Chapter VII: Part 7

With Oliver’s death his memory passed under a cloud, through which his greatness was to be but dimly seen until generations of men had lived and died. He left many descendants, and there are now in England, and also in America, and possibly Australia, very many men and women, in all ranks of life, who have his blood in their veins—though in the direct line his name has died out. Even during the present century, when among the English upper classes it was still customary to speak of him with horror, his very descendants in certain families felt keen shame for the deeds of their great forefather. With a childishness in no way above that of a Congo savage, it was actually the fashion in some of these families to make the children do penance on the anniversary of the death of Charles II., as a kind of atonement for the deeds of Cromwell. The grotesque nature of this performance is added to by the fact that in that very society a peculiarly high place of honor was accorded to the titled descendants of Charles II. and his mistresses. One hardly knows whether to be most amused or indignant at such fantastic incapacity to appreciate what was really noble and what really ignoble. The men among whom such false conventions obtained could not be expected to see in its true proportions the form of mighty Oliver, looming ever larger across the intervening centuries. Sooner or later, justice will be done him; sooner or later, he will be recognized, not only as one of the greatest of all Englishmen, and by far the greatest ruler of England itself, but as a man who, in times that tried men’s souls, dealt with vast questions and solved tremendous problems; a man who erred, who was guilty of many shortcomings, but who strove mightily toward the light as it was given him to see the light; a man who had the welfare of his countrymen and the greatness of his country very close to his heart, and who sought to make the great laws of righteousness living forces in the government of the world.

Oliver Cromwell.

From the bust by Bernini, presented to the House of Commons by Charles
Wertheimer, Esq.

From a photograph, by permission of the donor.
]

THE END.

INDEX

Abolition, in United States, 193

Abolitionists, 103, 192

Adamses, the, 36

Agathokles, 210

Ale-houses, suppressed under Protectorate, 213, 214

Alva, 156

America, Protestants and Catholics in, 12;
freedom from militarism in eighteenth century, 19;
power of compromise after Revolution, 100;
true greatness of, 179;
city government in, 214;
Cromwell’s descendants in, 239

American Civil War, compared with English Civil Wars, 5, 6, 61, 62;
citizen soldiers in, 64;
West Point in, 67;
cavalry in, 70;
compromises after, 102;
generosity of victors, 216

American Revolution, War of the, comparisons with English Revolution of
1688, 6;
with English Civil Wars, 61;
its citizen soldiers, 64;
regular soldiery, 91;
compromises after, 100;
Washington, 101;
events preceding, 114;
Continental Congress in, 177;
clemency following, 217

Americans, majority rule natural to, 25;
regicide sentimentalists among, 138;
religious toleration, 161;
character of, in eighteenth century, 190

Anabaptists, 77, 103, 143, 213, 220

Anglican Church, its Presbyterian trend under Elizabeth, 23;
its influence on Charles I.’s Third Parliament, 29

Antichrist, 226

Appomattox, Sheridan at, 171

Argyle, joins Whigamore raid, 130;
ally of Cromwell, 131

Armenian massacres, 228

Arminianism, in Holland, 12

Arminius, 12

Army, the Cavalier, 64

Army, American Continental, 102

Army, the English, in Civil Wars, composition of, 60;
first raised by nobles, 63;
reorganization of Parliamentary forces, 94;
character in Charles I.’s time, 107;
dissensions, 108, 111 _et seq._;
its strength against the Parliament, 116;
its struggles with the King and Parliament, 117 _et seq._;
its spirit, 121;
odds against it in Second Civil War, 124;
Charles I.’s negotiations with, 134;
march into London, 136;
revolt suppressed by Cromwell, 144;
its distinctive character, 145;
its influence in Long Parliament, 177 _et seq._;
offset by navy, 184;
rejects Parliamentary measures, 185;
supports Cromwell, 189;
attitude under Protectorate, 199;
protests against Cromwell’s accepting Kingship, 215;
serves under Turenne, 229;
revolts against Richard Cromwell, 232

Army, the Scottish, gives up Charles I., 117

Artillery, chief means of assault in Cromwell’s time, 59

Assembly, formed under Protectorate, 189, 191 _et seq._

Associations, of counties, 63;
assessed for Parliamentarians, 79.
_See also Eastern Association_

Astley, Sir Jacob, quoted, 99

Aston, Sir Arthur, at Drogheda, 153, 154

Atlantic Ocean, the, 179

Australasia, 238;
English expansion there, 238

Australia, Cromwell’s descendants in, 239

Australians, in South Africa, 67

Balgony, Lord, at Marston Moor, 88

Baltic Sea, the, 226

Baptists, the, origin under James I., 23;
tolerated by Cromwell, 78;
army sentiment toward, 108;
Parliamentary hatred of, 116;
under the Protectorate, 200

Barbadoes, Irish sent as slaves there, 153

Barbon, “Praise-God,” 191

“Barebones” Parliament, formation of, 191, 193 _et seq._;
attacks Courts of Chancery, 200, 212

Basing House, capture of, 98

Baxter, 74

Beard, Thomas, Cromwell’s tutor, 44

Bedford, Earl of, 45

Bench and bar, courage in, 181

Berwick, seized by Royalists, 121

Bishops, the, attitude of, toward Thirty Years’ War, 30;
Parliamentary resolutions against, 31;
army sentiment toward, 108

Bishops’ Wars, the cause of, 40;
Scotch share in, 124

Blake, Admiral, in Parliament, 116;
defeats Prince Rupert, 130;
his great fame, 182, 183, 184;
his indifference toward Cromwell, 201;
his victory at Santa Cruz, 228

Boers, as soldiers, 67;
belated Cromwellians, 144;
compared with Covenanters, 165

Border, the, in Civil Wars, 55, 84, 130, 131, 174

Boston, U. S. A., regicide sentimentalism in, 138

Boston Harbor, tea thrown overboard in, 35

Bouchier, Elizabeth, wife of Oliver Cromwell, 43

Brandenburgers, 226

Breast-pieces, 60

Bristol, capture of, 98;
Cromwell’s letter from, 105, 106

British Islands, the Commonwealth in, 177

Buchanan, President, his views on secession, 164

Buckingham, Duke of, his corrupt ministry, 26;
his assassination, 28

Buff coats, uniform of Parliamentarians, 60, 64;
worn by Royalists at Winchester, 83

Buisson, de, quoted, 225

Bunyan, John, 69, 232, note

Bureau of Intelligence, Chief of.
_See Scout-master_

Burleigh House, taken by Parliamentarians, 81

Byzantine Emperors, 172

Cadiz, Charles I.’s expedition against, 26

Calvin, his zeal for righteousness, 7

Calvinism, in Holland, 12;
its influence in England, 29;
in Scotland, 165

Calvinists, their intolerance of Roman Catholics, 13

Cambridge, University of, Cromwell’s residence there, 42, 43;
its plate seized by Cromwellians, 70

Canadians, in South Africa, 67

Cannon, Cromwell’s lack of, at Pembroke, 22

Captain-General, Cromwell’s office of, 163, 189

Carbines, 60;
discarded by Cromwellians, 79

Carlyle, taken by Royalists, 121

Carlyle, Thomas, his opinion of Cromwell, 1, 2;
of Puritanism, 2;
on regicide, 140

Carnworth, Earl of, 96

Casques, 64

Catholic Church, its recognition in Ireland demanded by the Pope, 148;
modern greatness of, 238

Catholics, aimed at by Third Parliament, 31;
unite with Royalists and Presbyterians in Ireland, 120, 122;
character of, in Ireland, 146;
aid of, for Charles II., 147;
dissensions in Ireland, 146–149;
Cromwellian hatred of, 152, 161;
persecutions of, 217, 218;
Mazarin’s plea for them in England, 220;
as landholders in Ireland, 223;
their share in British expansion to-day, 239.
_See also Roman Catholics_

