Chapter I: Part 1

OJIBWA MYTHS AND TALES

BY
COL. GEO. E. LAIDLAW

REPRINTED FROM THE ARCHÆOLOGICAL REPORT, 1915

OJIBWA MYTHS AND TALES.

By COL. G. E. LAIDLAW.

This series was obtained from Peter York this summer of 1915, when camped here with his family of basket makers, and also after his return to the Rama Reserve where he lives. This reserve is to the east of Lake Couchiching in Ontario County in Ontario Province. The tales told by John York were told in Ojibwa to Peter York and were written down in English by Peter York, who can read and write English. I have followed York’s phraseology in the stories as closely as possible, using his terms, such as “went to work,” etc., and not changing his meaning in any sense. Some of these stories may appear crude, and others rather indefinite, but I have in no way altered them, preferring to leave them as they are.

John York is an old man of 96 years and his Indian name is “Kitche-Penascie” or “Big Thunder.” Peter York is 48 years old and his Indian name is “Penascie” or “Thunder.” Both names, according to Peter, are “hard” names. York frequently visits this section which is only a score of miles from the Reserve.

Nanabush is one of the variants of Nenebojo, others being Nanabozho and Nenebuc. This personage while being human possesses certain supernatural powers, one of them being, that whoever or whatever he addressed had to answer him. Nanabush seems to have been a joker and a scapegoat at times, and is reputed to be alive yet. York remarked upon one occasion that Nanabush “was a sort of god” and addresses him as Mr. Nanabush. This band of Ojibwas did not know where or when Nanabush was born, or the circumstances of his birth. Perhaps some of the older Indians on the Reserve might know. Inquiries will be made in the future.

York’s ending to the stories is “This ends this story.” And his use of the words “great big” means a giant such as “a great big man,” a giant. “A great big beaver,” a giant beaver, etc.

NO. 1.

NANABUSH AND THE DUCKS. (MODERN.) (NO. 1.)

Told by Peter York.

A long time ago Nanabush when out hunting ducks came to a lake. He saw a nice bay, round (curved) all along to the end which we all know bays are not straight. And in this bay there were a lot of ducks sitting along the shore, and Nanabush would like to kill them all with one shot. He did not know how to do it. He thought that he must get them all. He looked at his gun which was straight, and he thought if he could bend his gun he might get them all. He went to work and bent his gun. He got close and made a good aim, pulled the trigger and “Bang.” When the smoke cleared away there were no ducks to be seen dead or alive. Nanabush got so mad (angry) that he made another plan.

NO. 2.

NANABUSH AND THE DUCKS. (NO. 2.)

Told by Mrs. Joseph Kenice.

The other plan that Nanabush made to get these ducks was this: He and his mother made a big camp (lodge or wigwam) and invited all the different kinds of ducks to come to a big dance on such a day set apart for the dance. All the ducks came and when they came up Nanabush started to sing a song. Before the dance started he told the ducks that they had to keep their eyes closed when they danced and had to dance around the middle of the camp. Nanabush seated himself near the door and as the ducks would dance near him he would grab them and twist their necks and throw them behind him (York exemplified this by gestures) and got quite a lot this time. But one of the birds, a diver, opened her eyes a little bit and saw what Nanabush was doing. She made for the door and told all the ducks to run away. Nanabush made for the one that told on him. He got the duck in the door as she was going out and reached out his foot and stamped on her as she went past, and this is the reason the diver has flat feet and legs that stick out behind. These are some of Nanabush’s works while he lived. This ends this story.

Note by G. E. L.—The song that Nanabush sang for the ducks was called “Ki-ah-wah-na,” which, according to York, means “Something that has been used to get such a thing or to do such a thing with. May have been an axe or a knife, etc.” This is very indefinite, but is just what York explained, that it was difficult to understand. I fail to see any connection with the ducks as in other variations of this story.

NO. 3.

THUNDERBIRDS. (NO. 1.)

Told by Peter York.

The old people once went to the Blue Mountains near Collingwood a long time ago. At the end (escarpment) near the Bay a Thunderbird had its nest. It had two young birds. They were shaped like geese, but were naked and were about as high as a man’s chest and were of brownish red or russet color. By and by they began to grow pin-feathers and get big. Then they went away. The old people went over several times to see them, and they first saw them during a thunderstorm.

NO. 4.

THUNDERBIRDS. (NO. 2.)

Told by John York.

