Chapter XLVIII: Versailles and the Commune (1)

The Communists or Communards--The “Internationale”--Bismarck and the National Guard--The Municipal Elections--The Insurrection--Thiers--Paris During the Commune--Concluding Remarks.

(_From a Photograph by Loescher and Petsch._)]

No sooner had peace been signed between France and Germany than a desperate conflict took place in the streets of the capital, which led to a two months’ war between the regular troops established at Versailles and a mass of federated battalions of the National Guard in Paris itself. The Communards are known in England as the “Communists”; and, having after a time adopted certain theories on the subject of labour and the division of property as part of their programme, they are generally looked upon as Communists in the socialistic sense of the word. The Communard movement of 1871 was, above all, a revolutionary attempt to establish absolute municipal self-government in Paris. It recalled, then, from the first the Commune of the great Revolution, when Pétion was Mayor of Paris, with Robespierre and Danton among his councillors and officials. The Paris Commune of the first Revolution declared all other authorities suspended. It joined the extreme party known as the Mountain (from occupying the highest benches in the Assembly), organised the movement which resulted in the fall of the moderate, well-intentioned Girondists, and remained faithful to Robespierre throughout the Reign of Terror until the overthrow of the revolutionary tyrant. The very name of Commune was then abolished, and in lieu of a central municipal power, Paris was divided into twelve distinct municipalities.

Count Bismarck at Versailles had recommended the disarming of the National Guard. His well-meant advice was regarded with suspicion, though, as he had foreseen, the revolutionary spirit of the force in question soon asserted itself. Already on the 18th of March the National Guard had resisted the action of some Line regiments. The Municipal Elections of the 26th proved favourable to the projected Communal Government, and, on the 29th, the Commune was formally proclaimed. The Red Republicans, leaders in every revolutionary movement, had, since the dethronement of Napoleon III. and the proclamation of the Republic in September, 1870, never ceased to attack what they considered the conservative character of the Government of National Defence; and in demanding measures of a more democratic kind, they aimed in particular at decentralisation, municipal independence, and the introduction of a federated system made up of self-governing communes. These views were supported in good faith by politicians of the extreme Republican side. But they were adopted also, and spread abroad with many pernicious additions, by political agitators, revolutionists, and adventurers of the worst kind. The members of the “Internationale”--a society for the promotion of revolution everywhere, of which but little has lately been heard--did their best to fan the insurrectionary flame; and soon every form of discontent had its representatives, and every impossible chimera its supporters among the leaders of what was still called the Commune.

The vagabondism which gave to the Commune so many adherents had been generated and developed during the siege, and there were numbers of men in Paris, composing the worst portion of the National Guard, who saw in the end of the war the end also of their living at Government expense, and who looked forward with dismay to the return of regular work, the enforcement of creditors’ claims, the collection of rents and taxes, and a hundred other inconveniences which they had evaded during the war. On the triumphal entry of the German army into Paris, March 1st, 1871, detachments of the National Guard had, by express stipulation, though contrary to Bismarck’s advice, been allowed to remain under arms for the preservation of order in the streets, and a considerable quantity of cannon having been entrusted to their care (in order to prevent its falling into the hands of the Germans, who by the terms of the armistice had every right to it), they afterwards, when summoned to do so by General Aurelle de Paladines, refused to give it up. It was on this occasion that the National Guard came into collision with the regular troops, who had been instructed to receive the artillery from them. Their determination not to part with the field-pieces placed beneath their protection was at first attributed to an honourable patriotic feeling. But the National Guard lost no time in seeking ammunition for their artillery, and they took possession of several magazines. They were attacked by some bodies of regular troops, but succeeded in giving a good account of their opponents, some of whom were induced to join them. A Central Committee of the National Guard was now formed, and inflammatory proclamations were put forward demanding that the National Guard should have the right to elect its own officers; that the daily war pay of one franc and a half should be secured to each National Guard until he could obtain work, and that General Aurelle de Paladines should be displaced in order to make room for a commander of their own choosing. In regard to general politics, they demanded universal suffrage and the formal subjection of all military power to the civil authority of the Paris municipality: Paris commune, that is to say.

The chief of the new National Government, M. Thiers, saw that the time for suppressing the movement in favour of the Commune had arrived. The National Guard had carried their artillery to the heights of Montmartre, and some ten thousand of the regular troops now took up positions of attack at the base of the hill. They then pressed upwards to the summit, overcame the guard placed outside the insurgents’ camp, took the cannon, and made several hundred prisoners. Having once got possession of the cannon, the regular troops do not seem to have known what to do with their capture. News of the affair spread rapidly through the workmen’s quarters of Montmartre and Belleville, and the alarm having been beaten, several battalions of National Guards mustered and marched to the hill on whose crest the cannon still remained. One of the regiments entrusted with the custody of the guns fraternised with the assailants, and the victory of the National Guards was thus made easy. The insurgents remained in possession of the guns, and the few troops who remained loyal to their colours were allowed to withdraw. Soon afterwards, on the same day, a small body of regular troops was cut off from the main column by a party of insurgents, and General Clément Thomas, former commander of the National Guard of Paris, was taken prisoner and shot. By mid-day on the 18th, the insurgents were in full possession of Montmartre, and towards evening, the Government troops having been driven from the field, they penetrated into other quarters, and now for the first time established themselves in the Place Vendôme. Soon after dark, they occupied the Hôtel de Ville without encountering any resistance. By midnight they had made it their headquarters, the regular troops having meanwhile returned to Versailles. On the morning of the 19th, the federated Guards held every point within their power, and the Central Committee were the rulers of the city. The Government over which M. Thiers presided was already established at Versailles.

Nothing could be stranger than the way in which the forts around Paris were now occupied. Those on the eastern and north-eastern side were still in the hands of the Germans. The regular Government held Mont-Valérien, the most important of all the forts. The other forts had fallen into the power of the federated battalions of the National Guard, who now made preparations for defending the city against a second siege.

Elections were at this juncture made to a municipal assembly; the Commune was declared to be the only true and legitimate Government of the city; and a _Journal Officiel de la Commune de Paris_ was founded, in which a series of decrees was immediately published. The old revolutionary calendar was restored, March 29th being announced as “the eighth of Germinal, year 79.” Laws were issued requiring every able-bodied citizen, from nineteen to forty, to serve in the National Guard; a partial remission of overdue rents was granted; three years’ time was given for payment in full of overdue notes and bills, and the daily pay of the National Guards was raised to two and a half francs. All articles, moreover, that had been pawned for a sum not exceeding twenty francs were to be returned to their owners; pensions were to be paid to the widows and orphans of those falling in the insurrection; and all factories whose owners had left Paris were to become the property of the workmen employed in them.