Cavaliers, dress of, 64;
at Grantham, 79, 80;
at Marston Moor, 88;
at Naseby, 96;
rising against army, 120;
support Charles I. in the North, 121;
Cromwell’s opinion of, 123;
allegiance to Charles II. in Scotland, 172;
at Stirling, 174;
at Worcester, 175

Cavalry, its superiority to infantry, 59, 60;
among the Royalists, 70;
horse the true weapon of, 79;
at Gainsborough, 82;
Scotch at Marston Moor, 87, 88;
Naseby, 96;
Ironsides spirit in, 107;
Hamilton’s, 122;
at Preston, 127

Cavendish, Lord, at Gainsborough, 81, 82

Celtic, 16, 224

Celts, the, 16, 146, 224

Censorship of press, established under Protectorate, 216

Charles I., his ignoble peace, 19;
his private character, 25;
helplessness of English arms under his rule, 26;
his Third Parliament, 27;
yields to Petition of Right, 28;
his dissolution of his Third Parliament, 31;
rejects Petition of Right, 32;
embarks on Bishops’ Wars, 40;
his attitude toward the Long Parliament, 51;
betrays Strafford, 52;
makes terms with the Scotch, 55;
imprisons Puritan leaders, 57;
his adherents in the Commons, 61;
marches on London, 71;
turn of tide in his favor, 79;
makes overtures to the Irish, 84;
defeats Waller at Copredy Bridge, 91;
his army at Newbury, 92;
at Naseby, 95–97;
surrenders to Scotch army, 98;
English servility toward him, 101;
his treachery, 104;
supported by Presbyterians, 109;
“the man of blood,” 114;
his non-acceptance of his defeat, 115;
negotiates with the army and Parliament, 117 _et seq._;
Cromwell attempts terms with him, 119;
Yorkshire support for, 121;
Scotch attitude toward him, 123;
his tenacity, 132;
negotiations with the army, 134;
he rejects Fairfax’s proposals, 135;
his trial for treason, 136;
beheaded, 137;
his character, 137–140;
his policy in Ireland, 146;
Catholic allegiance to him, 147;
his imprisonment, 148;
effect of his execution on Ireland, 150;
his death due to Parliamentarians, 178;
his execution, 217;
anniversary of his death observed, 240

Charles II., the fleet loyal to him, 130;
proclaimed King at Cork, 150;
the Scotch declare for him, 162;
lands in Scotland, 165 _et seq._;
supported by Scotch Cavaliers, 172;
crosses into England, 174;
his escape from Worcester, 175;
his exile, 178;
influences for his restoration, 209;
England in his time, 225;
his re-establishment, 232;
his mistresses, 240

Charles X., of Sweden, 226

Chester, seized by Royalists, 121;
negotiations there, 148

Christianity, heterodoxy in Parliamentary, 108

Church and State, Puritan theories of, 114;
reform in, 195

Churchmen, arbitrary power of, 161

Civil War.
_See American Civil War_

Civil War, First English, the fiery ordeal of, 20;
begun by Charles, 57;
its chief leaders cavalrymen, 60;
its blunders contrasted with American Civil War, 62;
English soldiery in, 91;
its slow progress, 94;
type of its generals, 95;
practically ends at Naseby, 97;
its effects on Cromwell, 104;
Irish share in, 122;
exchange of prisoners, 128

Civil War, Second English, its beginning, 121;
ended at Preston, 130;
results, 131;
Carlyle’s opinion of, 235

Clergy, 78, 92;
threatened by Protectorate Assembly, 193

Clonmel, capture of, 162

Clubmen, peasant organization, 62

Cock-fighting, suppressed under Protectorate, 213

Colchester, seized by Royalists, 121;
capitulation of, 130

Colonial policy, Spain’s, 224

Colonial possessions, Spanish, 227;
Dutch, 17, 18, 182

Commercial policy, Cromwell’s, in war against Spain, 226

Committee of Both Kingdoms, the, 85, 92

Committee of Correspondence, in American Revolution, 114

Committee of the Eastern Association, 85

Common law, the, under the Protectorate, 200

Commons, House of, declares against tonnage and poundage, 31;
triennial meetings, 54;
favored by London, 57;
its adherents of the King, 61;
Cromwell’s share in, 93;
the Independents, 116;
defies the army, 118, 135;
disregards Lords in the King’s trial, 136;
Parliamentarian leaders, 185;
Republicans, 204;
agreement with Cromwell, 205.
_See also Parliament; Long Parliament, etc._

Commonwealth, established, 6;
reorganizes its forces, 93;
its supremacy, 139;
its character, 141;
European attitude against it, 143;
Cromwell its main support, 163;
authority, 177;
its religionist enemies, 198;
civil rights under it, 217

_Commonwealth Mercury, The_, 232, note

Compromise, Parliamentary incapacity for, 101;
after American Civil War, 102

Confederacy, the, of American Southern States, 72, 92

Confederates in Ireland, 150

Congregationalists, origin under Elizabeth, 23;
identified with Independent party, 49;
tolerated by Cromwell, 78;
in Parliament, 108;
Parliamentarian hatred of, 116;
under the Protectorate, 200

Congress, the American Continental, compared with Cromwellian
Parliaments, 102, 103, 114, 177

Connaught, 223

Conquest, the [Norman], 232

Constitution, the American, 189, 193, 196, 198

Constitution, English, 135;
under the Assembly, 195, 198;
under the Protectorate, 205

“Constitution-mongers,” Carlyle’s sneer at, 5

Continent, the, character of its armies, 60;
Cromwell’s interest in its politics, 225;
the power of France on, 229

Continental Army, the American, 102

Convention, Constitutional, in U. S., 189;
in English Assembly, 192–195

Coote, holds Derry for Parliamentarians, 150

Copredy Bridge, Battle of, 91

Cork, Charles II. proclaimed King there, 150;
Cromwell’s letter from there, 160

Cornwall, neutrality of, 63

Cotton, John, Cromwell’s letter to, 179

Council of Officers, in English Assembly, 195, 197 _et seq._

Council, the, in Parliamentary army, 114

Council of State, the, 189, 195

Court, purity of Cromwellian, 229;
disgracefulness under Restoration, 230

Courts of Chancery, English, 181, 192, 200

Covenant, National, of Scotland, the, 39;
taken by Parliamentarians, 78;
by English troopers, 84;
Hamiltonian devotion to, 123;
taken by Ulster Scotch, 148;
Fairfax declines campaign against, 163;
oath taken by Charles II., 165;
Cromwell’s exposition of, 172 _et seq._

Covenanters, the Scotch, defeated by Cromwell, 75;
intolerance of sectaries, 116;
treatment of Charles II., 165;
oppose Puritans at Dunbar, 170;
persecuted by Episcopalians, 217

