Chapter II: Part 2

5. They use alsoe to wryte logicque, musicque, rhetoricque, and other of that sorte, with cque. If this be doon to make the c in logica, _et_c., subsist, quhy wer it not better to supply a k in the place of it, then to hedge it in with a whol idle syllab; it wer both more orthographical and easier for the learner, for c and k are sa sib, _tha_t the ane is a greek and the other a latin symbol of one sound. In this art it is alyke absurd to wryte that thou reades not, as to read that thou wrytes not.

6. We use alsoe, almost at the end of everie word, to wryte an idle e. This sum defend not to be idle, because it affectes the voual before the consonant, the sound quherof many tymes alteres the signification; as, hop is altero tantu_m_ pede saltare, hope is sperare; fir, abies, fyre, ignis; a fin, pinna, fine, probatus; bid, jubere, bide, manere; with many moe. It is true that the sound of the voual befoer the consonant many tymes doth change the signification; but it is as untrue that the voual e behind the consonant doth change the sound of the voual before it. A voual devyded from a voual be a consonant can be noe possible means return thorough the consonant into the former voual. Consonantes betuene vouales are lyke partition walles betuen roomes. Nothing can change the sound of a voual but an other voual coalescing with it into one sound, of q_uhi_lk we have spoaken sufficientlie, cap. 3, to illustrat this be the same exemples, saltare is to hop; sperare to hoep; abies is fir; ignis, fyr, or, if you wil, fier; jubere is bid; manere, byd or bied.

7. Yet in sum case we are forced to tolerat this idle e; 1. in wordes ending in c, to break the sound of it; as peace, face, lace, justice, _et_c.; 2. behind s, in wordes wryten with this s; as false, ise, case, muse, use, _et_c.; 3. behind a broaken g; as knawlege, savage, suage, ald age. Ther may be moe, and these I yeld because I ken noe other waye to help this necessitie, rather then that I can think anye idle symbol tolerable in just orthographie.

OF THE ACCENTES OF OUR TONGUE.

Cap. 9.

1. Seing that we fynd not onelie the south and north to differ more in accent then symbol, but alsoe one word with a sundrie accent to have a diverse signification, I com_m_end this to him quho hes auctoritie, to com_m_and al printeres and wryteres to noat the accented syllab in everie word with noe lesse diligence then we see the grecianes to noat their’s.

2. Cicero, in his buik de Oratore ad Brutum, makes it a natural harmonie that everie word pronunced be the mouth of man have one acute syllab, and that never farther from the end then the third syllab, quhilk the grammareanes cales to the same end the antepenult. Quhilk observation of so noble a wit is most true in tongues q_uhi_lk he understud, the greek and latin. But if Cicero had understud our tongue, he sould have hard the accent in the fourth syllab from the end; as in mátrimonie, pátrimonie, vádimonie, intóllerable, intélligences, and whole garrisones of lyke liverie. This anie eare may if he accent the antepenult matrímonie, or the penult matrimónie, or the last as matrimoníe.

3. Then to the purpose we have the same accentes q_uhi_lk the latin and the greek hath, acute, circu_m_flex, and grave.

4. The acute raiseth the syllab quheron it sittes; as profésse, prófit, ímpudent.

5. It may possesse the last syllab: as supprést, preténce, sincére; the penult: as súbject, cándle, cráftie; the antepenult: as diffícultie, mínister, fínallie; and the fourth also from the end, as is said sect. 2; as spéciallie, insátiable, díligentlie. In al q_uhi_lk, if a man change the acce_n_t, he sall spill the sound of the word.

6. The grave accent is never noated, but onelie understood in al syllabes quherin the acute and circumflex is not. Onlie, for difference, sum wordes ar marked with it, thus `, leaning contrarie to the acute.

7. The circumflex accent both liftes and felles the syllab that it possesseth, and combynes the markes of other tuae, thus ˆ. Of this we, as the latines, hes almost no use. But the south hath great use of it, and in that their dialect differes more from our’s then in other soundes or symboles.

8. The use of the accent wil be of good importance for the right pronu_n_ciation of our tongue, quhilk now we doe forte, non arte, and conforming of the dialectes, q_uhi_lk, as I have said, differes most in this.

OF THE APOSTROPHUS AND HYPHEN.

Cap. 10.

1. The learned printeres uses to symboliz apostrophus and hyphen as wel as a, b, c.

2. Apostrophus is the ejecting of a letter or a syllab out of one word or out betuene tuae, and is alwayes marked above the lyne, as it wer a com_m_a, thus ’.

3. Out of one word the apostrophus is most usual in poesie; as Ps. 73, v. 3, for quhen I sau such foolish men, I grug’d, and did disdain; and v. 19, They are destroy’d, dispatch’d, consum’d.

4. Betuene tuae wordes we abate either from the end of the former or the beginni_n_g of the later.

5. We abate from the end of the former quhen it endes in a voual and the next beginnes at a voual; as, th’ ingrate; th’ one parte; I s’ it, for I see it.

6. In abating from the word following, we, in the north, use a mervelouse libertie; as, he’s a wyse man, for he is a wyse man; I’l meet with him, for I wil meet with him; a ship ’l of fooles, for a ship ful of fooles; and this we use in our com_m_on language. And q_uhil_k is stranger, we manie tymes cut of the end of the word; as, he’s tel the, for he sal tel the.

7. This for apostrophus. Hyphen is, as it wer, a band uniting whol wordes joined in composition; as, a hand-maed, a heard-man, tongue-tyed, out-rage, foer-warned, mis-reported, fals-deemed.

OF THE CONGRUITIE

OF OUR BRITAN

TONGUE.

LIB. 2.

OF THE PERSON.

Cap. 1.

1. Al wordes q_uhi_lk we use to expresse our mynde are personal or impersonal.

2. A personal word is q_uhi_lk admittes diversitie of person.

3. Person is the face of a word, quhilk in diverse formes of speach it diverselie putes on; as, I, Peter, say that thou art the son of God. Thou, Peter, sayes that I am the son of God. Peter said that I am the son of God.

