Chapter XVI: Section XI: Mollusca (3)

Nidulariacei, characters of the order of, i. 272, 273
structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 273
habitat of, i. 273

Nitella flexilis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 312

Nitophyllum, structure and fronds of, i. 238, 239

Nitric acid, combination forming, i. 95

Nitrogen gas, i. 12
combination of nitrogen with chlorine, i. 20
absorptive power of, i. 39, 41
fulminates compounds of, i. 92
number of combinations of, with oxygen, i. 95
atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
spectrum analysis of, i. 140, 145
in high temperature, i. 144
binoxide of, combination forming, i. 95
chloride of, catalysis of, i. 91
iodide of, catalysis of, i. 91
protoxide of, or laughing gas, combination forming, i. 95

Nitrous oxide, absorption of, radiant heat by, i. 41, 43
combination forming, i. 95

Noctiluca miliaris, structure and mode of propagation of, ii. 73, 74

Noctiluci, their food, i. 205

Nodosaria, characters of the genus, ii. 39

Nodosaria rugosa, shell of, ii. 28
structure of, ii. 39

Nodosaria spinicosta, form of, ii. 28
structure of, ii. 39

Nostoc commune, wide distribution of, i. 212

Nostochineæ, structure and habitat of, i. 211
reproduction of, i. 212
wide distribution of, i. 212

Nullipores, structure and habitat of, i. 142

Nummulites, structure of the, ii. 44-46
circumstances favouring their existence in the Tertiary period, ii.
53

O

Ocean, force exerted in the creation of the, i. 31

Octoblepharum albidum, leaves of, i. 330

Octopods, structure of, ii. 245

Octopus vulgaris, or poulpe, structure of, ii. 245-247

Odonthalia, structure of, i. 242

Œdogonium capillare, reproduction of, i. 216

Oïdium, structure and habitat of, i. 290

Oïdium Tuckeri, or vine mildew, fungus producing, i. 295

Oils, dead, manufacture of, i. 120
essential, chemical combinations forming, i. 97
vegetable, i. 422
formation of fixed and essential, artificially, i. 424

Oleandra, characters of the genus, i. 347

Oleandra neriiformis, structure of, i. 347

Olefiant gas, absorptive power of, i. 39, 40, 41
amount of absorptive power, i. 41
great absorption of, i. 47
formation of, i. 97
amount of carbon in, i. 105
one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
chemical composition of, i. 128

Olefiant oil, i. 104

Olive oil, i. 422

Onion, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388

Oniscus, common wood-louse or slater, structure of the, ii. 202

Onoclea, characters of the genus, i. 348

Onoclea sensibilis, characters and habitat of, i. 348

Oolina claxata, shell of, ii. 48

Opacity in liquids and solids synonymous with accord, i. 37
causes of opacity, i. 37

Operculina, structure of, ii. 38, 46
an instance of an individual combined with a common life, ii. 38.

Ophioglossaceæ, characters of the group, i. 365

Ophioglossum, characters of the genus, i. 365

Ophioglossum vulgatum, structure and habitat of, i. 365

Ophionyx, structure of, ii. 173

Ophiuridæ, or snake stars, structure of, ii. 172, 173
power of reproducing rays, ii. 173

Ophrys apifera, or bee ophrys, structure and mode of reproduction of,
i. 397

Ophrys, fly, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 396

Opium, alkaloids obtained from, i. 427
almost universal use of, in the East, i. 427

Orange, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
fructification of the, i. 381

Oranges, fungus of decayed, i. 290

Orbitolite, characters of the, ii. 33
a fossil gigantic one found in Canada, ii. 54

Orbitolites complanatus, structure of, ii. 33, 34
development and varieties of, ii. 35, 36
habitat of, ii. 36

Orchids, their structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction, i. 388-403
theoretical structure of, i. 403

Orchil, whence obtained, i. 303
from what obtained, i. 124

Orchis mascula, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 389, _et
seq._

Orchis pyramidalis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 393, _et
seq._

Oscillatoria littoralis, structure and motions of, i. 213

Oscillatoria spiralis, motions of, i. 213

Oscillatoriæ, structure, habitat, and motions of, i. 213
reproduction of, i. 214

Osmunda regalis, structure and habitat of, i. 363

Osmundineæ, characters of, i. 363
sporangia of, i. 343
characters of the group, i. 345

Ostrapods, characters of the, ii. 207

Otolites of Gastropoda, ii. 236

Otolites of Thaumantias, ii. 93

Ovulata, siliceous skeleton of, ii. 60

Oxalic acid, former and present modes of making, i. 116
produced by lichens, i. 303
synthetical formation of, i. 424

Oxygen, i. 6-11
effect of the combination of the atoms of oxygen and carbon in
combustion, i. 30
absorptive power of ozonized oxygen, i. 43
absorptive power of, i. 39, 41
proportion of oxygen to hydrogen in the composition of water, i. 94
limit to the number of combustions of, with nitrogen, i. 95
weight of the atoms of, in the peroxide of manganese, i. 99
weight of the atoms of, compared with those of hydrogen, i. 99, 100
spectrum analysis of, i. 139
inhalation and exhalation of, by plants, i. 416, 417

Oysters, iodine found in, i. 19

Ozone, i. 7
effect of the combination of ozone and oxygen in the absorption of
radiant heat, i. 43
Prof. Tyndall’s conjecture as to the production of ozone, i. 44
its affinity for iodine, i. 96
its possible effect on the solar spectrum, i. 132
production of, i. 17

P

Padina Pavonia, or Peacock’s tail laver, structure of, i. 247

Pagurus, or hermit crab, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 197

Palm, stem or axis of a, i. 384
growth and reproduction of palms, i. 384, 385

Palmoglœa macrococca, structure and development of, i. 182

Palmyra palm, growth of the stem of, i. 385

Pandanus or screw pine, roots and habitat of, i. 387

Papillaris, siliceous skeleton of, ii. 60

Paraffin, i. 105
crystals of, how produced, i. 127

Paraffin oil and candles, i. 119, 127

Paramœcium caudatum, cilia and mouth of, ii. 68, 69
immense propagation of, ii. 74

Parkeriaceæ, or Ceratopteridineæ, structure and habitat of, i. 363

Parmelia saxatilis, structure and habitat of, i. 305

Parmeliacei, structure of the, i. 302
characters of the group, i. 304

Parmelia parcolerina, yellow dye obtained from the, i. 124

Parmelia parietina, dye obtained from, i. 303

Passalus cornutus, parasitic fungus in the stomach of, i. 274

Patchouli, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44

Patellidæ, or limpets, structure, food, and habitat of, ii. 238, 239

Paulia perforata, organs of reproduction of, i. 301

Pea mildew, fungus producing the, i. 295

Peach, cause of blistered leaves of the, i. 291

Pear, cause of blistered leaves of the, i. 291

Pearl oyster, nacreous lining of shell of, ii. 234

Pease, caseine obtained from, i. 125

Peat, and peat mosses, i. 333

Pecten, or scallop, eyes of the, ii. 235

Pediastrum, structure and development of, i. 194

Pedicellaria globosa, structure of, ii. 180

Pelagia, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 97

Peltigeri, characters of the group, i. 305

Peneroplis, structure of, ii. 31, 32

Penicillia mould, structure of the, i. 285

Penicillium armeniacum, spores of, i. 285, 286

Penicillium candidum, production of, i. 287

Penicillium glaucum, structure and habitat of, i. 286, 287
its polymorphous character, i. 287
in the yeast of beer, i. 288
its production of acetic fermentation, i. 288

Pennatula phosphorea, structure and habitat of, ii. 128
modes of reproduction of, ii. 129

Pennatulidæ, or sea-pens, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction
of, ii. 128, 129

