Chapter XI: Guardians of the Scene (2)

Because of failing health, Cammerer resigned as Director in 1940, and Newton B. Drury, a Californian and a member of the Yosemite Advisory Board, was appointed to the position on June 19, 1940. Since 1919, Drury had been a leader in the movement to preserve distinctive areas for park purposes. As executive head of the Save-the-Redwoods League, he had become a nationally recognized authority on park and conservation affairs and was intimately acquainted with the problems of Yosemite National Park through personal study. The normal problems of the park and of the Service, generally, were greatly complicated by the circumstances resulting from World War II, and the years 1942-1945 were probably the most critical in the history of national parks. But in spite of pressure exerted by production interests and those who sought to capitalize on the park’s assets under the guise of “war necessity,” the natural values of Yosemite were held inviolate. And it is to the everlasting credit of Director Drury and his staff and associates in central offices and the field that during the years of all-out warfare serious inroads were nowhere made upon national park values.

Each year, more than a half million people benefit by the great park’s offerings, and each year witnesses new demands for expansion of public utilities provided by the operators and the Government. To meet these demands and at the same time guarantee “benefit and enjoyment” of Yosemite values for future generations of visitors is one of the most exacting tasks engaged in by public servants anywhere.

Two Hundred Years

One hundred fourteen years have elapsed since the explorers in Joseph Walker’s party first made their way to some point on the north rim of Yosemite Valley and beheld a tremendous scene beneath them. It is to be hoped that the Yosemite visitor today will have his enjoyment of Yosemite National Park somehow enhanced by the recorded story of the human events during the past century, particularly by the story of the human effort that made Yosemite accessible to him, but not too accessible.

Yosemite, like other national parks, has its master plan. Upon it is set down in rather definite form the conception of the park staff of needs for physical improvements. This prescription is reviewed by technicians and executives in central offices and made to delimit the maximum development necessary to meet the requirements of staff and public. The master plan also contains an analysis of the inspirational and recreational experiences which attract the multitude of visitors to the park. As might be expected this analysis of Yosemite’s offerings points to the fact that one of the notable values of the reservation is found in its capacity to stimulate pride in and understanding of the heritage of natural beauty preserved within the park’s boundaries. Another important value is indicated in the capacity of the park to serve as a repository of scientific treasures. In this last-named role as “museum of the out-of-doors,” Yosemite National Park reasonably may be expected to become increasingly important as the less protected areas of the Sierra Nevada are more and more encroached upon by exploiters. The exploiters are not always concerned with livestock, minerals, or timber. The aggressiveness of those who cater to recreation seekers—even of the recreation seekers themselves—constitutes a force to be reckoned with, and this group particularly lays siege to the structure of National Park Service conservatism.

It is well that the visitor to this and other national parks extend his ken. We know something of what has happened since 1833. But what will have happened to the Yosemite region by the year 2033 A.D., two hundred years after white man’s first glimpse of the valley? Will the men of great enterprise have built “ladders touching the sky, changing the face of the universe and the very color of the stars?” Or will there still be a remnant of mountain sanctuary, where the handiwork of today’s and tomorrow’s visitors will be as hard to discern as Joe Walker’s footsteps are to trace?

_CHRONOLOGY_

The following outline of the history of the Yosemite region cites the original sources of information used in preparing this book. References are to the pages of publications and manuscripts appearing in the bibliography which follows. Items cited frequently are abbreviated:

SCB _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 1893 to date.
USNPS _Annual Report_, United States National Park Service.
USWD _Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers_, United States War
Department.
YNP _Report of the Acting Superintendent_, 1892-1914, Yosemite
National Park.
YNHA _Yosemite Nature Notes_, Yosemite Natural History Association,
1922 to date.
YVC _Biennial Report_, Yosemite Valley Commissioners, 1867-1904.

_CHRONOLOGY, WITH SOURCES_

1776

Garces entered Tulare Valley and named the interior range “Sierra de San
Marcos.” Bancroft, 1884, p. 291; Farquhar, 1928, p. 56.

Name “Sierra Nevada” applied to mountains that now carry the name, by
Padre Pedro Font. Font, map; Farquhar, 1928, p. 55.

1806

Moraga Expedition explored lower course of Merced River and gave it the
name “Merced.” Richman, p. 465; Farquhar, 1928, p. 58.

1826

Jedediah Smith brought first party of trappers from the East. Crossed
near Cajon Pass in November. Dale, p. 183; Merriam, 1923, p. 228.

1833

J. R. Walker crossed present Yosemite National Park with a party of
trappers. Leonard, Z., p. 174; Bancroft, 1885, p. 390; Farquhar,
1942, pp. 35-49; Watson, P. 57.

1841

Bartleson party was first of immigrants. Crossed Sonora Pass and
probably saw Calaveras Grove. Bidwell; Bancroft, 1886, p. 268.

1844

First wagons brought across the Sierra by Stephens-Townsend-Murphy
party. Bancroft, 1886, p. 445.

1847

J. B. Alvarado conveyed “Mariposa Grant” to J. C. Frémont for $3,000.
California Supreme Court.

1848

Sierra gold discovery. Tinkham, p. 59.

1850

Rush to “Southern Mines” (Mariposa region). Bunnell, p. 315.

Tuolumne County organized. Coy, 1923, p. 288.

Mariposa County established. Coy, 1923, p. 161.

Joseph Screech discovered Hetch Hetchy Valley. Hoffmann, p. 370.

J. D. Savage forced to abandon trading station at mouth of South Fork of
Merced. Bunnell, p. 15.

Indians attack Savage’s Fresno River store and his Mariposa Creek
Station, Dec. Bunnell, pp. 22, 23.

1851

Organization of Mariposa Battalion under J. D. Savage. Bunnell, p. 29.

Battalion marched toward mountain stronghold of Indians, March 19.
Elliott, p. 179

Chief Tenaya and a part of Yosemite tribe surrendered to advancing
whites, March 25. Marvin; Bunnell, p. 52.

Battalion viewed Yosemite Valley from Inspiration Point, March 25. Name
“Yosemite Valley” applied. Bunnell, pp. 53, 61.

Yosemite Valley and Merced Canyon to Nevada Fall explored by men with
Savage, March 26. Bunnell, p. 72.

Battalion withdrew from Yosemite without having found more Indians,
March 27. Bunnell, p. 91.

Second entry to Yosemite made by Capt. John Boling’s Company, May 9.
Bunnell, p. 142; Boling, June 12; Kuykendall, p. 9.

First letter dispatched from valley, May 15. Boling, June 12;
Kuykendall, p. 9.

Boling captured Yosemite Indians at Tenaya Lake, May 22. Indians were
escorted to Fresno Reservation, but in winter Tenaya and his
family were permitted to return to the mountains. Boling, June 14;
Kuykendall, p. 10; Bunnell, p. 228.

1852

Eight prospectors entered valley May 2, and two were killed by Indians.
Russell, 1926, p. 332.

Lt. Tredwell Moore entered Yosemite with detachment of 2d Infantry in
June. Bunnell, p. 275; Elliott, p. 172; Hutchings, 1862, p. 75.

Yosemite Indians took refuge with Mono Indians and were not found by
soldiers. Elliott, p. 172.