4. Quherupon person is first, second, and third.

5. The first person is of him that speakes; as, I wryte.

6. The second person is of him that is spoaken to; as, thou wrytes.

7. The third person is of him that is spoaken of; as, Peter wrytes.

OF NU_M_BER.

Cap. 2.

1. Number is distinction of person be one and moe; and soe is singular and plural.

2. The singular speakes of one; as, a hand, a tree, a sheep, a horse, a man.

3. The plural speakes of moe then one; as, handes, trees, sheep, horses, men, tuo, three, foure, or moe, or how manie soever.

4. This difference is com_m_onlie noted with es at the end of the word singular; as, a house, houses; a windoe, windoes; a doore, tuo doores.

5. Sum tymes it is noated be changing a letter; as, a man, men; a woman, wemen; a goose, geese.

6. Sum tyme be changing noe thing; as, a sheep, a thousand sheep; a horse, an hundred horse; a noute, ten noute.

OF THE DETERMINATION OF THE PERSON.

Cap. 3.

1. A personal word is a noun or a verb. A noun is a word of one person w_i_th gender and case; as, I is onelie of the first person; thou is onelie of the second; and al other nounes are onelie the third person; as, thou, Thomas, head, hand, stone, blok, except they be joined with I or thou.

2. The person of a noun singular is determined or undetermined.

3. The determined person is noated with the, and it is determined either be an other substantive; as, the king of Britan; or be an adjective; as, the best king in Europ; or be a relative; as, God preserve the king quhom he hath geven us.

4. The undetermined noun is noated with an befoer a voual; as, an ald man sould be wyse; and with a befoer a consonant; as, a father sould com_m_and his son.

OF THE GENDER OF A NOUN.

Cap. 4.

1. Gender is the affection of a noun for distinction of sex.

2. Sex is a distinction of a noun be male and female, and these are distinguished the one from the other, or both from thinges without sex.

3. The one is distinguished from the other be he and she.

4. He is the noat of the male; as, he is a gud judge; he is a wyse man; he is a speedie horse; he is a crouse cock; he is a fat wether.

5. She is the noate of the femal sex; as, she is a chast matron; she is a stud meer; she is a fat hen; she is a milk cowe.

6. Nounes that want sex are noated with it; as, it is a tale tree; it is a sueet aple; it is a hard flint; it is a faer day; it is a foul way.

7. In the plural number they are not distinguished; as, they are honest men; they are vertueouse ladies; they are highe montanes.

OF THE CASE OF THE NOUN.

Cap. 5.

1. Case is an affection of a noun for distinction of person; as, the corner stone fel on me; stone is the nominative case. The corner of a stone hurt me; stone is the genitive case. Quhat can you doe to a stone; stone is the dative case. He brak the stones; it is the accusative case. Quhy standes thou stone; it is the vocative. And he hurt me with a stone; it is the ablative case.

2. This difference we declyne, not as doth the latines and greekes, be terminationes, but with noates, after the maner of the hebrues, quhilk they cal particles.

3. The nominative hath no other noat but the particle of determination; as, the peple is a beast with manie heades; a horse serves man to manie uses; men in auctoritie sould be lanternes of light.

4. Our genitive is alwayes joyned with an other noun, and is noated with of, or s.

5. With of, it followes the noun quhar w_i_th it is joined; as, the house of a good man is wel governed.

6. With s it preceedes the word quherof it is governed, and s is devyded from it with an apostrophus; as, a gud man’s house is wel governed.

7. This s sum haldes to be a segment of his, and therfoer now almost al wrytes his for it, as if it wer a corruption. But it is not a segment of his; 1. because his is the masculin gender, and this may be fœminin; as, a mother’s love is tender; 2. because his is onelie singular, and this may be plural; as, al men’s vertues are not knawen.

8. The dative is noated w_i_th to, and for; as, geve libertie evin to the best youth and it wil luxuriat. Al men doeth for them selves; few for a frende.

9. The accusative hath noe other noat then the nominative; as, the head governes the bodie.

10. The vocative is the person to quhom the speach is directed; as, quhence cumes thou Æneas.

11. The ablative is noated w_i_th prepositiones in, with, be, and sik lyke; as, be god al thinges wer made; God w_i_th his word his warkes began; in my father’s house are manie mansiones.

OF THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON.

Cap. 6.

1. Al nounes that wil join with a substantive ar called adjectives; as, gud, high, hard, sueet, sour.

2. These, and al that wil admit mare and mast, are compared be degrees; as, sueet, more sueet, most sueet.

3. Of comparison ther be thre degrees: the positive, comparative, and superlative, if the first may be called a degre.

4. The positive is the first position of the noun; as, soft, hard; quhyte, blak; hoat, cald.

5. The comparative excedes the positive be more, and is formed of the positive be adding er; as, softer, harder; quhiter, blaker; hoater, calder.

6. The superlative excedes the positive be most, and is formed of the positive be adding est; as, softest, hardest; quhytest, blakest; hoatest, caldest.

OF THE VERB’S PERSON AND NUMBER.

Cap. 7.

1. This for the noun. The verb is a word of al persones declyned with mood and tyme; as, I wryte, thou wrytes, he wrytes.

2. We declyne not the persones and nu_m_beres of the verb, as doth the latine, but noat them be the person of the noun.

3. They are noated w_i_th I, thou, and he in the singular number; we, ye, and they in the plural.

4. The nu_m_ber is noated with I and we; thou and ye; he and they.

OF THE MOOD OF THE VERB.

Cap. 8.

1. The mood is an affection of the verb serving the varietie of utterance.

2. We utter the being of thinges or our awn wil.

3. The being of thinges is uttered be inquyring or avouing.

4. We inquyre of that we wald knaw; as, made God man w_i_thout synne; and in this the supposit of the verb followes the verb.

