Chapter XIII: Appendix: The Disposal of St. Oswald's Remains

Mr. John Ingram, in his "Claimants to Royalty," referring to the defeat of Don Sebastian, King of Portugal, in 1578, by the Moors, says--"After the fight, a corse, recognised by one of the survivors as the king's, was discovered by the victorious Moors, and forwarded by the Emperor of Morocco as a present to his ally, Philip the Second of Spain. In 1583, this monarch restored it to the Portuguese, by whom it was interred with all due solemnity in the royal mausoleum in the church of Our Lady of Belem." It thus seems that Dean Howson's conjecture, referred to at page 62, is, at least, not without precedent.

THE DUN BULL, THE BADGE OF THE NEVILLES.

Mr. W. Brailsford, in "The Antiquary" (August, 1882), referring to the marriage which united the properties of the Bulmers and the Nevilles, in 1190, says--"The dun bull, which is the badge of the Norman Nevilles, was in reality derived from the Saxon Bulmers, though it has been thought by some antiquarian searchers to have had its origin from the wild cattle which, once on a time, like those still existing at Chillingham, roamed in the park here, then and at a later date."

THE GENESIS OF MYTHS.

When the preceding pages were nearly all in type, I ordered a copy of the then just published essay entitled "Myth and Science," by Signor Tito Vignoli, in which the gradual development of mythic thought and expression is expounded with great clearness and precision. He says, p. 87-93:

"Doubtless it is difficult for us to picture for ourselves the psychical conditions of primitive men, at a time when the objects of perception and the apprehension of things were presented by an effort of memory to the mind as if they were actual and living things, yet such conditions are not hypothetical, but really existed, as any one may ascertain for himself who is able to realise that primitive state of mind, and we have said enough to show that such was its necessary condition.

"The fact becomes more intelligible when we consider man, and especially the uneducated man, under the exciting influence of any passion, and how at such times he will, even when alone, gesticulate, speak aloud, and reply to internal questions which he imagines to be put to him by absent persons, against whom he is at the moment infuriated; the images of these persons and things are, as it were, present and in agitation within him; and these images, in the fervour of emotion and under the stimulus of excitement, appear to be actually alive, although only presented to the inward psychical consciousness.

"In the natural man, in whom the intellectual powers were very slowly developed, the animation and personification effected by his mind and consciousness were threefold: first of the objects themselves as they really existed, then of the idea or image corresponding to them in the memory, and lastly of the specific types of these objects and images. There was within him a vast and continuous drama, of which we are no longer conscious, or only retain a faint and distant echo, but which is partly revealed by a consideration of the primitive value of words and their roots in all languages. The meaning of these, which is now for the most part lost and unintelligible, always expressed a material and concrete fact, or some gesture. This is true of classic tongues, and is well known to all educated people, and it recurs in the speech of all savage and barbarous races.

"_Ia Rau_ is used to express _all_ in the Marquesas Isles. _Rau_ signifies _leaves_, so that the term implies something as numerous as the leaves of a tree. _Rau_ is also now used for _sound_, an expression which includes in itself the conception of _all_, but which originally signified a fact, a real and concrete phenomenon, and it was felt as such in the ancient speech in which it was used in this sense. So again in Tahiti _huru_, _ten_, originally signified _hairs_; _rima_, _five_, was at first used for _hand_; _riri_, _anger_, literally means _he shouts_. _Uku_ in the Marquesas Isles means _to lower the head_, and is now used for _to enter a house_. _Kùku_, which had the same original name in New Zealand, now expresses the act of diving. The Polynesian word _toro_ at first indicated anything in the position of a hand with extended fingers, whence comes the Tahitian term for ox, _puaátoro_, _stretching pig_, in allusion to the way in which an ox carries his head. _Toó_ (Marquesas), to put forward the hand, is now used for _to take_. _Tongo_ (Marquesas), to grope with extended arms, leads to _protongo tongo_, _darkness_. In New Zealand, _wairua_, in Tahiti _varua_, signifies soul or spirit, from _vai_, to remain in a recumbent position, and _rua_, two; that is _to be in two places_, since they believed that in sickness or in dreams the soul left the body.[42] Throughout Polynesia, _moe_ signifies a recumbent position or to sleep, and in Tahiti _moe pipiti_ signifies a double sleep or dream, from _moe_, to sleep, and _piti_, two. In New Zealand, _moenaku_ means to try to grasp something during sleep; from _naku_, to take in the fingers.

"We can understand something of the mysterious exercise of human intelligence in its earliest development from this habit of symbolizing and presenting in an outward form an abstract conception, thus giving a concrete meaning and material expression to the external fact. We see how everything assumed a concrete, living form, and can better understand the conditions we have established as necessary in the early days of the development of human life. This attitude of the intelligence had been often stated before, but in an incomplete way; the primitive and subsequent myths have been confounded together;" [See ante, p.p. 44, et seq., et 116.] "and it has been supposed that myth was of exclusively human origin, whereas it has its roots lower down in the vast animal kingdom.

* * * * *

"Anthropomorphism, and the personification of the things and phenomena of nature, and their images and specific types, were the great source whence issued superstitions, mythologies, and religions, and, also, as we shall presently see, the scientific errors to be found among all the families of the human race.

"For the development of myth, which is in itself always a human personification of natural objects and phenomena in some form or other, the first and necessary foundation consists, as we have abundantly shown, in the conscious and deliberate vivification of objects by the perception and apprehension of animals. And since this is a condition of animal perception, it is also the foundation of all human life, and of the spontaneous and innate exercise of the intelligence. In fact, man, by a two-fold process, raises above his animal nature a world of images, ideas, and conceptions from the types he has formed of various phenomena, and his attitude towards this internal world does not differ from his attitude towards that which is external. He personifies the images, ideas, and conceptions, by transforming them into living subjects, just as he had originally personified cosmic objects and phenomena.

* * * * *

"This was the source of primitive, confused, and inorganic fetishism among all peoples; namely, that they ascribed intentional and conscious life to a host of natural objects and phenomena. Hence came the fears, the adoration, the guardianship of, or abhorrence for, some given species of stones, plants, animals, some strange forms or unusual natural object. The subsequent adoration of idols and images, all sorts of talismans, the virtue of relics, dreams, incantations and exorcisms, had the same origin, and were all due to this primitive genesis of the fetish. the internal duplication of the external animation and personification of objects."