In August Lt. Moore found promising mineral deposits east of Sierra
crest. Bunnell, p. 277.

Mariposa Grove discovered by party of prospectors. Elliott, p. 172;
Russell, 1926, p. 332, YNHA, 1929, p. 51.

1853

Yosemite Indians left Monos and returned to Yosemite, but stole horses,
and Monos nearly annihilated the Yosemites for their treachery.
Bunnell, pp. 275, 291; Hutchings, 1862, p. 75. Eyewitness account
at variance with Bunnell’s (see p. 47).

A number of parties of prospectors entered Yosemite Valley in the fall
of 1853. Bunnell, p. 295.

1854

James Capen Adams visited Yosemite to capture grizzlies, which he
trained. Hittell, T. H., p. 196.

1855

J. M. Hutchings organized first party of sightseers to enter Yosemite.
First Yosemite pictures made by T. A. Ayres in June. Bunnell, p.
304; Hutchings, 1862, p. 77; Hutchings, 1886, p. 79; YNHA, 1944,
pp. 21-25.

Trail from South Fork (Wawona) built to Yosemite Valley by Milton and
Houston Mann. Finished in 1856. Bunnell, p. 304; Brockman, 1943,
pp. 53-54.

Galen Clark engaged in surveying ditch to supply water to Mariposa
Frémont Grant. Foley, p. 108.

First house, a shack, built in Yosemite Valley by surveyors, including
Bunnell. (Use of Yosemite Valley as a reservoir contemplated.)
Bunnell, p. 304; _Country Gentleman_; Whitney, 1870, p. 18.

1856

“Coulterville Free Trail” from Bull Creek to Yosemite built by G. W.
Coulter and Bunnell. Bunnell, p. 315.

T. A. Ayres made second trip to Yosemite and made more pencil drawings.
Bunnell, p. 310; Farquhar, 1926, p. 111; Ayres.

“Lower Hotel,” first permanent structure, built by Walworth and Hite at
base of Sentinel Rock. Bunnell, p. 309.

1857

Rush of miners from Tuolumne, over Mono Trail, to Mono Diggings; Tom
McGee, of Big Oak Flat, perhaps blazed Mono Trail. _Bodie
Standard_, March 1, 1879; Wasson; Hodgdon.

Beardsley and Hite put up canvas-covered house at Cedar Cottage site.
Galen Clark settled at what is now Wawona, and with Milton Mann
explored Mariposa Grove. Bunnell, p. 310; Brace, p. 85; Foley, p.
102.

1858

“Upper Hotel” (Cedar Cottage) built. Operated by Mr. and Mrs. John H.
Neal. Bunnell, p. 310; Hutchings, 1886, p. 101.

J. L. Cogswell party visited Tuolumne Grove of Big Trees. YNHA, 1937,
pp. 60-63.

1859

W. S. Body located mineral deposits in region that later became famous
as Bodie. Wasson, p. 5.

First photograph made in Yosemite by C. L. Weed. Subject was Upper
Hotel. Hutchings, 1886, p. 101; YNHA, 1929, p. 75.

James C. Lamon preëmpted and took up permanent residence in Yosemite.
Hutchings, 1886, p. 134; Corcoran, 1925.

1860

“Sheepherder Mine” (Tioga Mine) located. _Bodie Daily Free Press_,
September 10, 1881.

California State Geological Survey established, with Prof. Josiah Dwight
Whitney in charge. Whitney, 1865, p. ix; Farquhar, 1925, pp.
15-23.

1861

Nine Bactrian camels taken to Nevada mines. Stopped in Calaveras Grove
en route. Farquhar, 1925, p. 26.

Mono County established. Coy, p. 182.

C. E. Watkins, pioneer photographer, visited Yosemite Valley. YNHA,
1936, pp. 17-18.

1863

State Geological Survey made expedition to region between upper Merced
and Tuolumne rivers. Whitney, 1865, p. 13.

Artist Albert Bierstadt made first trip to Yosemite. YNHA, 1944, pp.
49-51.

1864

J. M. Hutchings took over Upper Hotel, and it became known as “Hutchings
House.” Calif. Legis., p. 323; Hutchings, 1886, p. 102.

Sonora Pass wagon road improved to serve Bodie, etc. Wasson, p. 59.

Florence Hutchings was the first white child to be born in Yosemite.
Hutchings, 1886, p. 144.

Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Big Trees granted to California as public
trust. Grant contained 48.6 square miles. Board of eight
commissioners created, Frederick Law Olmsted, chairman. Galen
Clark, guardian. U. S. Congress, p. 3444; YVC, 1877, p. 5;
Matthews, 1906, pp. 382-387; YNHA, 1946, p. 107.

I. W. Raymond, of Central American Steamship Transit Co., New York City,
advocated to Senator Conness of California that the Yosemite
Valley and the Mariposa Grove be reserved as a State Grant for
public enjoyment. The members of a proposed board of commissioners
were recommended by Raymond and Conness jointly. Raymond, 1864;
Farquhar, 1926, p. 77.

1866

First appropriation made for administration of Yosemite Grant. _Calif.
Statutes_; YVC, p. 7.

1868

John Muir made his first trip to Yosemite. Badè, 1924, I, p. 185; YNHA,
1938; Wolfe, 1945, pp. 117-122.

1869

George F. Leidig built “Leidig’s Hotel” near Lower Hotel. Churchill,
1876, p. 138; Vivian, p. 376; Calif. Legis., pp. 164, 208, 210;
Leidig; YNHA, 1930, p. 4.

Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Black removed Lower Hotel and built “Black’s Hotel”
on its site. Hutchings, 1886, p. 101.

Edwin Moore acquired half interest in Clark’s station, and it became
known as “Clark & Moore’s.” Ellsworth, p. 44; Greenwood, p. 313;
Lester, p. 170.

Mountain View House (Peregoy’s) built on Wawona-Yosemite Valley trail.
YNHA, 1929, p. 71.

Central Pacific built from Sacramento to Stockton. Ingram.

1870

Albert Snow built trail to flat between Vernal and Nevada falls. Calif.
Legis., p. 170; Minturn, p. 264; Lester, p. 197.

Central Pacific built to Modesto. Ingram.

Copperopolis branch of Central Pacific built. Ingram.

Joseph LeConte made his first trip to Yosemite. LeConte, 1903, p. 247.

La Casa Nevada was built by Albert Snow above Vernal Fall. Buckley, p.
25; YNHA, 1930, p. 4.

John Muir explored the Grand Canyon of the Tuolumne. SCB, 1924;
Farquhar, 1926, pp. 96-97.

1871

Peregoy built a stopping place at Glacier Point. Peregoy Hotel Register.

John Conway built trail from La Casa Nevada to Little Yosemite; he
attempted the ascent of Half Dome. Russell, 1926, p. 340.

Central Pacific built to Berenda. Ingram.

Conway started work on Four Mile Trail to Glacier Point (completed in
1872). Russell, 1926, p. 340; Kneeland, p. 82.

Mount Lyell climbed by J. B. Tileston, Aug. 29 (first ascent). Tileston,
pp. 89-90.

1872

Central Pacific built to Merced. Ingram.