5. We avoue that q_uhi_lk we knaw; as, God made man without sinne; and in this the supposit preceedes the verb.

6. We utter our wil be verbes signifying the form of our wil, or postposing the supposit.

7. We wish be wald god, god grant, and god nor; as, wald god I knew the secretes of nature.

8. We permit the will of otheres be letting; as, let God aryse; let everie man have his awn wyfe.

9. We bid our inferioures, and pray our superioures, be postponing the supposit to the verb; as, goe ye and teach al nationes; here me, my God.

OF THE TYME OF THE VERB.

Cap. 9.

1. Tyme is an affection of the verb noating the differences of tyme, and is either present, past, or to cum.

2. Tyme present is that q_uhi_lk now is; as, I wryte, or am wryting.

3. Tyme past is that q_uhi_lk was, and it is passing befoer, past els, or past befoer.

4. Tyme passing befoer, q_uhi_lk we cal imperfectlie past, is of a thing that was doeing but not done; as, at four hoores I was wryting; Quhen you spak to me I was wryting, or did wryte, as Lillie expoundes it.

5. Tyme past els is of a thing now past, q_uhi_lk we cal perfectlie past; as, I have written.

6. Tyme past befoer is of a thing befoer done and ended; as, at four hoores, or quhen you spak to me, I had written.

7. Tyme to cum is of that q_uhi_lk is not yet begun; as, at four houres I wil wryte.

OF THE POWER OF THE VERB.

Cap. 10.

1. A verb signifies being or doeing. Of being ther is onelie one, I am, and is thus varyed.

2. In the present tyme, I am, thou art, he is; we are, ye are, they are.

3. In tyme passing befoer, I was, thou was, he was; we wer, ye wer, they wer.

4. In tyme past els, I have bene, thou hes bene, he hes bene; we have bene, ye have bene, they have bene.

5. In tyme past befoer, I had bene, thou had bene, he had bene; we had bene, ye had bene, they had bene.

6. In tyme to cum, I wil be, thou wilt be, he wil be; we wil be, ye wil be, they wil be.

7. Verbes of doing are actives or passives.

8. The active verb adheres to the person of the agent; as, Christ hath conquered hel and death.

9. The passive verb adheres to the person of the patient; as, hel and death are conquered be Christ.

10. These our idiom conjugates onelie in tuo tymes, the tyme present and tym past; as, I wryte, I wrote; I speak, I spak; I here, I hard; I se, I saw; I fele, I felt.

11. The other differences of tyme ar expressed be the notes of the verb of being, or be the verb of being it self, and a participle; as, I was wryting; I have written; I had written; I wil wryte.

OF THE ADVERB.

Cap. 11.

1. A word impersonal is q_uhi_lk in al formes of speach keepes one face, and this is adverb or conjunction.

2. An adverb is a word adhering mast com_m_onlie w_i_th a verb with one face in al moodes, tymes, nu_m_beres and persones; as, I leve hardlie, thou leves hardlie; I did leve hardlie; I have leved hardlie; I had leved hardlie; I wil leave hardlie; leve he hardlie; God forbid he leve hardlie.

3. Our men confoundes adverbes of place, q_uhi_lk the south distinguishes as wel as the latin, and therfoer let us not shame to learne.

4. They use quher, heer, ther, for the place in q_uhi_lk; quhence, hence, thence, for the place from quhilk; quhither, hither, thither, for the place to q_uhi_lk; as, quher dwel you? quhence cum you? quhither goe you?

5. They also distinguish wel in, into, and unto: in, they use with the place quher; into, with the thing quhither; and unto, for how far; as, our father, q_uhi_lk art in heavin, admit us into heavin, and lift us from the earth unto heavin.

6. Heer, becaus sum nounes incurre into adverbes, let us alsoe noat their differences.

7. First no and not. Noe is a noun, nullus in latin, and in our tongue alwayes precedes the substantive quhilk it nulleth; as, noe man, noe angle, noe god.

8. Not is an adverb, non in latin, and in our tong followes the verb that it nulleth; as, heer not, grant not; I heer not, I grant not; I wil not heer, I wil not grant.

9. Ane, in our idiom, and an. Ane is a noun of nu_m_ber, in latin unus; an a particule of determination preceding a voual, as we have said cap. 3, sect. 4.

10. Thee and the. Thee is the accusative of thou; as, thou loves God, and God loves thee. The is the determined not of a noun, of q_uhi_lk we spak cap. 3, sect. 3.

OF THE CONJUNCTION.

Cap. 12.

1. Conjunction is a word impersonal serving to cople diverse senses. And of it ther be tuoe sortes, the one enu_n_ciative, and the other ratiocinative.

2. The conjunction enunciative copies the partes of a period, and are copulative, as and; connexive, as if; disjunctive, as or; or discretive, as howbe it.

3. The ratiocinative coples the partes of a ratiocination, and it either inferres the conclusion or the reason.

4. Therfoer inferres the conclusion; as, noe man can keep the law in thought, word, and deed: and therfoer noe man befoer the judg of the hart, word, and deed, can be justifyed be the law.

5. Because inferres the reason; as, I wil spew the out, because thou art nether hoat nor cald.

OF DISTINCTIONES.

Cap. 13.

1. A distinction is quherbe sentences are distinguished in wryting and reading. And this is perfect or imperfect.

2. A perfect distinction closes a perfect sense, and is marked with a round punct, thus . or a tailed punct, thus ?

3. The round punct concludes an assertion; as, if Abraham was justifyed be workes, he had quherof to glorie.

4. The tailed punct concludes an interrogation; as, sal we, quha are dead to syn, leve to it?

5. The imperfect distinction divydes the partes of a period, and is marked with tuoe punctes, the one under the other, thus : and is red with half the pause of a perfect punct; as, al have synned, and fallen from the glorie of god: but are justifyed frelie be his grace.

