _Lombards_ removing into _Pannonia_ made war there with the _Gepides_, the _Avares_, a part of the _Hunns_, who had taken the name of _Avares_ from one of their Kings, assisted the _Lombards_ in that war; and the _Lombards_ afterwards, when they went into _Italy_, left their seats in _Pannonia_ to the _Avares_ in recompence of their friendship. From that time the _Hunns_ grew again very powerful; their Kings, whom they called _Chagan_, troubling the Empire much in the reigns of the Emperors _Mauritius_, _Phocas_, and _Heraclius_: and this is the original of the present kingdom of _Hungary_, which from these _Avares_ and other _Hunns_ mixed together, took the name of _Hun-Avaria_, and by contraction _Hungary_.

9. The _Lombards_, before they came over the _Danube_, were commanded by two captains, _Ibor_ and _Ayon_: after whose death they had Kings, _Agilmund_, _Lamisso_, _Lechu_, _Hildehoc_, _Gudehoc_, _Classo_, _Tato_, _Wacho_, _Walter_, _Audoin_, _Alboin_, _Cleophis_, &c. _Agilmund_ was the son of _Ayon_, who became their King, according to _Prosper_, in the Consulship of _Honorius_ and _Theodosius_ A.C. 389, reigned thirty three years, according to _Paulus Warnefridus_, and was slain in battle by the _Bulgarians_. _Prosper_ places his death in the Consulship of _Marinianus_ and _Asclepiodorus_, A.C. 413. _Lamisso_ routed the _Bulgarians_, and reigned three years, and _Lechu_ almost forty. _Gudehoc_ was contemporary to _Odoacer_ King of the _Heruli_ in _Italy_, and led his people from _Pannonia_ into _Rugia_, a country on the north side of _Noricum_ next beyond the _Danube_; from whence _Odoacer_ then carried his people into _Italy_. _Tato_ overthrew the kingdom of the _Heruli_ beyond the _Danube_. _Wacho_ conquered the _Suevians_, a kingdom then bounded on the east by _Bavaria_, on the west by _France_, and on the south by the _Burgundians_. _Audoin_ returned into _Pannonia_ A.C. 526, and there overcame the _Gepides_. _Alboin_ A.C. 551 overthrew the kingdom of the _Gepides_, and slew their King _Chunnimund_: A.C. 563 he assisted the _Greek_ Emperor against _Totila_ King of the _Ostrogoths_ in _Italy_; and A.C. 568 led his people out of _Pannonia_ into _Lombardy_, where they reigned till the year 774.

According to _Paulus Diaconus_, the _Lombards_ with many other _Gothic_ nations came into the Empire from beyond the _Danube_ in the reign of _Arcadius_ and _Honorius_, that is, between the years 395 and 408. But they might come in a little earlier: for we are told that the _Lombards_, under their captains _Ibor_ and _Ayon_, beat the _Vandals_ in battle; and _Prosper_ placeth this victory in the Consulship of _Ausonius_ and _Olybrius_, that is, A.C. 379. Before this war the _Vandals_ had remained quiet forty years in the seats granted them in _Pannonia_ by _Constantine_ the great. And therefore if these were the same _Vandals_, this war must have been in _Pannonia_; and might be occasioned by the coming of the _Lombards_ over the _Danube_ into _Pannonia_, a year or two before the battle; and so have put an end to that quiet which had lasted forty years. After _Gratian_ and _Theodosius_ had quieted the _Barbarians_, they might either retire over the _Danube_, or continue quiet under the _Romans_ till the death of _Theodosius_; and then either invade the Empire anew, or throw off all subjection to it. By their wars, first with the _Vandals_, and then with the _Bulgarians_, a _Scythian_ nation so called from the river _Volga_ whence they came; it appears that even in those days they were a kingdom not contemptible.