The Commune now proceeded to organisation, and, after many lively debates in the Assembly, an executive committee was formed, when the conduct of the Communal Government assumed a definite shape. Ministers were appointed, and one of the leading members of the Commune--he happened to be the best-dressed man amongst them--was named, at a time when Paris was cut off from all communication with the outer world, “Director of External Affairs”--“Directeur des Affaires Extérieures.” “Ce monsieur,” said Rochefort, when he heard of the appointment, “a plus d’extérieur que d’affaires.”

(_From a Photograph by Appert, Paris._)]

The general cry on the part of the Communal leaders was now to march upon Versailles and “crush the Assembly.” The first encounter, however, with regular troops undeceived the National Guard as to the kind of reception they would encounter. They had expected fraternisation, but met only with defeat. Their first repulse, however, had little effect but to encourage the Communal Government to renewed efforts; and on the day following the first check nearly 90,000 men, divided into three columns, were sent towards Versailles. The centre column, under Bergeret, an American, was to advance in the direction of Meudon, covered by the southern forts in possession of the Commune; the left, under Eudes, was to approach Versailles by way of Vaugirard, Montrouge, and Chàtillon, while the right, under Duval, was to pass directly under the guns of Mont-Valérien, which was believed to be evacuated, and advance upon Nanterre and Rueil. Neither column, however, had marched very far before it encountered disaster. Bergeret was met by a division of regulars at Meudon, and at once driven back; the left, under Eudes, was stopped by a corps of sailors and marines and, after a fierce encounter, compelled to retreat. The worst fate of all was reserved for Duval’s column, which, on approaching Mont-Valérien, was surprised at close quarters by a terrible discharge of artillery from the fort believed to be abandoned. The middle part of the column was annihilated, and the leading regiments, equally with the rear, took to flight. Duval himself was captured and shot.

Bergeret’s place in the army was now taken by a Pole, Ladislas Dombrowski, who was also made Commandant of Paris. Another reign of terror seemed at hand. Requisitions were made upon public institutions of various kinds, including churches; and several rich men, accused of disloyalty to the Commune, had their property seized and confiscated. Numbers of Communist prisoners taken in action had been shot, and it was now declared that in putting to death unarmed soldiers the Versailles authorities had transgressed the rules of civilised warfare. The Archbishop of Paris, Monseigneur Darboy, with other ecclesiastics and civilians of eminence, were seized as hostages; and it was announced that for every Communist prisoner put to death three hostages would be executed. Monseigneur Darboy was one of the first victims under this decree. Tragic, indeed, has been the fate of three archbishops of Paris in succession: Monseigneur Affre, who perished on the barricades in the days of June, 1848, as he was seeking to pacify the insurgents; Monseigneur Sibour, assassinated by a fanatical priest; Monseigneur Darboy, shot in cold blood by the Communists.

M. Thiers, who had erected the forts of Paris partly against foreign invasion, partly, it was thought, against a possible insurrection in Paris itself, enjoyed within a few months the opportunity of testing their utility in both characters. As a protection against assault from the outside they had proved ineffective, though they need not have done so had Paris been approached within a reasonable time by a relieving army strong enough to break through the lines of investment. Against the forces of the Commune they were found very serviceable; and, when the final advance was made from Versailles, the forts played an important part in covering the attack. The Versailles troops were under the command of Marshal MacMahon, who retained his popularity with the French by reason of his being, as a matter of fact, the only prominent French leader who had not signed a capitulation or in any way capitulated; though, had he not been severely wounded on the morning of the battle of Sedan, he would have had no choice but to surrender on the terms which his successor in command, General de Wimpffen, was compelled to accept. Nevertheless, while General de Wimpffen, Marshal Bazaine, and General Uhrich, Commandant of Strasburg, were stigmatised, with all the commandants of the numerous fortified towns which surrendered under severe bombardment, as unworthy of the trust reposed in them, Marshal MacMahon, by the mere accident of his having been incapacitated at the beginning of the most critical battle of the whole war, was regarded as a hero without fear and without reproach.

To return to Versailles--the regular troops occupied point after point, until at last they were prepared for a final advance. Rossel, an artillery officer of considerable talent, had now replaced Cluseret as “delegate for war.” Dombrowski retained the chief command. But the Commune was greatly in want of leaders, and numbers of battalions were without chiefs, On the 10th of May M. Thiers’ private house was demolished, and on May 16th the Vendôme column was overthrown. The insurgents, under the pressure of the Versailles troops, became almost as frantic as were the revolutionists of the Reign of Terror when they feared the invasion of all Europe. The most bitter hatred was expressed against the Versailles Government by popular orators haranguing crowds in the streets and in the great republican clubs. Bands of women, as during the revolution of 1789, marched through the public thoroughfares, carrying arms and exciting the people against the “assassins of Versailles.”

On the 14th of May several forts were captured from the Communists; and on the 21st everything seemed ready for a general attack. Proclamations were posted on the walls of Paris calling upon citizens to fight to the last; and officers rode through the streets inciting all they met to determined resistance. These appeals proved ineffective in the richer quarters of Paris, where the arrival of the Versailles troops was looked forward to with joy. But they met with the fullest response in the workmen’s districts, where even women and children fought at the barricades. Begun on Sunday, May 21st, the operations of the Versailles army were continued on Monday and Tuesday. The troops had been divided into five columns, which were to form a cordon round the city, and, attacking vigorously at certain points in the circumference, were gradually to concentrate so as to hem in the insurgents on all sides--the plan, in short, of the battle of Sedan applied by Frenchmen to other Frenchmen. On Tuesday morning, May 23rd, the attack was begun. The Versailles troops were successful at all points; but one of the columns met with a desperate resistance on the plateau of Montmartre, which was not taken until after severe fighting. Close to Montmartre the Place Pigalle, where Dombrowski had his headquarters, still held out. It was surrounded by a barricade, which was defended with the utmost energy for two hours, until the Communist leader fell mortally wounded. Then the resistance did not cease; but before night the important stronghold was in possession of the Versailles troops.

There was desperate fighting, too, in the Place Vendôme, which was at last taken by an overwhelming assault made at the same time from the Rue de la Paix on the one side and the Rue de Castiglione on the other. The Place de l’Opéra was also the scene of a sanguinary struggle. It was not until Wednesday morning that the Bourse was taken, and the only important points left unoccupied were now the Hôtel de Ville and the Château d’Eau.