Pentacrinites, structure of, ii. 175

Pentacrinus caput-Medusæ, structure and habitat of, ii. 175

Pentacrinus Europæus, structure of, and change to a comatula, ii. 176

Peppermint, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44

Peranemeæ, or Woodsieæ, characters of the group, i. 350

Perfumes of flowers and plants, absorption of radiant heat by the, i.
44
weight of the perfumes, i. 45
chemical combinations forming, i. 97

Peridinium, structure and habitat of, ii. 72
scarlet colour it gives to the sea, ii. 72, 75
mode of propagation of, ii. 75

Perisporacei, structure and habitat of, i. 295

Periwinkle, tongue of, ii. 239

Peronospora infestans, its destruction of the potato, i. 284
structure and mode of working, i. 284, 285
its effects on the branches and wood of trees, i. 285

Perophora Listeri, structure, habitat, and development of, ii. 222, 223
larva of, ii. 224

Petroleum, enormous quantities of, in North America, i. 126
the Babylonian petroleum fountains of Is, i. 126
geological formation in which it occurs, i. 126
dangers of petroleum wells, i. 127
substances yielded by it on destructive distillation, i. 127

Peyssonnelia, habitat of, i. 237

Peziza aurantia, cells of staff-shaped particles of, i. 291

Peziza elegans, beauty and habitat of, i. 291

Peziza vesiculosa, force of its ejection of its sporidia, i. 292

Pezizæ, structure and habitat of the genus, i. 290, 291
fructification of, i. 291
eel-shaped particles or antherozoids of, i. 292
force with which many of them eject their sporidia, i. 292

Phacopsis, organs of reproduction of, i. 307

Phalloidei, structure of, i. 268

Phallus Mokusin, a food of the Chinese, i. 268

Phascei, characters of, i. 329

Phenic acid, i. 123

Phenyle, chemical composition of, i. 128

Philomedusa Vogtii, a parasite of the medusæ, ii. 100

Phonolite stone, on the Rhine, of what it consists, i. 206

Phosphorescence, property of, i. 66
of insects, fish, and plants, i. 67
of inorganic substances, i. 67
essential difference between phosphorescence and fluorescence, i. 67,
68

Phosphorescent light of luminous fungi, i. 264
causes of this, i. 264

Phosphorus, i. 17
whence procured, i. 17
red allotropic, i. 17
takes fire spontaneously in chlorine gas, i. 19
atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100

Photography, importance of the magnesium light in, i. 154

Phyllodoce, structure of, ii. 157

Phyllopoda, characters of the order, ii. 209

Physalia, or ‘Spanish man-of-war,’ structure, and modes of locomotion
and reproduction of, ii. 111-114

Physaliidæ, characters of the order, ii. 111

Physomycetes, characters of the order, i. 296

Physophora hydrostatica, structure and habitat of, ii. 109, 110

Physophoridæ, characters of the family of the, ii. 109-111

Pillwort, structure and habitat of, i. 371, 372

Pilularia globulifera, or pillwort, structure and habitat of, i. 371

Pilularia minuta, structure of, i. 371

Pinna, structure of the shell of, ii. 233

Pitch, manufacture of, i. 120

Planets, spectra of the, i. 157, 158, 161, 162

Plants, absorption of radiant heat by the perfumes of, i. 44
weight of the perfumes, i. 45
phosphorescence of, i. 67
their synthetic process of rearing their fabrics, i. 96
this process imitated by artificial means, i. 96
chemical nature of the colouring matter of, i. 428, 429

Platinum, properties of, i. 5
how vaporized, i. 30
effect of electricity on, i. 32
crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
its resistance to electricity, i. 90

Pleurocarpi, characters and habitat of the group, i. 328

Pleurosigma angulatum, structure of, i. 198, 199

Plumbago, or natural graphite, little or no porosity of, i. 112

Podocyrtis Schomburgi, structure and habitat of, ii. 20, 21
fossil and existing species of, ii. 20

Poisons, vegetable, i. 425, 426

Polarization of light and heat, i. 68, 69
relation of polarization of light and heat to crystallization, i. 70,
71

Pollen of flowering plants, i. 379

Polyatomic theory, the, i. 107

Polycystina, structure and habitat of the, ii. 19, 20

Polygastria, a name for the Infusoria, ii. 71

Polyides rotundus, mode of reproduction of, i. 229
structure and mode of propagation of, i. 237, 238

Polynoë, structure of, ii. 160

Polypary of the Alcyon zoophytes, ii. 123

Polypes. _See_ Hydrozoa

Polypodiaceæ, characters of the order, i. 344
sporangia of, i. 343

Polypodineæ, characters of the group, i. 344
habitat of the, i. 345

Polypodium, structure and habitat of the genus, i. 345
vulgare, fronds of, i. 340, 345
sori of, i. 342, 345
structure of, i. 345

Polyporei, structure, habitat, and growth of, i. 264, 265

Polysiphonia, structure of the genus, i. 233

Polysiphonia elongata, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 234

Polystichum, characters of the genus, i. 347
sorus and indusium of, i. 347

Polystichum aculeatum, characters of, i. 348

Polystichum angulare, characters of, i. 348

Polystichum Lonchitis, structure of, i. 347

Polystichum proliferum, organs of reproduction of, i. 348

Polystomella, characters of the genus, ii. 47

Polystomella crispa, form of, ii. 28
structure and habitat of, ii. 47, 48
cristata, form of, ii. 28
striato-punctata, habitat of the, ii. 48

Polytrichei, characters of the tribe, i. 329

Polytrichum commune, organs of fructification of, i. 325

Polytrichum dendroides, structure of, i. 329

Polyzoa, or Bryozoa, characters of, ii. 218

Polyzonia cuneifolia, structure of, i. 242, 243

Porites, or reef-building corals, ii. 140

Porphyra laciniata, structure and habitat of, i. 227

Porphyra vulgaris, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i.
227

Porpita, characters of the genus, ii. 117
glandifera, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. 117,
118

Potash, caustic, effect of the heating of, by an electric discharge, i.
84
its effect on electricity in a vacuum tube, i. 86
cyanate of, combination forming, i. 106
nitrate of, its opacity to the invisible rays, i. 65
oxalate of, formation of, i. 117
violet coloured light obtained by the combustion of, i. 133
in the land plants, i. 414

Potassium, i. 3
affinity for oxygen, i. 96
atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
one of an isomeric triad with cæsium and rubidium, i. 105
iodide of, whence obtained, i. 19

Potato, fungi causing the murrain in the, i. 284, 285
mode in which the injury is done, i. 284
poisonous nature of the leaves and berries of the, i. 426, 427

Poulpe, structure of the, ii. 245

Praya diphys, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 103-106

Propagation of diatoms by bisection, by conjugation, and by gonidia, i.
200

Protein produced by plants, i. 419

Protococcus pluvialis, structure and development of, i. 184
cycles of reproduction, i. 186

Protococcus viridis, abundance of, found in dust from Egypt, ii. 65

Protophytes, structure and development of, i. 182

Protoplasm of plants, structure and function of, i. 412, 413

Protozoa, structure of the, ii. 13

Pterideæ, characters of the group, i. 357

Pteris, characters of the genus, i. 357

Pteris aquilina, stems of, i. 339
or bracken, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, i. 357,
358

Pteris esculenta of New Zealand, i. 358

Pteris serrulata, development of spores of, i. 337
antheridium and spermatozoids of, i. 338

Pteris serrulata: archegonium of, i. 338

Pucciniæ, structure and habitat of the sub-order, i. 276, 277

Puccinia Amorphæ, spores of, i. 276

Puccinia Fabæ, structure, habitat, and method of reproduction of, i.
280
alternation of generations of, i. 280