ANGLO-SAXON HELMET.

The remains of a very fine example of the Anglo-Saxon helmet referred to in chapter ii., was found by the late Mr. Bateman, in 1848, at Benty Grange, in Derbyshire. He says--"It was our good fortune to open a barrow which afforded a more instructive collection of relics than has ever been discovered in the country, and which are not surpassed in interest by any remains hitherto recovered from any Anglo-Saxon burial place in the kingdom." Amongst these remains was the head-piece referred to. After describing the details of its structure, he adds--"On the crown of the helmet is an elliptical bronze plate supporting the figure of an animal carved in iron, with bronze eyes, now much corroded, but perfectly distinct as the representation of a hog."

INDEX.

A.

Abram, 138, 143

Achilleus, 39, 46, 53

Acquitania, 41

Adam's Peak, 117

Adils, 175, et seq.

Agamemnon, 40

Agricola, Julius, 4

Agrimensores, 87

Aix-la-Chapelle, 40

Albinus, St., 20

Alexander, 43, 44

Alfgeirr, 175 et seq. 194

Allectus, 192

Alfred the Great, 44, 63, 77, 81, 168, 173, 175, 194

Ancient Monuments, 44

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 7, 27, 32, 35, 61, 130, 131, 134, 143, 165, 167,
170, 179, 204

Aneurin, 19, 114

Anlaf, 170, et seq.

Annales Cambria, 195

Anselm, 45

Anthony, St., 116

Arbury, 85

Arminius or Herman, 75

Armorica (Brittany), 18, 20, 38

Artemis, 113

Arthur, 6, et seq., 34, 35, 37, 42, 44, 46, 50, 56, 77, 103, 114, 116

Arthur's Sepulchre at Glastonbury, 8

Aruthur (Welsh word), 21

Aryan Myths, 100

Æsthetic Truth, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59

Ashton, Col.-Gen., 161, et seq.

Athelstan, King, 41, 164, et seq.

Augustine, St., 32, 94, 184

B.

Baines, Edward, 62, 66, 73, 74, 77, 90, 92, 99, 136, 148, 153, 157

Baines, Thomas, 62, 207

Bale, John, 185

Bamborough, 62

Bamber Bridge, 198

Bangor-Iscoed, 32, 33, 34

Barbarism and Civilization, 129

Bardney, Lincolnshire, 61, 68

Barham-Down, 34

Baring-Gould, Rev., 107

Barrett, 107

Battle Abbey, 42

Beamont, W., 64, 66, 77, 78, 81

Bede, the Venerable, 15, 18, 19, 56, 61, 68, 71, 87, 92, 95, 105

Beowulf, 88, 101, 105, 113, 187

Bickerton, 207

Billangahoh, 130, et seq.

Blackrod, 22, 30

"Blackburnshire, De Statu,", 144

Blackwell, J. A., 168

Boar, or Hog, Wild, 61, 99, 100, 108, et seq.

Boscowen, W. St. Chad, 45

Bewcastle and Ruthwell monuments, 9

Boece, 25

Bojorix, 112

Bolton Hall, Bolland, 150

Bosworth, Rev. J., 65

Bovium, 34

Bramha, 120

Bravalla, Fight at, 42

Brigantes, 3, 5, 30

Brindle, 196, 205, 208

Brinhildr or Brunhild, 197

Brit-Welsh, 34, 45, 67, 75

British Urns, 4

Brockhall, 137 et seq.

Brocmail, 35

Bruce, Robert, 210, 211

Brunanburh, 164, et seq.

Brut, 7, 11, 25, 27, 67, 73, 94

Brut-y-Tywysogion, 195

Bryn, Brun, and Burne, 73, 74, 97

Brynhild, 39

Budda, 117

Bullasey-ford, 138, 139, 146

Buried Treasure, 192, 193

Bungerley hyppyngstones 146, 149, 158

Burial Mound, Ancient British 208

Bury, Adam de, 157

Bury Castle, Traditionary Siege of, 154, et seq.

Byron, Lord, 53

C.

Cadwalla, or Cadwallon, 26, 27, 63, 67, 72, 93, 94

Caldean Heliopolis, 45

Camden, 93, 189

Cærwent, 14

Cædmon, 125, 187

Caerleon on Usk, 14

Camelot, 14

Cannon-balls, 152

Canute, 181, 188

Cardoile, Carlisle, 14

Carausius, 192

Cartismandua, 4

Castle Field, Manchester, 35

Caster-cliff, near Colne, 4

Castle Hill, 70, 77, 78, 84, 206

Castle Stead, near Bury, 157

Carlyle, Thomas, 51, 161, 213, 219

Catraeth, Fight at, 123

Centwine, 9

Chambers, Robert, 222

Charlemagne, 39, 40, 42, 103

Charles I., King, 150, et seq.

Charles Edward Stuart, Prince, 221

Chester, 32, 33, 34

Chevy-Chase, 31

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, 54

Chivalry, 6

Christianity and Paganism, 165, 166, 172

Christopher, St., Legend of, 135

Chronicles of the Princes of Wales, 195

Civilization, Origin of, 116

Clitheroe Castle, 148, et seq.

Clitheroe Castle, Traditional Siege of, 151, 153

Clifford, Lord, 124

Cocboy, 74

Codoy, 65

Coffins, Oak Tree, 10

Coffin, Stone, at Brindle, 208

Coins, Roman, 200, 204

Colgrin, 24, 27, 148

Conybeare, 101

Constantine, King of the Scots, 171, 176

Coote, H. C., 87

Cox, Rev. Sir G. W., 46, 100, 118

Cremation, 80, 82, 84, 87, 88

Crests, or Totems, 109, seq.

Crusades, 40

Cromwell, 43, 99, 151 et seq., 213 et seq.

Cromwell Legends, 217

Croyland, 43

Cuerdale Find, The Great 188, et seq.

Cuerden, 200

D.

Danes' "Pad", 202

Danish Invasions, 133, 165, et seq.