Once two Indians, a man and his wife, camped near a little lake. The Indian was trapping. He had a dream one night never to cross on the ice at night on any lake, but one day shortly afterwards he went too far away hunting and got very tired. As he was coming home with his bag of beaver on his back, and his ice chisel in his hand, he came to a narrow place in the lake where he either had to cross on the ice or go a long way around, so he thought he’d chance the ice (risk it for once), but when he got about half way over he heard something coming down from above, but could not see anything because it was dark. He fainted (became unconscious) and dropped on the ice, and the next thing he knew he found himself sitting inside a big bird’s hand (or claws) with all his game, beaver, ice chisel and bag. He could not do anything except to remain very still. After a while he saw something ahead, which was a rock, and the big bird lit on the rock and let the man go and flew away again.

The man saw two young ones (young Thunderbirds) coming towards him, and when one of these got near enough it opened its mouth wide. The man got up and got his chisel and knocked the young bird down and killed it. This young bird was very big and heavy (as York expressed it, “it would weigh easy a ton”). The man made up his mind what to do, as he had got to die anyway, so he went to work and opened the young bird and took all the insides out and got in himself. He found that he could stay inside the bird in going down to earth again. He managed to get the young bird to the edge of the rock. Then he got inside and fastened himself in with his long sash, closed the open hole with strings and rolled off. The young Thunderbird spread its wings and began to float down through the air. The man fainted and when he came to he found himself on the edge of a lake in a strange place, so he got up and wandered about till he came on some man tracks which he followed up till he came to two men and asked them where he was. They told him where he was and the name of the place, and then he knew which way to go to reach his own camp.

When he got near his own camp he saw that the place looked very old anyway. He went nearer and got to the door and called “Who’s in there?” Some one inside told him to “come in.” Inside he saw a very old lady. He thought “this can’t be my wife, she’s too old. I’ve been only away a few days.” He asked her “where was her man?” She said, “A good many years ago my husband had a dream ‘never to walk across the ice of any lake’ and he may have tried to go across some lake at night and was taken by some big bird (Thunderbird) or somebody I never heard of. Here I have been ever since he went away and nobody knows where he is.” The man told her who he was and they kissed each other and lived together the rest of their lives. This shows that he was away a long time, but it seemed short to him. When on the Thunderbird’s rock he killed only one of the young Thunderbirds. The other he did not touch.

Notes by G. E. L.—The word “Lady” used here is equivalent to Ogemahkwee, which means a chief’s wife or daughter, or some female relative of a chief. This word is also used in speaking of, or to a white lady of quality.

Kissing is seldom met with in stories or tales of their own life by the Indians, so I think it is a modern introduction.

NO. 5.

RAT AND BEAVER STORY—WAH-ZESK AND AH-MIC.

Told by Peter York.

A long time ago the Rat had the Beaver’s tail, and the Beaver the Rat’s tail. The Rat wanted to trade tails, very badly, but the Beaver didn’t care enough about trading, but at last he traded. Then the Beaver when he got his present tail liked it very much for he found that he could swim faster, but the Rat didn’t like it, because he had to swim slower, so he begged the Beaver to trade back, but the Beaver would not trade; so the Rat cried and cried till his eyes got small, and this is the reason that the Rat has small eyes and a small tail.

(Rat here means the Muskrat.)

NO. 6.

THE BEAR, THE WILD CAT AND THE BIG STURGEON—MUH KWAH, PEZHEW AND KITCHÉ NŬH MAH.

Told by Peter York.

Near the mouth of the Nottawasaga River there are rapids. The bear was fishing there one day. He was catching sturgeon in his paws and throwing them over his shoulder on to the bank. By the time when he had enough he quit fishing and started to carry the sturgeon back into the woods from the pile he had thrown them into. The wild cat (lynx) was watching the bear whilst the bear was fishing. When the bear went away, the wild cat went to fish at the same place. He caught a very big sturgeon, but on account of his crooked claws, could not let go, and the sturgeon swam out to deep water and drowned the wild cat.

NO. 7.

NE-WE-NO-NAH K’SHE MŬH.

The story of the woman who visited a man who lived in a tree, and who could change himself into a serpent when he wished.

Told by Peter York.