10. These nine kingdoms being rent away, we are next to consider the residue of the _Western Empire_. While this Empire continued entire, it was the Beast itself: but the residue thereof is only a part of it. Now if this part be considered as a horn, the reign of this horn may be dated from the translation of the imperial seat from _Rome_ to _Ravenna_, which was in _October_ A.C. 408. For then the Emperor _Honorius_, fearing that _Alaric_ would besiege him in _Rome_, if he staid there, retired to _Millain_, and thence to _Ravenna_: and the ensuing siege and sacking of _Rome_ confirmed his residence there, so that he and his successors ever after made it their home. Accordingly _Macchiavel_ in his _Florentine_ history writes, that _Valentinian_ having left _Rome_, translated the seat of the Empire to _Ravenna_.

_Rhætia_ belonged to the _Western_ Emperors, so long as that Empire stood; and then it descended, with _Italy_ and the _Roman_ Senate, to _Odoacer_ King of the _Heruli_ in _Italy_, and after him to _Theoderic_ King of the _Ostrogoths_ and his successors, by the grant of the _Greek_ Emperors. Upon the death of _Valentinian_ the second, the _Alemans_ and _Suevians_ invaded _Rhætia_ A.C. 455. But I do not find they erected any settled kingdom there: for in the year 457, while they were yet depopulating _Rhætia_, they were attacked and beaten by _Burto_ Master of the horse to the Emperor _Majoranus_; and I hear nothing more of their invading _Rhætia_. _Clodovæus_ King of _France_, in or about the year 496, conquered a kingdom of the _Alemans_, and slew their last King _Ermeric_. But this kingdom was seated in _Germany_, and only bordered upon _Rhætia_: for its people fled from _Clodovæus_ into the neighbouring kingdom of the _Ostrogoths_ under _Theoderic_, who received them as friends, and wrote a friendly letter to _Clodovæus_ in their behalf: and by this means they became inhabitants of _Rhætia_, as subjects under the dominion of the _Ostrogoths_.

When the _Greek_ Emperor conquered the _Ostrogoths_, he succeeded them in the kingdom of _Ravenna_, not only by right of conquest but also by right of inheritance, the _Roman_ Senate still going along with this kingdom. Therefore we may reckon that this kingdom continued in the Exarchate of _Ravenna_ and Senate of _Rome_: for the remainder of the _Western Empire_ went along with the Senate of _Rome_, by reason of the right which this Senate still retained, and at length exerted, of chusing a new _Western_ Emperor.

I have now enumerated the ten kingdoms, into which the _Western Empire_ became divided at its first breaking, that is, at the time of _Rome_'s being besieged and taken by the _Goths_. Some of these kingdoms at length fell, and new ones arose: but whatever was their number afterwards, they are still called the _Ten Kings_ from their first number.

Notes to Chap. VI.

[1] Apud Bucherum, l. 14. c. 9. n. 8.

[2] Rolevinc's Antiqua Saxon. l. 1. c. 6.

* * * * *

CHAP. VII.

_Of the eleventh horn of _Daniel_'s fourth Beast._

[1]_Now Daniel, considered the horns, and behold there came up among them another horn, before whom there were three of the first horns pluckt up by the roots; and behold in this horn were eyes like the eyes of a man, and a mouth speaking great things,_--and [2] his _look was more stout than his fellows,--and the same horn made war with the saints, and prevailed against them_: and one who stood by, and made _Daniel_ know the interpretation of these things, told him, that [3] _the ten horns were ten kings that should arise, and another should arise after them, and be diverse from the first, and he should subdue three kings,_ [4] _and speak great words against the most High, and wear out the saints, and think to change times and laws: and that they should be given into his hands until a time and times and half a time_. Kings are put for kingdoms, as above; and therefore the little horn is a little kingdom. It was a horn of the fourth Beast, and rooted up three of his first horns; and therefore we are to look for it among the nations of the _Latin_ Empire, after the rise of the ten horns. But it was a kingdom of a different kind from the other ten kingdoms, having a life or soul peculiar to itself, with eyes and a mouth. By its eyes it was a Seer; and by its mouth speaking great things and changing times and laws, it was a Prophet as well as a King. And such a Seer, a Prophet and a King, is the Church of _Rome_.