Dasent, Dr. Sir G. W., 15, 108, 127

Darwen, Over, 5, 208

Dawkins, Prof. Boyd, 31, 32, 73

Deira, 35

Denisburn, 93

Derby, Earl of, 150, 155, 212, 220

Dialects, Provincial, 144

Dickens, Charles, 35

Dietrich, 45

Documents, Destruction of, 182, 184, 185, 186

Domesday Book, 89, 196

Douglas, 7, 11, 12, 14, 21, 24, 26, 27, 34, 37, 133, 148

Dragons, 101, 105, 107, 110, 123, 132

Dublin, 203

Durham, Simeon of, 201

E.

Eardulph, King, 130, et seq., 147

Earwaker, Mr., 64

Easter, 106

Edda, 28, 39, 115

Editha, Athelstan's Sister, 170

Edisford, 146, 148, 161

Edmund the Atheling, 176

Edwall Voel, King of Gwynnedd, 169

Edward the Confessor, 182

Edward the Elder, King, 169

Edwin, King of Northumbria, 26, 27, 61, 95, 185

Ecgfrith, 34

Egbert, King, 180

Egil, 173, et seq.

Ella, King, 166, 168

Ellis, Mr. G., 37

Elmet, 33

Elphin, St., 87

Elston, William, 205

Elton, C., 122

England, Making of, 15, 19, 21

Erich, King, 47

Ethelbald, King, 43

Ethelfrith, King, 32, 33

Ethelred, King, 130, 133

Ethrunanwerch, 201

Etymological, 62, et seq.

Exoniensis Codex, 187

Extwistle-moor, Remains on, 4

F.

Fafnir, 100

Fairfax, Gen., 211

Fairy Mythology, 116

Falstaff, Sir John, 13

Farrar, J. A., 129

Fenton, J., 106

Fergusson, Dr. J., 11, 82, 83

Finns, The, 117

Finnesburg, Fight of, 113, 187

Fiske, Mr., 6, 18, 38, 108, 119

Florence of Worcester, 32

Folk-lore, 129

Forster, Gen., 221

Freeman, E. A., 39, 40, 172

Freya, or Friga, 113, 114

Frey's Howe, Upsala, 83

G.

Galahad, Sir, 50

Gargrave, Skirmish near, 215

Gawain, Sir, 37

Gawsworth, 135

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 5, 6, 7, 13, 18, 19, 24, 26, 32, 37, 41, 42

Geological Phenomena, 141

Geraint, 17

Gerards of Bryn, 74

Gervinus, Dr., 55, 58, 59, 128

Giant Stories, 11

Gilbert de Lacy, 196

Gildas, 5, 18, 19, 20, 33, 34, 184

Giles, Dr., 26, 190

Giraldus Cambrensis, 20

Gladstone, W. E., 18

Glendwr, Owen, 123

Gododin, The, 114

Godrun, 168

Golborne, 66, 77, 78

Gothrun, the Dane, 180

Green, J. R., 15, 19, 26, 33, 65, 73, 97, 104, 125, 136, 145, 166

Gregory, St., 184

Grendel, 101

Grimm, J., 22, 118, 122

Gudrekir, 194, 195

Guest, Dr., 15

Guilds, Preston, 210

Ginevra, Queen, 11

Guy of Warwick, Sir, 41, 106

Gwynedd, 33

H.

Hacking Hall, 138

Haigh, Mr. D. H., 7, 11, 15, 20, 24, 27, 60, 88, 101, 134, 136, 148,
184

Hamilton, Duke of, 99, 153, et seq., 213, 214

Hamlet, 38

Hammerton, P. G., 52

Harald Blatand, etc., 28, 41

Harald Hildetand, 41

Harrington, Sir J., 149, 150

Harold, King, 48

Hartlepool, 101

Hartshorne, Mr., 72

Harvest-Blasters, 109, 126

Hasty Knoll, 21

Hawkins, Mr., 188

Hazlit, 105

Heavenfield, 67, 68, 93

Heathfield, 26, 95

"Heathen-men" (Danes), 132

Helmets, 111, 227

Helmet, Anglo-Saxon, 227

Hengist and Horsa, 6, 110

Henry VI., King, 149, 158

Henry of Huntingdon, 183

Heraclids, 6

Heraldry, 109, et seq.

Herodotus, 110, 118

Hildebrand, Herr, 82, 83

Historia Britonum, 18

Historical Documents, Destruction of, 158

Historical Novels, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 57, 59

Historical Pictures, 55

Hodgson, Col., 161, et seq., 214

Hoel, 17

Hollingworth, 15, 30, 66

Homer, 35, 38, 52

Honorius, 15

Horatii and Curiatii, Tombs of, 51

Horse Shoes, Ancient, 23, 24

Howorth, Mr. H. H., 27, 41

Howson, Dean, 62, 68

Hrothgar, 101

Hubbertsty, T., 137, 138, 139, 140

Huntington, Henry of, 12, 25, 195

Hwiccas, or Gewissas, 65

Hygelac, 102

Hyngr, 175, et seq.

I.

Iceland, 28, 42

Iceni, 3

Ida, 16

Idylls of the King, 57

Igerna, 17

Illiad, 35, 38

Inaccuracy of Ancient MSS., 187

Indra, 39, 46, 100

Ingulph, 195

Isdubar, Giant, 45

J.

Jack the Giant-Killer, 47

Johannes, Prior of Hagulstald, 148

Johnson, Rev. H., 66

Joseph of Arimathea, 37

Jylgja, Guardian Spirit, 127

K.

Kabyls, 112

Kains-Jackson, C. P., 44

Kalydonian Hunt, 113

Kay, Sir, 37

Keightley, 116

Kelly, W. K., 108

Kemble, J. M., 65, 135, 187, 198

Kendrick, Dr., 62, 86, 87

King of England, First, 180

Kuerden, Dr., 200, 210

Kyklops, 39

L.

Lake District, 34

Lambert, Major-General, 153, 162

Lancashire Civil War Troops, 153, 163

Lancashire Dialect, 75

Lancashire Militia, 216

Landisfarne, 69

Lancelot, Sir, 35, 37, 50

Langdale, Marquis of, 153, et seq., 213, et seq.

Language, Life and Growth of, 75

Langho, 134, et seq.