Creed, in United States, 2, 9;
in Ireland, 224, 239

Cromwell, Bridget, daughter of Oliver, married to Ireton, 105

Cromwell, Elizabeth Steward, mother of Oliver, 42, 233

Cromwell, Henry, son of Oliver, 232

Cromwell, Oliver, his fame, 1;
forces which produced him, 7;
youth and early manhood, 14;
seat in Long Parliament, 41;
parentage and birth, 42;
his marriage, 43;
his Puritanism, 43;
hatred of Church of Rome, 44, 56;
removes to Ely, 45;
supports Petition of Rights, 45;
his indifference to political theory, 46;
his piety, 47;
his religion, 48;
personality, 50;
impatience of system, 53;
his suspicion of the Episcopacy, 56;
captain in 67th Regiment, 58;
his kinsmen at the battle of Nottingham, 58;
his troops, 65;
his military genius, 68;
his troop of horse, 70, 72, 73–75;
promoted to a colonelcy, 74;
his letters, 76;
his tolerant spirit, 77;
bearing toward Episcopalians, 78;
as cavalry commander, 79;
dubbed Ironsides by Rupert, 81;
his relief of Gainsborough, 82;
at Winceby, 83;
his generalship, 84;
member of Committee of Both Kingdoms, 85;
at Marston Moor, 87–90;
his training of troops, 91;
distrusted by Presbyterians, 92;
the real head of the army, 94;
Montrose not comparable with him, 95;
at Naseby, 96 _et seq._;
takes Winchester, 98;
his rule after First Civil War, 99;
compared with William III., 101 _et seq._;
his uncompromising spirit, 102;
his children’s marriages, 104;
his religious spirit, 105;
his letters and speeches, 105, 106;
on reconstruction, 109 _et seq._;
not extreme against Charles, 114;
efforts toward agreement with King and Parliament, 118;
favors army against Parliamentarians, 119;
at Pembroke, 121;
his view of the Scotch, 123;
his reception at Edinburgh, 131;
his position at close of Civil Wars, 132;
motives for joining Independents, 133–135;
favors the regicide, 137, 139–140;
his ambition, 142;
his army, 145;
his Irish campaign, 151 _et seq._;
his cruelty at Drogheda, 155;
Wexford, 158;
contradictions of his character, 159 _et seq._;
letter to John Cotton, 160;
excellent conduct of Irish campaign, 162;
summoned from Ireland by Parliament, 163;
advances on and retreats from Edinburgh, 167 _et seq._;
at Dunbar, 170–172;
his dispute with the Kirk party, 172 _et seq._;
his clemency, 174;
attacks Charles II. at Worcester, 175;
champions Independents, 179;
policy toward Parliamentarians, 180 _et seq._;
his views on Dutch War, 184;
defeats non-reëlection bill, 186;
his statesmanship, 188 _et seq._;
his sermon to the Assembly, 191 _et seq._;
despotism, 195;
first Protector, 197, 199;
his peace with the Dutch, 201;
his conflict with Parliament, 202 _et seq._;
his government a tyranny, 210 _et seq._;
suppresses the ale-houses, 213, 214;
declines the Kingship, 215;
his views on liberty, 219;
interferes in Continental affairs, 225 _et seq._;
revenges Vaudois massacres, 227, 228;
contests Spain on the sea, 228;
his court, 229;
last illness, 230, 231;
death, 232;
desecration of his remains by Restorationists, 233;
compared with William III., 235;
political ideals, 236 _et seq._;
cruelty of his Irish policy, 237;
posthumous reputation, 239

Cromwell, Richard, son of Oliver, as Protector, 232

Cromwell, Robert, father of Oliver, 42; his death, 43

“Crummle, the curse o’,” 225.
_See Cromwell, Oliver, and Ireland_

Cuirassiers, use in Parliamentary army, 60;
at Winceby, 83;
the Scotch at Marston Moor, 88

Czars, the, 9

Danes, the, Charles X.’s war against, 226

Dean, Colonel, at Preston, 126;
in Dutch War, 183;
his rule in Scotland, 221

Death penalty, a cause of sentimentalism, 137, 138;
its justice on tyrants, 234, 235

Declaration, Cromwell’s, in Ireland, 159, 161

Democracy, Cromwell’s bearing toward, 211

Derry, siege of, 150;
supports Parliamentarians, 152

De Ruyter, 182

Despotism, under republics, 22;
under the Stuarts, 28;
under Cromwell, 213;
a subject of doctrinaire notions, 236

Discipline, a military necessity, 91;
a source of soldiers’ ties, 107;
rigidly enforced by Cromwell, 152

Dissenters, persecuted under Elizabeth, 23;
aimed at by Third Parliament, 31;
position under the Protectorate, 200

Dragoons, 60, 79;
Royalists at Winceby, 83

Drake, 14, 18

Dreyfus case, the, 22

Drilling, excellence of Cromwell’s troops at Winceby, 83

Drogheda, siege of, 41, 48, 150;
Parliamentarian atrocities there, 153 _et seq._, 160

Dublin, Puritan rule there, 146, 147;
surrendered to Parliamentarians, 149;
Supreme Council of, 150;
siege of, 151;
Cromwell’s troops there, 152

Duke, Basil, 70

Dunbar, Leslie engages the English there, 169 _et seq._, 172, 173;
fate of Scotch prisoners captured there, 174;
anniversary of, 198, 231

Dundalk, surrender of, 150;
garrisoned by Cromwell, 157

Dunkirk, ceded to English, 229, 230

Dutch, the, their sailors in wars with Spain, 14;
oppressions under Spain, 36;
Parliamentarian war with, 181 _et seq._;
commercial supremacy, 184;
religious toleration, 200;
peace with England, 201;
war with Charles X., 226

Eastern Association, the, 63;
the Ironsides in, 81;
committee of, 85;
its infantry at Marston Moor, 86–89;
its training, 91;
the pattern for the New Model, 93.
_See also Associations_

Edgehill, battle of, 71–73;
Charles I.’s standard-bearer there, 154

Edinburgh, Laud’s attempt to introduce the Prayer-Book there, 39;
Cromwell’s reception there, 131;
besieged by Cromwell, 167;
surrendered to Cromwell, 174

Edinburgh, Governor of, 172

Eglinton, Earl of, at Marston Moor, 88

Eliot, Sir John, character of, 27;
his leadership in Parliament, 30, 31;
his imprisonment, 32;
death, 33;
Charles I.’s vengeance on, 137

Elizabeth, Queen, her absolutism, 8;
her bearing toward Anglican Church, 9;
yields to the monopolies, 10;
her veiled despotism, 22;
persecutes Dissenters, 23;
her war with Spain on the sea, 58;
compared with Cromwell, 212;
Puritan persecutions in her reign, 217

Ely, home of Cromwell’s mother, 42, 45

Ely Cathedral, Cromwell’s interference there, 78

England, champion of religious liberty, 15, 21;
overlordship in Ireland, 15, 16;
peace under James I., 19;
rural and agricultural population, 58;
military experience, 59;
political incapacity in Cromwell’s time, 111;
relation with Scotland in Second Civil War, 123;
pitted against Scotland under the Commonwealth, 164;
law of, 181;
her carrying trade in Dutch War, 183;
her commercial greed, 184;
self-government, 192;
political freedom, 197;
Parliamentarian supremacy in, 198;
representative government, 206;
condition under the Protectorate, 211 _et seq._, 216, 221 _et seq._,
225;
her Irish policy, 227;
foreign fame, 230;
condition after Cromwell, 231 _et seq._;
Cromwell’s descendants in, 239

England’s Freedom and Soldiers’ Rights, cry of, 119

English, the, as sailors in the Spanish wars, 14;
their excellence as military material, 58;
love of sports, 59;
serve as troops in Ireland, 84;
at Marston Moor, 86;
character of, in seventeenth century, 100 _et seq._;
in India, 151;
their treatment of the Irish, 162;
capacity for self-government, 190, 220;
immigrants into Ireland, 223;
in West Indies, 229;
expansion of, 238

English Presbyterians, for the King against the army, 120

Episcopacy rejected by the Scotch, 38–40;
abolition of, demanded by Long Parliament, 56;
under Cromwell’s government, 218

Episcopalian Royalists, 177

Episcopalians, 78;
clergy hated by Presbyterians, 92;
their intolerance, 104;
Parliament deserted by them, 108;
with the Royalists in Ireland, 122, 132, 146;
under the Protectorate, 197;
the Prayer-Book denied them by the Commonwealth, 217

Erse, 224

Essex, Earl of, leader of Parliamentary forces, 57;
his Guards, 63, 64;
at Northampton, 69;
his blunders, 91;
compared with McClellan, 92

Essex, Fairfax in, 121

Europe, armed against French Revolutionists, 120;
effect of regicide on, 138;
Dutch position in, 182, 184;
religious tolerance, 200;
liberty, 219;
struggles of Spain and France, 226, 227;
Turks in, 228;
profligacy in seventeenth century, 230

Evolution, of English political freedom, 197

Executive, English and American, compared, 198

Expansion, English, 237–239

Extremists, in English Parliament, 113, 206

Fairfax, Sir Thomas, his friendship with Cromwell, 79;
at Winceby, 83;
at York, 85;
Marston Moor, 86, 87;
in command of Parliamentarians, 93;
at Naseby, 96, 97;
captures Bristol, 98;
returned to Parliament, 116;
approves Cromwell’s joining army party, 119;
his march into Kent, 121;
takes Colchester, 130;
Cromwell’s letter to, 131;
counsels moderation toward the King, 135;
declines campaign against Covenanters, 163;
his indecision, 164 _et seq._