6. The com_m_a divydes the least partes of the period, and is pronunced in reading with a short sob.

7. The parenthesis divydes in the period a sentence interlaced on sum occurrences q_uhi_lk coheres be noe syntax w_i_th that q_uhi_lk preceedes and followes; as, for exemple of beath, and to conclud this treatesse:

Bless, guyd, advance, preserve, prolong Lord (if thy pleasur be)
Our King _and_ Queen, and keep their seed thy name to magnifie.

* * * * *

NOTES.

The foregoing Tract is one of great interest, not only on account of its intrinsic merit, but also for the racy style of writing adopted by its author. We find him continually garnishing his language with such idiomatic and colloquial expressions as the following:--“Quhae’s sillie braine will reache no farther then the compas of their cap” (page 2); and again, “but will not presume to judge farther then the compasse of my awn cap” (p. 20). He observes of the printers and writers of his age that they care “for noe more arte then may win the pennie” (p. 2), and on the same page he says, “quhiles I stack in this claye,” which appears to be equivalent to our term “stuck in the mud.” At p. 3 he says, “and it wer but a clod;” at p. 14, “neither daer I, with al the oares of reason, row against so strang a tyde;” and again, on p. 18, we find reason under another aspect, thus, “noe man I trow can denye that ever suked the paepes of reason.”

It seems that the expression, _Queen’s English_, is by no means of modern date, as we have it as the _king’s language_ at p. 2.

Hume laments, in his Dedication, the uncertainty of the orthography prevailing at the time he writes, and yet we find him spelling words several different ways, even within the compass of a single sentence, without being able to lay the blame upon the printers; thus we find him writing ju_d_gement on p. 11, ju_d_ge p. 8, and ju_d_g p. 33, but juge p. 18; and there are numberless other instances that it would be tedious to enumerate. Again, the author uses a mixture of Scotch and English, so we have sometimes ane and sometimes one; nae on page 1 and noe on p. 2; mare and mast, and more and most, even in the same sentence (p. 30); and two is spelt in three different ways, tuae, tuo, and tuoe.

Our author’s stay in England appears to have drawn his attention to the differences between the two languages of Scotland and England, which he distinguishes as North and South. He certainly shows, in some instances, the greater correctness of the Scotch with regard to the spelling of words derived from the Latin; as, retine instead of retain, corage instead of courage, etc. (p. 20), in which words the redundant letters that we Southerners have introduced are thrown out. He is, however, by no means partial, and gives us praise when he thinks we deserve it.

Page 9. The arguments in favour of the sound given by the English
Universities to the Latin _i_ are curious: it is stated to have its
value in the Greek ει; but the author seems to have been in error as
to the English sounding mihi and tibi alike, or our pronunciation must
have changed since his time.

P. 10. The author speaks of the letter _y_ as being used by the South
for the sound now symbolized by _i_ with a final _e_ following the
succeeding consonant, as _will_ with an _i_, and _wile_ with a _y_ in
place of the _i_ and final _e_; thus in the same way he spells write,
_wryt_.

P. 11 (7). He gives food, good, blood, as examples of the same sound,
thus inferring that the English pronounced the two latter so as to
rhyme with food.

P. 11 (8). He objects to the use of _w_ for _u_ in the diphthongal
sound of _ou_, and therefore spells _how_, _now_, etc., _hou_, _nou_.

P. 11 (10). It is difficult here to see what the pronunciation of
_buu_ would be, which the author gives as the sound of bow (to bow).
Probably the sound he meant would be better represented by _boo_.

P. 13 (12). The author here recommends the distinction both of sound
and symbol of _j_ and _v_ as consonants, and _i_ and _u_ as vowels,
and proposes that we should call _j_ _jod_ or _je_, and _v_ _vau_ or
_ve_, and not single _u_, “as now they doe” (p. 16), and _w_ he would
call _wau_ or _we_, and moreover he places them in his alphabet on the
same page. If this proposal was originally his own, it is curious that
the name _ve_ should have been adopted, though not the _we_ for _w_.
Ben Jonson points out the double power of _i_ and _v_ as both
consonant and vowel, but he does not attempt to make them into
separate letters as Hume does.

P. 15 (12). He gives as an anomaly of the South that while the _d_ is
inserted before _g_ in hedge, bridge, etc., it is omitted in age,
suage, etc. He does not see that the short vowel requires a double
consonant to prevent it from being pronounced long.

P. 21 (6). He disputes the possibility of a final _e_, separated from
a preceding vowel by a consonant, having any effect whatever in
altering the sound of the preceding vowel, and recommends the use of a
diphthong to express the sound required; as, hoep for hope, fier for
fire, bied for bide, befoer for before, maed for made, etc. He
uniformly throughout follows this rule.

P. 22 (5). Hume here accents difficultie on the antepenultimate
instead of the first syllable.

P. 23 (7). He puts down outrage as an instance of two distinct words
joined by a hyphen, which is the derivation given by Ash in his
dictionary, in strange obliviousness of the French word _outrage_.

P. 27 (1, 6). _T_ is omitted after _s_ in the second person singular
of the verb, and so no distinction is made between the second and the
third persons; thus, thou wrytes, and at p. 32 thou was, and thou hes.

P. 29 (7). The supposition that the apostrophe ’s as a mark of the
possessive case is a segment of his, a question which has been lately
revived, is here denied.

P. 34. In this last chapter on Punctuation, which the author styles
“of Distinctiones,” no mention whatever is made of the “semicolon,”
though it occurs frequently in the MS., as, for instance, p. 30, cap.
6. This stop, according to Herbert, was first used by Richard Grafton
in _The Byble_ printed in 1537: it occurs in the Dedication. Henry
Denham, an English printer who flourished towards the close of the
sixteenth century, was the first to use it with propriety.

P. 34 (6). The explanation of the mode of pronouncing the comma “with
a short _sob_” is odd.[5]

[Footnote 5: It will be here as well to mention that as the
punctuation in the MS. is extremely unsystematic, it has been
dispensed with whenever the meaning was confused by it.]