Puccinia Graminis, spore-cases of, i. 280

Puccinia lateripes, spores of, i. 276

Puff-balls of the meadows, i. 267

Purple dyes, i. 123, 124

Pycnogonoïdea, or spider crabs, structure and habitat of, ii. 211

Pyrosomidæ, structure and mode of reproduction of the, ii. 225

Pyxinei, characters of the, i. 307

Q

Quartz, rock-crystal the purest form of, i. 17
certain thickness of, not transparent to invisible rays of light, i.
65
axis of symmetry of, i. 72
aqueous solution of, i. 110
characteristics of the, i. 111

Queen conch, shell of, ii. 234

Quinine, structure of, and whence obtained, i. 427

Quinqueloculina Bronniana, form of, ii. 228

R

Radiation of light and heat, i. 34, 35
effects of, i. 35, 36
generally independent of colour, i. 36
Professor Tyndall’s experiments, i. 38
experiments showing radiation to be equal to absorption, i. 46
dynamic radiation, i. 49
absorption a phenomenon irrespective of aggregation, i. 53

Radicles, compound, i. 106

Ramalina calicaris, gluten of, i. 303

Ramalina polymorphum, dyes obtained from, i. 303

Ramalina scopulorum, dyes of, i. 303

Raphides, structure and formation of, i. 424, 425

Red Sea, foraminifera in the, ii. 51

Reed, Cordyceps on the ergot of the, i. 293

Reed, Italian, vegetable tissues represented in, i. 175, 176

Reef-building corals, ii. 138-142

Reefs, barrier, formation of, ii. 143

Resins, formation of, i. 422

Respiration, chemical powers causing, ii. 4

Respiration of the muscles, ii. 8

Reticularia, characters of the order, ii. 24

Reticularia maxima of cucumber beds, i. 269

Rhabdonia Coulteri, mode of propagation of, i. 236

Rhamnus cathartica, M. Charwin’s discovery of a green dye obtained from
the, i. 124

Rhizocrinus Lofotensis, structure of, ii. 175

Rhizopoda, structure of the, ii. 13
simple Rhizopods, forms of, ii. 22

Rhizoselenia, enormous masses of, in the Indian Ocean, i. 205

Rhizospermæ. _See_ Marsileaceæ

Rhizostoma, or many-mouthed medusæ, structure and mode of reproduction
of, ii. 97, 98
food of, ii. 98

Rhodomelaceæ, structure &c. of, i. 241

Rhodospermeæ, characters of the, i. 180
structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 227, _et seq._
causes which affect the form and limits of, i. 243

Rhodymenia palmata, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 236

Rhodymeniaceæ, structure of, i. 236

Ricciaceæ, or Crystalworts, characters of the order, i. 316

Richmond, in Virginia, siliceous deposit upon which it stands, i. 206

Riella, characters of the genus, i. 316, 317

Rivularia, structure of the genus, i. 213, 215

Rivularia nitida, structure and motions of, i. 213, 215

Rocella fuciformis, dye and orchil obtained from, i. 303

Rocella tinctoria and fusiformis, blue and purple dyes obtained from,
i. 124

Rock-crystal, formation of, i. 17

Rock-salt, chlorine obtained from, i. 18
permeable to radiant heat but radiates badly, i. 37

Roots, downward tendency of, i. 382
structure and functions of, i. 409

Rosalina ornata, structure of, ii. 41

Rosaniline, or roseine, the base of aniline, i. 123
production of, i. 123

Rosaniline, chemical composition of, i. 128

Rosemary, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44

Roses, otto of, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i.
44

Rotalia, structure of, ii. 38

Rotalia Beccarii, habitat and structure of, ii. 42

Rotaline group of foraminifera, ii. 44

Rotifer, common, structure of the, ii. 167

Rotifera, characters of the, ii. 162
mode of reproduction of the, ii. 162

Rubia tinctorum, madder obtained from the roots of, i. 124

Rubidium, i. 3, 4
atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
one of an isomeric triad with cæsium and potassium, i. 105
M. Bunsen’s discovery of the metal by spectrum analysis, i. 134, 135
mode of distinguishing it from potassium, i. 135
properties of, i. 136
where found, i. 136

Ruby, i. 4

Ruhmkorff’s electro-magnetic induction apparatus, i. 32

Russulæ, laticiferous vessels of, i. 263

Rust of wheat, i. 281

Rye, probable cause of the mildew of, i. 297

Rytiphlæa pinastroides, antheridia of, i. 243

Rytiphlæa tinctoria, antheridia of, i. 242

S

Saffron, meadow, poisonous alkaloid obtained from, i. 427

Sagartia miniata, structure and habitat of, ii. 132
its deadly weapons, ii. 132, 133

Salpa maxima, structure of, ii. 226, 227

Salpa mucronata, vast shoals of, ii. 228

Salpa zonaria, young of, ii. 227

Salpi, their food, i. 205

Salpidæ, characters of the, ii. 226-228

Salt, change of volume of, by chemical combination, i. 20
partial decomposition of, by diffusion, i. 111
yellow coloured light produced by the combustion of, i. 132
spectrum analysis of, i. 134

Salt: more universally diffused than any other matter, i. 134
spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 141

Sand of the sea-shore, the debris of quartz rocks, i. 17

Sandal wood, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44

Sandhopper, structure of the, ii. 201, 202

Sap milk, composition and formation of, i. 425

Sapindaceæ, or soapworts, fruits of, innocuous, i. 426

Sapphire, i. 4

Sapphirina fulgens, structure and habitat of, ii. 204, 205

Sarcode, structure and functions of, ii. 2

Sarcophycus of the Antarctic Ocean, i. 256

Sarcophycus potatorum, fruit of, i. 256

Sargassum, habitat of the, i. 255

Sargassum bacciferum, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 257

Sargassum vulgare, structure, fruit, and habitat of, i. 257

Saturn, the planet, spectrum of, i. 158, 161

Sausages, fatal effects caused by, i. 285

Saw-dust, manufacture of into oxalic acid, i. 116, 117

Scalariæ, tongues of, ii. 239

Scallop, or pecten, eyes of the, ii. 235

Schistocarpi, characters of the group, i. 328

Schistostegei, structure and habitat of, i. 331

Schizæa, structure of, i. 363

Schizæineæ, characters of the, i. 363
sporangia of, i. 343
characters of the group, i. 345

Sclerogen, i. 175
production of, in plants, i. 421

Scolopendrieæ, characters of, i. 351, 352

Scolopendrium, structure and development of the caudex of, i. 340

Scolopendrium vulgare, or Hart’s-tongue fern, structure,
fructification, and habitat of, i. 351, 352

Screw pine, roots and habitat of, i. 387

Scutella, spines of the, ii. 180

Scutula, organs of reproduction of, i. 307

Sea-cucumbers, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 183

Sea-eggs, or sea-urchins, structure of, ii. 176 _et seq._

Sea-fans, structure of the, ii. 125

Sea-mat, structure of, ii. 218

Sea-nettles, vast shoals of, ii. 100, 101

Sea-pens, structure of, ii. 128, 129-131

Sea-salt, chlorine obtained from, i. 18

Sea-serpent of Celebes, ii. 186

Sea-slugs, structure of, ii. 239, 240

Sea-weeds, former and present uses of, i. 128

Seeds of two lobes, i. 177
of one lobe, i. 177
of plants, i. 381, 382, 383, 404

Selaginella, structure and habitat of, i. 374

Selenium, atomic weight of, i. 105
its properties analogous with those of sulphur and tellurium, i. 105

Sepedonium mycophilum, spores of, i. 286

Sepia, or cuttle fish, structure of, ii. 245, 246, 247

Serpentine marble of Tyree and of Connemara, composition of, ii. 56

Serpula, structure of, ii. 155

Sertularia cupressina, structure of, ii. 87

Sertulariidæ, characters of the family of, ii. 90, 91
modes of propagation of, ii. 91