Meanwhile the insurgents, gradually falling back, had, in their powerlessness, gratified their rage by the most barbarous means. Organised incendiarism had been resorted to, and fires now broke out in every part of Paris. Fires which might possibly have been caused by shells had been noticed on the Tuesday, and now, on Wednesday, the Tuileries was in flames. Soon the Palais Royal, a whole side of the Rue Royale, and then, in an easterly direction, the Hotel de Ville, were found to be burning. A panic spread through the city, among the Versailles troops as well as the people. It was repeated from mouth to mouth that the Communists had sworn to burn all Paris by fire kindled with petroleum; and a series of arrests and executions was now begun, which soon amounted to the indiscriminate slaughter of all who chanced to fall under the slightest suspicion. “It was only necessary,” says an American writer, Dr. Edward L. Burlingame, “that a man or woman should be pointed at as _pétroleur_ or _pétroleuse_; they were shot down without inquiry or mercy. Houses were searched, and those hidden in them were brought into the streets and killed. Many entirely innocent shared the fate of the leaders, like Vermorel and Rigault, both of whom fell by these summary executions. A court-martial was established in the centre of the city, but even for those brought before it there was in most cases only a hurried form of trial. New fires were continually lighted, either by concealed incendiaries--of whom many were taken with the implements for their work in their hands--or by petroleum bombs from the barricades and the districts still in possession of the Communists. During this week of conflagrations there were consumed or partially burned, besides a great number of private houses, the Palais de Justice, the Prefecture of Police, the Palace of the Legion of Honour, the Porte St. Martin Theatre, the Grenier d’Abondance, several churches, many mercantile establishments and minor public buildings: all this, besides the more formidable conflagrations at the Hôtel de Ville, the Tuileries and the Louvre.”

During the whole of Wednesday, in spite of the distraction caused by the fires, the troops had steadily continued the manœuvres by which they were gradually closing about the last insurgent strongholds. Around the burning hotel the Communists contested every step of advance with desperate bravery. It was late on Wednesday night before the building, then in flames in four places, was at last abandoned. On the left bank of the Seine the resistance was still more obstinate, and it was only on Thursday afternoon that the Versailles troops succeeded in driving the insurgents from their last strong position on the Buttes-aux-Cailles, after the bloodiest contest since their entry into the city. Still fighting, the Communists fell back to the manufactory of the Gobelins, which they set on fire. Here was their last desperate defence on this side of the river. Prisoners in their hands were forced to man the barricades, and afterwards were shot down after freedom had been scoffingly promised them. After a violent struggle the Versailles troops gained possession of the whole district, and with it of the last contested spot on the left bank.

On the right bank the troops were operating towards the Faubourg St. Antoine, and especially the Place de la Bastille, which was taken on Friday, when the insurgents retired to the cemetery of Père Lachaise. The quarter of Belleville, inhabited almost exclusively by workmen, resisted with the greatest ferocity, and on Friday night it was still unconquered by the Versailles troops, who now formed a semicircle around it. On Saturday, May 27th, there were still barricades to take in the Faubourg du Temple; and the Communists had yet to be dislodged from the cemetery of Père Lachaise. A fire, too, was kept up by a battery on the Buttes Chaumont. On the evening of Saturday, May 27th, General Vinoy took the cemetery by storm. The last defence of the Communists was made at a barricade in the Faubourg du Temple, which, in spite of constant attacks, held out until Sunday at noon. At five o’clock on Sunday afternoon the firing had ceased throughout the city, and a notice from Marshal MacMahon was posted on the walls announcing that the civil war was at an end. The dead were scattered through half the streets of Paris, the hospitals were crowded with the wounded on both sides, and nearly twenty thousand prisoners were in the hands of the Government. The great majority of the ordinary prisoners were set at liberty; but a considerable number were shot on the plain of Satory, near Versailles. Many more were transported to penal colonies.

(_From a Photograph by Appert, Paris._)]

Versailles now lost its military importance as headquarters for the army. But the Assembly continued to sit there, and did not until some time afterwards hold its deliberations within the walls of Paris.

“In five or ten years, as soon as you are strong enough,” said Count Bismarck to General de Wimpffen, during the negotiations which followed the battle and preceded the surrender of Sedan, “you will attack us again, and we must be prepared for you.” This prediction, happily, has not been fulfilled. The words “as soon as you are strong enough” are somewhat oracular in character; but, as a matter of fact, France has remained at peace far longer than was thought probable either by her friends or by her enemies. The peace of 1815 lasted only fifteen years, and it was first broken by the French themselves. The peace which followed the Franco-German War has already endured for twenty-three years.

Paris seemed to have escaped from the murderous grip of its foe only to commit suicide. But the deeds of the Commune, however shocking, were not altogether without precedent in the history of France; and, were it now worth while to seek them, excuses might almost be found for the desperation of those days.

The “pyromania” by which the fanatical incendiaries of the Commune may well be said to have been inspired had shown itself before in French history; so, too, had the panic by which the pyromania of 1871 was naturally followed. In the sixteenth century, on the 23rd of May, 1524, the town of Troyes was burnt down; men in disguise had, it was said, excited children to kindle the flames. As soon as the news reached Paris, people lost their heads. Some terrible plot was supposed to have been formed, the object of which was to destroy the whole of Paris. Accordingly, just as happened three centuries and a half later under the Commune, the citizens came out to guard their own houses, and began by stopping up the holes opening into their cellars. Under the Commune it was said that slowly burning sulphur matches were thrown into all the cellars, and every woman who was seen carrying a basket or a milk-can was called a _pétroleuse_. In 1524 it was forbidden by public proclamation to light the customary bonfires on the feast of St. John; and during the Commune it was imprudent for several days to light a lucifer in the streets.

During the reign of Louis XIV., an English traveller remarked that no people were more industrious than the Parisians, nor gave less money, because he said they hastened to spend all they earned in food, drink and clothes. The vanity of dress, the love of ornaments, and, above all, of decorations in the official sense of the word, has always tormented the Parisians. The passion for equality still shows itself in France by everyone wishing to wear a gold stripe on his trousers or a feather in his cap. No such brilliant display of fantastic uniforms was ever seen as during the Commune. The officers of Dombrowski’s and Bergeret’s staff, bumping on their horses as they pranced along the boulevards, did credit to the imagination of the costumiers; and after the suppression of the Commune, one of the first orders issued by Marshal MacMahon dealt with this strange abuse--indulgence in unauthorised uniforms--which were condemned collectively as fancy dresses, _costumes de fantaisie_. At the beginning of the First Revolution the same phenomenon had been seen.

The women were no less ridiculous than the men, as they preceded or followed the battalions in military jackets laden with the most grotesque ornaments. These viragoes were the lineal descendants of the “tricoteuses” of the First Revolution, and of Théroigne de Méricourt. “The wife of a colonel walks about with a red cap on her head,” writes the author of a book on the events of the Reign of Terror, entitled “Un Témoin de la Révolution.” “She carries pistols in her belt, and boasts publicly of the number of persons she killed during the massacres of August and September.” There was apparent novelty in the permission given by the Commune to tenants not to pay their rent; but this eminently popular measure had been anticipated by the Council of Union in the days of the League.