A Seer, [Greek: Episkopos], is a Bishop in the literal sense of the word; and this Church claims the universal Bishoprick.

With his mouth he gives laws to kings and nations as an Oracle; and pretends to Infallibility, and that his dictates are binding to the whole world; which is to be a Prophet in the highest degree.

In the eighth century, by rooting up and subduing the Exarchate of _Ravenna_, the kingdom of the _Lombards_, and the Senate and Dukedom of _Rome_, he acquired _Peter_'s Patrimony out of their dominions; and thereby rose up as a temporal Prince or King, or horn of the fourth Beast.

In a small book printed at _Paris_ A.C. 1689, entitled, _An historical dissertation upon some coins of _Charles_ the great, _Ludovicus Pius_, _Lotharius_, and their successors stamped at _Rome__, it is recorded, that in the days of Pope _Leo_ X, there was remaining in the _Vatican_, and till those days exposed to public view, an inscription in honour of _Pipin_ the father of _Charles_ the great, in these words: _Pipinum pium, primum fuisse qui amplificandæ Ecclesiæ Romanæ viam aperuerit, Exarchatu Ravennate, & plurimis aliis oblatis_; "That _Pipin_ the pious was the first who opened a way to the grandeur of the Church of _Rome_, conferring upon her the Exarchate of _Ravenna_ and many other oblations." In and before the reign of the Emperors _Gratian_ and _Theodosius_, the Bishop of _Rome_ lived splendidly; but this was by the oblations of the _Roman_ Ladies, as _Ammianus_ describes. After those reigns _Italy_ was invaded by foreign nations, and did not get rid of her troubles before the fall of the kingdom of _Lombardy_. It was certainly by the victory of the see of _Rome_ over the _Greek_ Emperor, the King of _Lombardy_, and the Senate of _Rome_, that she acquired _Peter_'s Patrimony, and rose up to her greatness. The donation of _Constantine_ the Great is a fiction, and so is the donation of the _Alpes Cottiæ_ to the Pope by _Aripert_ King of the _Lombards_: for the _Alpes Cottiæ_ were a part of the Exarchate, and in the days of _Aripert_ belonged to the _Greek_ Emperor.

The invocation of the dead, and veneration of their images, being gradually introduced in the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th centuries, the _Greek_ Emperor _Philippicus_ declared against the latter, A.C. 711 or 712. And [5] the Emperor _Leo Isaurus_, to put a stop to it, called a meeting of Counsellors and Bishops in his Palace, A.C. 726; and by their advice put out an Edict against that worship, and wrote to Pope _Gregory_ II. that a general Council might be called. But the Pope thereupon called a Council at _Rome_, confirmed the worship of Images, excommunicated the _Greek_ Emperor, absolved the people from their allegiance, and forbad them to pay tribute, or otherwise be obedient to him. Then the people of _Rome_, _Campania_, _Ravenna_ and _Pentapolis_, with the cities under them, revolted and laid violent hands upon their magistrates, killing the Exarch _Paul_ at _Ravenna_, and laying aside _Peter_ Duke of _Rome_ who was become blind: and when _Exhileratus_ Duke of _Campania_ incited the people against the Pope, the _Romans_ invaded _Campania_, and slew him with his son _Hadrian_. Then a new Exarch, _Eutychius_, coming to _Naples_, sent some secretly to take away the lives of the Pope and the Nobles of _Rome_: but the plot being discovered, the _Romans_ revolted absolutely from the _Greek_ Emperor, and took an oath to preserve the life of the Pope, to defend his state, and be obedient to his authority in all things. Thus _Rome_ with its Duchy, including part of _Tuscany_ and part of _Campania_, revolted in the year 726, and became a free state under the government of the Senate of this city. The authority of the Senate in civil affairs was henceforward absolute, the authority of the Pope extending hitherto no farther than to the affairs of the Church only.