Lanscado, Scather of the Land, 122

Lappenberg, 27

Latchford, 74, 75, 86, 193

Leofric, Earl, 145

Lichfield, Bishopric of, 146

Lilburne, Col., 220

Lindeley, John, Abbot of Whalley, 144

Linguistics, 75

Linuis, 11, 21, 23, 35

Littler, T., 62

Lloyd, Howel W., 64

Lombards, 28

Loyalty and Rebellion, 219, 221

Lubbock, Sir John, 116

Luther's Picture of the Devil, 51

Llywarch Hen, 17, 26

Lytton, Lord, 35, 47, 48

M.

Macaulay, T. B., 53

Magic Cudgel, 47

Mallet, M., 57, 117

Malory, Sir Thomas, 14, 50

Malmesbury, William of, 9, 12, 175, 195

Mameceastre, 144

Manchester, 12, 30, 33

Map, Walter, 18, 50

Marcelde, 66, 67

Martin Mere, 23

Maserfeld, Macerfeld, Marcelde, Mackerfield, 61, 62, et seq.

Meldrum, Sir John, 213

Merchant, Guild, 210

Merlin, 17, 37, 114

Mesbury, 64, 72

Metcalfe, Fred, 44, 101, 114, 175, 186

Metempsychosis, 119

Metrical Romances, 57

Milman, Dean, 49, 51

Milton, John, 214

Missionaries, the first, 145

Modred, 34

Moll, Herman, 197

Monsters, Mythical, 113, 115

Morgan, The Rev. R. W., 10, 19, 24

Morley, Prof. H., 6

Morris, 37

Morte, Adam, 212

Morte, D'Arthur, 14, 34

Mote-hill, Warrington, 86

Müller, Max, 41

Myths, 5, 6, 7, 37, 38, 39, 43, 46, 57

Myths, Genesis of, 224

N.

Nennius, 5, 7, 11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 50, 51, 65, 67, 68, 72, 74,
88, 92, 107, 110, 148, 184

Newbury, William of, 13

Nicholas, St., 117

Nichols, J. G., 149

Nimrod, 45

Northumbria, Southern Boundary of, 143, 145

Nursery Tales, 38

O.

Odin, 38, 44, 47, 101

Odins' Howe, Upsala, 82

Odyssey, 35, 39, 118

Offa, 102

Origins of English History, 122

Ostorious Scapula, 4

Oswald, St., 26, 33, 61, et seq., 133, 224

Oswald's Well, St., 66, 69, 91

Oswestry, 62, 65, 72, 90

Oswy, 68, 73, 96

P.

Palgrave, Sir Francis, 48, 176

Panis, 39

Panizzi, Sig., 6

Paulinus, 89, 94, 144, 185

Pagan Symbols destroyed, 185

Parker, Archbishop, 185

Parkinson, Mr., 140, et seq.

Patten, The Rev. Mr., 218

Penda, 26, 61, 62, 67, 72, 73, 74, 92, 95, 115, 133

Percy, Bishop, 31

Petilius Cerealis, 4, 30

Phene, Dr., 103

Phonetic Laws, 75

Pictish Customs, 103

Pilkington, Sir T., 153

Pitris, or Fathers, 120, 125

Poem, Anglo-Saxon, on the Battle of Brunanburh, 178

Potter's Ford, 143

Prehistoric Battlefields, 3, 30

Preston, Great Battle of, 213, et seq.

Pretender, the Elder, 221

Primitive Culture, 36

Puritan prophetic superstition, 219

R.

Raines, Canon, 137, 138

Ragnar Lodbrock, 166, 168

Rebellion and Loyalty, 147

Red Bank, near Winwick, 99

Ribchester, 12, 151, 210, 211

Ribble-bridge, Battle at, 221

Ribbleton Moor, Fight on, 162

Richard III., 125

Richard Cœur de Lion, 44, 102, 103

Richard of Cirencester, 143

Richmond, Earl of, 126

Roach-Smith, C., 204

Roberts, Askew, 64, 91

Robin Hood, 44, 77, 78

Robson, Dr., 83, 85

Roman Remains at Walton, 218

Roman Wall, 204

Round Table, The, 14, 77

Rosworm, Col., 212

Runes, 184

Russians, 117

S.

Saga, 102, 127, 183

St. George, 100

Salt Hill, Clitheroe, 152

Samson, 45

Sangraal, 37

Saracens, 41, 103

Saxo-Grammaticus, 28, 41, 42, 51

Saxton, C., 197

Scandinavia, 57, 103

Science, Genesis of, 128

Scop, or Gleeman's Tale, 41, 187

Scotch Warriors, Grave of, 217, 218

Scott, Sir Walter, 35, 47, 49, 52

Seaton, Sir John, 212

Serpents, 104, 106

Setantii, Sistuntii, or Segantii, 3, 23

Shakspere, 13, 38, 47, 58, 123, 128

Sharon-Turner, 34, 67, 73, 175, 176, 177, 180

Sherburne, Bishop of, 174

Shuttleworth, Col., 212

Siege of Preston in 1715, 221

Siege of Preston in 1643, 211

Sigurd, 39, 46, 100

Sihtric or Sigtryg, 170

Simeon of Durham, 130, 179, 194, 195

Sibson, Rev. E., 21, 62, 77, 78, 81, 87

Skene, Mr., 15, 19, 68, 189

Solar Myths, 39, 40, 45, 46

Songs resultant from the Stuart Troubles, 222, 223

Spear Heads, Ancient, 85

Spencer, Herbert, 120

Spurs, Ancient, 23, 29

Stephen, Leslie, 48, 50

Stevenson, Mr., 18

Stone Hammers, 85

Stonyhurst, 152, 157, 160

Strachey, Sir Edward, 14, 16, 17

Stubbs and Haddon (Councils of Britain), 19

Superstitious explanations of Natural Phenomena, 147

Surnames, 121

Sweyn, King, 181

Swords, Magic, 47

T.

Tacitus, 114

Talbot, T. and J., 149, 150

Taliesin, 17, 35, 44

Talleyrand, 44

Tarquin, Sir, 35

Taylor, Rev. I., 112

Tempest, Sir John, 149, 150, 162

Tennyson, 37, 60

Thackeray, 35

Theodoric, 45

Theophilus, Story of, 45

Thor, 47

Thorolf, 175, et seq.

Thorpe, B., 101, 102

Tildesley, Sir Thos., 220

Totems, or Crests, 109, et seq.