Falkland, Lord, 57

Fanaticism, consequent on English Revolution, 143

Fifth Monarchy, 103;
principles of, 112, 113

Flag, English, Dutch salute insisted on, 183

Flanders, English victories in, 230

Fleet, English, supports Parliamentarians, 122;
deserts to Royalists, 130;
its share in Dutch wars, 183;
supports Cromwell, 189;
under the Protectorate, 199

Foot, in seventeenth-century warfare, 59;
Parliamentarians’, at Gainsborough, 82;
Scots’, at Marston Moor, 88.
_See also Infantry_

Forrest, General, his inferiority to Grant, 68;
compared with Montrose, 94

Fortescue, Sir Faithful, deserts Parliamentarians at Edgehill, 71

Four Fundamentals, the, 205

France, serfs of, 59;
Prince Rupert in, 130;
Royalist refugees in, 149;
Protestants, 162;
in wars with Spain, 226, 227;
convention with England, 229

Franchise, the, redistribution of, under the Protectorate, 197

Frederick the Great, 145

Free State, the, 141.
_See also Commonwealth_

French, character of the, in eighteenth century, 100, 190

French Revolution, the, 120

Frobisher, 14

Gainsborough, siege of, 81

Galley slaves, English prisoners as, 129

Garrison, American Abolitionist, 103

Geddes, Jenny, at Edinburgh, 39

Geneva, 12

Gentiles, 220

Gentlemen, Cromwell’s opinion of, 76

Gentry, English, 59;
against Charles I., 61;
support of the King in Wales, 121

George III., his Government rejected by American Continental Congress,
36

George IV., 238

Germany, English adventurers in, 58;
serfs of, 59

Germans, the, Charles X.’s aggressions against, 226

Gladstone, early writings of, 49

Golden Rule, the, 47

Good government, Cromwell’s notion of, 204

Gordon, piety of, compared with Cromwell’s, 105

Goring, General, at Marston Moor, 87, 88, 89;
defeated by Fairfax, 98

Government, its development in Great Britain, 198;
Cromwell’s practice of, 211

Grand Remonstrance, the, against Charles I., 56, 57

Grant, General, his volunteer soldiery, 65;
his development of troops, 91;
his superiority to Forrest, 95;
his political supporters, 103;
his soldiers, 145;
his generosity, 216

Grantham, Cromwell at, 79

Great Britain, Charles II. declared King of, by the Scotch, 143;
government of, 198;
expansion of, 238

Greeks, the, under Agathokles, 210

Greene, General, 91

Guards, of Lord Essex, buff coats adopted by them as uniform, 64;
of Charles I., 64

Gunpowder, its use in Cromwellian times, 59

Gunpowder Plot, the, 44

Gustaphus Adolphus, his campaign against Spain, 14;
his career, 39, 167

Hamilton, Duke of, 120;
his campaigns in Second Civil War, 122–124;
at Preston, 127;
beheading of, 128;
Kirk attitude toward him, 166

Hampden, John, Carlyle’s opinion of, 3;
originality of type of, 5;
his tolerance, 5;
refuses to pay Ship Money, 35, 45;
his relations with Cromwell, 46;
his Puritanism defined, 50;
compared with Cromwell, 53;
his imprisonment, 57;
a cousin of Cromwell, 58;
uniform of his regiment, 64;
at Edgehill, 72;
Cromwell’s opinion of his troops, 73;
his death, 80;
in Parliament, 177

Hapsburg, House of, in Spain and Austria, 17

Harrison, English Republican general, 136;
his devotion to Cromwell, 186;
calls musketeers into Parliament, 187;
his fanaticism, 199

Hawkins, Admiral, in Spanish wars, 14, 18

Hein, Piet, Dutch admiral in Spanish wars, 210

Helmets, carried by Cromwellian cavalry, 60

Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., 25

Henry, Patrick, compared with Pym, 36

Henry VIII., King of England, his bearing toward the Reformation, 7;
his dealings with lower classes, 8;
with the Anglican Church, 9;
his career impossible under a Long Parliament, 11;
his oppressions, 22

High Court of Justice, Charles I. tried by, 136

Highlanders, the Scotch, in the Civil Wars, 95;
their chiefs at Stirling, 174;
at Worcester, 175

Highlands, the, General Monk in, 201

Hofer’s Tyrolese, 67

Holland, her stand against Spain, 15;
her colonial empire, 17;
House of Orange in, 135;
effect of regicide on, 138;
alliance with, desired by Cromwell, 184

Horse (cavalry), of the Parliamentarians, 57;
at Edgehill, 71;
Winceby, 83;
of the Parliamentarians at Marston Moor, 87, 88;
manœuvres with, at Marston Moor, 89;
use of, at Naseby, 96;
in retreat at Preston, 127, 128;
service at Dunbar, 170 _et seq._

Horse-racing, suppressed under the Protectorate, 213

Howard, English admiral, 14

Huguenots, Charles I.’s feeble move against them, 26;
persecuted in France, 227

Hume, his opinion of Cromwell’s speeches, 203

Huntingdon, birthplace of Cromwell, 41, 42, 44, 45

Immigration of the English and Scotch into Ireland, 223

Inchiquin, Lord, Parliamentarian leader in Ireland, 148, 149;
captures Drogheda, 150

Independent Movement, the so-called, under Elizabeth, 23

Independents, English political party, 49;
Cromwell at head of, 49;
bearing toward the Presbyterians, 80;
real source of their power the Ironsides, 81;
hated by the Presbyterians, 92;
their strength in the army, 94;
their spirit commended by Cromwell, 106;
their proposed reconciliation with Parliamentarians, 115;
Charles I.’s designs on them, 116;
they take refuge in the army, 118;
conquerors of the Royalists, 120;
their prompt action in Second Civil War, 121;
their political isolation, 133;
rupture with Irish Presbyterians, 150;
their strength in the Commonwealth, 164;
in Parliament, 177 _et seq._;
support of Cromwell in the Rump Parliament, 189;
under the Protectorate, 199, 220

Indian Mutiny, compared with state of Ireland under Cromwell, 151

Infantry, Parliamentarians’, at Nottingham, 57;
use of, in Cromwell’s time, 59, 60;
in action at Marston Moor, 87;
at Naseby, 96;
its importance at Preston, 127;
at Dunbar, 170;
Spanish, defeated by British in the Netherlands, 229

Inquisition, the, in Spain, 14;
the handmaid of tyranny, 17;
religious aspects of, 48

Instrument of Government, the, 195 _et seq._;
recognized by Parliament, 204

Insurgents, the Irish, 147 _et seq._

Ireland, England’s treatment of, 15, 16;
priesthood loyal to its peasantry, 17;
Protestantism in, 17;
its prosperity under Strafford, 36;
revolts against Charles I.’s government, 56;
English troops in, 84;
unites against the Parliament, 120;
complex political conditions, 122;
its loyalty, 143;
invaded by Cromwell, 144 _et seq._;
Cromwellian atrocities, 156;
subjugation by Parliamentarians, 178;
discontent under the Protectorate, 221;
under Richard Cromwell’s rule, 232;
its misery under English reigns, 238

Ireton, Henry, character of, 6;
captain of troop in Sixty-seventh Regiment, 58;
at Naseby, 96, 97;
marriage with Bridget Cromwell, 105;
his leadership of the army, 116;
approves Cromwell’s joining the army party, 119;
remonstrates against the King, 135;
counsels mercy toward Charles I., 136;
desecration of his remains, 233

Irish, the, Charles I.’s overtures to, 84;
Puritan cruelty toward, 129;
Catholics’ treaty with Charles II., 148;
troops at Dundalk, 157;
English treatment of, 162, 227, 238