If there was nothing new in the excesses of the Commune, neither is there in the accusations, often groundless, made against the luxury and immorality of the Parisians. Everything that has been said about the demoralisation of France under the Second Empire had been said about the demoralisation of France under Louis Philippe, not to speak of the 17th and 18th centuries, whose morals and manners are only too abundantly described in a whole series of memoirs.

“The industrial and commercial activity of this epoch, the stimulus it gave to all material appetites, brought about,” says M. Lavallée in his “History of Paris,” “a competition without limits, the most hideous speculation, a more shameless, more barefaced love of money than in the time of the Regency or of the Directory.” M. Lavallée, however, is here writing not of the Paris of Napoleon III., but of the Paris of Louis Philippe.

“The more civilisation is developed,” says M. Maxime Ducamp,[H] “the more reproaches of this kind will be made, and apparently in all sincerity. The discovery of the precious metals, which have gradually become abundant, has given to the world excessive wealth; wealth has created wants, and some of these wants have become habitual. Every effort is made to satisfy them. To demand from a rich nation a life of abnegation and poverty, is to demand from the human being more than his nature permits. A man will without murmuring live on oatmeal and horseflesh when he is constrained to do so by necessity, but in the ordinary course of life he prefers wheaten bread and beef-steak. People are said to have been very virtuous at Sparta. But the Spartans honoured theft: a proof of extreme poverty or of inconceivable idleness.”

[H] “Paris, ses organes, ses fonctions et sa vie.”

This wealth and this luxury which moralists, severe upon other people, condemn with violence, have not been without influence in softening manners, and they have brought about, to take only a hygienic view, a notable prolongation of human life. In lieu of rookeries in which whole families used to rot, in hovels without sun or air, Paris now possesses broad streets with healthy houses which are flooded with light and oxygen, to say nothing of an abundant water supply. This wealth does not afford immoral pleasures alone. It has trebled the productive power of Parisian workmen by substituting for their black bread of other days a substantial reinvigorating diet. The consumption of meat, unmistakable sign of general prosperity, increases every year. Charitable institutions provide attendance for indigent persons at their own homes, and vast hospitals, at which the first physicians of the day think it an honour to serve, receive the sick in numbers and under conditions never dreamed of in the good old time.

The general health of Paris cannot but profit by the intelligent and beneficent care of the indigent sick, and, were not Paris a wealthy city, the ameliorations introduced into her hospitals would have been impossible. Without the riches produced by so much solicitude for material interests, could the Prefecture of the Seine have assigned 30,000,000 francs for primary education in Paris?

There have never been fewer assassinations or fewer robberies in Paris than at present. The crimes committed to-day, in the midst of a population of some two millions, are only one-tenth as numerous as those which darkened the period when France counted no more than 600,000 inhabitants. Whether the moral character of the public has proportionately improved is another question. Police vigilance and preventives of all kinds serve doubtless as a check. The brilliant gas which has been substituted for flickering oil-lamps, the spacious thoroughfares which have replaced obscure lanes and alleys, have contributed enormously to the safety of the citizen. Each year in Paris the police effect thirty or forty thousand arrests--a fact which proves, not indeed that the metropolis has grown eminently moral, but at least that it is well protected. And it is in proportion as the wealth of the nation increases, that the protective organisation of the city can be maintained in greater perfection. In this sense the luxurious wealth which certain moralists so deeply lament, is an inestimable boon even to the poorest section of the community.

INDEX.

Abailard, and his students, I., 355;
his house and his love story, II., 156

Abailard and Héloise, Monument to, II., 156

Abbey of Longchamp and its founder, I., 219

Abbey of Saint-Magloire, I., 314

Abd-el-Kader and the scene with General Bugeaud, I., 75, 76

Academicians, The, and the oyster-woman, II., 7, 8

Académie Française:
Mercier’s opinion, I., 37, 38;
and composers of operas, 118;
origin, II., 55;
constitution, 55, 56;
M. Arsène Houssaye’s “The Forty-first Chair,” 56;
celebrated men who were not members, 56, 57;
funds and prizes, 58

Académie Royale de Musique, I., 87;
Assassination of the Duke of Berri at the, 90

Achard, Amédée, fights a duel with Paolo Fiorentino, I., 61

Actors, Denial of the rites of burial to, I., 58, 111-113;
imprisoned, 176

Actresses, sent to prison, I., 56, 58, 176;
an excommunicated class, 58;
Voltaire on the public opinion of, 58;
their costumes, 322-324

Adrien de Valois, Burial-place of, I., 299

Adulteration of foods, II., 314

Affre, Monseigneur, his assassination, II., 66, 247, 249

Agricultural produce, II., 167

Agricultural proprietors, II., 167

Alaux, M., and the Folies Dramatiques Theatre, I., 85

Algeria as a training-ground for generals, I., 75

Altar of Patriotism, I., 232, 233

Alva, Duke of, and the massacre of St. Bartholomew, I., 22

Amaury, and his followers, I., 251, 252

Ambigu-Comique Theatre, I., 86

Americans in Paris, II., 13-16

Ancelot, librarian of the Arsenal Library, I., 290

Andelot, and the attack on the Guises, I., 22

André des Arts, St., Church of, II., 107

Anecdotes, of duellists, I., 353, 354;
of students, 359;
of Bohemians, 367, 368;
of cookery and dining, 374-376;
of coachmen, II., 1-3;
of oyster-women, 7;
of domestic servants, 22;
of Parisian gaiety and wit, 24-27;
of peasants, 169;
of Talleyrand, 241, 242;
of beggars, 324, 326, 327

Anglais, Café, I., 122, 123

Angoulême, Count of, I., 23;
and the Hôtel Lamoignon, 68

Angoulême, Duchess of, and Mme. de Lavalette, I., 318

Anisson family, The, and the Royal Printing Office, I., 307, 308

Anjou, Duke of, and the massacre of St. Bartholomew, I., 23

Anne of Austria and the Val de Grâce, II., 90

_Anti-Jacobin_, The, I., 162

Antoine, St., Rue, I., 2, 46, 282-28

Apprenticeship, I., 301

Aquinas, St. Thomas, Church of, II., 238

Archbishops of Paris, Tragic fates of three successive, II., 66, 358

Architecture, Gothic style proscribed by Louis XIV., I., 5

Archives, Palace of, I., 304

Archivists, I., 305

Armour in the Artillery Museum, II., 86, 87

Army, The, its uniformity, I., 65;
Algeria as the training-ground for generals, 75