Traveller's Tale, Poem, 134, 136

Tre, Welsh prefix, 96

Treasure, Buried, 192, 193

Tristan, Sir, 37

Troy, 53

Tumuli, Ancient, 83, 85, 86, 87, 137, et seq., 205, 208

Turketal, the English Chancellor, 176, 177

Turkomans, 118

Turner, J. M. W., 52

Tylor, E. B., 5, 36, 56, 111, 128

U.

Ulster, Annals of, 35

Urien of Rheged, 16, 17, 27

Urns, Ancient, 81, 83, 84

Upsala, 29

Uther Pendragon, 110, 123

V.

Vámbéry, Arminius, 43, 49, 119

Vergil, Polydore, 186

Venutius, 4

Vicinal ways, Roman, 205, 208

Volsung Tale, 120

Vritra, 100

W.

Wada, 130, et seq.

Wada, Weland and Egil, 134

Wade's Boat, 135

Walhalla, 115

Wallace, Mackenzie, 117

Wars of the Roses, 158, 210

Warwick, Earl of, 124

Watkin, W. T., 87

Watling street, 136, 194

Wearden, 199

Weddle, C. A., 190, 199, 209

Well, St. Oswald's, 91, 92

Welsh Tribute, Heavy, 170

Werewolves, 119, 122

West Kent, kingdom of, 145

Weyland's Smithy, 136

Whitney, Professor D., 63, 75

Whitaker, the Rev. Jno., 7, 11, 15, 21, 26, 34, 35, 86, 198

Whitaker, Dr., 136, et seq., 193

White, Dr. A. D., 57

Whittle Springs, 197

Wigan, 12, 22, 30

Wigan Lane, battle of, 220

Wild Huntsman, 45

William, the Norman Conqueror, 182, 189

Wilkinson, T. T., 4, 100

Winwick, 61, et seq.

Winwidfield, 97

Wornum, R., 56

Worsaae, Dr., 188

Worde, Wynkyn de, 10

Worms, Huge, 104, 106

Wright, T., 29, 88

X.

Ximines, Cardinal, 186

Y.

York, 33

Yornzi, 117

Ywain, Sir, 17, 37

Z.

Zumarraga, Archbishop, 186

ABEL HEYWOOD AND SON, PRINTERS, MANCHESTER.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] His. Preston, viii.

[2] Mr. Haigh's ingenious hypothesis, however, is not accepted by historical students generally.

[3] "It was twenty-six feet high, and had inscribed on it these names, and two others, Bregored and Beorward. Centwine became King of the West Saxons, and Hedde, Bishop of Winchester, in A.D. 676; the former became a monk in A.D. 683, the latter died in A.D. 705. Bregored was an Abbot of Glastonbury (but not in the times of the Britons, as William of Malmsbury concluded from his name, for it is clearly Saxon), and Beorward may be the Abbot Beornwald who attested a charter of Ine in A.D. 704. The larger pyramid, twenty-eight feet high, which stood at the head of the grave, is said to have been in a very ruinous condition, and the only intelligible words in the inscription upon it (as given by William of Malmsbury), are the names of Wulfred and Eanfled. The discovery of these trunk coffins at Glastonbury has not been noticed by Mr. Wright, in his account of the similar discoveries at Gristhorpe, Beverley, Driffield, and Selby (_Gent. Mag._ 1857. vol. ii. p. 114), nor by Mr. Wylie in his paper on the Oberflacht graves (_Archæologia_, vol. xxxvi., p. 129), but deserves to be mentioned in connection with them."

[4] The Rev. E. Sibson says:--"A piece of high ground near the Scholes is called King Arthur's camp."--_Man. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Transactions, April_, 1845.

[5] Giving a man "wigan," in the present vernacular of the county, is synonymous to giving him a good threshing.

Jacob Grimm, in his "Deutsche Mythologie," says the Old High German _wig_, pugna, seems occasionally to denote the personal god of war.

The modern English word "vie," to contend, to fight, to strive for superiority, is derived from the Anglo-Saxon _wigian_, _wiggan_, which are cognate to the Gothic _veigan_ (Collins's Dic. Der.) _Wig_, war, warfare, battle (Bosworth, A.S. Dic.)

[6] The district referred to is variously written _Linuis_, _Cinuis_, and _Inniis_.

[7] Nennius calls him "Catgublaun, king of Guenedot," Gwynedd, North Wales.

[8] Anglo-Saxon Chron. and Bede.

[9] Dr. Giles, Mr. Green, and others, say--"Hatfield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, about seven miles to the north-east of Doncaster," and this seems the most probable site.

[10] Variation, Brocmail.

[11] Dean Howson, in an address delivered at Chester, in 1873, in reference to the disputed site of Oswald's death, said--"He was not going to decide between the claims of the two places, but he was inclined to think both views might be reconciled. Oswald had a palace at Winwick, and there was a well there that bore his name, and an inscription that recorded his attachment to the locality. Oswestry was said to mean Oswald's tree. There was no reason why they should not believe that he was killed at Winwick, and that his head and arms were taken away and put on a stump of wood at Oswestry. The conflicting statements would then be reconciled." Such an act would, in no way, be inconsistent with the character of Penda. He might send the remains to his Welsh allies as trophies of his victory over the vanquisher of their great chief, Cadwalla.

[12] Bosworth, in his Anglo-Saxon dictionary, under the letter K, says, "Though the A. S. generally used _c_, even before _e_, _i_, and _y_, yet as _k_ is sometimes found," he gives a list of words commencing with that consonant under such conditions. The Anglo-Saxon "Cymen's ora" is now represented by Keynor. Kemble says the homes of the Elsingas and Elcinghas, are now represented by Elsing and Elkington, in Northamptonshire. Mr. Green speaks of "those Gewissas, the Hwiccas, as they were called," and Peille says, "Indo-European _ky_ and _ty_ become _ss_, as in 'prasso' for 'prack-yo' (root 'prack,' formative suffix 'yo.')"