A very long time ago there was an Indian who lived with his family in the wilderness or wild bush where nobody was to be seen. This man lived by hunting wild game. One time he noticed his wife dressing up very nice. This kept on for a good many days. One day the oldest boy told his father that the mother went away every time the father left camp for hunting. The man thought that he would watch her, so he went away one morning, but went only a little way and watched the camp. After a little while the wife came out dressed in her best. She went out in the bush and the man followed to see what she would do. She went to a big tree and stood at the foot of the tree and rapped, just the same as a person would do on a house door. Then he saw a very nice man come out of the tree and observed what was going on, so he thought he would kill his wife as soon as she got back to camp. When he got home he made a big fire and told his two children (boys) what he was going to do, and also told them what to do when he (the father) would run away. His wife came home in the evening and he killed her and burned her in the fire. He then told his boys “if they saw the sky red that would show them that he (their father) was killed by his wife’s sweetheart.” The next day they saw the sky red which showed them that their father was killed, so they ran away themselves. Before their father went away he told them that their mother would follow them though she was dead, so the father gave them some things to use in case they wanted help; an awl, a stone, and a thorn. When they saw their mother coming, they threw the stone down, when it became a big mountain, and the two boys went a long way before their mother was able to get over the mountain and catch up to them. When she came close again the boys threw the thorn down when it became a very big bush of thorn trees (Haw trees), which gave the two boys a chance to get ahead a good bit before she got through. When she got close again the boys threw the awl down, which became many hundred awls with their points sticking up, but she managed to get over them and kept on trying to get her children.

The boys came to a big river and saw a big snail which they asked to take them across the river. The big snail stretched himself across the river and the two boys got across. When the mother got to the river she also asked the big snail to take her over. The snail told her he would, but when about half way across the snail dropped the woman into the river, and that was the last of her.

The two boys went on and came to a lake where nobody was to be seen only themselves. The big boy made a little bow and arrow for his little brother. After a little while they saw someone coming in a log canoe, who turned out to be a bad old man. As soon as the old man saw the two boys he made up his mind to take one of them and leave the other, so he told the little boy with the bow and arrow to shoot up in the air. The arrow dropped into the canoe, and the old man told the big boy to come and get it. As soon as the big boy got in the canoe the old man pushed out quickly and left the little boy behind. The big boy asked the old man to take his brother along but the old man said “No!” When they got to the old man’s place the big boy was locked up (confined) for a good many days and could not get a chance to run away. One day the old man told the big boy that if he wanted to go out with him he could go. They came to a big hill and he asked the boy to go for a sleigh ride down the hill. The old man wanted the boy to sit in front but the boy chose to sit behind. There were stumps and stones down the hill and as they went down the hill very fast, the boy thought to hit a stone and kill the old man, which he did. Then the boy thought about his little brother and went back and looked for him. When he got to the place where his brother was left he saw a wolf which was his brother who had become half a wolf and half a boy. Which all Indians believe to be where the wolf came from. The boy got too hungry and became part wolf. This ends this story.

NO. 8.

OJIBWA AND MOHAWK. (NO. 1.)

Told by Peter York.

Long years ago there were two Ojibwa boys who lived so close together that they called each other “Brother,” and one time when they got to be big boys they talked about getting married, so they went away to an Indian (Ojibwa) village not far away and got girls to marry them. When they got married they wanted to know what to do to make a living. One said “We will go a long ways up the river to hunt and stay there for a good while and will be able to get enough to keep us during the winter months.” They got ready for the trip and started with a good supply. They stayed a long time till they got enough (furs and meat) and then started to come home.

On their way home they came to a place where there were a lot of stumps and snags, and one of them struck a stump and made a big hole in his canoe. He had to go to shore to fix his canoe, whilst the other canoe went on ahead. When the canoe was mended they started on again and when they came to a little lake they saw their comrade just about the other side of the little lake going into a river where there were lots of other Indians (Mohawks, their enemies) waiting for them to come home with their catch of fur and meat. The man in the second canoe said to his wife, “Well, my brother is going to get killed, as he goes into the river, you watch!” And when the first canoe was just going into the river there was smoke of gunfire from both sides. The wife (in the second canoe) said, “We will be killed the same way.” The husband replied, “Well, no. If I get mad (angry) there is no shot that could hit me. I will go alone to see, and you stay here till I come back.” “No,” she said, “You can’t go, you will be shot too.” “Well,” said he, “let them shoot, they can’t hit me. I had a dream in my early days that no gun could hurt me, and if my dream is no good I won’t come back.” So they got everything out of the canoe and he started in the canoe with his gun for the same place where his comrade got shot. When he got there the gunfire started from both sides of the river and kept up for a long time, till after a while the fire was not so bad, after another while the fire ceased and the wife looked and looked and after a short time she saw something coming straight to where she was waiting. She knew the canoe but there was a different man in it. She hid herself in the bush till she heard her man calling to her and then she came out. Her man was all black, and it was because he had so many close shots fired at him that the gunpowder blackened him up, so that the wife only knew him by his voice when he called her. They got ready and crossed the lake to where the fight took place. They got out of the canoe and he showed his wife where there were a good many dead Indians (Mohawks) on both sides of the river. They went to work to see if they could find their friends’ bodies. It did not take them long to do so and to bury them the best way they could. They then started on their way home and upon arrival spread the story and went to see the parents of the dead ones. This ends this story.