The author continually uses a singular verb to a plural noun; for instance, “of this we, as the latines, hes almost no use” (p. 22), though on p. 20 he writes, “in our tongue we have some particles.”

With regard to the Manuscript, there are two corrections in it worth noting. At p. 10 (6), in the phrase, “the auctours _whole_ drift,” the word had been originally written _hael_, but is marked through, and _whole_ substituted for it in the same handwriting. At p. 21 (4), the word _frensh_ has been inserted before _exemples_, but has been afterwards struck through.

The numbering is wrong in three places, but it has not been corrected. At p. 8 there are no sections 12 and 13, at pp. 17, 19, there are two cap. 7, and at p. 19 there are two sections 4.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

[The words in the present Tract that really required to be glossed are but few; I have, however, inserted in the following list most of the variations from ordinary modern usage, in order that it may serve as an Index.]

Af = of, p. 9. Af = off, p. 12. Ald = old, pp. 3, 21, 28. Amangs = amongst, p. 18. Ane = a, one. Angle = angel, p. 33. Auctoritie = authority, pp. 22, 29. Aun = own, pp. 2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 15. Awn = own, pp. 11, 18, 20, 30, 31. Awn = proper, pp. 9, 11, 13, 15. Awne = proper, p. 14. Awne = own, p. 10.

Baeth = both, pp. 8, 34. Bathe = both, p. 17. Be = by. Britan = British.

Cald = cold, pp. 30, 33; caldest, p. 30. Cales = calls, pp. 10, 22. Chirt = a squirt, or a squeeze through the teeth, pp. 13, 14. See Ruddiman’s Glossary to G. Douglas (_chirtand_). Cold = could, p. 20. Coples = couples, p. 33. Corage = courage, p. 20. Crouse = brisk, p. 28. Cum = come, pp. 11, 31; cumes = comes, p. 29.

Devore = devour, p. 20. Devote = devout, p. 20. Distinctiones = punctuation, p. 34. Doon = done, p. 21. Doting = giving, p. 3.

Earand = errand, p. 8. Evin = even, p. 29.

Faer = fair, p. 28. Falt = fault, pp. 15, 20. Fand = found, p. 1. Fele = feel, p. 32. Felles = lowers, p. 22. Finnes = fineness, p. 2. Fontan = fountain, p. 11. Foran = foreign, p. 20. Frelie = freely, p. 34.

Geve = give, pp. 7, 8, 9, 12, 28, 29. Gif = if, p. 21. Glim = glimpse, p. 2. Gud = good, pp. 2, 18, 21, 28, 29.

Hael = hail, p. 10. Hald = hold, p. 14; haldes, p. 29. Hame = home, p. 2. Hard = heard, pp. 2, 3, 13, 14, 22, 32. Hart = heart, p. 33. Heal = whole, p. 10. Heer = hear, p. 33. Here = hear, pp. 31, 32. Hes = has, pp. 3, 14, 15, 19, 22, 32. Hes = hast, p. 32. Hes = have, pp. 20, 22. Hoat = hot, pp. 18, 30, 33; hoater, p. 30. Hoores = hours, p. 31.

Ida, Scotland or Edinburgh, p. 2. Incurre, _v._ = to run into. Lat. _incurro_, pp. 20, 33.

Ken = know, p. 21. Kep, _v._ = to intercept, p. 14. Kepping = receiving in the act of falling, p. 12. _Jamieson._ Knau = know, p. 2. Knaulege = knowledge, pp. 3, 10; knawlege, pp. 11, 21. Knaw = know, pp. 7, 30; knawe, p. 21; knawen = known, p. 29.

Laggared = loitered or rested, p. 2. Lang = long, pp. 9, 14. Leave = live, p. 32. Leve = live, pp. 32, 34. Leving = living, p. 11. Louse = loose, p. 9. Lykwayes = likewise, p. 19.

Maer = more, pp. 2, 10. Maest = most, pp. 1, 2, 16. Man = must, p. 8. Mare = more, p. 30. Mast = most, pp. 30, 32. Meer = mare, p. 28. Middes = middle, p. 16. Mikle = much, pp. 13, 18, 19, 20. Mint = aim, pressure, p. 18. Minted = attempted, p. 15. Moat, probably _moot_, discussion, chat, etc., p. 2. A.S. _mót_. Moe = more, pp. 16, 19, 21, 27. Moien = means for attaining an end, p. 2. _Jamieson._ Fr. _moyen_. Mont = mount, p. 24. Montan = mountain, pp. 3, 11, 28. Mynt = aim, pp. 12, 17.

Nae = no, pp. 1, 8.
Nane = none, p. 13.
Noat, _v._ = note, pp. 19, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33.
Noat = note, pp. 7, 13, 28, 29;
noate, p. 28;
noates = notes, p. 29.
Nor = than, p. 3.
Nor, God nor, p. 31.
This most probably means God comfort or nourish us, connected with
_norice_, a nurse, and _norie_, a foster-child. There is also a
substantive _nore_ in Chaucer, meaning comfort. _Norne_ is to
entreat, ask (see _Alliterative Poems_ Glossary), and may have
something to do with this expression, but it is hardly so probable
as the above.
Noute = black cattle, p. 27;
connected with _neat_, as in neat-cattle, neat-herd.
Nulleth = negatives, p. 33.
Nurice = nurse, p. 19.

Of = off, p. 23. Ones, at ones = at once, p. 18.

Paen = trouble, p. 2. Paert = part, p. 10. Peple = people, pp. 20, 29. Phason = pheasant (?), p. 13. Pover = poor, p. 3. Punct = stop, p. 34.