[13] The etymology on which Mr. Howel W. Lloyd, the recent able advocate for the Shropshire site, and others, rely, (Earwaker's Local Gatherings relating to Lancashire, vol. i., 1876, and the summary, by Mr. Askew Roberts, in his "Contributions to Oswestry History,") is as follows:--Referring to Mr. Lloyd's paper, Mr. Roberts states his position thus:--"Mesbury (now Maesbury, called in Domesday Meresbury), a hamlet in the parish of Oswestry, is now called 'Llysfeisir or Llys feisydd.'" He adds--"Thus a basis is supplied for a correct inference as to the order of nomenclature. 1. The Welsh Te-fesen, corrupted by the Saxons into Mesafelth or Maserfelth, and then into Maserfield, the name of the district in which is Oswestry, as Winwick is in Makerfield. 2. The monastery founded on the spot in honour of St. Oswald, called Album Monasterium, Candida Ecclesia Y Fonachlog Wen (by the Welsh according to Davies), and Blancmonster and Blancminster by the Normans, all meaning the same thing, viz.:--White Monastery, applied latterly also to the town, which grew up around the monastery. 3. Mesbury, corrupted into Maesbury, when the town in Trefesen, to which a Fitzalan granted a charter, grew into a borough; and 4, Oswaldestree or Oswestry, from the 'tre' or district, or else possibly from the traditional tree, on which the king's arm was recorded to have been hung. A further basis is supplied for reconciling the statement of Nennius, that the battle was fought at Codoy, with that of the Saxon historian that it was fought at Maserfield. For just as Winwick is in Mackerfield, so may Codoy have been in the larger locality of Maserfield; and Nennius, as a British historian, representing, as his editors believe him to do, a much earlier author, gives, as might naturally be expected, the precise situation of the spot, the territorial appellation only for which reached the foreign and more distant chroniclers. From all this it is certain that Oswestry had its Maserfield as Winwick its Mackerfield, the former, however, more nearly reflecting the ancient British name, as well as character of the place, but both alike designating a district rather than a town, that being the ancient meaning of the word 'tre.' Maserfelth is, therefore, Oak-field, a translation of the original British name of Trefesen (compare English 'mast,') and the arms connected St. Oswald with the Oak."

[14] There is great difficulty in reconciling the various statements respecting this Cadwalla. Mr. Skene ("Four Ancient Books of Wales") thinks it not improbable that it was his father, Cadvan, who fell at Heavenfield, and not himself. If Cadwalla fought at Maserfeld, Dean Howson's conjecture is rendered more probable. See Ante, p. 62. Revenge for his father's death might induce him to display his trophies of victory over his previously successful rival before his Brit-Welsh subjects at a locality afterwards named Oswestry.

[15] Mr. Hartshorne, however, refers to this story in connection with his claim of "Maesbrook, a place in a direct line between Maesbury and Coedway, and about five miles from Oswestry," as the site of Oswald's defeat, and connects a local legend with it.

[16] For a long time after the death of Oswald, the present Shropshire remained British, or as Professor Boyd Dawkins appropriately terms it, "Brit-Welsh," territory.--See Mr. Green's maps.

[17] The Welsh authorities write this word "Codoy." The Rev. W. Gunn and Dr. Giles, "Cocboy."

[18] The martyrdom is a very doubtful matter; indeed, it is more than probable this name of the field, and its presumed etymology, gave birth to the legend, or it may have been an ancient burial place. A Lancashire peasant pronounces the word neither, nather and nother, at the present day, while some clergymen pronounce it nigh-ther. The Lancashire contraction for James is Jim not Jem, as in the South of England. I have often heard China pronounced "Chaney" by Lancashire people. The number of ancient burial tumuli to the north of the ford may possibly have influenced the local nomenclature. In Webster's dictionary a third meaning to the word "latch" is thus described: "3. [Fr. lécher, to lick, pour. O. H. Ger. _lecchôn_. See LICK.] To smear [Obs.]"

[19] The Rev. E. Sibson says--"The streams which unite at this barrow are the Dene and the Sankey." Mr. Beamont says the tumulus is situated on the Golbourne brook.

[20] "Siculus Flaccus says that it was the practice of some _agrimensores_ to place under _termini_ ashes, or charcoal, or pieces of broken glass or pottery, or _asses_, or lime, or plaster (gypsum).... The writer of a later treatise, or rather compilation, attributed to Boëthius, speaking upon the same subject, enumerates as the objects to be so placed, ashes, or charcoals, or potsherds, or bones, or glass, or _assæ_ of iron, or brass, or lime, or plaster, or a fictile vessel."--"_The Romans of Britain_," _by H. C. Coote F.S.A._

[21] This, of course, is disputed by other authorities. Mr. Thorpe regards the only copy now extant as an Anglo-Saxon version of an older Scandinavian poem.

[22] Mr. Askew Roberts, in his "Contributions to Oswestry History," has the following:--"Is not all the alluvial tract of country which lies between Buttington and Oswestry, called in the Welsh tongue 'Ystrad Marchell.' = Strata Marcella, at one end of which stood the once famous monastery of Ystrad Marchell or Strata Marcella? Is it not more likely that Oswald should have been overwhelmed by a combined force of Mercians, Welsh, and Angles somewhere in the large plain of _Ystradmarchell_, which lies on the boundary of the Welsh and Mercian territories, than at Winwick, in Lancashire, and does not the above line prove that 'Oswald from Marchelldy [Marcelde the House or Monastery of Marchell] did to Heaven remove.'--BONION, writing in _Bygones_, August 6, 1873." This would have more value had the inscription been on Oswestry Church. It is not very probable the Cleric of Winwick would be a Welsh scholar, or that he would translate the Welsh word into Latin in preference to the English one by which the locality was well known. What business had Oswald "somewhere in the large plain of _Ystradmarchell_, which lies on the boundary of the Welsh and Mercian territory," if Penda were the aggressor, as Geoffrey and others testify. Besides, as Mr. Green's maps show, the district in question was, in the seventh century, a long way from either the Mercian or Northumbrian boundary. To be in the locality at all would constitute Oswald the attacking and not the defending party, as Bede's expression, "_pro patria dimicans_," seems to imply.

[23] This is a very daring assertion, and is by no means confirmed by a visit to the locality.

[24] "Were there no other record of the existence of our own Richard I. than the _Romaunt_ bearing his name, and composed within a century of his death, he would unquestionably have been numbered by the Mythists among their shadowy heroes; for among the superhuman feats performed by that pious crusader, we read, in the above mentioned authority, that having torn out the heart of a lion, he pressed out the blood, dipt it in salt, and ate it without bread; that being sick, and longing after pork (which in a land of Moslems and Jews was not to be had),

"They took a Sarezyne young and fat

* * * * *

And soden full hastely,
With powder and with spysory,
And with saffron of good colour."