Ironsides, the, real power of the Independents, 80;
in action at Marston Moor, 87, 89;
membership in Eastern Association, 93;
type of, 95;
their army spirit, 107;
support the army party, 120;
at Preston, 126;
as volunteers, 144;
veterans in Ireland, 152

“Irreconcilables,” 198

Issues, political, not always sharply drawn, 180

Ivan the Terrible, 210

Jackson, Andrew, his backwoodsmen, 67

Jackson, “Stonewall,” resemblance to Cromwell and Ireton, 6;
his piety, 105;
his strategy compared with Cromwell’s, 171

Jamaica, taken by the English, 229

James I., his ignoble peace, 21;
his belief in despotism, 22;
his weak policy toward Parliament, 23;
absolutism in Church and State, 25;
his policy in Ireland, 146

James II., compared with James I., 101, 234

Jehovah, invoked in massacres, 160

Jews, massacres of, compared with Puritans’, 160;
their settlement in London, 220

Johnston, American general, development of his troops compared with
Cromwell’s, 91

Jones, Colonel, Puritan leader, defeats Preston near Dublin, 149;
makes terms with Irish Papal party, 150;
routs Ormond at Dublin, 151

Joyce, Cornet, 117

Judges, under the Protectorate, 199

Kent, Fairfax in, 121

Kentucky, neutrality of, in American Civil War, 62

Kerne, the, in Ireland, 16;
Queen Mary’s expulsion of the, 16

Kilkenny, Cromwell’s manifesto there, 162

King Jesus, cry of, 112, 143

Kings, their divine right, 21;
English belief in, 100;
office of, abolished by the Commonwealth, 141;
arbitrary power of, 161

Kingship, offered to Cromwell, 215

Kirk party; in Scotland, 130, 131;
Cromwell’s dispute with, 172,173

Kirk, the, in Scotland, 166, 167;
its leaders urge Leslie on at Edinburgh, 169, 172;
its forces broken, 174

Knox, John, his influence on Scotch Calvinism, 18

_Laissez-faire_ economists, 183

Lambert, Puritan general, sent to the North, 121;
in action at Preston, 124–128

Lancashire, Presbyterian rising there, 121

Lancers, 60;
the Scots’, at Marston Moor, 87;
at Dunbar, 170

Landed proprietors, interests of, threatened under the Protectorate,
193;
English, in Ireland, 223, 224

Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, Cromwell’s foe at Naseby, 121;
his command at Preston, 124–126

Laud, his hostility to Protestants, 30;
his ecclesiastical absolutism, 33;
becomes archbishop, 34;
his “thorough” policy, 35;
attempts to introduce ceremonials at Edinburgh, 38;
supports Charles I. against Short Parliament, 41;
imprisoned by the Parliamentarians, 52;
his execution, 80;
his intolerance compared with Presbyterians’, 109

Laws, English, considered by Parliamentarians, 181

Lawyers, Cromwell’s dislike of, 181, 193

Lee, American Confederate general, his volunteer soldiery, 65;
development of his troops, 91;
his generalship compared with Cromwell’s, 95

Legislative power under the Protectorate, 197

Lenthall, Speaker of House of Commons, 180

Leslie, David, Scottish leader, his service under Gustaphus Adolphus,
167;
his defence of Edinburgh, 167 _et seq._;
operations at Dunbar, 169–172

Levellers, the, English Parliamentary party, distrusted by Cromwell,
112;
their agitation, 119;
their threatening attitude toward Cromwell, 143;
against the Commonwealth, 164;
suppressed under the Protectorate, 213

Leven, Earl of, Scottish leader, besieges York, 85;
at Marston Moor, 86

Liberty, political and religious, under the Stuarts, 24;
Cromwell’s views on, 79, 107;
under the Protectorate, 197

Lieutenant-general, Cromwell’s rank of, 144

Life Guards, Charles I.’s, 64

Lincoln, American President, his candidacy in 1864, 103;
his first election, 193;
compared with Cromwell, 207–208

London, its sympathy with the Commons, 57;
unification of the Parliamentary troops there, 64;
its troops at Copredy Bridge, 91;
Presbyterians of, 109;
its mobs in the army party, 118;
Presbyterian commotions there, 121;
the army’s march into, 136;
Cromwell’s return to, 163, 180;
Jewish settlement in, 220

Long Parliament, spirit of the, 5;
men of, 11;
its grievances compared with American Continental Congress’s, 36;
meets at Westminster, 41;
Cromwell’s issue with army party against it, 119;
the remnant of, 177;
its dissolution, 187, 188, 201, 204, 206;
comparison with the Protectorate, 216.
_See also Parliament, Rump, etc._

Lord Protector, position of, 197;
Cromwell as, 212

Lords, House of, in Charles I.’s trial for treason, 136;
abolished under the Commonwealth, 141

Louis XIV., 162

Louis XV., 162

Lower classes in England, their discontent under the Tudors, 10;
incapacity for political combination, 10

Lucas, Sir Charles, repulsed by Scotch at Marston Moor, 88, 89

Luther, his zeal for righteousness, 7

Lutherans, intolerant spirit of, 13

Lynch law, occasional need of, 54

Macaulay, Lord, his opinion of Cromwell, 1

McClellan, American general, compared with Essex, 92;
attitude of Abolitionists toward, 103;
Democratic support of, 208

Major-generals, government of, under the Protectorate, 213, 215

Manchester, Earl of, Parliamentary leader, 58;
commands Eastern Association, 85;
at Marston Moor, 86;
denounced by Cromwell in Parliament, 93;
Cromwell’s speech to, 110

Marlborough, Duke of, 145

Marriage, civil, proposed under the Protectorate, 193

Marston Moor, Battle of, 86–90, 94, 95, 96;
Scotch share in, 124;
David Leslie at, 167

Mary, Queen, her expulsion of the Irish kerne, 16;
her treatment of Protestants, 217;
Irish policy, 238

Maryland, 165

Mass, the, denied to Irish by Cromwell, 158;
prohibited under the Protectorate, 198

Maurice of Orange, 14

Mazarin, French Cardinal, 17;
Cromwell’s reply to, 220;
co-operates with Cromwell, 228

Middle classes in England, powerful under the Tudors, 10;
strength among Parliamentarians, 69

Midianitish woman, the, 160

Militarism, English avoidance of, under James I., 19

Military rule, Cromwell’s, 213

Military service, not differentiated on land and sea in seventeenth
century, 184

Military type, the, in Cromwellian army, 107;
influenced by religious zeal, 191

Militia, compared with regular soldiery, 66;
at Copredy Bridge, 91;
levy system of, 93

Mill Mount, 154

Milton, his contempt of political dreamers, 21;
his Puritanism, 50;
his political ideas, 111;
approves Cromwell’s joining with army party, 119;
his views on the regicide, 139;
supports the Protectorate, 209;
sonnet on the Vaudois, 227;
his greatness, 232, note

Ministers, their position under the Protectorate, 200

Moderate party, the, in the Long Parliament, 55

Monarchy, Cromwell’s dread of, 195, 211

Monasteries, Cromwell’s ancestors benefited by their spoliation, 44

Monk, General George, 84;
at Dundalk, 150;
as naval commander, 183, 201;
his rule in Scotland, 221;
supports Charles II., 233

Monopolies, under Elizabeth, 10

Montrose, Earl of, not a professional soldier, 69;
his victories in Scotland, 94, 95;
defeated at Philiphaugh, 98;
aided by Irish troops, 147;
his death, 166

Moors, defeated by Blake at Tunis, 228

Morgan, American Confederate commander, his cavalry, 70

Mountain, the, see French Revolution, 120

Munro, commands Hamiltonian cavalry, 122;
at Ulster, 123;
moves toward Preston, 124;
retreats across the border, 130;
bearing toward Charles II., 148, 150

Munster, Royalist Protestants in, 149

Muscovites, 210

Musketeers, clumsiness of their weapons, 59;
tactical uses of, 60;
at Winwick Church, 128;
their appearance in the House of Commons, 187