Stage road built on north side of Yosemite Valley by Conway. Calif.
Legis., p. 198; Russell, 1926, p. 340.

Earthquake in Yosemite. Kneeland, p. 88.

1873

Eagle Peak Trail built to foot of Upper Yosemite Fall by Conway.
Russell, 1926, p. 340.

J. C. Smith built his “Cosmopolitan” bath house and saloon in Yosemite
Valley. Russell, 1931, p. 207; YNHA, 1933, p. 1; Cosmopolitan
House.

1874

Coulterville Road built to valley floor. (Known as “J. T. McLean’s
Road.”) Hutchings, 1886, p. 288; U. S. Senate; YNHA, 1930, pp.
73-74; 1943, pp. 59-60.

Big Oak Flat route completed to Yosemite Valley by Yosemite Turnpike and
Road Company. Hutchings, 1886, p. 335; U. S. Senate; YNHA, 1943,
p. 60.

Wood road built from “Hutchings” up the south side of the valley. Calif.
Legis., p. 340.

State of California purchased private claims in Yosemite Valley. Calif.
Legis., p. 351; YVC, 1877-78, p. 16.

1875

George W. Coulter and A. J. Murphy leased former Hutchings property.
YVC, 1877-78, p. 10.

Harlow Street erected telegraph line from Sonora to Yosemite Valley. A
line was built from Yosemite to Bodie also. _Bodie Daily Free
Press_, January 29, 1881; Hutchings, 1886, p. 358; Morris, Paul.

Wawona Road built to floor of Yosemite Valley. U. S. Senate; YVC,
1874-75; YNHA, 1843, pp. 60-61.

George G. Anderson made first ascent of Half Dome. Hutchings, 1886, p.
457; Leonard, R. M., 1937, p. 40.

Public School provided for Yosemite. Mariposa County, May, 1875; YNP,
1909, p. 10; Hutchings, 1886, p. 355.

Washburn Brothers purchased Clark & Moore’s. Place has been called
“Wawona” since. Vivian, p. 370; Stornoway, p. 72.

1876

Sentinel Hotel built by Coulter and Murphy. Known as Yosemite Falls
Hotel for many years. Calif. Legis., p. 238; Jones.

John Muir’s first article on devastation of Sierra by sheep was
published. Farquhar, 1925, p. 30; Badè, 1923-24, 2: 58-59.

1877

J. K. Barnard took over “Coulter and Murphy’s” (Sentinel Hotel). Blake,
p. 119; YVC, 1877-78, p. 14; Jones.

1878

John L. Murphy settled at Tenaya Lake (exact date doubtful). Jackson,
pp. 109-171; Hutchings, 1886, p. 481.

High Sierra country surveyed by Lieut. M. M. Macomb of Wheeler Survey.
USWD.

Bodie and Lundy mining excitement reached height. Tioga came into
prominence. _Bodie Daily Free Press_, Dec. 29, 1880; Whitney, H.
A.

A. Harris established first public campgrounds in Yosemite Valley.
Harris Register; Calif. Legis., p. 232; Hutchings, 1886, p. 355.

Tunnel in Big Tree of Tuolumne Grove made in June. Marshall, p. 341.

Mountain House built at Glacier Point. Gordon-Cumming, p. 174.

1879

Homer District (Lundy) organized. Was discovered by C. H. Nye. _Mammoth
City Herald_, Sept. 24, 1879; _Homer Mining Index_, 1880.

Yosemite chapel built by Sunday School Union. Hutchings, 1886, p. 355;
Glass, pp. 114-118.

1880

Legislation ousted Board of Yosemite Commissioners. New board appointed
J. M. Hutchings guardian. YVC, 1880, p. 3.

Charles D. Robinson, artist, maintained studio in the valley
(1880-1890). YNHA, 1944. pp. 38-40.

L. H. Bunnell, of Yosemite discovery party, published _Discovery of the
Yosemite Valley_.

1881

Silver found on Mount Hoffmann. Mount Hoffmann Mining District
organized, but amounted to nothing. YNHA, 1925, p. 83.

Tunnel cut through Wawona Tree. YNHA, 1925, p. 83.

1882

“Anderson Trail” (Happy Isles to bridge below Vernal Fall) built. Calif.
Legis., pp. 311, 367; YVC, 1880-82, p. 5.

Construction of Tioga Road started. (Completed in 1883 at cost of
$62,000). Calif. State Mineralogist; U. S. Senate.

Great Sierra Consolidated Silver Mining Company (Tioga Mine)
incorporated. Calif. State Mineralogist.

John Conway built road to Glacier Point. Conway.

1883

President Hayes with party of twelve visited Yosemite Valley.

1884

Tioga Mine closed after expenditure of $300,000 and no production.
Calif. State Mineralogist.

Mr. and Mrs. John Degnan established bakery and store, the oldest
business among Yosemite concessions. USNPS, 1941, p. 9; Degnan, p.
1.

Hutchings removed as guardian, and W. E. Dennison appointed. YVC,
1883-84, p. 14.

1885

Legislature appropriated $40,000 to build Stoneman House. YVC, 1885-86,
p. 6.

John B. Lembert took up homestead in Tuolumne Meadows. Stornoway, p. 64;
Farquhar, 1925, pp. 40-41; YNP, 1903, p. 23.

“Echo Wall Trail” (Nevada Fall to Glacier Point) built. YVC, 1885-86, p.
9.

Log Cabin built in Mariposa Grove. YVC, 1885-86, p. 10.

1886

John L. Murphy preëmpted 160 acres at Tenaya Lake. YNP, 1903, p. 23.

1887

Mark L. McCord made guardian. YVC, 1887-88.

A tramway to Glacier Point considered and surveyed. Calif. Legis., p.
341.

1888

Stoneman House leased to J. J. Cook. YVC, 1887-88, p. 14; Calif. Legis.,
pp. 263, 336; Stornoway, p. 24.

Commissioners removed Black’s and Leidig’s hotels. Calif. Legis., p.
210; YVC, 1887-88, p. 17.

1889

Galen Clark again made guardian. YVC, 1889-90, p. 5.

Mirror Lake dam built to increase area of lake. YVC, 1889-90, p. 5.

1890

Yosemite National Park created, Oct. 1. John Muir’s writings were
important in bringing this about. YVC, 1889-90, p. 27.

1891

Capt. A. E. Wood, first Acting Superintendent, arrived with federal
troops to administer park, May 19; headquarters at Wawona. YNP,
1891, p. 3; YNHA, 1944, p. 54.

First telephones installed in Yosemite Valley. YVC, 1891-92, p. 6.

1892

Sierra Club organized, with John Muir as president, to aid effort to
secure federal administration of entire Yosemite region. SCB,
1893.

First plant of trout (rainbow) made in Yosemite by California Fish and
Game Commission. YNP, 1893, p. 8; YNHA, 1934, p. 58.

1893

Sierra Forest Reservation established, Feb. SCB, 1896, pp. 257-259.

1894

Capt. G. H. G. Gale made Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1894.

1895

Capt. Alex. Rodgers appointed Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1895.

Wawona fish hatchery erected. Operated by state. YNP, 1895, p. 5.

1896

Stoneman House destroyed by fire, Aug. 24. YVC, 1895-96, p. 9.