Of this Apician dish 'the kyng eet the flesh and gnew the bones.' Richard afterwards feasts his infidel prisoners on a Saracen's head each, every head having the name of its late owner attached to it on a slip of parchment. Surely all this is as mythic as it is possible to be, and yet Richard is a really historic earth-born personage."

Yes, there was a truly historical Richard, as there doubtless was an Arthur, but the Richard and Arthur of romance, nevertheless, are not historical characters, in the strict sense of the word, and ought not to be confounded with them.

[25] At the meeting of the British Association, held at York, in 1861, Dr. Phene, F.S.A., &c., read a paper on Scandinavian and Pictish customs on the Anglo-Scottish Border. He spoke of the persistent retention of curious customs, and the handing down from generation to generation of the traditionary lore of ages long past, and then referred to some of those which were corroborated by ancient monuments of an unusual kind still famous on the Scottish border. These consisted of sculptured stones, earth works, and actual ceremonies. Quoting from former writers, from family pedigrees, and other documents, he showed that the estates to which this traditionary lore pertained, had been held alternately by those claiming under the respective nationalities, or more local powers, and which from their natural defensive features must have been places of border importance earlier than history records. The district was occupied by the descendants--often still traceable--of Danes, Jutes, Frisians, Picts, Scots, Angles, and Normans; and by a comparison of several of the languages of these people, as well ancient as now existing, and also of the Gothic, it was shown in relation to a particular class of the most curious monuments, that the Norse "ormr," Anglo-Saxon "vyrm," old German "wurm," Gothic "vaúrms," pronounced like our word worm; and the word "lint," or "lind," also German, and the Norse "linni," are all equivalent, and mean serpent; and in some cases the two words are united as in modern German "lindwurm," and the Danish and Swedish "lindorm." On this apparently rested the names of some of the places having these strange traditions, as Linton or serpent town, Wormiston or worm's (ormr's) town, Lindisfarne, the Farne serpent island, now Holy Island, &c., and also the various worm hills, or serpent mounds of those localities. It was curious that the contests to which the traditions referred (like that of St. George) were sometimes with two dragons, as shown on a sculptured stone in Linton Church, and on a similar stone at Lyngby, in Denmark, in the churchyard, where there was a tradition that two dragons had their haunt near the church. From these and other facts, the author concluded that the contests were international, and in the case of two dragons, an allied foe, either national, religious, or both, was overcome. He showed from the Scottish seals that Scotland used the dragon as an emblem, apparently deriving it from the Picts; that the Scandinavians also used it, and that these nationalities were antagonistic to the Saxon. In the time of David the First of Scotland, the first great centralisation of Saxon power took place, and the powerful family of the Cumyns took, apparently by conquest, at least two of the localities having these strange traditions. And as the political object was to suppress the Celtic and Scandinavian, or other local national feeling, there could be little doubt that however they obtained them, the persons dispossessed were of one or other of the Northern tribes. Hence probably the middle-age tradition of the slaying of the serpent or dragon, or the serpent or dragon bearer, on the Anglo-Scottish border. But he considered such traditions would hardly have originated through such conquests, had not previous marvellous stories existed of the prowess and conquest by the dragon (bearers) of the lands they invaded, all the wonders of which would be transferred to the conqueror's conqueror. Hence these stories were not to be set aside with a sneer, as in them was a germ of history, giving us, perhaps, the only insight we could obtain of the prehistoric customs and mythology of some of the ancient tribes of Britain. Earthen mounds, tumuli, standing stones, &c., still existed in some of these localities, with all of which the dragon serpent or worm was associated in the legends. The author described his personal experiences in the still existing dragon ceremonies in the south of France and Spain, which were always either on the present national or former less important provincial frontiers, and which still formed the subjects of great ecclesiastical ceremonies. One of the high ecclesiastical dignitaries of the north of England--the Bishop of Durham--is in the position of having to take part in such a ceremony. Whenever a bishop of that diocese enters the manor of Sockburn for the first time, the Lord of the Manor, who holds under the see of Durham, subject to the following tenure, has to present the Bishop, "_in the middle of the river Tees_, if the river is fordable, with the falchion wherewith the champion Conyers destroyed the _worm_, _dragon_, or _fiery flying serpent_ which destroyed man, woman, and child" in that district, and an ancient altar called "_Greystone_" still marks where the dragon was buried.--_Manchester Examiner._

[26] "Klunzinger: Upper Egypt, 184."

[27] "There exists yet a traditionary superstition very prevalent in Lancashire and its neighbourhood to the effect that pigs can '_see the wind_.' I accidentally heard the observation made, not long ago, in the city of Manchester, in what is termed 'respectable society,' and no one present audibly dissented. One or two individuals, indeed, remarked that they had often heard such was the case, and seemed to regard the phenomenon as related to the strong scent and other instincts peculiar to animals of the chase. Indeed, Dr. Kuhn says that in Westphalia this phase of the superstition is the prevalent one. There pigs are said to smell the wind."--_Traditions, Superstitions, and Folk-Lore, p. 69._

[28] The Rev. Jno. Williams, in a note to his translation of "The Gododin," says:--"Beli, son of Benlli, a famous warrior in North Wales."

[29] See Chapter I., page 25.

[30] Warksworth Chronicle.

[31] Several cannon balls, fired during Cromwell's military operations in this short but decisive campaign, have been found in the neighbourhood of Ribbleton, Ashton, and Walton-le-dale. They are about eight pounds weight each. One of them is in my possession at the present time.

[32] This is an error, excusable under the circumstances. Stonyhurst is about twelve miles from Preston.

[33] So savage a critic as Joseph Ritson seems to have entertained a much higher opinion of Captain Hodgson's literary qualities than the "seer of Chelsea." In his preface to the memoir he says--"Without meaning to dispute the merit of Defoe, in his peculiarly happy manner of telling a story, or, in other words, in the art of book-making, it will probably be found, that, truth or falsehood being out of the question, in point of importance, interest, and even pleasantry, Captain Hodgson's narrative is infinitely superior to the 'Memoirs of a Cavalier.'"