At that time [6] the _Lombards_ also being zealous for the worship of images, and pretending to favour the cause of the Pope, invaded the cities of the Exarchate: and at length, viz. A.C. 752, took _Ravenna_, and put an end to the Exarchate. And this was the first of the three kingdoms which fell before the little horn.

In the year 751 [7] Pope _Zechary_ deposed _Childeric_, a slothful and useless King of _France_, and the last of the race of _Merovæus_; and absolving his subjects from their oath of allegiance, gave the kingdom to _Pipin_ the major of the Palace; and thereby made a new and potent friend. His successor [8] Pope _Stephen_ III, knowing better how to deal with the _Greek_ Emperor than with the _Lombards_, went the next year to the King of the _Lombards_, to persuade him to return the Exarchate to the Emperor. But this not succeeding, he went into _France_, and persuaded _Pipin_ to take the Exarchate and _Pentapolis_ from the _Lombards_, and give it to St. _Peter_. Accordingly _Pipin_ A.C. 754 came with an army into _Italy_, and made _Aistulphus_ King of the _Lombards_ promise the surrender: but the next year _Aistulphus_, on the contrary, to revenge himself on the Pope, besieged the city of _Rome_. Whereupon the Pope sent letters to _Pipin_, wherein he told him that if he came not speedily against the _Lombards_, _pro data sibi potentia, alienandum fore à regno Dei & vita æterna_, he should be excommunicated. _Pipin_ therefore, fearing a revolt of his subjects, and being indebted to the Church of _Rome_, came speedily with an army into _Italy_, raised the siege, besieged the _Lombards_ in _Pavia_, and forced them to surrender the Exarchate and region of _Pentapolis_ to the Pope for a perpetual possession. Thus the Pope became Lord of _Ravenna_, and the Exarchate, some few cities excepted; and the keys were sent to _Rome_, and laid upon the confession of St. _Peter_, that is, upon his tomb at the high Altar, _in signum veri perpetuique dominii, sed pietate Regis gratuita_, as the inscription of a coin of _Pipin_ hath it. This was in the year of Christ 755. And henceforward the Popes being temporal Princes, left off in their Epistles and Bulls to note the years of the _Greek_ Emperors, as they had hitherto done.

After this [9] the _Lombards_ invading the Pope's countries, Pope _Adrian_ sent to _Charles_ the great, the son and successor of _Pipin_, to come to his assistance. Accordingly _Charles_ entered _Italy_ with an army, invaded the _Lombards_, overthrew their kingdom, became master of their countries, and restored to the Pope, not only what they had taken from him, but also the rest of the Exarchate which they had promised _Pipin_ to surrender to him, but had hitherto detained; and also gave him some cities of the _Lombards_, and was in return himself made _Patricius_ by the _Romans_, and had the authority of confirming the elections of the Popes conferred upon him. These things were done in the years 773 and 774. This kingdom of the _Lombards_ was the second kingdom which fell before the little horn. But _Rome_, which was to be the seat of his kingdom, was not yet his own.

In the year 796, [10] _Leo_ III being made Pope, notified his election to _Charles_ the great by his Legates, sending to him for a present, the golden keys of the Confession of _Peter_, and the Banner of the city of _Rome_: the first as an acknowledgment of the Pope's holding the cities of the Exarchate and _Lombardy_ by the grant of _Charles_; the other as a signification that _Charles_ should come and subdue the Senate and people of _Rome_, as he had done the Exarchate and the kingdom of the _Lombards_. For the Pope at the same time desired _Charles_ to send some of his Princes to _Rome_, who might subject the _Roman_ people to him, and bind them by oath _in fide & subjectione_, in fealty and subjection, as his words are recited by _Sigonius_. An anonymous Poet, publish'd by _Boeclerus_ at _Strasburg_, expresseth it thus:

_Admonuitque piis precibus, qui mittere vellet_
_Ex propriis aliquos primoribus, ac sibi plebem_
_Subdere Romanam, servandaque foedera cogens_
_Hanc fidei sacramentis promittere magnis_.