Nantes, Edict of, 39

Napoleon, 99;
his unscrupulousness, 104, 190

Naseby, Battle of, 95;
Sir Marmaduke Langdale at, 121

Navigation Acts, 182, 183

Navy, the English, its growth, 182, 184;
in Dutch wars, 201.
_See also Fleet_

Netherlands, the, British adventurers in, 58;
oppressions there compared with the Irish, 146, 156;
English and Spanish in, 229

Neutrality, in English Civil Wars, 63;
in Kentucky, 62

Newburn, Battle of, 41

Newbury, Battle of, 92

Newcastle, Cromwell’s letter to the Commandant there, 174

Newcastle, Lord, besieges Gainsborough, 81, 82;
his defence of York, 85;
at Marston Moor, 87–89

New England, 179

New Model, the, in Cromwellian army, 63, 93, 95;
strained relations with Independents, 106;
attempted disbandment of, 117;
results in Independents’ army, 120;
its veterans in Ireland, 152

New World, the, America’s position in, 179

New York, regicide sentimentalism in, 138

North America, 193, 238

North of England, the, Royalist rising in, 121

Northampton, Essex assembles troops there, 69

Northumbrian Regiment, Newcastle’s, 89

Nottingham Castle, scene of beginning of Civil Wars, 57;
Royalists there, 69;
held by Cromwell, 81

Offence, the best defence of nations, 164

Old-English Catholics, in Ireland, 146

“Old Noll,” 221

Old Testament, the, Puritanism in, 160

O’Neil, Irish Catholic leader, 149, 150;
joins Ormond, 151;
his troops in Ireland, 159

Orange, House of, 135

Ormond, Earl of, leader of loyal Irish, 146–148;
surrenders Dublin, 149;
heads moderate Irish Catholics, 150;
his supporters in Ireland, 151;
his troops at Drogheda, 153;
in Ireland, 159

“Ossawatomie Brown,” 145

Pale, the, in Ireland, 146, 147

Papacy, the, Henry VIII.’s attitude toward, 7;
“papacy or prelacy,” 197

Papal nuncio, in Ireland, 148

Parliament, Pym’s view of government by, 5;
growing powers under Elizabeth and James, 22;
Charles I.’s third, 27;
its struggles with the King, 29;
Covenant taken by, 78;
Cromwell’s speech against the generals as members in, 93;
Cromwell’s attitude toward, 101;
factions after First Civil War, 106, 108 _et seq._;
army majority in, 116;
negotiations with King and army, 117;
Irish coalition against, 120;
makes Blake admiral, 130;
Cromwell’s dealings with, after Second Civil War, 131;
plans of union with King against army, 134;
Irish support of, 143;
aided by Coote in Ireland, 150;
summons Cromwell from Ireland, 162;
heirship to royal powers, 178;
conflict with army after Scotch wars, 178 _et seq._;
law reform, 181;
Dutch Wars, 181;
non-reëlection bill, 185–187;
its rule distasteful to Cromwell, 195;
under the Protectorate, 198;
representation under the Protectorate, 201 _et seq._;
dissolution of the Rump, 209;
Second, under the Protectorate, 215;
summoned by Richard Cromwell, 232;
Cromwell’s speech to Second Protectorate Parliament, 236.
_See also Barebones; Commons; Rump; Long Parliament, etc._

Parliamentarians, military forces of, 57;
strength of, 61;
in Cornwall and Yorkshire, 63;
military leaders, 68;
resources, 69;
weakness of their cavalry, 73;
operations at Gainsborough, 81;
aided by the Scotch, 84;
at York, 85;
at Marston Moor, 88;
at Copredy Bridge, 91;
leader, removed by Cromwell, 93;
reorganization of army, 94;
reverses after Marston Moor, 95;
outnumber Royalists at Naseby, 95 _et seq._;
dissensions of, after First Civil War, 99 _et seq._;
opposition to Moderate Irish party, 152

Peace, slothfulness of, under James I., 21;
desire for, by mercantile communities, 182

Peasantry, in England, 61

Pembroke (Ireland), capture of, by Royalists, 121

Penal laws, English enforcement of, in Ireland, 162

Penances, observed by Royalists on anniversaries of Charles I.’s death,
240

Penn, at San Domingo, 229

Peter the Great, 237

Peters, Hugh, chaplain to Cromwell, 71

Petition of Right, becomes law, 28;
disregarded by the King, 32;
supported by Cromwell, 45

Philadelphia, church to Royal Martyr there, 138

Philip of Spain, bigotry of, 15;
merciless to persons of his own faith in other nationalities, 16, 156

Philiphaugh, Battle of, 98

Philippines, the, American volunteers in, 67

Phillips, Wendell, American Abolitionist, 103

Phineas, 160

Pikemen, their function in seventeenth-century war, 59;
tactical position of, 60;
at Winwick Church, 128

Pistols, use of, by seventeenth-century cavalry, 60

Plantations, English, in Ireland, 16, 146

Platform, American Republicans’ in 1860, 193

Plundering, suppressed by Cromwell, 75;
punishments for, at Winchester, 98;
Cromwell’s suppression of, in Scotland, 131, 153

Policy, necessity of adjusting a nation’s foreign and domestic, 20;
Cromwell actuated by, 93

Politics, as influenced by religious feeling, 19

Pope, the, Cromwell’s view of, 173

Portuguese, the, 16

Prayer-Book, the, Laud’s attempted introduction of, at Edinburgh, 39;
prohibited under the Protectorate, 198;
denied to Episcopalians under the Commonwealth, 217

Preachers, arrest of, under the Protectorate, 199

Presbyterian Church, in Scotland, 18

Presbyterian English, natural allies of Scotch, 55

Presbyterian ministers, in Scotland, 130

Presbyterian Royalists, against the army, 120;
in Parliament, 177

Presbyterianism, its growth in the Anglican Church under James I., 23;
sympathy with Scottish revolt, 40;
orthodoxy of, 80

Presbyterians, in Parliamentarian army, 76;
in Civil Wars, 92;
generals in House of Commons, 93, 94;
intolerance of, 104;
faith of, 106;
ascendancy of, in Parliament, 108;
their intolerance compared with Laud’s, 109;
feared by Puritans, 111;
efforts at reconciliation with Parliamentarians, 115;
take issue with the King against the army, 116, 120;
commotion of, in London, 121;
at Ulster, 122;
cruel treatment of, as Puritan prisoners, 126;
in Parliament after Second Civil War, 131 _et seq._;
in touch with Ulster Irish, 146;
rupture with Independents, 150;
stand against Cromwell, 164;
position under the Protectorate, 200, 220

“Presbyter but Priest writ large,” 111

Presidency, the American, Lincoln’s candidacy for, 103

Preston, Battle of, 124 _et seq._;
Second Civil War ended by, 130

Preston, Irish leader, 149

Pride, Colonel, Parliamentary leader, 76;
at Preston, 126;
at Winwick Church, 128;
in the Commons, 136

Pride’s Purge, 136

Priests, loyalty of, to peasants in Ireland, 17;
Milton’s view of, 111;
slaughter of, at Drogheda, 154;
persecuted in Ireland, 223

Prisoners, cruel treatment of, by Puritans, 129, 155, 174

Property, threatened under the Protectorate, 203

Protective tariffs, 183

Protector, the, office of, 197 _et seq._

Protectorate, the, 197 _et seq._;
rule of, in Ireland, 221–225

Protectorate Parliament, dismissed by Cromwell, 210, 212, 213

Protestantism, height of, in England, 9;
European sects, 11;
modern individual results of, 12;
the creed of liberty, 17

Protestants in Ireland, Parliament recognized by, 148;
Royalist, in Ireland, 150, 152;
war of Protestant powers, 184;
position of, under Queen Mary, 217;
in Ireland under the Protectorate, 224;
among the Swiss, 228;
influence of, in Ireland, 238, 239

Psalm-singing, by Puritans, at Winceby, 83;
at Marston Moor, 87;
Basing House, 98;
Dunbar, 171