Qu. At p. 18 the author gives his reasons for making use of the guttural _qu_ in the place of the labial _w_. The following are the words in which it is thus used:-- Quha = who, pp. 2, 3, 34. Quhae = who, pp. 1, 10; quhae’s = whose, p. 2. Quhaer = where, p. 2. Quhar = where, p. 29. Quharein = wherein, p. 14. Quharof = whereof, p. 16. Quhat = what, pp. 2, 8, 15, 17, 18, 28. Quhatever = whatever, p. 19. Quhen = when, pp. 2, 9, 11, 23, 31. Quhence = whence, pp. 29, 32. Quher = where, pp. 2, 14, 20, 32. Quheras = whereas, p. 14. Quherat = whereat, p. 18. Quherbe = whereby, pp. 11, 34. Quherfoer, quherforr = wherefore, pp. 7, 8, 10, 15. Quherin = wherein, pp. 20, 22. Quherof = whereof, pp. 29, 34. Quheron = whereon, p. 22. Quherupon = whereupon, pp. 8, 27. Quherwith = wherewith, p. 2. Quhil, quhiles = while, p. 2. Quhilk = which. Quhither = whether, pp. 11, 17, 18, 20, 32. Quho = who, pp. 12, 14, 15, 18, 22. Quhom = whom. Quhy = why, pp. 20, 21, 29. Quhyte = white, p. 30; quhiter, p. 30; quhytest, p. 30. Quod = quoth, p. 18.

Rease = rose, p. 18. Red = read, p. 34. Regne = reign, p. 20. Retine = retain, p. 20. Ryseth = ariseth, p. 9.

Sa = so, p. 21; sae = so, p. 17. Sal = shall, pp. 9, 11, 23, 34. Sall = shall, pp. 8, 22. Shaued = showed, p. 7. Shour = shower, p. 10. Sib = related, p. 21. Sik = such, pp. 1, 2, 8, 9, 11, 17, 29. Sillie = wretched, poor, p. 2. Skuiographie, probably an invented word, the intention of the author being to oppose skew or askew to ορθος, straight. It has been suggested that it may be intended for sciagraphy, σκιαγραφία, also spelt sciography; but this is improbable, as the meaning of that word, viz., the art of shadows, including dialling, is so inappropriate in this passage, p. 2. Sould = should, pp. 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 22, 28, 29. Spering = inquiring, p. 18. Spil = destroy, spoil(?), p. 13; spill, p. 22. Spilt = corrupted, spoilt(?), p. 2. Stack = stuck, p. 2. Stean = stone, p. 8. Stiddie = anvil, pp. 12, 17. “And my imaginations are as foul As Vulcan’s stithy.” _Hamlet_, Act iii., sc. 2.

Strang = strong, p. 14. Sum = some, pp. 8, 9, 10, 21, 34. Supposit = subject, pp. 30, 31. Syllab = syllable, pp. 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22; syllabes, p. 8. Ben Jonson spells this word _syllabe_ in his English Grammar. Syne = since, p. 1.

Tal = tale, p. 9. Tal = tail, p. 9. Tale = tall, p. 28. Trow = believe, pp. 13, 18. Tuae = two, pp. 1, 8, 9, 10, 22, 23. Tuelfe = twelve, p. 3. Tuich = touch, pp. 7, 13, 15, 17; tuiches, p. 11. Tuiched = touched, pp. 3, 17. Tuich stone = touchstone, p. 19. Tyme passing befoer = imperfect tense, pp. 31, 32. Tyme past befoer = pluperfect tense, pp. 31, 32. Tyme past els = perfect tense, pp. 31, 32.

Vadimonie = recognisance, p. 22. Lat. _Vadimonium._ Voce = voice, p. 20.

Waet = know, p. 14. Wait = know, p. 11. Wald = would, pp. 1, 2, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 20, 21, 30, 31. Warkes = works, p. 29. Weer = war, p. 3. Were = war, p. 20. Whither = whether, p. 2. The author in this place uses the letter _w_ instead of _qu_, although at p. 18 he is so strenuous against its use. Wrang = wrong, pp. 2, 9, 11.

Ye = yea, p. 14. Yeld = yield, p. 21.

Early English Text Society.

_Report of the Committee, January, 1865._

The close of the first year of the Society’s operations affords the Committee the welcome opportunity of congratulating the members on the Society’s success. Instead of two Texts, which the first Circular to the Society suggested might perhaps be issued, the Committee have been enabled to publish four, and these four such as will bear comparison, as to rareness and intrinsic value, with the publications of any of the longest established societies of the kingdom. The _Arthur_ was edited for the first time from a unique MS., wholly unknown to even the latest writers on the subject, and exhibits our national hero’s life in a simpler form than even Geoffrey of Monmouth, or Layamon. The _Early English Alliterative Poems_, though noticed long ago by Dr. Guest and Sir F. Madden, for their great philological and poetical value, had been inaccessible to all but students of the difficult and faded MS. in the British Museum: they have been now made public by the Society’s edition, with their large additions to our vocabulary, and their interesting dialectal formations. The _Sir Gawayne_, from the same MS., could only have been had before in Sir Frederick Madden’s rare and costly edition, printed by the Bannatyne Club. And the _Lauder_ has restored, as it were, to Scotland, a Poet whose name had found no place in the standard History of Scottish Poetry, and the Biographical Dictionaries.

Though the Society started late in the past year, these four Texts were published within a fortnight of its close; and before that time the first Text for the second year was in the printer’s hands. The Committee pledge themselves to continue their exertions to render the Texts issued worthy of the Society, and to complete the issue of each set within the year assigned to it. They rely with confidence on the Subscribers to use their best endeavours to increase the list of Members, in order that funds may not be wanting to print the material that editors place at their service. The aim of the Committee is, on the one hand, to print all that is most valuable of the yet unprinted MSS. in English, and, on the other, to re-edit and reprint all that is most valuable in printed English books, which from their scarcity or price are not within the reach of the student of moderate means.[6] Those relating to KING ARTHUR will be the Committee’s first care; those relating to our Language and its Dialects the second; while in due proportion with these, will be mixed others of general interest, though with no one special common design. The Committee hope that no year will pass without the issue of one Text in the Northern dialect, as well in acknowledgment of the support that the Society has received in Scotland, as to obviate the hitherto limited circulation of the works of the early Scotch writers among students south of the Humber.