NO. 9.

OJIBWA AND MOHAWK. (NO. 2.)

Told by Peter York.

A good many years ago there were two head chiefs of the two big nations of Indians, the Ojibwas and the Mohawks. One time the head chief of the Mohawks thought to do something to hurt the Ojibwa chief. He did not know just what to do. The Ojibwa chief had one son and one daughter. Well, the Mohawk thought “If I kill one of his children this would make him mad (angry).” So he got his warriors to come to him and told them to go to the Ojibwa village at night and try to kill the chief’s son or daughter. The warriors started at night and went on their errand and it happened that the son was out late and was taken prisoner. The warriors took the boy to the Mohawk chief and the chief cast lots, by drawing little sticks, and the one that got the longest stick had to kill the boy. The boy was killed before the people and the chief called a big feast and had the boy cooked. When everything was ready he invited all the other neighbouring chiefs as well as the Ojibwa chief who had lost his son, and there were hundreds of Indians besides. The big feast was ready by this time and all sat down on the ground. Those who were appointed to act as waiters started to bring in the eatables, beginning at the door, giving the food to the men as they went along. The head Ojibwa chief was placed in the middle, and when the waiters came to him they brought his son’s head well cooked. This chief recognized his son’s head, but said nothing, and as they were all eating, he ate his son’s head just to show them that he was a man.

When everything was over the Ojibwa chief started for home, and as he was going home he made up his mind that he would also do this kind of work some day. He did not do it at once but waited for a few years, when he got his warriors to come to him one day and told them that they had to go to the Mohawks’ village and get the chief’s daughter and bring her to him. One of the warriors told the chief “that there were hundreds of warriors guarding the Mohawk chief’s house ever since the Big Feast when the Ojibwa chief’s son was killed and eaten” (or in other words, since you lost your son).

The Ojibwa chief then said, “You go in the daytime and take her and I will make them sleep sound. I will be able to do that.” So they started, six of the best men. When they got to the Mohawk village they found all the watchers asleep and the chief also sound asleep. They took the girl away as they were told to bring her. Before this the Ojibwa chief told one of his men to kill her, and she was killed in a quiet way. Nobody knew what happened. The Ojibwa chief then called a big feast and told his people to get ready, that after the feast there was going to be a big battle right there. So they got everything ready.

They called the Mohawk chief to come and all the Mohawks that could come at that time came, and all the Indians came from other places. They all sat down and ate. The girl’s head well cooked was placed before the Mohawk chief. As soon as he saw his daughter’s head he gave a loud yell and fainted. Just at this time the Ojibwa chief rose up and asked his men to start and kill every one of the Mohawks. The Ojibwa chief killed the Mohawk chief himself and his men killed the rest of the Mohawks at this time. After this happened the news spread all over and the two big nations got so mad (angry) that they declared war. The war took place in winter time. They fought on Lake Couchiching and the Lake was full of Indians. When the fight began the Ojibwa in command was a girl who led the warriors. When the Mohawks saw them coming they said “we’ll have fun now.” When the Ojibwas came very close the girl who led gave a big loud yell and all the Mohawks fell down on their hands and knees and tried to crawl away, but the Ojibwa warriors killed every one of them that they could find. Young and old, women as well as men, except two, a boy and a girl, and from this pair came the present Mohawks. This ends this Mohawk story.

Note.—(The girl leader of the Ojibwa was not the sister of the boy that was killed and eaten. She was a different girl, but had a dream that she could do this leading.)

NO. 10.

OJIBWA AND MOHAWK. (NO. 3.)

Told by Peter York.

The Ojibwas were once entering Lake Couchiching by the west side in winter time on the ice. They were going across to fight the Mohawks on the east side, when an old Mohawk woman came down to the ice hole to get some water. She saw the Ojibwas coming and turned her back to them and exposed her anus in contempt and otherwise made fun of them. Then she went and told her people. The opposing warriors fought on the ice and the Mohawks were beaten. After the battle the Ojibwas painted a red woman in just the same position as the Mohawk woman posed, on the rocks on the east shore near where the fight took place (now called McPherson’s Quarry or Geneva Park). This figure now remains and can be seen to day. (It is about 5 or 6 feet above water and is about 1 ft. high.)