Arnould, Sophie, birthplace, I., 3;
her description of herself, 29;
receives offer of marriage from Bélanger, 127, 129;
poverty and death, 129;
her wit, 354

Arsenal, The, and its library, I., 290

Artillery, Central depôt of, II., 238

Artillery, Museum of:
origin, history and growth, II., 83-88;
reorganisation, 83, 84;
sacked in 1830 and replenished by Duke of Reggio’s collection, 84;
specimens of the Stone Age, 85;
Roman and Mediæval specimens, 86;
fire-arms, 87, 88

Artistic and Literary Club. I., 140

Artists in the Rue d’Enfer, II., 106

Arts and crafts corporations, I., 300, 301

Arts Bridge, II., 34

Artus (or Arthur), King of Britain, and his duel with the Tribune Flollo, I., 277

Assembly of the States-General (1789), II., 232

_Assistance Publique_, I., 305

Astleys, The:
open a circus in Paris, I., 73;
the personal attractions of the son, 73, 74;
their circus taken over by Franconi, 74

Astrology, I., 16;
patronised by Catherine de Médicis, 42

Asylum:
of Bicêtre, I., 63; II., 211-214, 221, 222;
Children’s, II., 101, 102;
Saint-Jacques aux Pélerins, I., 314;
Salpêtrière, II., 209-211, 218

Auber, M., and the Conservatory of Music, I., 335

Aubriot, founder of the Bastille, I., 47

Austerlitz Bridge, II., 33, 34

Austerlitz, Column of, I., 155-158

Ave Maria Market, I., 290

Avenue Marigny, I., 223, 224

Aveugles, Café des, I., 110

Bac, Rue du, I., 10

Balloons as war vehicles, II., 236

Balls at the opera, I., 139

Baltazarini and his _Ballet Comique de la Reine_, I., 28

Balzac, and his tailor, I., 106;
as a printer, II., 175

Bank of France, I., 322

Banquet d’Anacréon Restaurant, I., 85

Barnave and the Breton Club, I., 162

Barracks, Napoleon, I., 283

Barère, proposes the destruction of royal tombs, I., 101, 102;
and the preservation of the Louvre and the Tuileries for the king, 207;
and the Breton Club, 162

Barriers, The:
and the octroi, II., 318;
designations and number, 319;
Clichy and De l’Étoile, 319;
scenes of executions and assassinations, 320

Barry, Mme. du, I., 302

Bartholomew, St., Church of, I., 269

Bastille, The, its destruction and the original intention of its builders, I., 46;
as a State prison, 46;
dungeons and internal regulations, 46;
some notable prisoners, 47;
and _lettres de cachet_, 50;
its fall, 51, 52;
release of prisoners, 51, 52;
pulled down and meetings held on the site, 52;
and the Encyclopædia, 55;
liberation of prisoners on the accession of Louis XV., 55; II., 95;
imprisonment of Mlle. Clairon, I., 56;
prisoners liberated by the Duke of Orleans, 99;
built by Étienne Marcel, 286

Bastille, Place de la, I., 43, 52, 59

Bath-house of the Romans, I., 73, 74

Batignolles, Les, I., 344

Baudelaire, Charles, his residence, I., 291

Bavoux, Nicholas, prosecuted for his lectures, I., 358

Bazaine, Marshal, II., 358

Béarn, Prince of. (See Henry IV.)

Beaufort, Duc de, his duel with the Duc de Nemours, I., 350

Beauharnais, Louise de, saves her husband from death, I., 318-320

Beaujolais Theatre, I. 183

Beaumarchais, and his _Marriage of Figaro_, I., 44-46, 67;
builds the Théâtre du Marais, 67;
his _Mère Coupable_, 67;
imprisoned at St. Lazare, II., 142

Beaumarchais, Boulevard, I., 43, 46, 47, 67

Beaumarchais Theatre, I., 43, 67

Beaupré, Mlle., on dramatic literature, I., 174

Beauvais, Hôtel de, I., 283

Beauvoir, Roger de, I., 291

Bedford, Duke of, and the funeral of Charles VI., I., 98; II., 94

Beggars:
on the Pont-Neuf, I., 38, 39;
organised into troops, II., 324;
penalties in the Middle Ages, 324;
and the General Hospital, 325;
and Louis XV., 326;
at the Revolution, 326;
as professionals, 326;
anecdotes, 327;
employment in prison, 330;
Homes and Retreats, 331;
“bureaux,” 333

Béjard, Armande, wife of Molière, I., 173; II., 291

Béjard, Madeleine, I., 173; II., 291

Bélanger, the architect, I., 84;
builds the Hôtel de Brancas and proposes marriage to Sophie Arnould, 127, 129;
appeals to the Government on Sophie Arnould’s behalf, 129

Belleville, I., 335

Belleyme, M. de, Prefect of Police, I., 275; II., 18

Beltard, the architect, I., 315

Benedictines, Church and Monastery of, I., 306; II., 90

Béranger, Statue of, I., 303;
Benjamin Constant’s opinion of his songs, 303

Bercy, Bridge de, II., 33

Bergeret, Communist leader, II., 357

Bernhardt, Sarah, I., 182

Bernini, and his designs for the completion of the Louvre, I., 198

Berri, Duke of, Assassination of, I., 70, 71, 76, 86, 90;
his widow inaugurates the Ambigu-Comique Theatre, 86;
his double marriage, 90;
his children born in England committed to the care of the Duchess, 91;
burial-place, 100; II., 97, 98;
alarmed at fireworks, I., 144, 145

Berry, Duchess of, II., 111

Berryer, lieutenant of police, I., 273, 275; II., 17

Berryer, Statue of, in the Palais de Justice, I., 258;
defends Louis Napoleon, II., 124

Berthe, Queen, I., 42

Béthisy, Rue de, I., 3

Beyle, Henri, Monument to, I., 324

Bèze, Theodore de, II., 39

Bicêtre Asylum, I., 63;
origin of name and its history, II., 211, 212;
approach, population, departments, and canteen, 212;
great well, workshops, library, and inmates, 213;
disturbances, 213, 214;
“Monsieur l’Abbé” and his painting, 214;
epileptics, idiots, and criminal lunatics, 214;
story of Latude, 214;
story of the four sergeants of La Rochelle, 218-221;
insurrections, 221;
massacre at the Reign of Terror, 222;
reforms of Pinel, 222

Bièvre, River, II., 225

Birds, Convent of the, II., 196

Biron, Duc de, and the belief in magic, I., 17;
and the arrest of the Young Pretender, 63