Lt. Col. S. B. M. Young appointed Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1896;
Farquhar, 1926, p. 109.

First effort made to keep firearms out of park. YNP, 1896, p. 4.

1897

Miles Wallace made guardian. YVC, 1897-98.

Wooden stairs at Vernal Fall removed and replaced by rock steps. YVC,
1897-98, p. 6.

Capt. Alex. Rodgers again made Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1897.

1898

Camps rented to visitors by state. YVC, 1897-98, p. 5.

Archie O. Leonard, first civilian park ranger. YVC, 1897-98, p. 12; YNP,
1898, p. 3.

Both J. W. Zevely, special inspector, and Capt. J. E. Caine were acting
superintendents. YNP, 1898.

1899

Lt. Wm. Forse and Capt. E. F. Wilcox were acting superintendents. YNP,
1890.

Curry Camping Company established. Tresidder, D. B.; Tresidder, M. C.,
MS; YNP, 1908, p. 12.

Chris Jorgensen maintained artist’s studio in the valley (1899-1918).
YNHA, 1944, PP 94-97.

1900

Major L. J. Rucker, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1900.

Holmes brothers, of San Jose, drove first auto into Yosemite. Holmes.

1901

Camp Yosemite (Lost Arrow) established. YVC, 1901-02, p. 6; YNP, 1908,
p. 12; 1910, p. 12; Tresidder, D. B., p. 35.

Major L. A. Craig, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1901.

First of the annual outings of the Sierra Club took place in Tuolumne
Meadows. Farquhar, 1925, pp. 52-53.

1902

Power plant at Happy Isles built by state. YVC, 1901-02, p. 4.

Major O. L. Hein, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1902.

J. M. Hutchings killed on Big Oak Flat Road near Yosemite Valley, Oct.
31. Foley, p. 6; Godfrey, 1941, MS, p. 14.

Harry Cassie Best established artist studio in valley. (Maintained
business until his death, 1936.) YNHA, 1945, pp. 42-44.

1903

LeConte Memorial Lodge built in Yosemite Valley by Sierra Club. SCB,
1904, pp. 66-69; 1905, pp. 176-180.

San Francisco’s first application for use of Hetch Hetchy denied by
Secretary Hitchcock, U.S. Dept. of Interior, 1908, 1910, 1914.

George T. Harlow, guardian. YVC, 1903-04.

U. S. Weather Bureau installed instruments in Yosemite. YVC, 1903-04, p.
7.

Lt. Col. Jos. Garrard, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1903.

John Muir, Theodore Roosevelt, and Gov. George C. Pardee discuss
Yosemite Grant recession in Yosemite. Badè, 1923-1924, 2: 355.

1904

Major John Bigelow became Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1904.

Arboretum established, and first plans for a Yosemite Museum made at
Wawona. YNP, 1904, p. 20; YNHA, 1930, pp. 17-18.

1905

Area of Yosemite National Park reduced. Mount Ritter region and Devils
Postpile eliminated. Yosemite Park Commission; YNP, 1905, p. 5;
1906, p. 8.

Capt. H. C. Benson, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1905; SCB, 1925, pp.
175-179.

Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove re-ceded to United States.
Superintendent’s headquarters (Major H. C. Benson) moved to
Yosemite Valley. YNP, 1905, pp. 5-6; 1906, p. 6; Badè, 1923-1924,
2: 355; Colby, 1938, pp. 11-19.

Last “hold up” of a Yosemite stage (Raymond-Wawona run). Yosemite
Tourist, 1906.

1907

Yosemite Valley Railroad opened to travel. YNP, 1907, p. 5; Radcliffe;
Bartlet. Del Portal, the railroad hotel at El Portal, shown in
Williams, p. 143.

Extensive telephone system installed in park. YNP, 1907, p. 8.

Yosemite cemetery given permanent marking with boundary of trees. YNHA,
1932, pp. 1-4.

1908

Hetch Hetchy rights granted to San Francisco. YNP, 1908, p. 14.

Camp Ahwahnee established at foot of Sentinel Rock by W. M. Sell. YNP,
1908, pp. 11, 12; Tresidder, D. B., p. 37.

Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co. built telegraph line from El Portal
to Sentinel Hotel. YNP, 1908, p. 9.

Supervisor Gabriel Sovulewski, Acting Superintendent, Oct. 25 (to April
27, 1909). YNP, 1909, p. 5.

1909

Major W. W. Forsyth, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1909.

1910

Death of Galen Clark, March 24, age 96. YNP, 1910, p. 15; 1911, p. 8.

1911

Tenaya Lake Trail completed. YNP, 1910, p. 10; 1911, p. 8.

Devils Postpile made a national monument by President Taft. SCB, 1912,
pp. 170-173, 226-227.

Galen Clark Memorial Seat built. YNP, 1911, p. 12.

1912

Yosemite hospital built by U. S. troops. YNP, 1912, p. 12; Tresidder, D.
B., p. 157.

Sierra Club purchased Soda Springs property at Tuolumne Meadows.
Farquhar, 1926, p. 58.

1913

Major William T. Littebrant, Acting Superintendent. YNP, 1913.

Automobiles admitted to Yosemite Valley. YNP, 1913, p. 12.

Raker Act authorized use of Hetch Hetchy Valley as reservoir; approved
by President Wilson, Dec. 19. Farquhar, 1926, p. 39; Johnson, R.
U., pp. 307-313; Wolfe, 1945, pp. 339-346.

1914

Civilian employees replaced the military in administration of Yosemite.
Mark Daniels, first superintendent. USNPS, 1916, p. 4; Calif.
State Mineralogist, p. 61.

Museum of Vertebrate Zoölogy, University of California, began 5-year
field study of animal life in Yosemite, which culminated in
publication of 752-page treatise. Grinnell and Storer; YNHA, 1924,
p. 2.

John Muir died in a Los Angeles hospital, December 24. Badè, 1923-1924,
II, pp. 390-391.

1915

Parsons Lodge built by Sierra Club in Tuolumne Meadows. SCB, 1916, pp.
84-85.

First appropriation for the John Muir Trail approved by Governor
Johnson. Rensch, 1933, p. 484; Wolfe, 1945, p. 364.

Yosemite Lodge established in Yosemite Valley. Tresidder, D. B., p. 37.

Stephen T. Mather purchased Tioga Road and presented it to U. S.
Government. Farquhar, 1926, p. 94.

Mather became assistant to Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior.
Albright, 1929, pp. 10-11; Cramton, 1929, p. 13.

Yosemite horse-drawn stages replaced by motor stages. Tresidder, D. B.,
p. 33.

R. B. Marshall made superintendent of all national parks. USNPS, 1916,
p. 5.

1916

National Park Service Act passed August 25. Stephen T. Mather made
Director. USNPS, 1916, p. 81; 1917, p. 1; Farquhar, 1926, p. 63.

W. B. Lewis made Superintendent of Yosemite National Park. USNPS, 1916;
Farquhar, 1926, p. 114.

Tuolumne Meadows Lodge installed; also Tenaya and Merced camps opened.
Tresidder, D. B., p. 76.

1917

Stephen T. Mather became first Director, National Park Service.
Albright, 1929, p. 12; Cramton, 1929, p. 13.