Shells of mollusks, ii. 234

Shrimps, opossum, ii. 199, 200

Sigillaria, structure of the fossil, i. 375

Silex, quantity of, in the Equisetaceæ, i. 369
in the grasses, i. 386

Silica, abundance of, i. 17
in the stalks and leaves of the grasses, i. 386
effect of electricity on, i. 32

Silicon, i. 17
combined with oxygen gas forms rock-crystal, i. 17
three different states in which it exists, i. 18
analogy between silicon and carbon, i. 18
Professor Graham’s limpid solution of, i. 18

Silk, dyes for, i. 125
mode of preparing it if it is to be moiré, i. 125
advantages of the climate of Lyons in the manufacture of, i. 126

Silk-worm, a fungus parasite of the, i. 274

Silver, affinity of, for oxygen, i. 5
conduction of heat and radiation, i. 5
iodine found in combination with, i. 19
crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
transmissive power of, of electricity, i. 90

Sipunculidæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 186, 187

Sky, probable cause of the blue colour of the, i. 58

Slate, polishing, of Bilin, of what it consists, i. 206

Smoke, i. 14

Smut of wheat, i. 281

Snails, structure of, ii. 235-237

Soda, chlorate of, singular property of, in crystallization, i. 75

Soda, oxalate of, formation of, i. 117

Soda, silicate of, i. 110
Prof. Graham’s dialysis of, i. 110

Soda, former and present mode of procuring, i. 128
yellow coloured light produced by the combustion of, i. 132
abundance in the Algæ, i. 414

Sodium, i. 3
atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 141
chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
reversion of the coloured lines of sodium burning in air, i. 150

Solar spectrum, i. 58
myriads of ethereal waves constituting the seven colours of the, i.
58
rayless spaces crossing the, at right angles, i. 59
length of the undulations of the ether producing the impression of
the colours of the solar spectrum, i. 59
mode of bringing the invisible rays of the chemical spectrum before
the human eye, i. 59
fluorescence and calorescence, i. 60-62
experiments producing the long spectrum, i. 63
spectra of volatilized metals, i. 64
absorption of invisible rays, i. 65
discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton of the solar spectrum and the laws of
coloured rings, i. 129
Fraunhofer’s lines, i. 129, 148
MM. Bunsen and Kirchhoff’s experiments, i. 130, 148
Mr. Glaisher’s experiments, i. 130
absorption bands, i. 131
Sir D. Brewster’s discovery, i. 131
coincident dark and coloured lines, i. 148
reversion of the coloured lines, i. 149
Prof. J. P. Cook’s discoveries, i. 149
M. Foucault’s discoveries, i. 149
M. Kirchhoff’s discovery of the law of exchanges, i. 150
metals shown by MM. Kirchhoff and Angström to exist in the sun, i.
151-153
and those proved to have no existence in the sun, i. 154

Solferino, production of, i. 127

Solids, the specific heat of compound, generally greater than that of
their component elements, i. 101

Solorina, structure of the genus, i. 305

Solorina crocea, structure of, i. 306

Solorina saccata, structure of, i. 305

Space, matter wandering in, i. 28

Spearmint, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44

Specific gravity, i. 26
unit of, i. 26

Spectra, continuous, from glowing solids and liquids, i. 132
spectrum analysis, i. 133
experiments of Sir David Brewster and Mr. Fox Talbot, i. 133
spectrum of rubidium and cæsium, i. 136
of thallium, i. 136, 137
of indium, i. 137
of the flame of the iron in the manufacture of the Bessemer
steel, i. 137, 138
of gases, i. 139, _et seq._
effect of high temperature on various spectra, i. 142-144
effects of pressure on a variety of gases and vapours, i. 145
of metals not always the same, i. 145
of the halogens, i. 146
of the vaporized mixture of five chlorides, i. 147
of lightning, 147
of the sun. _See_ Solar spectrum
of the fixed stars, i. 155, 162, 163
of temporary and periodic stars, i. 156, 157
of the planets, i. 157, 158, 161
of various nebulæ, i. 158-160

Spermatozoids of confervaceæ, i. 210

Sphæria aquila, structure and habitat of, i. 295

Sphæria bombarda, structure of, i. 295

Sphæria, candle-snuff, habitat of, i. 295

Sphæria Desmazierii, development of, i. 294

Sphæria miliaris, characters of, i. 283

Sphæriacei, characters and habitat of the order, i. 293
development of, i. 294

Sphærobolus, force with which its sporangium is ejected, i. 273

Sphærococcoideæ, characters of the, i. 238

Sphærococcus coronopifolius, mode of reproduction of, i. 236, 238

Sphærococcus, habitat of the genus, i. 239

Sphærophorei, characters of the, i. 310

Sphæroplea annulina, structure and reproduction of, i. 208, 209

Sphagnei, characters of, i. 331

Sphagnum latifolium, leaves of, i. 330

Sphagnum, or common bog-moss, structure, fructification, and habitat
of, i. 332
uses of, in Lapland, i. 334

Spikenard, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44

Spinal cord, structure and functions of the, ii. 8

Spines of plants, structure and formation of, i. 411

Spirogyra, mode of reproduction of, i. 218

Spirulina tenuissima, motions of, i. 213

Splachnei, characters of the tribe, i. 330

Splachnum ampullaceum, structure and habitat of, i. 331

Splachnum vasculosum, structure and colour of, i. 330

Spondylus gædaropus, eyes of the, ii. 235

Sponges, iodine found in, i. 19

Sponges, the Carpenteria, a link between the foraminifera and the, ii.
57
structure and development of, ii. 57
varieties in size, structure, and habits of the marine sponges, ii.
60
propagation of, ii. 60, 61
structure of fresh-water sponges, ii. 61
fossil sponges, ii. 62

Spongilla fluviatilis, structure and development, and propagation of,
ii. 61

Spongiocarpeæ, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 237, 238

Spores of Cryptogamia, i. 177, 178

Sporidia, or spore-bearing cells, of Ascomycetes, i. 290

Sporidiiferi, structure and fructification of, i. 260
orders of, i. 260, 261

Sporiferi, structure and fructification of, i. 260
orders of, i. 260

Sporopodium Leprieurii, ascus of, i. 300

Spurgeworts, poisons and food supplied by the, i. 425, 426

Squamariæ, structure and modes of propagation of, i. 237

Squid, structure of the, ii. 245, 246

Squilla Desmarestii, structure of, ii. 198

Squilla mantis, structure of, ii. 198

Stamens of flowering plants, i. 379

Starch, production of, by plants, i. 420

Star-fishes, structure of, ii. 169

Stars, absorption of the heat radiated by the, by the earth’s
atmosphere, i. 55
chemical power of the light of the, i. 55

Stars, falling, i. 28

Stars, fixed, constitution and spectra of the, i. 154, 155, 162, 163
spectra of periodic stars, i. 156

Staurastrum, structure and development of various species of, i. 192

Steam-engine, equivalence between the mechanical work and heat of the,
as between cause and effect, i. 29
causes of the motive force in the, i. 29

Steel, effect of magnetism on, i. 77
importance of the spectrum analysis in the manufacture of, by
Bessemer’s process, i. 137, 138

Stegobolus Berkeleianus, structure and organs of development of, i. 299

Stelleridæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 169-172, 174

Stems of plants, structure of, i. 384, 405

Stenochlæna, stem of, i. 339

Stephanosphæra pluvialis, structure and development of, i. 187-189

Stickleback, entozoön of the, ii. 145

Sticta, structure of the genus, i. 304

Sticta pulmonacea, structure and habitat of, i. 304

Stilbacei, structure and habitat of, i. 283

Stomach, human, fungus in the, i. 275

Stomapoda, characters of the, ii. 198

Stomata of plants, structure of the, i. 405, 406

Stone-lilies, structure of, ii. 174, 175

Strawberry, fructification of the, i. 381

Strombus gigas, or queen conch, shell of, ii. 234

Strontium, i. 3
one of an isomeric triad with calcium and barium, i. 105
red-coloured light obtained by the combustion of, i. 133
spectrum analysis of, i. 133
spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
effect of high temperature, i. 142, 143