NO. 11.

OJIBWA AND MOHAWKS. (NO. 4.)

Told by Peter York.

An Ojibwa man and wife and one child were out hunting away back in the woods and one day the man said to his wife, “We are going to have trouble now. There are some Mohawks about, and they are going to come to-night to kill us. There is no use running away for we are too far from home. If I am killed they will take you away to their home.” The night came and this man and wife watched nearly all night, till about daylight they heard an owl and some other kind of bird. This shows that the Mohawks were near and had surrounded their camp. There were fifteen Mohawks and the one Ojibwa man had to fight them all. Well, he did very well for he killed quite a lot of them, but his wife and child were taken prisoners whilst he was fighting. He was not killed but escaped and ran towards his home. He ran for two days till he reached home and told his friends what had happened. He raised a war party of some forty or fifty men and one old man, a prophet, and started after the Mohawks.

This old man, the Prophet, knew where the Mohawks went and he also knew that the wife was still alive, and that child was killed on the way to the Mohawks’ home, for he had that power. So the Ojibwa war party started for the Mohawk country and while they were going the old man said, “She has made her escape and is coming back.” So they all ran to meet her and they met her. She told a very bad (pitiful) story to the men. She said, “On the way every night I had to keep the fire going all night to keep them warm. Some days they all go out hunting, but one had to stay and watch me. One day they all went out but one bad man who stayed in camp to watch me. This bad man made a big fire and went out and cut a good-sized stick. Then he took my baby and ran the stick into him (through the anus) and roasted him in the big fire. Well, I could not do anything only cry, and this bad man came right in front of me and began to mock and cry, and facing the other way showed his buttocks. I grabbed his privates and pulled all I could, and he fell down and I got up and rolled him to the fire and burnt him. Then I took his gun, I did not run away till I killed every one them. Towards the evening one came when I was inside the camp, when he got near I shot him. He fell dead, and after a while another one came and I also shot him. I took his gun which was loaded. The last time two came together. Well, I thought, if I kill them this time I would be safe, so I made a good aim and fired at the first. He fell and the other tried to run away; before he got away I shot him dead and started to run back towards our country.” One of the Ojibwa war party took her home, and the rest went on their way to the Mohawk village. When they got there they killed some of the children to pay the Mohawks for what they did.

This woman made a good plan to get these Mohawks. She did not run away after she killed the first man for fear the rest would chase her and catch her, so she stayed in camp and killed them as they came in singly from hunting. She would take the gun of the man just killed and would be ready for the next.

The Mohawks in camping at night fixed some poles around the fire about two feet from the ground, and would lay on their backs with their feet on the poles, warming their hind quarters. The Ojibwa woman had to keep the fire going all night. The killing or torturing of children was the worst thing Indians could do. This ends this story.

Note.—All these fights took place in this locality. The river referred to is the Gull River. The Ojibwa used to come to where Beaverton now is and then across to South Bay, Balsam Lake, by another route south of the Portage Road. (This is borne out by other evidence than York’s.) I spoke of the embankment at South Bay to York, but he had never seen it though he had heard of it, and remarked that it was “one of the fighting grounds.”

NO. 12.

RAMA WITCHES. (NO. 1.)

Told by Peter York.

One time an old witch lived in Rama on the west side of Lake Couchiching. She covered herself with the skin of an owl when she wanted to fly at night for the purpose of taking the first joints off the fingers of children, which she used to string up like old-fashioned, dried apples in her camp. These children would die at once. She had the power to take these joints off.

One day she wanted to go to near where Atherley now is, and compelled two young men to go with her in the canoe, for she had the power to compel young men to go with her, generally the best of them. She wanted to go to a man’s place who had two black dogs. She wanted these dogs. When she arrived there she asked the man for the dogs, but he said “No!” She then asked him for one dog, but still he said “No.” She then took a paddle and shoved the canoe off shore saying to the man, “I shove off with one of your children.” (Meaning that one of his children would die.) The man said, “Maybe you will die yourself before you get home. The bees will have your meat.” She sat in the middle of the canoe with one of the young men paddling at the bow and the other at the stern. When about half way home the young man at the stern heard a bee humming overhead and looking up he saw the bee enter the woman’s ear into her head. In a short time her body was full of bees, eating her up, and she began to twist around and say: “Youh, youh,” and died in the canoe. The young men put her overboard at what is now Ground Hog Point, which took its name from her, for she was called “Kuk-oh-chees,” “The Ground Hog.”