Glacier Point Hotel completed. USNPS, 1917, p. 59; Tresidder, D. B., p.
61.

Wawona Road and Glacier Point Branch turned over to federal government.
USNPS, 1917, p. 62.

Parts of park opened to grazing. USNPS, 1917, p. 153.

Modern school buildings constructed. USNPS, 1920, p. 237.

David A. Curry dies; Mrs. Curry continues operation of Camp Curry.
Tresidder, Mary C., MS.

1918

Cascade power plant completed at cost of $215,000. USNPS, 1917, pp. 61,
143; 1918. pp. 45, 134.

Ledge Trail built. USNPS, 1918, p. 47.

1919

First airplane landed in Yosemite Valley, May 27. Lt. J. S. Krull,
pilot, alone. USNPS, 1919, pp. 183, 190.

LeConte Memorial Lectures instituted. USNPS, 1919, p. 194.

1920

Construction started on all-year highway up Merced Canyon. USNPS, 1920,
p. 110.

Rangers’ Club House built. USNPS, 1920, pp. 113, 250.

Yosemite National Park Co. founded. USNPS, 1920, p. 248.

Yosemite educational work started by H. C. Bryant, A. F. Hall, L. H.
Miller, and Enid Michael. Yosemite Museum planned. USNPS, 1920,
pp. 113, 245, 253; Hall, 1930; YNHA, 1932, pp. 2-3.

California valley elk brought to Yosemite. USNPS, 1920, p. 250; 1921, p.
196.

Big Trees Lodge built at Mariposa Grove. Tresidder, D. B., p. 72.

1921

First Yosemite Museum installations made. USNPS, 1921, pp. 72, 196, 202;
Yosemite Park Naturalist, July, 1921; Hall, 1930.

1922

Yosemite Educational Department created. USNPS, 1922, pp. 113, 115;
1923, p. 20.

_Yosemite Nature Notes_ first published (mimeographed through 1924, then
printed). YNHA, 1925, p. 1.

1923

Hikers’ camps installed. USNPS, 1923, p. 54; 1924, pp. 37, 109; YNHA,
1923; Tresidder, D. B., p. 80; Adams, 1940, pp. 79-83; Russell,
1925.

Educational Department for all national parks created. Yosemite Park
Naturalist; USNPS, 1923, p. 20; 1925, p. 10; 1926, p. 7; Burns, N.
J., pp. 4-25.

1924

Hoof and mouth disease epidemic in Yosemite deer. USNPS, 1924, pp. 36,
108; 1925, pp. 6, 93; 1926, p. 14.

New administration center and village developed. USNPS, 1924, pp. 37,
108; 1925, p. 87.

1925

Yosemite Park and Curry Co. formed by consolidation of Curry Camping Co.
and Yosemite National Park Co. Tresidder, D. B., p. 37; USNPS,
1925, p. 27.

Yosemite School of Field Natural History organized. USNPS, 1925, pp. 11,
90; YNHA, 1925, pp. 9-10, 16, 66.

Glacier Point branch of Yosemite Museum opened. Yosemite Park
Naturalist, June, 1925, YNHA, 1925, p. 55.

1926

All-year highway dedicated July 31. USNPS, 1926, pp. 30, 102.

Yosemite Museum opened, May 29. USNPS, 1924, pp. 8, 105; 1925, pp. 12,
89; 1926, pp. 31, 99; YNHA, 1924, 1926, p. 95.

1927

Ahwahnee Hotel opened by Yosemite Park and Curry Co. USNPS, 1926, pp.
31, 101.

1928

Board of expert advisors, Frederick Law Olmsted, Duncan McDuffie, and
John P. Buwalda, appointed by authority of Congress to study and
assist in the solution of Yosemite problems. USNPS, 1928, p. 173.

Maria Lebrado, one of the last of the original Yosemite Indians, gives
firsthand account of Yosemite Valley discovery. YNHA, 1928, pp.
41-46; 1929, pp. 69-70, 85-86.

Wildlife research in national parks instituted by George M. Wright, of
Yosemite naturalist organization. YNHA, 1929, p. 66; Russell,
1939, p. 10; Wright, Dixon, and Thompson.

W. B. Lewis transferred to Washington; became Assistant Director,
National Park Service. E. P. Leavitt designated Acting
Superintendent. YNP, 1929.

1929

A hospital, which after the death of Assistant Director Lewis, 1930, was
named the W. B. Lewis Memorial Hospital, was constructed in
Yosemite Valley at cost of $50,000. USNPS, 1929, p. 144.

Col. C. G. Thomson appointed Superintendent. YNP, 1929.

1930

Stephen T. Mather dies, January 22. Story.

“Live Indian Exhibit” instituted on Yosemite Museum grounds; project
made possible by the coöperation of the Yosemite Natural History
Association.

Maggie Howard, “Ta-bu-ce” of the Monos was engaged to demonstrate modes
of Indian life. USNPS, 1930, p. 168; YNHA, 1933, pp. 14-16.

Sugar pine forest on west side of park acquired through private gift and
government appropriation. YNHA, 1930, pp. 65-66.

W. B. Lewis died August 28 in Chevy Chase, Maryland. USNPS, 1931.

High Sierra snow surveys organized on consolidated basis. Brockman,
1946, pp. 105-109; YNHA, 1927, p. 19; Russell, 1928, pp. 36-38.

1931

Marjorie Montgomery Ward presented $4,000 with which to develop a living
exhibit of native flowers at the rear of the Yosemite Museum.
USNPS, 1931; YNHA, 1931, p. 64; 1932, pp. 4-5.

Research Reserves established (White Mountain, Boundary Hill, and Swamp
Lake). USNPS, Master Plan, 1942, Sheet 7, map; YNHA, 1927, pp.
46-48.

Glacier measurements instituted in the Yosemite High Sierra. YNHA, 1934,
pp. 44-46; 1935, pp. 93-96; 1942, pp. 89-91.

1932

Wawona Basin, 8,785 acres, added to Yosemite National Park. Half of the
funds required were donated; the Department of Interior was
authorized by Congress to match the donation with federal funds.
USNPS, 1932, p. 61.

Mariposa Grove Museum established. USNPS, 1932, p. 63; YNHA, 1932, p. 4.

Big Trees Lodge constructed in Mariposa Grove at Sunset Point. Earlier
tent camp eliminated from upper grove. USNPS, 1932, p. 64.

Cosmopolitan House, built in 1873, destroyed by fire, Dec. 8. YNHA,
1933, p. 1-2.

Sierra Club Rock-Climbing Section organized. Leonard, R. M., 1938, p.
ii.

1933

Devils Postpile National Monument placed under supervision of the
superintendent, Yosemite National Park. YNHA, 1935, pp. 45-57.

Tule elk herd (27 animals) removed from Yosemite Valley to Owens Valley,
east of Sierra. YNHA, 1933, pp. 107-109.

Arno B. Cammerer made Director of National Park Service upon resignation
of Horace M. Albright. USNPS, 1933, p. 153.

Wawona Road and tunnel dedicated June 10, 1933. YNP, 1933, p. 1.