Strychnos nux vomica, fruit of, food for birds, i. 426

Substitution, direct or indirect, the basis of the modern doctrine of
equivalents, i. 104

Succinic acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97

Sugar, production of, in plants, i. 421

Sugar-cane, size and structure of, i. 386

Sulphur, i. 16
extensive range of affinities of, i. 16

Sulphur: dimorphism and allotropism of, i. 16
combination of chlorine with sulphur, i. 20
atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100, 105
its analogous properties with selenium and tellurium, i. 105
spectrum analysis of, in different temperatures, i. 144

Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, i. 16

Sulphurous acid, amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41

Sun, probable cause of the light and heat of the, i. 28
probability of the periodic connection of the solar spots with
magnetic phenomena, i. 30, 31
amount of force exerted by the sun’s light within the limits of the
terrestrial atmosphere, i. 34
chemical action of the light of the sun, i. 56
effect of the opalescence of the atmosphere on the chemical power of
the sun’s light, i. 57

Sun, spectrum of the, i. 58
thirteen terrestrial substances in the sun’s atmosphere, i. 59
metals shown by M. Kirchhoff to exist in the sun, i. 151-153
and those proved not to exist in it, i. 154
the structure of the sun in some respects still a mystery, i. 164
the luminous gaseous atmosphere of the, i. 164
mottled appearance of the photosphere of the sun, i. 164, 165
the faculæ, i. 165
the red flames or protuberances round the edge during a total
eclipse, i. 165
the solar spots, i. 166
their periodicity, i. 166
appear to be influenced by the planet Venus, i. 166

Sun-rise and sun-set, causes of the bright tints at, i. 58

Surirella, mode of development of, i. 202

Synapta, structure of the genus, ii. 185

Synapta digitata, structure and habitat of the, ii. 185

Syncladei, structure of the branches of, i. 328

Syncoryna Sarsii, structure and development of zooids of, ii. 90

Synthesis, in the animal and vegetable creation, i. 96

T

Tænia, or tape-worm, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 145
transformation of the young of, ii. 146.

Tænioïdæ, characters of, ii. 144

Talitrus, or sand-hopper, structure of, ii. 201, 202

Tar, coal. _See_ Coal tar

Tardigrada, characters of the, ii. 161

Tartaric acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97

Tea, active principle of, i. 428

Tellurium, atomic weight of, i. 105
its properties analogous to those of sulphur and selenium, i. 105

Terebella conchilega, structure of, ii. 153-155

Textularia, structure and habitat of the genus, ii. 41
fossils of, ii. 42

Textularia Mayeriana, form of, ii. 28

Thalassicolla morum, structure of, ii. 21

Thalassicollæ, structure of, ii. 21

Thalassiophyllum Clathrus, habitat and structure of, i. 250

Thallium, i. 3, 4
effect of the spectrum from an electric spark between points of, i.
64
atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
Mr. W. Crookes’s discovery of the metal so called, i. 136
spectrum analysis of, i. 137
properties of, i. 137
where found, i. 137
changes in the spectrum of, by high temperature, i. 144

Thallus or frond, of lichens, i. 301

Thaumantia pilosella, form and structure of, ii. 92
otolites of, ii. 93
mode of reproduction of, ii. 94

Thorinum, i. 4

Thunder-dirt of the New Zealanders, i. 268

Thyme, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44

Timmia, leaves of, i. 330

Tobacco, spectrum analysis of, i. 136

Tobacco, narcotic effect of, and as a relief from hunger, i. 428

Toluidine, property of, in producing the aniline colours, i. 122

Toluol, constituents of, i. 121

Topaz, oriental, i. 4

Torula cerevisiæ, structure, development, and cell-multiplication of,
i. 287

Transparency in liquids and solids synonymous with discord, i. 36
causes of transparency, i. 37

Transpiration of gases, i. 110, 114

Tree ferns, structure of, i. 341

Trees, constitution of the stems of, i. 174

Tremellini, structure, habitat, and fructification of, i. 266

Trepang, used as food, ii. 184

Triceratium favus, structure and habitat of, i. 199

Triceratium genus, structure and habitat of, i. 199

Trichodesmium erythræum, structure, habitat, and reproduction of, i.
215, 216

Trichogastres, characters of the group, i. 267

Trichomanes radicans, or bristle fern, structure and habitat of, i. 361

Trichomanineæ, characters of the group, i. 345
characters and habitat of, i. 360, 361

Trilobites, structure of, ii. 203

Tripe de Roche, structure of, i. 308

Triphragmium dubens, spores of, i. 276

Tripoli stone on the Rhine, of what it consists, i. 206

Trochus granulatus, structure of, ii. 237, 238

Trochus zizyphinus, palate of, ii. 237

Truffle, structure and habitat of the, i. 292, 293
modes of tracing them, i. 293
the red, of Bath, i. 268

Trypethelium Sprengelii, pustules and sporidia of, i. 299

Tuberacei, characters and habitat of the order, i. 292

Tubicola, structure of, ii. 153
found in all seas, ii. 161

Tubipora, characters of the family of, ii. 129

Tubipora musica, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. 130

Tubipora purpurea, habitat of, ii. 130

Tubularia, form and structure of the family, ii. 91
mode of propagation of, ii. 91

Tulip, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388

Tunicata, or Ascidians, characters of, ii. 222
groups of, ii. 222, _et seq._

Turbellariæ, structure of the, ii. 148

Turkey red, from what obtained, i. 124

Turpentine, oil of, takes fire in chlorine gas, i. 19

Turritopsis nutricula, larvæ of the Cunina octonaria, parasites of, ii.
100

U

Ulva, structure and reproduction of, i. 171, 225

Ulva bullosa, reproduction of, i. 227

Ulva lactuca, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 226

Ulva latissima, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 225-227

Ulva Linza, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 226

Umbilicaria, structure and habitat of, i. 308

Upas-tree of Java, causes of the virulence of, i. 426
fruit of, innocuous, i. 426

Uranium, i. 4, 5
nitrate of, phosphorescence of, i. 67

Uranite, yellow, fluorescent property of, i. 66

Uredines, structure and habitat of the, i. 277

Uredo, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 277

Uredo candida, or Cystopus candidus, structure, habitat, and mode of
reproduction of, i. 278

Uredo linearis, the rust on the leaves and chaff scales of wheat, i.
281

Uromyces appendiculatus, or fungus of the common bean, i. 280

Usnea, structure of, i. 302

Usnea melaxantha, splendour of, i. 304

Usnea Taylori, splendour of, i. 304

Usneæ, brilliancy and wide diffusion of the, i. 304

Usnic acid, produced by lichens, i. 303

Uva di mare, fruit of, i. 257

V

Vacuum tubes, i. 78, _note_
electric discharges in, i. 78, 79

Valvulina, structure of, ii. 37

Vanilla, reproduction of, i. 402

Vapours, absorption of radiant heat by gases and vapours, i. 38
radiation of, equal to absorption, i. 46

Variolaria dealbata, litmus or orchil obtained from, i. 124

Vaucheria, character of the genus, i. 218, 224
structure, habitat, and modes of reproduction of, i. 218