She had forgotten to take her bag (medicine bag) with her and had left it in her camp. The man’s power was stronger than hers, for he killed her and nothing happened to him. He had power over the bees. Sometimes when this witch was looking for children at night she carried a light. The young men went with her because they were afraid she would kill them if they didn’t go.

She said as she died, “Well, anyway I never killed any big people, just children,” but the people found joints of fingers of grown-up persons on the strings as well as those of children in her camp.

Note.—Ground Hog Point is called in Ojibwa Kuk-oh-cheesh, Nāy-ash-sheeng.

NO. 13.

RAMA WITCHES. (NO. 2.)

Told by Peter York.

Another old witch once lived in Rama. She disguised herself in a turkey’s skin when she wished to fly. She caused many people to die. One day when all the people were having a bee to hoe corn she went to the bee, leaving her turkey skin in her bag (medicine bag) at her home. There was a little boy who lived with her and who had often watched her through a hole in his blanket when she was dressing herself in this turkey skin, and thought that he would like to try it himself, so he took the turkey skin out of the bag and put it on. The skin was very much worn by now and had lost lots of feathers and was ragged, but still preserved the power to fly. So the boy flew over to the hoeing bee, and all the people began to say: “Look at the witch, look at the witch,” and the witch herself began to get very mad (angry) and act crazy when she saw the boy in her turkey skin. The boy lit on the ground and the people rushed over and took off the skin and found that it was only a boy. The witch’s son who was also there took an axe and rushed up to his witch mother and said, “You must stop causing people to die, or else I’ll put the axe to your head.” She said, “No! she would not.” Whereupon he struck her on the head with the axe and killed her on the spot.

NO. 14.

THE SOCIAL PROBLEM.

Told by Peter York.

Once a small party left the Rama Reserve for the purpose of going on a hunt up the Gull River waters. Amongst this party was a bad man who had left his wife on the Reserve and had taken another woman with him, which was a very bad thing to do. After being on the hunt for some time this man died and was prepared for burial, and a grave was dug. He was left in a place just outside the camp for three days before burial. One of the children of the camp who happened to go and look at the body, came back and said that clothes were pushed off the body’s face and breast, so the older people went to see. They found this was so and the man coming to life. He came to life and said that he had been in heaven and was sorry for what he had done by leaving his wife on the Reserve, etc., but that he knew he was going to die in exactly a month from that day at midday, and would never see Rama again. After a short while the party moved camp on their homeward journey, and at Balsam Lake when the month was just about to be up the man said that he was going to die and knew he could not stop it. So he made a little camp and went in there. He was all right the night before and also on the morning of the last day, but before noon he said his time was near and began to act terribly crazy-like. His eyes stuck out and he chewed his tongue and rolled around his camp in terrible agony. He acted so strangely and shook his camp so much that he so frightened the others that they were afraid to go near him and so left him alone to die. His actions continued till noon when the man died in horrible pain. Thus was he punished for leaving his wife and taking another woman.

NO. 15.

WINTIGOES (GIANTS).

Told by Peter York.

In olden times people used to believe that if a person fasted for a period of about ten or twelve days he would learn something about bears or lions, or something very strong, and if he dreamed of any of these animals he would be just as strong.

One time a man had a dream that he could fight with the Wintigoes any time. He could be just as big and just as strong, and during one winter time he knew that the Wintigo was coming to eat them (i.e. his family). He said to his wife “The Wintigo is coming to-night, and is going to eat us, and if my dream fails we shall be eaten by the Wintigo.” The night came and the man went out to meet the Wintigo a little way off. The wife listened for a little while, then she heard trees flying all over and she saw two great, big men biting each other and hitting each other with great, big trees, and also with their hands. This kept on for a long time, till all at once it went past, and she watched if her man would come home. After a while he came out of the woods just as small as he was when he went out to fight. He said, “I won the battle for the first time since I had my dream. You come over with me and I will show you where I finished the Wintigo.” They both went out till they came to the place where they saw, as if somebody had been underbrushing, so fierce was the battle that all the underbrush and small trees were knocked or trampled down. At the far end of this place they saw a great big man lying down dead, with his big kettle and a great big knife, for the Wintigo was going to kill and eat these people. So the man and wife went to work and gathered up wood and made a big fire and burned the Wintigo to ashes.