Biron, Marshal de, in the Bastille, I., 47

Bismarck, Count, and General de Wimpffen, II., 360

Blanc, Louis, and the death of Armand Carrel, I., 62;
his account of the Boulogne expedition, II., 117, 118

Blanche, Queen, II., 157

Blaze, M. Castil, on the proximity of the Salle Montansier to the National Library, I., 86

Blind Children, Institution for, II., 198

Blind men, Orchestra of, I., 110

Bohemians:
described by Béranger and Balzac, I., 365;
described by Montépin, 366;
two generations, 366, 367;
Henri Mürger’s “Vie de Bohème,” 367;
anecdote told by Grenville Murray, 368;
at the Café Momus, 110

Boieldieu, his residence, I., 111

Boiling of coiners, I., 3

Bois de Boulogne, I., 221-223; II., 287

Boisgerard effects the escape of Sir Sidney Smith from the Temple, I., 72, 73

Bologne, Jean de, and the statue of Henry IV., I., 31

Bonaparte, Lucien, and the Place des Vosges, I., 310

Bondi, Rue de, and its theatres, I., 85, 86

Bonne Nouvelle Bazaar, I., 103

Bonne Nouvelle Boulevard, I., 103

Bonvalet’s restaurant, and his supply of food during the siege of Paris, I., 85

Bookstalls, II., 255

Books, Burning, I., 40, 252;
proscription of, 40, 126, 187-189

Booksellers and the king’s library, I., 190

Bookselling, I., 124, 125

Bordeaux, Duke of. (See Chambord, Count of)

Bornier, Vicomte de, librarian at the Arsenal, I., 290

Bosc, Pastor du, II., 42

Bossuet preaching at La Salpêtrière, II., 211

Bouchardon, Edmé, Fountain by, II., 238

Bouffar, Mlle. Zulma, I., 93

Bouillé, M. de, and the flight of Louis XVI., I., 211, 214

Bouillon, Chevalier de, and masked balls, I., 139

Bouillon, Duchess of, and Adrienne Lecouvreur, I., 3, 182, 183

Boulanger, General, and the Naval and Military Club, I., 140

Boule and the inlaid furniture of the Louvre, I., 198, 199

Boulevard:
Beaumarchais, I., 43, 46, 47, 67;
Bonne Nouvelle, 43, 103;
Bourdon, 282, 290;
Capucines, 43, 130, 132;
St. Denis, 43, 93;
des Filles du Calvaire, 43;
des Italiens, 11, 43, 115, 126, 127;
Madeleine, 43, 142;
St. Martin, 43, 93;
Montmartre, 43, 104;
du Palais, 264, 269;
Poissonnière, 43, 103;
du Prince Eugène, 302;
Sebastopol, 95, 292, 293;
Strasbourg, 95;
du Temple, 43, 70, 85.
_Et passim._

Boulevards, Formation of, I., 7;
description of, 43;
reflecting the history of Paris, 166;
their restaurants and theatres, 43;
upper and lower, 43

Boulogne expedition, II., 116-124

Boundaries of Paris, I., 103

Bourbon, Duchess of, and the Élysée Palace, I., 218

Bourbons, Burial-places of, I., 100; II., 97

Bourdon, Boulevard, I., 282, 290

Bourdon, Colonel, I., 290

Bourg, Du, Execution of, I., 287; II., 38

Bourgeois, Nicholas, I., 139

Bourgogne, Marguerite, Blanche, and Jeanne de, punishments inflicted upon them, II., 62

Boursault-Malesherbes and the Théâtre des Sans-Culottes, I., 298

Bourse, The:
architecture, I., 191;
origin of word, 191;
its first location and subsequent history, 192;
taken from the Communists, 359

_Bourse, Petite_, The, I., 192

Boute-Feu, Jean, and his fireworks, I., 146

Bouteville, Count de, his duels and his execution, I., 349

Bouvet, Father, his presentation of Chinese books to the Royal Library, I., 190

Brandus, M., Outrage at residence of, I., 115

Bread collectors, II., 260

Breton Club, afterwards Society of the Friends of the Constitution, I., 162

_Breret de dame_ and the attendance of unmarried ladies at the opera, I., 89, 90

Bridge:
Arts, II., 34;
Austerlitz, 33, 34;
de Bercy, 33;
Jena, 33;
Latournelle, 34;
Louis Philippe, 34;
Saint-Louis, 34;
Marie, 34;
“Napoleon III.,” 33;
National, Solferino, De la Cour. Alma, &c., 34;
Neuf, 34

Brie, La, Sorcerers of, I., 42

Brissot and his library, II., 108

Brosse, Guy de la, and the Jardin des Plantes, II., 147

Brosse, Jacques de, and the Luxemburg Palace, II., 111

Bruce, Heart of, II., 93

Brun, Lesueur le, I., 291

Bruno, St., and the funeral of Raimond Diocre, I., 13, 14

Buffon, preservation of his heart and brain, II., 92, 93;
his administration of the Jardin des Plantes, 148, 149

Bugeaud, General, and his interview with Abd-el-Kader, I., 75, 76

Bull-fighting, I., 335

Bureau of Judicial Assistance, I., 260

“Bureaux of Beneficence,” II., 333

Burgundy, Duke of, Assassination of, I., 2

Burial of Kings, I., 98-102, 314; II., 94, 99

Burning, Jews, I., 3;
sorcerers, 3, 42;
magicians, 15, 42;
books, 40, 252;
witches, 40;
Waldenses, 42;
Protestants, 286; II., 71, 72;
lunatics, 207

Butchers, II., 308, 316

Butte Saint-Roch, The, and Joan of Arc I., 2, 159

“Cabochiens,” their attack on the Conciergerie, II., 134

Cadoudal, George, Vendean chief, his career, I., 313, 314

Cadran Bleu Restaurant, I., 85

Café:
Anglais, I., 123;
des Aveugles, I., 110;
“Cannon of the Bastille,” I., 46;
Cardinal, I., 115;
Foy, I., 109, 110;
Frascati, I., 106;
Leinblin, I., 110, 167;
Littéraire, I., 107, 108;
des Milles Colonnes, I., 115;
Momus, I., 110, 111;
d’Orsay, II., 236;
de Paris, I., 127;
Porte Montmartre, I., 103;
Procope, I., 10, 108, 109;
de la Régence, I., 109;
Riche, I., 122;
Tortoni, I., 126;
Turc, I., 80;
Valois, I., 110

Café concerts, I., 80

Cafés of Paris, I., 83;
indicative of political and other changes in French history, 107;
literary, 108, 109;
after the Revolution, 110;
in the days of the Restoration, 122;
disappearance of old specimens, 122;
originally wine-shops, 122