[Footnote 6: “A vast mass of our early literature is still
unprinted, and much that has been printed has, as the late Herbert
Coleridge remarked, ‘been brought out by Printing Clubs of
exclusive constitution, or for private circulation only, and
might, for all that the public in general is the better for them,
just as well have remained in manuscript, being, of course,
utterly unprocurable, except in great libraries, and not always
there.’ It is well known that the Hon. G. P. Marsh, the author of
‘The Origin and History of the English Language,’ could not
procure for use in his work a copy of ‘Havelok’ for love or money;
and the usual catalogue-price of ‘William and the Werwolf,’ or
‘The Early English Gesta Romanorum,’ etc., etc., is six guineas,
when the book should be obtainable for less than a pound.
Notwithstanding the efforts of the Percy, Camden, and other
Societies and Printing Clubs, more than half our early printed
literature--including the Romances relating to our national hero,
Arthur--is still inaccessible to the student of moderate means;
and it is a scandal that this state of things should be allowed to
continue.... Those who would raise any objection to these
re-editions--as a few have raised them--are asked to consider the
absurdity and injustice of debarring a large number of readers
from the enjoyment of an old author, because a living editor has
once printed his works, when the feeling of the editor himself is
well expressed in the words of one of the class, ‘You are heartily
welcome to all I have ever done. I should rejoice to see my books
in the hands of a hundred, where they are now on the shelves of
one.’”--_Extract from the first Prospectus._]

The publications for 1864 are:--

1. Early English Alliterative Poems in the West Midland Dialect of the
fourteenth century (ab. 1320-30 A.D.). Edited for the first time
from a unique MS. in the British Museum, with Notes and Glossarial
Index, by Richard Morris, Esq. 16_s._

2. Arthur. Edited for the first time from the Marquis of Bath’s MS.
(ab. 1440 A.D.), by F. J. Furnivall, Esq., M.A. 4_s._

3. Ane compendious and breve Tractate, concernyng ye office and dewtie
of Kyngis, Spirituall Pastoris, and temporall Jugis; laitlie
compylit be William Lauder. Reprinted from the edition of 1556, and
edited by Prof. Fitz-Edward Hall, D.C.L. 4_s._

4. Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight. Edited by R. Morris, Esq., from the
Cottonian MS., Nero, A x. (ab. 1320-30 A.D.) 10_s._

The publications for the present year (1865) will comprise Texts from at least four unique MSS., two of which will be edited for the first time.

5. Of the Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britan Tongue, a treates
noe shorter then necessarie, be Alexander Hume. Edited for the first
time from the MS. in the British Museum (ab. 1617 A.D.), by Henry B.
Wheatley, Esq. 4_s._

6. Syr Lancelot du Lak. Edited from the MS. in the Cambridge University
Library (15th century), by the Rev. Walter W. Skeat, M.A.
[_In the Press._

7. Morte Arthure: the Alliterative Version. Edited from Robert
Thorntone’s MS. (ab. 1440 A.D.) at Lincoln, by the Rev. F. C.
Massingberd, M.A.

8. Various Poems relating to Sir Gawayne. Edited from the MSS. by
Richard Morris, Esq.

9. Merlin, or the Early History of Arthur. Edited for the first time
from the MS. in the Cambridge University Library (ab. 1450 A.D.), by
F. J. Furnivall, Esq. Part I.

Also, the following, if the amount of subscriptions will justify the Committee in issuing them:--

Animadversions uppon the Annotacions and Corrections of some
imperfections of Impressiones of Chaucer’s Workes reprinted in 1598,
by Francis Thynne. Edited from the MS. in the Bridgewater Library,
by Henry B. Wheatley, Esq.

The Story of Genesis and Exodus in English verse of about 1300 A.D. To
be edited for the first time from the unique MS. in the Library of
Corpus Christi Coll., Cambridge, by F. J. Furnivall and R. Morris,
Esqrs.

The Harrowing of Hell. To be edited from the MS. in the Bodleian
Library, by R. F. Weymouth, Esq.

The following is a list of Texts, which it is proposed to print (among others) in future years:--

The Romance of Arthour and Merlin. To be edited from the Auchinleck MS.
(ab. 1320-30 A.D.)

Mirk’s Duties of a Parish Priest. To be edited for the first time from
the MSS. in the British Museum and Bodleian Libraries (ab. 1420
A.D.), by E. Peacock, Esq.

The Romance of William and the Werwolf. To be edited from the unique MS.
in the Library of King’s Coll., Cambridge.

The Gospel of Nicodemus in the Northumbrian Dialect. To be edited for
the first time from Harl. MS. 4196, &c., Cotton-Galba E ix., by R.
Morris, Esq.

The Romance of Melusine. To be edited for the first time from the unique
MS. in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Syr Thomas Maleor’s Mort d’Arthur. To be edited from Caxton’s edition
(1485 A.D.) with a new Preface, Notes, and a Glossary.

The Arthur Ballads.

The Romance of Sir Tristrem. To be edited from the Auchinleck MS.

The English Charlemagne Romances. To be edited from the Auchinleck MS.

The Early English Version of the Gesta Romanorum. To be edited from the
MSS. in the British Museum and other Libraries.

The two different Versions of Piers Plowman, in parallel columns.

Gawain Douglas’s Æneis. To be edited from the Cambridge MS. by Professor
Fitz-Edward Hall, D.C.L.

The Romance of Kyng Horn. To be edited from the MS. in the Library of
the University of Cambridge.

Roberd of Brunne’s Handlyng Synne, a treatise on the sins, and sketches
of the manners, of English men and women in A.D. 1303. To be
re-edited from the MSS. in the British Museum and Bodleian Libraries
by F. J. Furnivall, Esq., M.A.