Public opinion, Cromwell influenced by, 211

Puritanism, Carlyle’s opinion of, 3;
beginning of the modern epoch, 4;
growth under James I., 23;
not widespread under Charles I., 29;
character of, in Scotland, 38;
characteristics of, 160 _et seq._;
apologists for, 218 _et seq._

Puritans, sympathy of, with Scottish revolt, 40;
their suspicions of the Episcopacy, 56;
psalm-singing at Winceby, 83;
forces of, in army, 85;
at Marston Moor, 87;
phraseology of, in Cromwell’s time, 106;
Presbyterians feared by, 111;
hatred of Charles I., 114;
desire for vengeance on the King, 121;
opposed by the Irish, 122;
at Winwick Church, 128;
cruel treatment of prisoners, 129;
justice of their punishment of the King, 139;
disavow Irish alliance, 151;
cruelties at Drogheda, 154 _et seq._;
toleration, 165;
opposed to Covenanters at Dunbar, 170;
in New England, 179;
passion for religious regulation, 214;
lack of generosity to foes, 216;
rule of, in Ireland, 224;
great names among, 232;
attitude toward Ireland, 238;
true greatness of, 239

Pym, Carlyle’s opinion of, 3;
original type of, 5;
tolerance of, 5;
leadership in Parliament, 30;
first modern “leader,” 31;
speech on imprisonment of Strafford, 51, 52;
imprisonment of, 57;
death, 80;
his Parliament, 177

Quakers, 143

Reed, Speaker, quoted, 235

Reform, attempted by Parliament, 181;
by Rump Parliament, 185;
in the Assembly, 193;
practicability necessary in, 194

Reformation, the, in England, 7;
European results of, 8;
in Scotland, 8

Reformed Church, influence of, in European politics, 7

Reformers, contradictions of, 13;
fanaticism of, under the Protectorate, 199

Regicides, the, 139

Regulars (soldiery), advantages of, 65, 69;
discipline of, 91;
Ironsides as regulars, 145;
ordinary type of, 145

Religious liberty, under the Protectorate, 197;
Cromwell’s view of, 220;
incompleteness of, in Ireland, 223

Republican Convention (U. S.), 1860, 193

Republicanism in Parliamentary army, 108; Cromwell’s, 131

Republicans in England, not extremists, 112;
after the Revolution, 142;
under the Protectorate, 202;
in the Commons, 204;
in Second Protectorate Parliament, 215

Republicans (U. S.), after Civil War, 103

Republics, in South America, 193

Restoration, the, 214, 232;
disgraceful effects of, 233

Revolution of 1688, 6, 100;
compared with Civil Wars, 234, 235

Revolution, Puritan, Cromwell’s attempt to check it, 119;
Presbyterian support of, 132;
Cromwell’s attitude toward it, 142, 179;
impermanent effects of, 188.
_See also American Revolution; French Revolution, etc._

Rhode Island, 165

Ribble, river, 125, 127

Richelieu, 17

Ritual, Cromwell’s suppression of, at Ely, 78

Rochelle, Charles I.’s expedition against, 26, 27

Roman Catholicism identified with Spain in English opinion, 14;
liberality of, in France, 17;
Cromwell’s intolerance of, 77;
demanded for State religion by Irish, 147

Roman Catholics, intolerance of, 104;
Irish revolt supported by, 147;
position of, under the Protectorate, 197

Rome, 12

Root and Branch party, the, 56

Ross, capture of, by Cromwell, 158

“Roundhead,” term of reproach in Parliamentary army, 75

Roundhead army, 64;
its foot, 73;
at Marston Moor, 88

Royal Martyr, the, churches dedicated to, 138

Royalist Delinquents, 184

Royalist Protestants in Ireland, 149, 152

Royalists, at Nottingham, 57, 58;
strength of, 61;
driven out of Cornwall, 63;
military leaders of, 68;
natural taste for war, 69;
estates fined by Cromwell, 79;
at Grantham, 80;
defeated by Cromwell at Nottingham and Burleigh, 81;
stand at Gainsborough, 82;
defeated at Winceby, 83;
forces in Civil Wars unestimated, 86;
at Marston Moor, 86 _et seq._;
Copredy Bridge, 91;
hope of, in Scotland, 94;
outnumbered at Naseby, 95 _et seq._;
end of, in Scotland, 98;
surrender in 1646, 98;
union with Catholics and Presbyterians against Parliament, 120;
united in Ireland, 146;
in Irish wars, 149 _et seq._;
opposed to the Commonwealth, 164;
dissensions in Scotland, 166;
Scottish reverses, 174;
their end in England, 178;
position under the Protectorate, 199, 213, 216;
penances done by, on anniversary of regicide, 240

Royalists in American Revolution, 217

Rump, the, 177, 181;
dissolution, 185, 187

Rump Parliament, 185, 187, 188

Rupert, Prince, Royalist leader, military training, 68;
at Powick, 71;
his charge at Edgehill, 72;
at Grantham, 80;
dubs Cromwell Old Ironsides, 80;
his brilliant tactics, 84;
marches to relieve York, 85, 86;
against Cromwell at Marston Moor, 87, 88, 91;
his activity, 94, 95;
at Naseby, 96, 97;
in Parliament, 108;
his buccaneering cruise, 130

Russia, 9;
majority rule unnatural to, 25;
Charles X.’s policy toward, 226;
under Peter the Great, 237

Russians, the, under Ivan the Terrible, 210

Sabbath, observance of, under the Protectorate, 213

Sailors, fame of English, in seventeenth century, 14;
the Dutch as, 182

St. Bartholomew, Massacre of, 39

St. Fagan’s, Welsh defeat at, 121

St. Ives, Cromwell’s farm at, 45

St. John, Oliver, Cromwell’s cousin by marriage, 45, 46.

St. Peter’s, Drogheda, 154

San Domingo, English expedition against, 229

Santa Cruz, Blake’s victory over the Spanish there, 228

Savoy, Duke of, his persecutions of the Vaudois, 227, 228

Scotch, defeat Charles I.’s forces in Bishops’ Wars, 41;
adventurers in the Netherlands, 58;
relations with Parliamentarians, 78;
they aid the Parliamentarians, 84;
besiege York, 85;
at Marston Moor, 86, 87;
their military qualities, 94;
Charles I.’s surrender to, 98;
relations with Charles I. in Parliament, 116;
declare for King against army, 120;
they aid the cavaliers, 121;
in Second Civil War, 122;
Presbyterians at Ulster, 122;
union with Royalists, 124;
at Preston, 125–128;
Puritan treatment of, 129;
support Parliament after Second Civil War, 131;
in touch with Ulster, 146;
share in Irish war, 147;
at Trim, 157;
declare for Charles II., 162, 164;
losses at Dunbar, 171;
assemble at Stirling, 174, 220;
immigrants into Ireland, 223;
their share in British expansion, 238

Scotch Highlanders, military type of, in Civil Wars, 95

Scotch Presbyterians, support Charles II., 150

Scotland, character of, 18;
Episcopacy rejected there, 38, 40;
demands indemnity after Bishops’ Wars, 41;
its claims paid by the Long Parliament, 54;
makes terms with Charles I., 55;
brawls in, 58;
league with Parliamentarians, 80;
Royalist hope of, 94;
end of Royalist party there, 98;
complex political conditions, 122, 123;
Royalists and Covenanters, 165, 166;
subdued by Parliamentarians, 178;
definitive union with England, 201;
rule under the Protectorate, 220, 221

Scout-master, 84

Sea-power, Spanish, in sixteenth century, 227

Secession, right of, in American States, 62

Sectaries, Parliamentarian intolerance of, 116;
hatred of the Kirk for, 169

Self-denying Ordinance, the, 93, 94

Self-government, qualities of, 235

“Serving men and tapsters,” 73

Severn, river, 71

Seymour, American Vice-President, 103

Sheridan, American cavalry commander, 70;
compared with Cromwell in pursuit, 171

Ship Money, 34;
payment of, refused by Hampden, 35, 45;
declared illegal by Long Parliament, 54