Calvin in Paris, I., 286;
as a student, 337; II., 36

Canal of Saint-Martin, II., 34

Cannon, fired by the sun, I., 47;
specimens in the Artillery Museum, II., 87, 88

“Cannon of the Bastille” Café, I., 46

Capet Dynasty, Advent of, I., 7

Capuchins, The, and Rue d’Enfer, or Hell Street, I., 4

Capucines, Boulevard, I., 130, 132

Carafa, his residence, I., 111

Cardinal, Café, I., 115

Carmelites, Shoeless, II., 247

Carmes, The Couvent des, II., 71

Carnavalet, Hôtel, I., 310; II., 160

Carrel, Armand, killed in a duel with De Girardin, I., 62, 352

Carriages, II., 30, 31

Castiglione, Rue, I., 158

Castle of Chambord, II., 303-305

Catacombs:
formerly quarries, II., 99;
removal of remains from cemeteries, 99, 100;
admission of visitors, 100;
number of human relics deposited, 101

Catherine II. and Diderot, II., 246

Catherine de Médicis, her credulity, I., 16, 42;
and Cosmo Ruggieri, 16;
and the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 22; II., 39;
her collection of books, I., 189;
and the Louvre, 195;
and the Palace of the Tuileries, 206;
and the Huguenots, II., 39

Catherine de la Rochelle, I., 160

Cavaignac, General, II., 248, 249

Cavaignac, Godefroi, his monument, I., 342

Cazotte, Jacques, his trial and execution, I., 259

Cecilia, St., Festival of, I., 315

Cemeteries, I., 333-335, 342; II., 250

Censorship of books, I., 126; II., 180;
and Francis I., I., 187;
opinion of Mercier, 188, 189

Censorship of the drama, II., 181-184;
under Louis XI, 181;
under Louis XIII. and Louis XIV., 182;
and _Athalie_, _Esther_, and the _Marriage of Figaro_, 182;
under the Republic and the Restoration, 183;
its abolition, 183;
re-established, 183, 184

Central Depôt of Artillery, II., 238

Central markets, I., 314-318; II., 166, 167

Central Paris, I., 281-326

“Cercle des Deux Mondes,” I., 126

Chamber of Deputies, II., 231, 232

Chamber of Peers, II., 112, 130

Chambord, Count of, Funeral of, I., 100;
discussion on his legitimacy, 222, 223;
and the Count of Paris, II., 305

Chamousset and l’Institution Sainte-Périne, II., 331

Champ de Mars:
its original use, I., 229;
historical events, 230, 231;
national celebration, 231, 232;
Altar of Patriotism, 232, 233;
massacre by troops and execution of Bailly, 234;
Festival of the Supreme Being, 234, 235;
military and other celebrations, 235;
as a racecourse, 235;
the annex of the exhibition of 1867, 235

Champfleury, I., 110

Champs Élysées, I., 11;
and the triumphal arch, 59, 218, 224, 225;
as a pleasure resort, 224;
amusements, 226, 229;
exhibitions, 229

Chapelle, Ste., The Church of:
its founder and its historical associations, I., 264;
upper and lower chapels, 265;
statue of Virgin and the painted windows, 266;
Saint Louis and Blanche de Castille, 267

Chapelain, author of “La Pucelle,” burial-place, I., 294

Charbonniers, II., 218

Charenton Asylum, I., 63:
date of foundation and history, II., 223, 224;
as a house of detention, and the administrations of M. de Coulmier and Roulhac du Maupas, 223;
rebuilt, 223;
surroundings, 223, 224;
internal system, number of inmates, and the patronage of Empress Eugénie, 224;
amusements, 225

Charlemagne, Statue of, I., 278

Charles V., speech against Charles the Mischievous, King of Navarre, I., 2;
and the Louvre, 194

Charles VI., Funeral of, I., 98; II., 94;
and the Louvre, I., 194;
and the municipality of Paris, 243;
and the Palais de Justice, 250;
his madness, II., 157

Charles VII. and Joan of Arc’s support, I., 2;
and Agnes Sorel, 64

Charles IX. firing upon the Huguenots, I., 2, 26, 196; II., 40;
his share in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, I., 22; II., 40;
misled by the queen, I., 23;
his avowal in Parliament after the massacre of Protestants, 27; II., 40

Charles X.:
suppression of newspapers, I., 2;
burial, 102;
preservation of his heart, II., 91

Charolais, Comte de, alarmed at fireworks, I., 145

Chartres, Duke of. (_See_ Égalité, Philippe)

Chasseurs, The, I., 59, 64, 75

Château:
de Madrid, I., 222;
de la Muette, 223;
Rouge, II., 72, 73

Château d’Eau, Theatre, I., 85;
Place du, 84

Châtelet Theatre, Du, I., 291, 292

Châtelet-Laumont, Marquis du, and the Hôtel Lambert, I., 291

Chateaubriand on the Duke of Berri’s English family, I., 91;
on the Jacobins, 163

Chaumette, M., and Notre Dame, I., 14;
and the Opéra under the Republic, 88;
his execution, 150

Chaussée d’Antin, The, at the end of the eighteenth century, I., 2

Chenier, André, imprisoned at St. Lazare, II., 142

Chermoye, Philippe, Assassination of, II., 89

Chérubini and the Conservatory of Music, I., 335

Chess-players at the Café de la Régence, I., 109

Cheval Blanc, Hôtel du, II., 108

Chevalier represents the Man of Destiny at Porte Saint-Martin Theatre, I., 92

Chevalier, Michel, I., 119;
his imprisonment, 120

Chevreuil, M., and the flowers in the Jardin des Plantes, II., 151;
and the Gobelins, 228

Children, Hospital for, II., 196;
institution for blind, 198;
imported to Paris from Italy, 328

Children’s Asylum, II., 101, 102

Chinese books in the Royal Library, I., 190

Choiseul, Hôtel, I., 126

Christmas, Saturnalia in churches at, I., 226-228

Christmas cards, I., 113

Church of, St. Bartholomew, I., 269;
the Benedictines, I., 306; II., 90;
St. Denis, I., 7; II., 94;
St. Éloi, I., 284;
St. Étienne-du-Mont, II., 66;
St. Eustace, I., 5, 314, 315;
Ste. Geneviève, I., 10; II., 59, 62;
St. Germain l’Auxerrois, I., 2, 22, 26, 27; II., 29;
St. Germain-des-Prés, I., 7; II., 170, 171;
St. Leu-Saint-Gilles, I., 312-314;
St. Louis, I., 291;
St. Louis and St. Paul, I., 284;
Madeleine, I., 11, 142, 143;
St. Méry, I., 93, 293, 294;
St. Nicholas-in-the-Fields, I., 299;
Notre-Dame, I., 3, 4-19;
Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, I., 340;
St. Roch, I., 158, 159;
Sacred Heart, I., 340;
St. Sulpice, II., 171-173;
Val de Grâce, II., 90, 91