NO. 16.

LITTLE LYNX STORY.

Told by Peter York.

Black Bear had a very good winter one time. It was a very hard winter for the smaller animals on account of the snow and frost and storms. This big Black Bear used to go on the deer runways and catch a deer and eat him up, and the Lynx used to watch the Black Bear climb up in a tree and jump on the deer as they passed along the runways, which they had in the winter months, and which was an easy thing for a big black bear to do. Once when the Lynx was very hungry he could not catch anything as there was too much snow. Well, he thought that he would try and kill a deer, so he went out on one of their runways and watched for a deer to come along. Soon he saw one coming and he climbed up a tree and when the deer came under the tree the Lynx jumped on his back. The Deer started off wild and went all over the woods, but the Lynx still held on having a good hold and the Deer could not shake him off. The Deer knew that there was a leaning tree in the bush so he made for that, knowing that he could knock the Lynx off as he ran under the tree. The Deer ran very fast and as he ran under the tree there happened to be a knot on the under side of the tree where the Deer went, so the Lynx got his back skinned from his head to his tail. It also just happened that an Indian was out hunting that way and tracking deer. He saw a deer track which was a very bad one with blood all over. So he followed it up till he came to the Lynx lying dead and a little farther on he found the Big Buck dead too. The Deer had got so tired that he lay down and died. So the Indian had good luck finding them both.

NO. 17.

NANABUSH AND THE FOUR MEN. (NO. 4.)

Told by Peter York.

A good many years ago four Indians wanted to know something about “how to be a man that would know how to fight and never get hurt.” Well, they talked about it and decided to go and see Nanabush and ask these things. They made the journey, which took them two long years to get to his place. On the way up they could hear Nanabush beating his drum and saying to them, “Come on, my children.” Well, one day they heard him saying, “You will get to my place in the morning.” The morning came and they saw a clean place; everything looked to be good. They saw a big camp here and went to the door and rapped. Nanabush said, “Come in, my children,” and shook hands with them. They talked a little while when Nanabush said something to his daughter, who was a very nice-looking girl, and she started to cook something which was bear meat, and took some blueberries and cooked them (both) in a very little pot (about the size of a cup). While those men were watching the girl one of them thought, “I could eat all that in the pot with one spoonful.” Nanabush knew what this fellow was thinking about and said, “You will see if you can eat that much.” They all sat down and started to eat out of the little pot. They ate all that they wanted and the pot was still full. Nanabush said, “You men can’t eat it all.” After the meal Nanabush said, “Now you must tell me what you want to know. You have walked for a long time.” The first man said to Nanabush, “I would like to know if there is a battle in our country, and I would like to know that if I was shot at I would like the ball not to hit me.” Nanabush said, “This will happen so, you just think about me when going to fight.”

The next man came before Nanabush and said, “I am a hunter and I would like to call the game to me when I want them, some wild beasts.” Nanabush said, “This will be so, when you go hunting you call just what you want and they will come.”

The third man came before Nanabush. “Well,” he said, “I would like to get myself a wife, nobody likes me.” Nanabush said, “You see my daughter, you take her and she will be your wife.”

The fourth man came before Nanabush and said, “I would like to live forever.” Nanabush said (in reproach), “We all know that every man has got to die, and you would like to live forever.” He reached out his hand and took the fourth man and placed him on his side, when the man became a granite stone, and there were only three men that came back home. Everything that Nanabush said was so.

Nanabush said to the one that wanted a wife, that he must not speak to her till they got home, and they all started home happy. On the last day before reaching home the man who had Nanabush’s daughter wanted to talk to her, so he spoke to her, but before he had finished his words the girl was missing and could not be found, so he got home without a wife. This ends this story.

NO. 18.

NANABUSH AND THE YOUNG MAN AND WIFE. (NO. 5.)

Told by John York.