“Emergency programs,” C.C.C., C.W.A., and P.W.A. advanced the
construction and management projects of the park. Five C.C.C.
camps were established at Wawona, Crane Flat, and Eleven Mile
Meadow. YNP, 1933, pp. 26-32.

1934

First ascent of Higher Cathedral Spire, April 15; Lower Cathedral Spire,
August 25. Leonard, R. M., 1934, p. 178.

Hetch Hetchy water flows into San Francisco. YNHA, 1934, pp. 89-91; YNP,
1935, pp. 11-12.

Radio replaced mountain telephone lines in Yosemite administration. YNP,
1934, p. 11.

Outdoor church bowl in Yosemite Valley improved by C.C.C. YNP, 1934.

1935

Ski house built at Badger Pass by Yosemite Park and Curry Co. YNP, 1936,
p. 6.

1936

Thomas Moran art collection acquired by the Yosemite Museum. YNP, 1936,
p. 4; YNHA, 1936, pp. 57-64; 1944, pp. 64-68.

Yosemite Museum acquired 198 oil and water-color paintings by the
Yosemite artist, Chris Jorgensen. YNP, 1937, p. 7.

First ski ascent of Mount Lyell, March 2, by Bestor Robinson, David R.
Brower, Lewis F. Clark, Boynton S. Kaiser, and Einar Nilsson.
Brower, 1938, pp. 40-45.

Harry Cassie Best dies in San Francisco, October 14. Virginia Best Adams
and Ansel Adams take over operation of Best Studio, Yosemite
Valley. YNHA, 1936, p. 88_a_, back cover; 1945, p. 44.

1937

Lawrence C. Merriam appointed to superintendency in June following death
of C. G. Thomson. YNP, 1937, p. 2; YNHA, 1937, pp. 36-38.

1938

Hetch Hetchy Dam enlarged by addition of 85 feet to its height. YNP,
1938, p. 9.

Tenaya Lake High Sierra Camp removed and new camp established at May
Lake. YNP, 1938, p. 14.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited Yosemite Valley and Mariposa
Grove, July 15. YNP, 1939, p. 6.

Sentinel Hotel, River Cottage, and Ivy Cottage torn down in Dec. YNP,
1939, p. 21.

Gabriel Sovulewski died Nov. 29. YNP, 1939, p. 11.

1939

Vegetation type map of the park prepared by Branch of Forestry, National
Park Service. USNPS, Master Plan, 1942, two maps and key.

Newton B. Drury appointed to Yosemite Advisory Board, Feb. 24. YNP,
1939, p. 10.

1940

Newton B. Drury appointed Director of the National Park Service in June,
when Arno B. Cammerer requested that he be relieved of his duties
as Director for reasons of health. USNPS, 1940, p. 204.

Tioga Road, Crane Flat to McSwain Meadows, and Big Oak Flat Road, from
Crane Flat to El Portal Road, constructed on modern standards;
opened with ceremonies, June 23. YNP, 1940, p. 1. USNPS, Master
Plan, 1942.

Cedar Cottage (Upper Hotel) and Oak Cottage razed. YNP, 1941, pp. 3-4;
1942, p. 6.

C. A. Harwell vacated the Yosemite Park Naturalist position Sept. 7.
YNHA, 1941, p. 37.

Ski-touring accommodations provided at Ostrander Lake, under slopes of
Horse Ridge. YNP, 1941, p. 2.

William E. Colby appointed to membership on Yosemite Advisory Board
effective November 15. Maulding, Mrs. J. Atwood.

Mrs. John Degnan, pioneer park operator, died Dec. 15. YNP, 1941, p. 9.

1941

Arno B. Cammerer, Director of National Park Service, 1933-1940, died
April 30. USNPS, 1942.

C. Frank Brockman appointed Yosemite Park Naturalist, Mar. 27. YNHA,
1941, p. 37.

Bear-feeding programs in Yosemite Valley discontinued. YNP, 1941, p. 3.

Superintendent Lawrence C. Merriam appointed Regional Director, National
Park Service, Region Two (Omaha, Nebraska), July 31. Frank A.
Kittredge transferred from Grand Canyon National Park to the
Yosemite superintendency, Aug. 1. YNP, 1942, pp. 1, 5.

Cosie Hutchings Mills visited Yosemite Valley, Aug. 20, after absence of
42 years. YNHA, 1941, p. 111; 1942, pp. 37-40.

1942

Yosemite School of Field Natural History and Junior Nature School
discontinued for duration of war. YNHA, 1942, p. 30; YNP, 1942, p.
7.

Activities of C.C.C. in Yosemite National Park discontinued in July.
YNP, 1943, p 1.

U. S. Army Signal Corps units utilized National Park Service facilities
at Wawona and Badger Pass as special summer training schools. YNP,
1943, p. 1; 1944, pp. 1-2; 1945, p. 2.

Armed-forces men who came to Yosemite National Park for recreation or
conditioning totaled 23,272 in the fiscal year ending June 30.
(This total reached 89,686 during the war years.) YNP, 1943, p. 1;
1944, p. 2.

J. N. LeConte appointed Collaborator, Yosemite Advisory Board. YNP,
1943, p. 2.

1943

Ranger-naturalist program discontinued as a war measure. YNHA, 1943, pp.
46-47.

Death of Dr. H. C. Bumpus, of the National Park Service Advisory Board,
June 21. YNHA, 1943, pp. 97-101.

Death of John Degnan, pioneer resident and operator, Feb. 27. Mary Ellen
Degnan, daughter, continued operation of Degnan store. YNP, 1943,
p. 10.

Death of Mrs. Mabel Sweetman Boysen, longtime operator and resident, May
10. YNP, 1943, p. 11.

Ahwahnee Hotel converted to hospital use by U. S. Navy, June 23 (to Dec.
15, 1945). YNP, 1944, p. 1; YNHA, 1946, p. 75; Yosemite Park and
Curry Co., 1946, pp. 1-76.

Death of Chief Ranger Forest S. Townsley, Aug. 11. YNP, 1944, p. 6;
YNHA, 1943, p. 75.

1944

Transfer of Acting Chief Ranger John H. Wegner to Sequoia and Kings
Canyon national parks. YNHA, 1944, pp. 32-33.

Oscar A. Sedergren appointed Chief Ranger. YNHA, 1944, pp. 37-38.

M. E. Beatty, Associate Park Naturalist, transferred to Glacier National
Park, Montana. M. V. Walker appointed _vice_ Beatty. YNHA, 1944,
pp. 58, 60.

1945

First consideration given to the removal of some of the physical
developments from Yosemite Valley and the establishment of new
centers of operations in less precious localities. Vint, 1945.

Elizabeth H. Godfrey, a student and writer of Yosemite history,
transferred from Yosemite to Region Four, National Park Service.
YNHA, 1945, p. 97.

Meadows and vista restoration program initiated in Yosemite Valley. YNP,
1945, p. 10.

Yosemite Valley Railway abandoned August 27. YNP, 1946, p. 5.

1946

Park Naturalist C. Frank Brockman resigns from National Park Service.
YNHA, 1946, pp. 110-111.

Lost Arrow ascended by Jack Arnold, Anton Nelson, Fritz Lippmann, and
Robin Hansen, September 2. YNHA, 1946, pp. 113-116; Brower, 1946,
pp. 121-122.