Churches and chapels, English, II., 11, 43

Cigar-ends, Collectors of, II., 259, 260

Circus, opened by the Astleys, I., 73;
of the Faubourg du Temple, 74;
in the Boulevard des Filles de Calvaire, 76;
of the Prince Imperial, 85

Circus-women, II., 19, 20

Cirque d’Hiver opened under the title of Cirque Napoleon, I., 73

Civic tribunal. The, I., 261

Clairon, Mlle., imprisoned in the Bastille, I., 56;
her residence in the Marais, 67; II., 175;
passion of M. de S---- for her, I., 129, 130

Claque, The:
origination, II, 261;
at the Restoration, and its organisation, 262;
its utility, 264

Clausel, Marshal, I., 94

Clergy, their right to fight duels, I., 346;
their corruption in the thirteenth century, II., 61

Clichy, Prison of, I., 342, 343

Clock in the Arsenal Library, I., 290

Club:
Agricultural, II., 237;
des Armées, I., 140;
Artistique et Littéraire, I., 140;
Breton, I., 162;
des Deux Mondes, I., 126;
des Éclaireurs, I., 140;
Dramatic Critics’, I., 103;
Le Grand, I., 111, 126, 139;
Impérial, I., 140;
Jacobin, I., 162;
Jockey, I., 111, 139;
Mirlitons, I., 140;
de la Presse, I., 139;
Railway, I., 139;
de la Rue Royale, I., 140;
Sporting, I., 140;
de Terre et de Mer, I., 140;
Union, I., 140;
Washington, I., 140;
Workmen’s, II., 71;
Yacht, I., 139

Clubs, Management and facilities of, I., 141, 142

Cluny, Hôtel, origin and history, II., 74-82;
collection of curiosities and objects of art, 76-82

Cobblers, II., 266

Cocher, The, various types of, II., 1, 2

Cockneys, Parisian, II., 27

Coffee, its introduction into Europe, I., 82;
the rage in Parisian society, 83

Coiners, Boiling of, I., 3

Colbert appointed to complete the Louvre, I., 198;
his tomb in the church of Saint-Eustache, I., 315

Coligny, Admiral, place of death, I., 3;
plot for his assassination, 22;
flattered by the king and queen, and wounded by Maurevel, 23;
his murder, 24;
daughter married to the Prince of Orange, 27

Coligny and Guise, Quarrels between the houses of, I., 349

College of France, II., 44, 45, 47;
Du Plessis, 47;
of Clermont, 47;
of Dace, 71;
of Soissons, 71;
of the Lombards, 71

Colonne, M., I., 76

Column of Austerlitz, I., 155;
removal of the statue of Napoleon, 156;
erection of a new statue of Napoleon in 1833 and of another by Napoleon III., 156, 157;
pulled down by the Commune, 157;
re-established in 1875, 157, 158

Comédie Française, I., 103, 108, 109;
and the Richelieu Theatre, 167;
its history, 172-186; II., 110

Comédie Italienne, I., 175

Commercial Exchange, I., 318

Communards set fire to the Palais Royal, I., 168;
of 1871, II., 355-361

Commune, The, and the fortifications of Paris, I., 8

Concerts started by Pasdeloup, I., 76

Conciergerie, The: I., 263; II., 131;
its associations, 134;
custodians, 134;
attack of the “Cabochiens,” 134;
dungeons, 134, 135;
partly burned, 135;
massacre of September, 135;
inmates at the Revolution and tortures in the Bombec Tower, 136

Concorde, Place de la, extent and boundaries, I., 143;
history, 143-154;
Louis XV. and his statue, 143, 146;
accident
from fireworks in 1770, 146;
formerly the Place de la Révolution, 146;
and the execution of Louis XVI., 146-150;
executions of Marie Antoinette, Philippe Égalité, Charlotte Corday, Madame Élizabeth, the Girondists, and others, 150;
also formerly called Place Louis XVI., 152;
fountains, obelisk, &c., 154;
occupied by Russian and Prussian troops, 154

Condé, Prince de, Death of, I., 22;
his abjuration, 290;
fidelity to Protestantism, II., 39

Confessional, The, and the State, I., 33

_Congé de la Bataille_, I., 346, 347

Conservatoire de Musique, I., 90, 135, 335

Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, I., 293, 300-302

Constant, Benjamin, Duel fought by, I., 351;
and the songs of Béranger, 303

Constitution, Signing of the, by Louis XVI., I., 87

Contat, Mlle., and Prince Henry of Prussia, I., 35, 36;
in the _Marriage of Figaro_, 45;
her love-affair with De Lubsac and the loss of her jewels, 104, 105

Continental, Hôtel, I., 158

Convent of the White Cloaks, I., 306;
of the Holy Sepulchre, 314;
of Penitent Girls, 318;
Des Carmes, II., 71;
of the Good Shepherd, 102;
of the Cordeliers, 106;
of Les Filles de la Mère-Dieu, 139;
in the street of Les Petits Augustins, 175;
of the Birds, 196

Convention, Learning under the, I., 90;
its procedure, II., 234

Convulsionnaires, The, I., 47

Cooks and cooking, I., 123;
in comedy, 372;
opinion of Brillat-Savarin, 372;
in the 17th century, 374;
schools, 374;
and a certain archbishop, 374;
in the reign of Louis XV., 374, 375;
and Mme. de Maintenon and Scarron, 375, 376;
the “epigram” dish and anecdote of Carême, 376;
and the “cordon bleu,” II., 22

Coqueley, M., and the _Marriage of Figaro_, I., 44

Corday, Charlotte, Execution of, I., 150

Cordeliers, I., 162;
Convent of the, II., 106

Corn supply, II., 313, 314

Corneille, Tomb of, I., 158;
estrangement with Molière, 174;
and the Comédie Française, 172-175

Corneille, Hôtel, II., 109

Council of Elders, II., 231

Council of the Five Hundred, II., 231

Cour des Miracles, I., 3

Courtyard of the Dragon, II., 247

Crébillon, II., 72

Crematorium in the Cemetery of Père-Lachaise, I., 335

Crémeries, I., 318

Criminal population, II., 320-323

Criminals, tortured, I., 4

Croissant, Jean Douet de Romp, his scheme for the abolition of mendicancy, II., 325

Cultelli, Procopio, founder of the Café Procope, I., 108

Cuvier and the Jardin des Plantes, II., 150

Czartoryski, Prince, and the Hôtel Lambert, I., 291