Vaucheria marina, structure and habitat of, i. 224

Vaucheria sessilis, mode of reproduction of, i. 219

Vaucheria velutina, habitat of, i. 224

Vegetable world, microscopic structure of the, i. 167

Vegetation, i. 167
effects of light and heat on, i. 168, 169
the primordial cell, the universal framework or skeleton of the
vegetable world, i. 170, 172
formation of cellular tissue, i. 171, 173
fibro-vascular bundles constituting the wood of trees, i. 173
the vascular ducts, i. 73
the pitted tissue, i. 174
the woody fibre, i. 174
sclerogen, i. 175
the laticiferous vessels, or vasa propria, i. 176, 177
seeds and spores, i. 177
cycles of existence in the vegetable world, i. 178, 186
variation of marine vegetation, horizontally and vertically with the
depth, i. 258
instance of mechanical power exerted by vegetable matter, i. 269
seeds brought to Europe by the great Atlantic currents, i. 355
gradual changes of structure from the lowest to the highest
cryptogamic forms, i. 375
reproduction and fructification, i. 376, 377
general structure of flowering plants, i. 378
calyx and corolla, i. 378
stamens and pollen, i. 379
pistil, ovary, and style, i. 380
fructification, i. 381
monocotyledonous, or endogenous plants, their structure, growth, and
reproduction, i. 383
the earliest dawn of plant life, as shown in the colourless
protoplasm of the grasses, i. 387
bulbous plants, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
orchids, their structure and fructification, i. 389
dicotyledonous, or exogenous plants, i. 404-428
seeds, i. 404
stems, i. 405
stomata, i. 405, 406
bark, i. 406, 407
cambium, i. 407
wood, i. 408
roots, i. 409
leaves, i. 410
buds, spines, and hairs, i. 411
protoplasm, i. 412
chemical elements of vegetable matter, i. 413
sap and sap motion, i. 415-417
inhalation and exhalation of oxygen, i. 416, 417
latex, i. 417
milk vessels, i. 418
chemical functions, i. 419
cellulose, i. 419, 420
starch, i. 420
diastase and dextrine, i. 420, 421
sclerogen, or colouring matter of wood, i. 421
sugar, i. 421
oils, resins, and wax, i. 422, 423
albumen, fibrin, and casein, i. 423
raphides, i. 424
milk sap, i. 425
poisons, i. 425, 426
food and other purposes, i. 426
alkaloids, chemical structure of, i. 427
colouring matter of flowers, chemical nature of, i. 428, 429
water secreted by plants night and morning, i. 429
electricity developed by plants and flowers, i. 430
irritability of the tissues of plants, i. 430
light the most universal and important exciting cause in the
vegetable world, i. 431

Velella spirans, structure and modes of locomotion and reproduction of,
ii. 114-116
food of, ii. 116
habitat of, ii. 117

Velellidæ, characters of the order, ii. 111, 114

Venus, the planet, spectrum of, i. 158, 162

Veratrum album, or white hellebore, poisonous alkaloid of, i. 427

Verrucariei, structure of, i. 310

Verrucaria muralis, structure and habitat of, i. 310

Verrucaria variolosa, structure and development of, i. 299, 300

Vibrissea, motions of the sporidia in, i. 292

Vibrios found in dust from Egypt, ii. 65
agents in the decomposition of organic matter, ii. 66, 67
difference between vibrios and mycoderms, ii. 66
extreme tenacity of life of the vibrios, ii. 67

Vine, fungus constituting the mildew of the, i. 295, 297

Vinegar plant, fungus producing the, i. 288

Virgularia juncea, ii. 129

Virgularia mirabilis, mode of reproduction of, ii. 129

Virgulariæ, structure and mode of reproduction of the, ii. 129

Vis viva, or impetus, i. 26, 27
heat generated by, i. 27
combustion, a case of, i. 30

Vittarieæ, characters of the group, i. 356

Volatility of a compound, law of, i. 22

Voltaic battery, i. 31

Voltaic electricity. _See_ Electricity

Volvocineæ, structure and reproduction of, i. 187, 189

Volvox globator, structure and development of, i. 189

Vorticella nebulifera, diversity of their reproductive powers, ii. 75,
76

Vorticellæ, structure of the, ii. 76
food of, and mode of taking it, ii. 76, 77
mode of reproduction of, ii. 77

Vulpinic acid, whence obtained, i. 303

W

Walking fern, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 352

Walnut, cause of blistered leaves of the, i. 291

Wasp, a West Indian, killed by fungi, i. 293, 294

Water almost impervious to heat, i. 36
proportions of oxygen and hydrogen in, i. 94
combination and decomposition of, i. 94
force of the chemical combination requisite to form a gallon of, from
the combustion of the two gases, i. 97, 98
force required to freeze water, i. 98
amount of voltaic electricity required to separate a given quantity
of water into hydrogen and oxygen, i. 101
the most common radicle in the inorganic and organic world, i. 107
the water of crystallization, and the effect of heat upon it, i. 108
production of aqueous solutions of organic and inorganic matter, i.
111
water secreted night and morning by plants, i. 429

Water-flea, arborescent, structure of the, ii. 208

Waterproofing, India rubber prepared for, i. 120

Wax, vegetable, formation of, i. 422, 423
functions of, i. 423

Wheat, probable causes of the rust and smut of, i. 281
Cordyceps on the ergot of, i. 293

Whelks, tongues of, ii. 239, 240

Wood-louse, or slater, structure of, ii. 202

Wood of trees, fibro-vascular bundles constituting the wood of, i. 173,
174
structure of, i. 408

Woodsia, structure of, i. 349

Woodsia ilvensis, structure and fructification of, i. 350

Woodsieæ, or Peranemeæ, characters of the group, i. 350

Worms, or annulosa, characters of, ii. 144

Wormskioldia sanguinea, structure and habitat of, i. 239, 240

Wormwood, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44

Wrangelia penicillata, spores of, i. 237

Wrangeliaceæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 237

X

Xenodochus parodoxus, spores of, i. 276

Y

Yeast plant, i. 286, 288
yeast of beer, i. 287, 288
German yeast, i. 288

Yellow dye, obtained from aniline, i. 124

Yttrium, i. 4

Z

Zinc, i. 4
spectrum of volatilized zinc, i. 64
atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
peroxide of, combination forming, i. 104
seleniate of, different forms assumed by, according to the
temperature of the water united with, i. 107, 108

Zirconium, i. 4

Zonaria, structure of, i. 247

Zooids of Hydrozoa, ii. 88-90

Zoophytes, characters of, ii. 81
hydrozoa, ii. 81, 86
actinozoa, ii. 130
anthozoa, ii. 119
alcyon, ii. 119

Zoospores of Confervaceæ, i. 208

Zostera marina, or sea wrack, crimson fringe of the, i. 231
characters of the flowers of, i. 387

Zygnema quininum, mode of reproduction of, i. 217

Zygodesmus fuscus, spores of, i. 286

THE END.

------------------------------------

_Spottiswoode & Co., Printers, New Street Square and 30 Parliament
Street._

ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON,
_September_, 1868.

MR. MURRAY’S

GENERAL LIST OF WORKS.

ALBERT’S (PRINCE) SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES ON PUBLIC OCCASIONS; with an
Introduction giving some Outlines of his Character. Portrait. 8vo.
10_s._ 6_d._; or _Popular Edition_. Portrait. Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._

ABBOTT’S (REV. J.) Philip Musgrave; or, Memoirs of a Church of England
Missionary in the North American Colonies. Post 8vo. 2_s._

ABERCROMBIE’S (JOHN) Enquiries concerning the Intellectual Powers and
the Investigation of Truth. Fcap. 8vo. 6_s._ 6_d._

ABERCROMBIE’S Philosophy of the Moral Feelings. Fcap. 8vo. 4_s._

ACLAND’S (REV. CHARLES) Popular Account of the Manners and Customs of
India. Post 8vo. 2_s._

ÆSOP’S FABLES. A New Translation. With Historical Preface. By Rev.
THOMAS JAMES. With 100 Woodcuts, by TENNIEL and WOLF. _50th Thousand._
Post 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._

AGRICULTURAL (THE ROYAL) SOCIETY’S JOURNAL. 8vo. _Published
half-yearly._

AIDS TO FAITH: a Series of Theological Essays. By various Writers.
Edited by WILLIAM THOMSON, D.D., Archbishop of York. 8vo. 9_s._

AMBER-WITCH (THE). A most interesting Trial for Witchcraft. Translated
from the German by LADY DUFF GORDON. Post 8vo. 2_s._

ARMY LIST (THE). _Published Monthly by Authority._ 18mo. 1_s._ 6_d._

ARTHUR’S (LITTLE) History of England. By LADY CALLCOTT. _New Edition,
continued to 1862._ Woodcuts. Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._

ATKINSON’S (MRS.) Recollections of Tartar Steppes and their Inhabitants.
Illustrations. Post 8vo. 12_s._

AUNT IDA’S Walks and Talks; a Story Book for Children. By a LADY.
Woodcuts. 16mo. 5_s._

AUSTIN’S (JOHN) LECTURES ON JURISPRUDENCE; or, the Philosophy of
Positive Law. _New and Cheaper Edition._ 2 Vols. 8vo.