Constam T-bar lift for skiers constructed at Badger Pass in fall. YNP,
1947.

1947

Maggie Howard, “Ta-bu-ce,” a principal character in Yosemite Indian
demonstration, died at Mono Lake. Kittredge, 1947.

_BIBLIOGRAPHY_

The following references are to pertinent titles in the bibliography of Yosemite history. A comprehensive bibliography is to be found in the Yosemite section, pages viii to 134, of _A Bibliography of National Parks and Monuments West of the Mississippi River_, National Park Service, Western Museum Laboratories, Berkeley, California, 1941. No attempt has been made here to list all items descriptive of the park.

Adams, Ansel. _Sierra Nevada: The John Muir Trail_ [“Transmission of
emotional experience”] (Berkeley, 1938), 50 plates.

Adams, Virginia, and Ansel Adams. _Illustrated Guide to Yosemite Valley_
(San Francisco, 1940), 128 pp., illus., maps.

Albright, Horace M. “How the National Park Service Came into Being: A
Reminiscence,” _American Civic Annual_, 1929, pp. 9-12.

——. “Yosemite on the Way to Protection,” _American Civic Annual_, 1929,
pp. 23-25.

_American Motorist._ “Yosemite Motor-Conquered,” September, 1916, p. 37.

American Planning and Civic Association. Portfolio on the national park
and monument system (Washington, D. C., n.d.), four booklets, 32
pp. each.

Anonymous. _Mono County_ (F. W. McIntosh, Reno, 1908), 96 pp., illus.

Archibald, J. F. “A Cavalry March to the Yosemite,” _Illustrated
American_, November, 1896.

Ayres, Thomas A. Original pencil drawings made in Yosemite Valley, 1855
and 1856 (Yosemite Museum exhibits).

Badè, W. F. “The Hetch Hetchy Situation [editorial],” _Sierra Club
Bulletin_, 9 (1914): 3, 174-176.

——. “John Muir in Yosemite,” _Natural History_, March-April, 1920.

——. _The Life and Letters of John Muir_ (2 vols., Boston and New York,
1924).

Bailey, C. A. “The Vantage Points of Yosemite,” _Sunset_, April, 1899.

——. “Unfrequented Paths of Yosemite.” _Overland Monthly_, July, 1886,
pp. 88-92.

Bancroft, Hubert Howe. _Tourists’ Guide_ (1871).

——. _History of California_, I, 1542-1800 (San Francisco, 1884), 744
pp.; III, 1825-1840 (1885), 792 pp.; IV, 1840-1845 (1886).

Barrus, C. “In the Yosemite with John Muir,” _The Craftsman_, December,
1912.

Bartlet, L. “By Rail to the Yosemite.” _Pacific Monthly_, June, 1907,
pp. 730-738.

Beadle, J. H. _The Undeveloped West_ (Philadelphia, 1873), 824 pp.,
illus.

Beatty, M. E. “History of the Firefall,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1934,
pp. 41-43.

——. “Glaciers of Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1934, pp. 44-46.

——. “C. E. Watkins, One of the Early Photographers of Yosemite,”
_Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1936, pp. 17-18.

——. “A Brief Story of the Geology of Yosemite Valley,” _Yosemite Nature
Notes_, 1943, pp. 33-40.

——. “Bears of Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1943, pp. 1-16.

Beatty, M. E., and C. A. Harwell. “Birds of Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature
Notes_, 1938, pp. 1-36.

Belden, C. J. “The Tioga Road across the Sierra Nevada,” _Geographical
Review_, June, 1919.

Bell, Major Horace. _Reminiscences of a Ranger_ (Santa Barbara, 1927),
500 pp., illus.

Bidwell, John. _John Bidwell’s Trip to California_, 1841 (St. Louis,
1842), 32 pp.

——. “First Emigrant Train to California,” _Century Magazine_, November,
1890.

Blackwelder, Eliot. “Pleistocene Glaciation in the Sierra Nevada and
Basin Ranges,” _Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer._, 42 (1931), 865-922.

Blake, Mary E. _On the Wing_ (Boston, 1883), 236 pp.

Boddam-Whetham, J. W. _Western Wanderings_ (London, 1874), 364 pp.,
illus.

_Bodie Daily Free Press_, November 3, 1879; January 26, 1884.

_Bodie Standard_, November 7, 1877; June 6, 1881.

Boling, Captain John. “Letter from Yosemite Valley,” _Alta California_,
June 12, 1851.

——. “Letter from Camp on Fresno River,” _Alta California_, June 14,
1851.

Bolles, Ida Savage. “Sidelights on Major James Savage,” _Yosemite Nature
Notes_, 1929, pp. 15-16.

Borell, Adrey E. “History of Fishing in Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature
Notes_, 1934, pp. 57-60.

Bowles, Samuel. _Our New West_ (New York, 1869), 524 pp., illus.

Brace, Charles Loring. _The New West_ (New York, 1869), 374 pp.

Branson, I. R. _Yosemite against Corporation Greed_ (Aurora, Neb.,
1909), 30 pp.

Breitenstein, A. J. “The Park-to-Park Highway,” _New West_, May, 1917,
pp. 17-20.

Brewer, William H. _Up and Down California in 1860-1864_ (Yale
University Press, New Haven, 1930).

Brewster, E. T. _Life and Letters of J. D. Whitney_ (Boston, 1909), 412
pp.

Brockman, C. Frank. “Contributions of the Naturalist to Winter
Recreation,” _Proceedings, Second Park Naturalist Conference_
(Washington, D. C.), pp. 74-80 [mim.].

——. “Little Change in Yosemite’s Glaciers,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_,
1942, pp. 89-91.

——. “Development of Transportation to Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature
Notes_, 1943, pp. 49-63, 69-72, 76-79, 81-86, 91-96, 101-103.

——. “Administrative Officers of Yosemite,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_,
1944, pp. 53-57.

——. “Principal Waterfalls of the World and Their Relation to Those in
Yosemite National Park,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1945, pp. 1-32.

——. “Yosemite and the Mother Lode Country,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_,
1946, pp. 81-85.

——. “The ‘Why’ of Snow Surveys,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1946, pp.
57-61.

——. “The Great Sierra Snow Survey,” _Natural History_, March, 1946, pp.
105-109.

——. “Introduced Trees in Yosemite National Park” [Landmarks of pioneer
activities], _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1946, pp. 90-92.

——. “Principal Administrative Officers of Yosemite: Frederick Law
Olmsted,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1946, pp. 106-110.

——. “Broadleaved Trees of Yosemite National Park,” _Yosemite Nature
Notes_, 1947, pp. 1-40.

Bromley, I. H. “The Big Trees and the Yosemite,” _Scribner’s Monthly_,
January, 1872.

Brower, David R. “Beyond the Skiways,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 23
(1938): 2, 40-45. [First ski ascent of Mount Lyell.]

——. “Winter Sports Dilemma,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 31 (1946): 5, 6-7.

——. “Lost Arrow,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 31 (1946): 6, 121-122.

——. “Skiing the Sky-Land,” _American Ski Annual_, 1947, pp. 49-59.