[34] He had overcome a cavalry officer, and "appropriated" his horse.

[35] Mr. F. Metcalfe, in his "Englishman and Scandinavian," says,--"It is this same historian (William of Malmesbury), and not Asser, who relates the story of Alfred masquerading as a minstrel, and so gaining free access to the Danish camp, meanwhile learning their plans. It is not mentioned in the most ancient Saxon accounts. Indeed, it sounds more like a Scandinavian than a Saxon story, an echo of which has reached us in the tale of King Estmere, who adopted a similar disguise. A story was current of Olaf Cuaran entering Athelstan's camp disguised as a harper two days before the battle of Brunanburh."

[36] Some writers say two days intervened, and Sir Francis Palgrave says the main battle was but a continuation of the night attack, and was therefore fought on the following day.

[37] Mr. Thompson Watkins, His. Soc. Trans., says the metal is bronze.

[38] In Herman Moll's map, the Etherow, before its junction with the Goyt and Tame, is written Mersey.

[39] For details of this battle see "History of Preston and its Environs."

[40] For details respecting this siege, see His. Preston, c. v.

[41] Mr. J. P. Morris, in _Notes and Queries_, says--"Many collectors have endeavoured, but in vain, to find more of this old Lancashire ballad than the two verses given by Dr. Dixon, in his 'Songs and Ballads of the English Peasantry,' and by Mr. Harland, in his 'Ballads and Songs of Lancashire.' I have much pleasure in forwarding to _Notes and Queries_ the following version, which is much more complete than any yet given:

"Long Preston Peggy to Proud Preston went,
To view the Scotch Rebels it was her intent;
A noble Scotch lord, as he passed by,
On this Yorkshire damsel did soon cast an eye.

He called to his servant, who on him did wait--
'Go down to yon maiden who stands in the gate,
That sings with a voice so soft and so sweet,
And in my name do her lovingly greet.'

So down from his master away he did hie,
For to do his bidding, and bear her reply;
But ere to this beauteous virgin he came,
He moved his bonnet, not knowing her name.

'It's, oh! Mistress Madame, your beauty's adored,
By no other person than by a Scotch lord,
And if with his wishes you will comply,
All night in his chamber with him you shall lie.'"

[42] "See Gaussin's _Langue Polynésienne_."

Transcriber's notes:

The following is a list of changes made to the original.
The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.

Dean Milman, Arminius Vámbêry, and Leslie Stephen.
Dean Milman, Arminius Vámbéry, and Leslie Stephen.

Sir John Lubbock, Arminius Vámbêry, John Fiske,
Sir John Lubbock, Arminius Vámbéry, John Fiske,

The names of places still retained, with only sueh phonetic
The names of places still retained, with only such phonetic

Talbots of Bashall and Salebury. Civil war incidents
Talbots of Bashall and Salesbury. Civil war incidents

influence of the after Danish and Norman-French conquests.
influence of the battle after Danish and Norman-French conquests.

"For "_Downham_ IN _Yorkshire_"
For "_Downham_ IN _Yorkshire_"

"Return of the Heraklieds," says "it is undoubtedly as
"Return of the Herakleids," says "it is undoubtedly as

similar discoveries at Gristhorpe, Beverley, Driffield. and
similar discoveries at Gristhorpe, Beverley, Driffield, and

laid'Ywenec, and the latter is said to be "on the Doglas,"
lai d'Ywenec, and the latter is said to be "on the Doglas,"

mentioned as the husband of Igerna's third danghter by
mentioned as the husband of Igerna's third daughter by

not one capital city, it was the tetrapolis of Babel
not one capital city, it was the tetrapolis of Babel,

we, nevertheless, do gain valuable knowlege of a
we, nevertheless, do gain valuable knowledge of a

ancient correlatives in Sanscrit _agra_, Greek ἀγρὁϛ, Latin
ancient correlatives in Sanscrit _agra_, Greek ἀγρόϛ, Latin

probably accordsboth etymologically and topographically
probably accords both etymologically and topographically

tranformations local nomenclature sometimes has undergone
transformations local nomenclature sometimes has undergone

England)" says--"That Oswiu strove to avert the
England") says--"That Oswiu strove to avert the

called _Burne_, strongly supports the other evidence in
called _Burne_," strongly supports the other evidence in

burial place, raised after the battle fought at Winwick."
burial place, raised after the battle fought at Winwick.

Newton: one of these was held in desmene. The
Newton: one of these was held in demesne. The

cum decima ville;' but there is a belief that there was a
cum decima ville;" but there is a belief that there was a

and to the tradition which Leyland records, 'that at
and to the tradition which Leyland records, "that at

Sum say this was the paroche church of Oswestre.'"
Sum say this was the paroche church of Oswestre."

Bingfield for the site of the Heavenfeld struggle, rather
Bingfield for the site of the Heavenfield struggle, rather

Jacob Grimm says (Deutsche Myhologie)--"A people
Jacob Grimm says (Deutsche Mythologie)--"A people

in power. Thus the notion of _casualty_--the assumption
in power. Thus the notion of _causality_--the assumption

twenty marks a year, from Edward IV,, confirmed by
twenty marks a year, from Edward IV., confirmed by

relatively more recent combat, of some local importance,
relatively more recent combat, of some local importance.

Preston, to operate in the hundred of Blackburn, One
Preston, to operate in the hundred of Blackburn. One

inhabitants of the neigbourhood Wearden at the present
inhabitants of the neighbourhood Wearden at the present

crosses this in its neighbonrhood. This tumulus is
crosses this in its neighbourhood. This tumulus is

the "battle of the Brun."
the 'battle of the Brun.'"

the 'olden time.' In Leland's day, the remains of the
the 'olden time.'" In Leland's day, the remains of the

Colonel Rosworn, the celebrated Parliamentary engineer,
Colonel Rosworm, the celebrated Parliamentary engineer,

sculls, from the banks, and these are almost universally,
skulls, from the banks, and these are almost universally,

of "General" Forster, the partisans of the Stuart were
of "General" Forster, the partizans of the Stuart were

myths have been confounded together;" [See ante, p.p. 44, et seg.,
myths have been confounded together;" [See ante, p.p. 44, et seq.,

"For the devolpment of myth, which is in itself always a human
"For the development of myth, which is in itself always a human