Short Parliament, hostility of, to Charles I., 41.
_See also Parliament_

Sixty-seventh Regiment, Cromwell’s captaincy in, 58

Skippon, Parliamentarian major-general, wounded at Naseby, 97

Slavery, prisoners of Puritans sold into, 129, 153;
in the United States, 193

Sligo, captured, 148

Smithfield, 39

Soldiers, citizen and regular types compared, 64–69;
veterans at Marston Moor, 87;
pay neglected by Parliament, 116;
Scotch at Preston, 128;
their ready changes of allegiance, 129;
religion not always a cause of efficiency among them, 166

South Africa, volunteers in, 67

South American republics, 193

Southerners, in the United States, 102

Spain, feared by England in sixteenth century, 14;
supremacy of, 14;
her barbarities compared with those of Turkey, 15;
natural foe of France, 17;
sea-power crushed by the Dutch admirals, 18;
oppressions of the Dutch, 36, 146;
her cruelties, 162;
her colonial policy, 224;
Cromwell’s interference with, 226;
war with France, 226, 227;
defeated by England in the Netherlands, 229

Spaniards, English victories over them on the sea, 182;
their cruelty, 218

Speaker of the House, Cromwell’s letter to, 105

Speeches, character of Cromwell’s, 202, 205

Star Chamber, the, 28;
its subserviency to the King, 32;
Cromwell’s hatred of, 53;
abolished by Long Parliament, 54

States rights, doctrine of, in the United States, 62;
in English counties, 63

Steward.
_See Cromwell, Elizabeth S._

Stirling, assembling of Scotch forces there, 174

Strafford, Lord, minister of Charles I., his jealousy of Buckingham,
27;
his abetting of the King, 33;
raised to the Peerage, 34;
his rule in Ireland, 35, 36;
returns from Ireland, 41;
his impeachment and defence, 51;
death, 53;
the King’s treachery to him, 137

Strategy, lack of, in 1643, 79;
Cromwell’s principles of, 168;
“Stonewall” Jackson’s and Cromwell’s compared, 171

Stuart, American Confederate cavalry commander, 70

Stuart, House of the, 139;
its weakness against the Commonwealth, 139;
re-establishment of, 233

Stuarts, the English Kings, 7;
England under their rule, 8;
their supposed spiritual supremacy, 9;
their ignorance of their people, 11;
weakness of their domestic and foreign policy, 20;
their belief in the divine right of kings, 21;
reactionary type of, 24;
their power curtailed by Petition of Right, 28;
Charles I. the type of, 134;
their bearing in exile, 199;
comparisons with Cromwell, 211;
their Restoration, 214;
taxation during their reigns, 216, 225

Suffrage, manhood, advocated by the Levellers, 112;
under the Protectorate, 201

Sunday, observance of, 214

Supreme Council of Dublin, the, 150

Sweden, champion of the Reformation, 26

Swiss mercenaries, hired by Cromwell, 228

Swords, use of, by cavalry, 60

Syracusans, the, oppressions of, 210

Tactics, shock and fire compared, 59;
at Marston Moor, 86;
Scots’, at Preston, 125

Tartar yoke in Russia, the, 210

Taxation, in England, by Parliament, 184;
under the Protectorate, 216;
under the Commonwealth, 217

Ten Commandments, the, 46

Thirty Years’ War, the, France’s share in, 17;
in Germany, 26;
its height at death of Gustaphus, 39;
its influence on Cromwell, 44;
soldiery in, 65;
Cromwell’s inclination to take part in it, 118

Thornhaugh, Colonel, Parliamentary leader of horse, 128

Tilly, 129, 156

Timoleon, 208

Tithes, 193

Tolerance, in the modern world, 12;
falseness of, in seventeenth century, 19.
_See also Catholics; Cromwell; Puritans, etc._

Tonnage and poundage, 29;
declaration against its pay without Parliamentary consent, 31;
declared illegal by Long Parliament, 54

Tories, in America, 217

Tower of London, the, Eliot’s imprisonment there, 32;
Laud’s, 52

Trade, in Europe, in the seventeenth century, 182

Trim (Ireland), captured by Parliamentarians, 157

Tromp, the elder, in the Spanish wars, 18, 182

Tudors, English sovereigns, unarmed despots, 10, 11;
their relations with English commercial classes, 10;
with middle class, 10

Tunis, Blake at, 228

Turenne, regular soldiers under, 145;
service of British troops under, 229

Turks, cruelty of, 218, 228

Tyranny, English intolerance of, 11;
Cromwell’s tyranny defined, 210 _et seq._, 216;
Charles I.’s, 234

Ulster, Scotch Presbyterians at, 122;
Irish rising there, 146;
captured by Parliamentarians, 150;
massacres by Cromwellians there, 151, 157;
under the Protectorate, 223

Ultramontanes, the, 148, 150

Uniforms, variety of, in Parliamentary army, 64;
origin of present English, 229

Union, War of the, in the United States, 193;
its salutary effects, 208.
_See also American Civil War_

Unitarians, 78

United States, the, religious tolerance of, compared with Cromwell’s
England’s, 49;
political theorists, 113;
Abolitionists, 192;
Constitution of, 196;
government of, 198;
practical good sense of, 219

Valley Campaigns, Stonewall Jackson’s, 171

Vane, Sir Harry, 185, 187

Van Heemskirk, his prowess against Spain, 18

Vaudois, the, persecutions of, 220, 227

Venables, at San Domingo, 229

Venetian government, Puritans’ prisoners sold to, 129

Verdelin, Regiment of, 225

Verney, 154

Veto, the Protector’s, 197

Victoria, Queen, 135

Virginia, Puritans’ prisoners there, 129

Volunteers (soldiery), in American Civil War, 65;
compared with regulars, 66–69;
Ironsides as, 144;
rawness of, 167

Wales, Royalist rising there in Second Civil War, 121;
Cromwell’s administration there, 216

Wallenstein, 129, 156

Waller, Parliamentary general, at Copredy Bridge, 91

War-ships, Dutch, 182

Washington, compared with Pym and Hampden, 5, 36;
his superiority over Cromwell, 53;
his regular soldiery, 91;
character of, 101;
disinclination to dictatorship, 102;
his lofty plane, 103;
his judicious government, 110;
his statesmanship, 188, 190;
his influence on the United States Constitution, 196;
his forbearance, 207

Waterloo, Battle of, compared with Marston Moor, 90

Wayne, American Revolutionary general, 91

Wellington, 145

Welsh War, 121, 122

Wentworth, Sir Thomas, 27;
character of, 33.
_See also Strafford_

West Indies, English rule in, 229

Westminster, Long Parliament meets there, 41;
Cromwell installed there, 199

Westminster Hall, Cromwell’s head exposed there by Restorationists, 233

West Point, advantages of its training, 67

Wexford, Cromwellian atrocities there, 155;
Cromwell’s storming of, 157, 158, 160

Whigamore Raid, the, in Scotland, 130

Whitehall, Palace of, 42, 57;
Charles I. beheaded there, 137

Whitewarts, the, at Marston Moor, 89

William the Conqueror, his Lords, 108

William III., English King, 100;
his ability, 101;
the real successor of Cromwell, 234, 235

Williams, original name of the Cromwells, 42

Willoughby, Lord, Parliamentary general, at Gainsborough, 81, 82;
Cromwell’s charges against, 85

Wilson, American cavalryman, 70

Winceby, Battle of, 83

Winchester, occupied by Cromwell, 98

Winchester, Marquis of, Royalist leader, 98

Winwick Church, the Scotch at, 128

Worcester, Battle of, 175, 177, 180;
anniversary of, 231

“Word of the Lord, the,” 46, 47

Yeomanry, in England, 59, 61

York, the siege of, 85;
fall of, 90

Yorkshire, neutrality of, 63;
its troops at Marston Moor, 86 _et seq._;
rising for Charles I. there, 121;
troops in Second Civil War, 124;
at Preston, 127

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.