Brower, David R., with Richard M. Leonard, “A Climber’s Guide to the
High Sierra: Part IV, Yosemite Valley,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 25
(1940): 1, 41-63.

Bryant, Harold C. “A School for Nature Guides,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_,
1925, pp. 9-10, 16.

——. “Recollections,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1932.

—— and Wallace W. Atwood, Jr. _Research and Education in the National
Parks_ (Washington, D. C., 1932), pp. 1-66.

——. “A Nature Preserve [Research Reserve] for Yosemite,” _Yosemite
Nature Notes_, 1927, pp. 46-48.

——. “Trails and Trail Use,” _Proceedings of Eighth Appalachian Trail
Conference_, 1938, pp. 26-30.

Bryce, James. National Parks—The Need of the Future. University and
historical addresses (1913), 434 pp.

Buckley, J. M. _Two Weeks in the Yosemite and Vicinity_ (New York,
1884), 36 pp.

Bunnell, L. H. _Discovery of the Yosemite_ (Chicago, 1880), 332 pp.,
portrait, map.

Burns, J. “Yosemite,” in T. Cook’s _Letters from the Sea and Foreign
Lands_ (1873), 124 pp.

Burns, Ned J. _Field Manual for Museums_ (National Park Service,
Washington, D. C., 1941), xii + 426 pp.

Burroughs, John. “The Spell of the Yosemite,” _Century Magazine_ (Nov.,
1910), pp. 47-53.

California Alpine Club. _Trails_ (San Francisco, 1920 to date).

California Fish and Game Commission. _California Fish and Game_
(Sacramento, 1914 to date).

California Legislature. _Investigations of Yosemite Commissioners;
Assembly Hearings_, 1889, 430 pp.

California State Board of Trade. _Yosemite Valley: History, Description
and Statement of Conditions Relative to the Proposed Recession to
the National Government_, Circular 13 (Sacramento, 1904), 34 pp.,
map.

California State Mineralogist. _Report, 1888_, pp. 367-371.

_California, Statutes of_, chap. dxxxvi, 1865-66.

California Supreme Court. Frémont Decision (Burnett). Case of _Biddle
Boggs_ vs. _Merced Mining Company, 14th California Report_,
January term, 1858.

_Century Magazine._ Editorial, “The Care of the Yosemite Valley,”
January, 1890.

——. Editorial, “Amateur Management of the Yosemite Scenery,” September,
1890.

Chamberlain, A. “Scenery as a National Asset,” _Outlook_, May, 1910, pp.
157-169.

Chamberlain, Newell D. _The Call of Gold: True Tales of the Gold Road to
Yosemite_ (Mariposa, 1936), 184 pp., illustrations, maps.

Chapman, C. E. _History of California: The Spanish Period_ (New York,
1921), 528 pp., illus.

Chase, J. S. _Yosemite Trails_ (Boston and New York, 1911), 354 pp.,
illus.

Churchill, C. M. _Over the Purple Hills_ (Denver, 1876), 336 pp., illus.

——. _The Big Trees of California_ (Redondo, Calif., 1907), 104 pp.,
illus.

Clark, Galen. _Indians of the Yosemite Valley and Vicinity_ (Yosemite,
1904), 110 pp., illus.

——. _The Yosemite Valley: Its History, Characteristic Features, and the
Theories Regarding Its Origin_ (Yosemite Valley [Nelson L.
Slater], 1910), 108 pp., illus.

——. “Yosemite: Past and Present,” _Sunset_, April, 1909, pp. 394-396.

Clark, W. A. “Automobiling in Yosemite Valley,” _Overland Monthly_,
August, 1902, pp. 104-110.

Clarke, Clinton C. “Story of Building the Pacific Crest Trailway,
1932-1942,” bulletin of the Pacific Crest Trail System Conference,
Pasadena, Calif., 1942, pp. 1-6.

——. _The Pacific Crest Trailway_ (Pasadena, Calif.: Pacific Crest Trail
System Conference, 1945), 126 pp., maps.

Cleland, R. G. _Pathfinders_, of the series, “California” (Los Angeles,
1929), 452 pp., illus.

Clemens, Samuel L. _Roughing It_ (Hartford, 1872), 592 pp., illus.

Cloos, Ernst. “Structure of the Sierra Nevada Batholith,” in _Guidebook
16_, International Geological Congress (Washington, D. C., 1932),
pp. 40-45, map, bibliog.

Coffman, John D. “How Much and What Kind of Forest Land Should Be
Devoted Exclusively to Recreation and Aesthetics?” _Journal of
Forestry_ (February, 1937), pp. 210-214.

Colby, William E. “The Completed LeConte Memorial Lodge,” _Sierra Club
Bulletin_, 5 (1904): 1, 66-69, illus.

——. “The Sierra Club,” _Forestry and Irrigation_, August, 1905, pp.
391-393.

——. “The Soda Springs Purchase,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 8 (1912): 4,
272-274.

——. “The John Muir Trail,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 10 (1916): 1, 86-92.

——. “Yosemite and the Sierra Club,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 23 (1938):
2, 11-19.

——. “Yosemite’s Fatal Beauty,” _National Parks Magazine_ (January-March,
1947), pp. 4-11.

Cole, James E. “Origin of the Name, ‘Yosemite,’” _Yosemite Nature
Notes_, 1936, pp. 49-54.

——. “Museum [Yosemite] Scientific Collections,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_,
1936, pp. 27-32, 37-40.

Commonwealth Club of California. “Should We Stop Building New Roads into
California’s High Mountains?” _The Commonwealth_ 12 (June 2,
1936): 22, 325-386, illus.

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——. “What the War Is Doing to National Parks and Where They Will Be at
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——. “Frémont in the Sierra Nevada,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 15 (1930):
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——. “Walker’s Discovery of Yosemite,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 27 (1942):
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——. “Jedediah Smith and the First Crossing of the Sierra Nevada,”
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——. “A Painter of Yosemite” [Chris Jorgensen], _The American
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——. “Yosemite Indians Yesterday and Today,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_,
1941, pp. 49-72.

——. “Thumbnail Sketches of Yosemite Artists” [T. A. Ayres, Thomas Hill,
Charles D. Robinson, Albert Bierstadt, Thomas Moran, William
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Ferdinand Burgdorff], _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1944, pp. 21-97,
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——. “Joseph N. LeConte,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1946, pp. 66-69.

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——. “Yosemite Nature Guides,” _Sierra Club Bulletin_, 11 (1921): 2,
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—— (Ed.). _Handbook of Yosemite National Park_ (New York, 1921), 348
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——. “The Early Days in Yosemite,” _California Historical Society
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——. “The Educational Development of Yosemite National Park,” _Sierra
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——. “Educational Activities in National Parks,” _Proc. First Pan Pacific
Conf._ (Washington, D. C., 1927), pp. 397-413.

——. _Yosemite Valley: An Intimate Guide_ (Berkeley, 1929), 80 pp.

——. Letter, 1930, to C. P. Russell concerning Yosemite Museum History
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——. “Studying Nature in Place,” _Proc. First Pan Pacific Conf._
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——. “Beginning of Nature Guiding,” _Yosemite Nature Notes_, 1932, pp.
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