AUSTIN’S (SARAH) Fragments from German Prose Writers. With Biographical
Notes. Post 8vo. 10_s._

ADMIRALTY PUBLICATIONS; Issued by direction of the Lords Commissioners
of the Admiralty:—

A MANUAL OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, for the Use of Travellers. Edited by Sir
JOHN F. HERSCHEL, and Rev. ROBERT MAIN, M.A. _Third Edition._
Woodcuts. Post 8vo. 9_s._

AIRY’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT GREENWICH. 1836 to 1847. Royal
4to. 50_s._ each.

AIRY’S ASTRONOMICAL RESULTS. 1848 to 1858. 4to. 8_s._ each.

AIRY’S APPENDICES TO THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS.

1836.—I. Bessel’s Refraction Tables. }
II. Tables for converting Errors of R.A. and N.P.D. } 8_s._
into Errors of Longitude and Ecliptic P.D. }

1837.—I. Logarithms of Sines and Cosines to every Ten }
Seconds of Time. } _8s._
II. Table for converting Sidereal into Mean Solar Time.}

1842.—Catalogue of 1439 Stars. 8_s._

1845.—Longitude of Valentia. 8_s._

1847.—Twelve Years’ Catalogue of Stars. 14_s._

1851.—Maskelyne’s Ledger of Stars. 6_s._

1852.—I. Description of the Transit Circle. 5_s._
II. Regulations of the Royal Observatory. 2_s._

1853.—Bessel’s Refraction Tables. 3_s._

1854.—I. Description of the Zenith Tube. 3_s._
II. Six Years’ Catalogue of Stars. 10_s._

1856.—Description of the Galvanic Apparatus at Greenwich
Observatory. 8_s._

1862.—I. Seven Years’ Catalogue of Stars. 10_s._
II. Plan of the Building and Ground of the Royal }
Observatory, Greenwich. } 3_s._
III. Longitude of Valentia. }

AIRY’S MAGNETICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1840 to 1847. Royal
4to. 50_s._ each.

AIRY’S ASTRONOMICAL, MAGNETICAL, AND METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, 1848
to 1864. Royal 4to. 50_s._ each.

AIRY’S ASTRONOMICAL RESULTS. 1848 to 1864. 4to.

AIRY’S MAGNETICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS. 1848 to 1864. 4to. 8_s._
each.

AIRY’S REDUCTION OF THE OBSERVATIONS OF PLANETS. 1750 to 1830. Royal
4to. 50_s._

AIRY’S REDUCTION OF LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 1750 to 1830. 2 Vols. Royal 4to.
50_s._ each.

AIRY’S REDUCTION OF LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 1831 to 1851. 4to. 20_s._

BERNOULLI’S SEXCENTENARY TABLE. _London_, 1779. 4to.

BESSEL’S AUXILIARY TABLES FOR HIS METHOD OF CLEARING LUNAR DISTANCES.
8vo.

BESSEL’S FUNDAMENTA ASTRONOMIÆ: _Regiomontii_, 1818. Folio. 60_s._

BIRD’S METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING MURAL QUADRANTS. _London_, 1768. 4to.
2_s._ 6_d._

BIRD’S METHOD OF DIVIDING ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS. _London_, 1767. 4to.
2_s._ 6_d._

COOK, KING, AND BAYLY’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. _London_, 1782. 4to.
21_s._

ENCKE’S BERLINER JAHRBUCH, for 1830. _Berlin_, 1828. 8vo. 9_s._

GROOMBRIDGE’S CATALOGUE OF CIRCUMPOLAR STARS. 4to. 10_s._

HANSEN’S TABLES DE LA LUNE. 4to. 20_s._

HARRISON’S PRINCIPLES OF HIS TIME-KEEPER. PLATES. 1797. 4to. 5_s._

HUTTON’S TABLES OF THE PRODUCTS AND POWERS OF NUMBERS. 1781. Folio.
7_s._ 6_d._

LAX’S TABLES FOR FINDING THE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. 1821. 8vo. 10_s._

LUNAR OBSERVATIONS at GREENWICH. 1783 to 1819. Compared with the Tables,
1821. 4to. 7_s._ 6_d._

MASKELYNE’S ACCOUNT OF THE GOING OF HARRISON’S WATCH. 1767. 4to. 2_s._
6_d._

MAYER’S DISTANCES of the MOON’S CENTRE from the PLANETS. 1822, 3_s._;
1823, 4_s._ 6_d._ 1824 to 1835, 8vo. 4_s._ each.

MAYER’S THEORIA LUNÆ JUXTA SYSTEMA NEWTONIANUM. 4to. 2_s._ 6_d._

MAYER’S TABULÆ MOTUUM SOLIS ET LUNÆ. 1770. 4to. 5_s._

MAYER’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT GOTTINGEN, from 1756 to 1761.
1826. Folio. 7_s._ 6_d._

NAUTICAL ALMANACS, from 1767 to 1871. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._ each.

NAUTICAL ALMANACS, SELECTIONS FROM THE ADDITIONS up to 1812. 8vo. 5_s._
1834-54. 8vo. 5_s._

NAUTICAL ALMANACS, SUPPLEMENTS, 1828 to 1833, 1837 and 1838 8vo. 2_s._
each.

NAUTICAL ALMANACS, TABLE requisite to be used with the N.A. 1781. 8vo.
5_s._

POND’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1811 to 1835. 4to. 21_s._ each.

RAMSDEN’S ENGINE for DIVIDING MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS. 4to. 5_s._

RAMSDEN’S ENGINE for DIVIDING STRAIGHT LINES. 4to. 5_s._

SABINE’S PENDULUM EXPERIMENTS to DETERMINE THE FIGURE OF THE EARTH.
1825. 4to. 40_s._

SHEPHERD’S TABLES for CORRECTING LUNAR DISTANCES. 1772. Royal 4to.
21_s._

SHEPHERD’S TABLES, GENERAL, of the MOON’S DISTANCE from the SUN, and 10
STARS. 1787. Folio. 5_s._ 6_d._

TAYLOR’S SEXAGESIMAL TABLE. 1780. 4to. 15_s._

TAYLOR’S TABLES OF LOGARITHMS. 4to. 3_l._

TIARK’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS for the LONGITUDE of MADEIRA. 1822.
4to. 5_s._

TIARK’S CHRONOMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS for DIFFERENCES of LONGITUDE between
DOVER, PORTSMOUTH, and FALMOUTH. 1823. 4to. 5_s._

VENUS and JUPITER: OBSERVATIONS of, compared with the TABLES. _London_,
1822. 4to. 2_s._

WALES’ AND BAYLY’S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1777. 4to. 21_s._

WALES’ REDUCTION OF ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE IN THE SOUTHERN
HEMISPHERE. 1764-1771. 1788. 4to. 10_s._ 6_d._

BARBAULD’S (MRS.) Hymns in Prose for Children. With 112 Original
Designs. Small 4to. 5_s._; or _Fine Paper_, 7_s._ 6_d._

BARROW’S (SIR JOHN) Autobiographical Memoir. From Early Life to Advanced
Age. Portrait. 8vo. 16_s._

BARROW’S (JOHN) Life, Exploits, and Voyages of Sir Francis Drake. With
numerous Original Letters. Post 8vo. 2_s._

BARRY’S (SIR CHARLES) Life. By ALFRED BARRY, D.D. With Portrait, and
Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 24_s._

BATES’ (H. W.) Records of a Naturalist on the River Amazons during
eleven years of Adventure and Travel. _Second Edition._ Illustrations.
Post 8vo. 12_s._

BEAUCLERK’S (LADY DI) Summer and Winter in Norway. _Second Edition._
With Illustrations. Small 8vo. _6s._

BEES AND FLOWERS. Two Essays. By REV. THOMAS JAMES. Reprinted from the
“Quarterly Review.” Fcap. 8vo. 1_s._ each.