Cursor Mundi, the best dialectal version. To be edited from the MS. by
Richard Morris, Esq.

The History of the Saint Graal or Sank Ryal. By Henry Lonelich, Skynner
(ab. 1440 A.D.). To be re-edited from the unique MS. in the Library
of Corpus Christi Coll., Cambridge, by F. J. Furnivall, Esq., M.A.

Dan Michel’s Ayenbite of Inwyt, the most valuable specimen of the
Kentish dialect, 1340 A.D. To be edited from the MS. in the British
Museum by Richard Morris, Esq.

Froissart’s Chronicles translated out of Frenche into our maternall
Englyshe Tonge, by Johan Bourchier Knight, Lord Berners. To be
edited by Henry B. Wheatley, Esq.

Skelton’s Translation of Diodorus Siculus, oute of freshe Latin, that is
of Poggius Florentinus, containing six books. To be edited for the
first time from the unique MS. in the Library of Corpus Christi
Coll., Cambridge.

Sir David Lyndesay’s Monarche. Edited by Prof. Fitz-Edward Hall, D.C.L.,
from the first edition by Jhone Skott.

Some of the earliest English Dictionaries, as--
Abecedarium Anglico-latinum, by Richard Huloet (1552); and Baret’s
Alvearie or Quadruple Dictionarie, to be edited from the editions of
1573 and 1580 by Henry B. Wheatley, Esq.

The Subscription is £1 1_s._ a year, due in advance on the 1st of January, and should be paid either to the Society’s Account at the Union Bank of London, 14, Argyll Place, W., or by Post Office Order to the Hon. Secretary, 53, Berners Street, London, W.; to whom Subscribers’ names and addresses should be sent.

The Committee wish to draw the attention of the Subscribers to the fact that the Society’s Account has been transferred from the London and Birmingham Bank to the Regent Street Branch of the Union Bank of London.

The Committee invite offers of voluntary assistance from those who may be willing to edit or copy Texts, or to lend them books for reprinting or for re-reading with the original MSS.

The Honorary Secretary’s Cash Account is annexed.

_Abstract of the Income and Expenditure of the_ EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY _for the Year ending December 31st, 1864._

RECEIPTS.

1864. £ _s._ _d._ One hundred Subscriptions, at 1_l._ 1_s._ 105 0 0 Forty-five ditto (through Agents), at 1_l._ 45 0 0 1865. Two Subscriptions, at 1_l._ 1_s._ 2 2 0

£152 2 0
=============

PAYMENTS.

1864. £ _s._ _d._
Printing Account (Austin)--
Alliterative Poems 62 7 6
Arthur 8 14 0
Lauder’s Tractate 15 14 0
Sir Gawayne 35 16 0
3,500 Prospectuses 5 5 0
Packing, Postage, &c., of
Alliterative Poems and Arthur 1 16 6
-------------
129 13 0
Less Discount 6 9 0
-------------
123 4 0
Petty Expenses--
Purchase of Books for Re-editing 5 18 0
Stationery, &c. 0 18 6
Postages (Circulars, &c.) 4 4 6
Deduction on Country Cheque 0 0 7
Balance in the hands of the Hon. Secretary 0 13 0
Balance at the Bankers 17 3 5
-------------
£152 2 0
=============

We have examined this Account with the Books and Vouchers, and certify that it is correct.

Wm. CUNNINGHAM GLEN, REGINALD HANSON, B.A., Auditors.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT:

DANBY P. FRY, ESQ. FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ. Professor FITZ-EDWARD HALL. RICHARD MORRIS, ESQ. H. T. PARKER, ESQ.

(_With power to add Workers to their number._)

HONORARY SECRETARY:

HENRY B. WHEATLEY, ESQ., 53, Berners Street, London. W.

BANKERS:

THE UNION BANK OF LONDON, REGENT STREET BRANCH, 14, Argyll Place, W.

THE ROYAL LIBRARY, Windsor Castle.

ADAMS, Dr. Ernest, Victoria Park, Manchester. ALEXANDER, George Russell, Esq., Glasgow. ALEXANDER, John, Esq., 43, Campbell Street, Glasgow. AMHURST, Wm. A. Tyssen, Esq., Didlington Park, Brandon, Norfolk. ASHER & CO., Messrs., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden. W.C. (10 sets.) ATKINSON, Rev. J. C., Danby Parsonage, Grosmont, York. AUFRECHT, Professor, 12, Cumin Place, Grange, Edinburgh. AUSTIN, Stephen, Hertford.

BACKHOUSE, John G., Esq., Blackwell, Darlington. BAIN, J., Esq., Haymarket. BAKER, Charles, Esq., 11, Sackville Street, W. BEARD, James, Esq., The Grange, Burnage Lane, near Manchester BLACKMAN, Frederick, Esq., 4, York Road. S. BLADON, James, Esq., Albion House, Pont y Pool. BOHN, Henry G., Esq., York Street, Covent Garden, W.C. BOSWORTH, Rev. Professor, D.D., 20, Beaumont Street, Oxford. BRADSHAW, Henry, Esq., King’s College, Cambridge. BUXTON, Charles, Esq., M.P., 7, Grosvenor Crescent, S.W.

CHAPPELL, William, Esq., 30, Upper Harley Street. W. CHEETHAM, Rev. S., King’s College, London. W.C. CLARK, Rev. Samuel, The Vicarage, Bredwardine, Hereford. CLARK, E. C., Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge. COHEN, A., Esq., 6, King’s Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. COLERIDGE, Miss Edith, Hanwell Rectory, Middlesex. COLERIDGE, J. Duke, Esq., Q.C., 1, Brick Court, Temple, E.C. COSENS, Frederick, Esq., Larkbere Lodge, Clapham Park. COWPER, J. Meadows, Esq., Davington, Faversham. CRAIK, Professor George L., 2, Chlorina Place, Belfast. CRAIK, George L., Esq., Glasgow.

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