A good many years ago two families lived on an Island. One family had one son, and the other one daughter. The two young people got married and lived for a little while when the young wife took sick and died. The old people buried her on the Island, but the young husband went out after the burying, and the old people saw him lie down near the grave. Just as soon as he closed his eyes he saw his wife going away. He followed her for a long time but could not get near enough to catch her, so he went on till night came. She said to him (her husband), “We will camp here,” and she made her camp a little way ahead. He made his camp behind hers. The next morning came and they started again. On their way he saw a big house by the roadside, but before they reached the house he heard somebody talk to him and who told him that “this was the place where all the dogs live that you ever owned. The ones that you have used badly, and they will pay you for what you have done to them while living.” The man that spoke said to him, “I will help you. You take these bags of shoes and when the dogs attack you throw the shoes at them.” When the young husband got to the house the dogs attacked him. He dropped the bags of shoes and the dogs attacked the shoes and the young man passed out and saw his wife ahead of him the same as usual. The night came again and they camped out once more. The next day came and about noon they saw another house on the road ahead. When they came to this house they saw some people who invited them to eat, but they did not eat. This was the last house to be seen before they got to the place where they were going. They went on till they saw a great big house. The wife went in ahead and the man came in behind. When he got in he saw nothing but a big room full of little beds, but nobody was in the house. He went all over the house but could not find his wife so he went out and looked around. He saw another house nearby and went over to it. He rapped at the door and someone said, “Come in.” He went in and saw an old man sitting down who said to him, “You have come a long way to try and get your wife back. Once they get in that big house you can’t see them any more, but, if you want help I can help you a lot.” “I will be very much obliged if you will,” said the young man. “Well,” the old man said, “There will be a big dance in the big house to-night. They do that every time a new man or a new woman gets here. I will hide you in my pocket and at the dance I will catch her.” The night came. As soon as the sun went down people could be heard running around all over (spirits or ghosts).

This old man was the man who sang at the dance so he started the dance a little after dark. He who was sitting in the pocket was watching his wife. He saw her coming and dancing too. When she got near the old man caught her and got a very small box and put her in and went out. This broke up the dance. The old man took the box to his house. There were two little boxes, one for the wife, and another in which was an oil of some kind. The old man said to the young husband, “It took you four years to get here and you will get back in two days. Beware (listen) and do what I say. When you get home, get two small stones and make them hot, open the box of oil and let it melt on the stones. Cover yourself and the boxes with blankets. You listen till you hear her speak and then open the box. You will see her alive again.” The young husband did all this when he got back home and his wife came to life again. They came to where they started at first on the Island. There was nobody living there this time so they sat down and after a little while he said, “Do you see that point up there? Watch a little while and you will see two canoes coming this way. There will be our parents in them.” The canoes came out in the lake straight for the island and when they came near they stopped. The old people said, “Someone’s at the grave.” The two young people spoke, “Come on, we got back here again alive.” The old people almost jumped out in the water when they saw their children and heard them talking.

In olden times people used to believe in feeding the dead by burning some bread and meat (food) over the grave, and this was what brought the parents back to the island at this particular time.

Note.—(The old man in this story is Nanabush, who was also the man that spoke about the dogs.)

This story is from John York, who claims it is a true story and happened in the days gone by.

NO. 19.

THE LITTLE DOG STORY.

Told by Peter York.

In the old days people used to have faith in their dogs. One time a man had a very small, little dog. When he went out hunting he put the little dog inside of his coat. Every time the little dog tried to bark the man knew that there was some game near.

One night while the man was asleep the little dog licked him on the face till he woke up, which went to show that there was trouble at hand. The little dog tried to take his master outside the camp. They both went out and the little dog began to roll in the snow. Every time he rolled he grew bigger. He rolled till he got to be as big as a good-sized calf, then he stopped and watched the lake. They saw a great, big dog coming across the ice to kill the man. The man’s dog went out to meet this one and conquered it. This big dog was a grey-looking one with no hair.

NO. 20.

KILLING THE OLD PEOPLE.

Told by John York.

In the days gone by when an old man or woman got helpless they used to be killed outright.

One time while two families, one of which had an old woman, were out camping, they decided to kill the old woman. They told her that they were going to move to some other place. They took her by the hand and led her to the bush some distance away where they stopped in a lonely place and told her to sit there till they got ready to build a camp. Instead of making a camp they went back home and left her to die. The old woman was left on a river bank, and it happened that one of the boys was out hunting that way and when he was coming back home he saw his grandmother sitting by the river side. He wondered how she got there, but told her to get in the canoe and took her back to camp. He left her near the camp telling her to come in after dark. The hunter then went into the camp and after a while the old woman came in. Everybody sat still, they did not know what to say, as they had thought that she would have died that night out on the river bank. She never told how she came back, neither did her grandson, so it was never known to the rest. The people quit killing the old people from that time. They never did it again. The Indians used to do this; when people got too old they were killed to be got out of the way.

NO. 21.

OJIBWA AND MOHAWK. (NO. 5.)

Told by Peter York.