BERTHA’S Journal during a Visit to her Uncle in England. Containing a
Variety of Interesting and Instructive Information. _Seventh Edition._
Woodcuts. 12mo. 7_s._ 6_d._

BERTRAM’S (JAS. G.) Harvest of the Sea: a Contribution to the Natural
and Economic History of British Food Fishes. _Second and Cheaper
Edition._ With 50 Illustrations. 8vo.

BICKMORE’S (ALBERT S., M.A.) Travels in the East Indian Archipelago.
With Maps and Illustrations. 8vo. (_In preparation._)

BIRCH’S (SAMUEL) History of Ancient Pottery and Porcelain: Egyptian,
Assyrian, Greek, Roman, and Etruscan. With 200 Illustrations. 2 Vols.
Medium 8vo. 42_s._

BISSET’S (ANDREW) History of the Commonwealth of England, from the Death
of Charles I. to the Expulsion of the Long Parliament by Cromwell.
Chiefly from the MSS. in the State Paper Office. 2 vols. 8vo. 30_s._

BLAKISTON’S (CAPT.) Narrative of the Expedition sent to explore the
Upper Waters of the Yang-Tsze. Illustrations. 8vo. 18_s._

BLOMFIELD’S (BISHOP) Memoir, with Selections from his Correspondence. By
his Son. _Second Edition._ Portrait, post 8vo. 12_s._

BLUNT’S (REV. J. J.) Undesigned Coincidences in the Writings of the Old
and New Testament, an Argument of their Veracity: containing the Books
of Moses, Historical and Prophetical Scriptures, and the Gospels and
Acts. _Ninth Edition._ Post 8vo. 6_s._

BLUNT’S History of the Church in the First Three Centuries. _Third
Edition._ Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._

BLUNT’S Parish Priest; His Duties, Acquirements and Obligations. _Fourth
Edition._ Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._

BLUNT’S Lectures on the Right Use of the Early Fathers. _Second
Edition._ 8vo. 15_s._

BLUNT’S Plain Sermons Preached to a Country Congregation. _Fifth and
Cheaper Edition._ 2 Vols. Post 8vo.

BLUNT’S Essays on various subjects. 8vo. 12_s._

BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. Illustrated with Coloured Borders, Initial
Letters, and Woodcuts. A new edition. 8vo. 18_s._ cloth; 31_s._ 6_d._
calf; 36_s._ morocco.

BORROWS (GEORGE) Bible in Spain; or the Journeys, Adventures, and
Imprisonments of an Englishman in an Attempt to circulate the
Scriptures in the Peninsula. 3 Vols. Post 8vo. 27_s._; or _Popular
Edition_, 16mo, 3_s._ 6_d._

BORROWS Zincali, or the Gipsies of Spain; their Manners, Customs,
Religion, and Language. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18_s._; or _Popular
Edition_, 16mo, 3_s._ 6_d._

BORROWS WILD WALES: its People, Language, and Scenery. _Third Edition._
With Introductory Remarks. Post 8vo. 6_s._

BORROWS Lavengro; The Scholar—The Gipsy—and the Priest. Portrait. 3
Vols. Post 8vo. 30_s._

BORROWS Romany Rye; a Sequel to Lavengro. _Second Edition._ 2 Vols. Post
8vo. 21_s._

BOSWELL’S (JAMES) Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. Including the Tour to
the Hebrides. Edited by Mr. CROKER. Portraits. Royal 8vo. 10_s._

BRACE’S (C. L.) History of the Races of the Old World. Post 8vo. 9_s._

BRAY’S (MRS.) Life of Thomas Stothard, R.A. With Personal Reminiscences.
Illustrated with Portrait and 60 Woodcuts of his chief works. 4to.
21_s._

BREWSTER’S (SIR DAVID) Martyrs of Science; or, Lives of Galileo, Tycho
Brahe, and Kepler. _Fourth Edition._ Fcap. 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._

BREWSTER’S More Worlds than One. The Creed of the Philosopher and the
Hope of the Christian. _Eighth Edition._ Post 8vo. 6_s._

BREWSTER’S Stereoscope: its History, Theory, Construction, and
Application to the Arts and to Education. Woodcuts. 12mo. 5_s._ 6_d._

BREWSTER’S Kaleidoscope: its History, Theory, and Construction, with its
application to the Fine and Useful Arts. _Second Edition._ Woodcuts.
Post 8vo. 5_s._ 6_d._

BRITISH ASSOCIATION REPORTS. 8vo.

York and Oxford, 1831-32, 13_s._ 6_d._
Cambridge, 1833, 12_s._
Edinburgh, 1834, 15_s._
Dublin, 1835, 13_s._ 6_d._
Bristol, 1836, 12_s._
Liverpool, 1837, 16_s._ 6_d._
Newcastle, 1838, 15_s._
Birmingham, 1839, 13_s._ 6_d._
Glasgow, 1840, 15_s._
Plymouth, 1841, 13_s._ 6_d._
Manchester, 1842, 10_s._ 6_d._
Cork, 1843, 12_s._
York, 1844, 20_s._
Cambridge, 1845, 12_s._
Southampton, 1846, 15_s._
Oxford, 1847, 18_s._
Swansea, 1848, 9_s._
Birmingham, 1849, 10_s._
Edinburgh, 1850, 15_s._
Ipswich, 1851, 16_s._ 6_d._
Belfast, 1852, 15_s._
Hull, 1853, 10_s._ 6_d._
Liverpool, 1854, 18_s._
Glasgow, 1855, 15_s._
Cheltenham, 1856, 18_s._
Dublin, 1857, 15_s._
Leeds, 1858, 20_s._
Aberdeen, 1859, 15_s._
Oxford, 1860, 25_s._
Manchester, 1861, 15_s._
Cambridge, 1862, 20_s._
Newcastle, 1863, 25_s._
Bath, 1864, 18_s._
Birmingham, 1865, 25_s._
Nottingham, 1866, 24_s._
Dundee, 1867, 26_s._

BROUGHTON’S (LORD) Journey through Albania and other Provinces of Turkey
in Europe and Asia, to Constantinople, 1809-10. _Third Edition._
Illustrations. 2 Vols. 8vo. 30_s._

BROUGHTON’S Visits to Italy. _3rd Edition._ 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18_s._

BROWNLOW’S (LADY) Reminiscences of a Septuagenarian. From the year 1802
to 1815. _Third Edition._ Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._

BUBBLES FROM THE BRUNNEN OF NASSAU. By Sir FRANCIS B. HEAD, Bart. _7th
Edition_, with Illustrations. Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._

BUNYAN (JOHN) and Oliver Cromwell. Select Biographies. By ROBERT
SOUTHEY. Post 8vo. 2_s._

BURGON’S (REV. J. W.) Christian Gentleman; or, Memoir of Patrick Fraser
Tytler. _Second Edition._ Post 8vo. 9_s._

BURGON’S Letters from Rome. Post 8vo. 12_s._