Hence arose a misunderstanding between the Pope and the city: and the _Romans_ about two or three years after, by assistance of some of the Clergy, raised such tumults against him, as gave occasion to a new state of things in all the _West_. For two of the Clergy accused him of crimes, and the _Romans_ with an armed force, seized him, stript him of his sacerdotal habit, and imprisoned him in a monastery. But by assistance of his friends he made his escape, and fled into _Germany_ to _Charles_ the great, to whom he complained of the _Romans_ for acting against him out of a design to throw off all authority of the Church, and to recover their antient freedom. In his absence his accusers with their forces ravaged the possessions of the Church, and sent the accusations to _Charles_; who before the end of the year sent the Pope back to _Rome_ with a large retinue. The Nobles and Bishops of _France_ who accompanied him, examined the chief of his accusers at _Rome_, and sent them into _France_ in custody. This was in the year 799. The next year _Charles_ himself went to _Rome_, and upon a day appointed presided in a Council of _Italian_ and _French_ Bishops to hear both parties. But when the Pope's adversaries expected to be heard, the Council declared [11] that he who was the supreme judge of all men, was above being judged by any other than himself: whereupon he made a solemn declaration of his innocence before all the people, and by doing so was looked upon as acquitted.

Soon after, upon _Christmas_-day, the people of _Rome_, who had hitherto elected their Bishop, and reckoned that they and their Senate inherited the rights of the antient Senate and people of _Rome_, voted _Charles_ their Emperor, and subjected themselves to him in such manner as the old _Roman_ Empire and their Senate were subjected to the old _Roman_ Emperors. The Pope crowned him, and anointed him with holy oil, and worshipped him on his knees after the manner of adoring the old _Roman_ Emperors; as the aforesaid Poet thus relates:

_Post laudes igitur dictas & summus eundem_
_Præsul adoravit, sicut mos debitus olim_
_Principibus fuit antiquis_.

The Emperor, on the other hand, took the following oath to the Pope: _In nomine Christi spondeo atque polliceor, Ego Carolus Imperator coram Deo & beato Petro Apostolo, me protectorem ac defensorem fore hujus sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ in omnibus utilitatibus, quatenùs divino fultus fuero adjutorio, prout sciero poteroque_. The Emperor was also made Consul of _Rome_, and his son _Pipin_ crowned King of _Italy_: and henceforward the Emperor stiled himself: _Carolus serenissimus, Augustus, à Deo coronatus, magnus, pacificus, Romæ gubernans imperium_, or _Imperator Romanorum_; and was prayed for in the Churches of _Rome_. His image was henceforward put upon the coins of _Rome_: while the enemies of the Pope, to the number of three hundred _Romans_ and two or three of the Clergy, were sentenced to death. The three hundred _Romans_ were beheaded in one day in the _Lateran_ fields: but the Clergymen at the intercession of the Pope were pardoned, and banished into _France_. And thus the title of _Roman_ Emperor, which had hitherto been in the _Greek_ Emperors, was by this act transferred in the _West_ to the Kings of _France_.

After these things [12] _Charles_ gave the City and Duchy of _Rome_ to the Pope, subordinately to himself as Emperor of the _Romans_; spent the winter in ordering the affairs of _Rome_, and those of the Apostolic see, and of all _Italy_, both civil and ecclesiastical, and in making new laws for them; and returned the next summer into _France_: leaving the city under its Senate, and both under the Pope and himself. But hearing that his new laws were not observed by the judges in dictating the law, nor by the people in hearing it; and that the great men took servants from free men, and from the Churches and Monasteries, to labour in their vineyards, fields, pastures and houses, and continued to exact cattle and wine of them, and to oppress those that served the Churches: he wrote to his son _Pipin_ to remedy these abuses, to take care of the Church, and see his laws executed.