Chapter II: Preface: v

ABBREVIATIONS xv

INTRODUCTION xvii

PART I
_WAR ORGANIZATION OF THE PRESENT DAY_

CHAPTER I
THE OBJECT OF ORGANIZATION

Command 3
Definition of Organization 4
The Chain of Command 5
Units or Formations of Troops 6

CHAPTER II
THE FIGHTING TROOPS

The Arms of the Service 8
Characteristics of the Arms 8
1. Cavalry 9
2. Artillery 12
3. Engineers 13
4. Infantry 15

CHAPTER III
ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITS OF EACH ARM

1. Infantry 17
2. Cavalry 21
3. Artillery 23
4. Engineers 30

CHAPTER IV
NEW VARIETIES OF FIGHTING TROOPS

1. Mounted Infantry 32
2. Mountain Infantry 33
3. Mountain Artillery 34
4. Machine Guns 34
5. Cavalry Pioneers 35
6. Cyclists and Motor Cars 36
7. Scouts 37
8. Field Orderlies 39
9. Military Police 39

CHAPTER V
FORMATIONS OF ALL ARMS

1. The Division 42
2. The Army Corps 44
3. Cavalry Corps 47
4. The Army as a Unit 48
The Administrative Services for the above 51

CHAPTER VI
THE STAFF

Composition of Head-Quarters 54
The General Staff 57
The Adjutant-General’s Branch 59
The Quarter-Master-General’s Branch 59
Staff of Subordinate Commands 60
Importance of the Staff 60
Number of Officers allotted to the Staff 61

CHAPTER VII
WAR ESTABLISHMENTS

Their Object and Utility 62
States and Returns 65
Reinforcements 66
Evils of Improvised Organizations 68
Importance of Preserving Original Organization 69
The _Ordre de Bataille_ 71
Importance of keeping it Secret 72
Consequent drawbacks of Symmetry in Organization 72

PART II
_BRITISH WAR ORGANIZATION_

CHAPTER VIII
THE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE

Its Composition 78
Composition of Subordinate Commands 80
Strength of the Sub-Commands, and of Whole Force 83
Strength of Units of each Arm 85
Composition of their Head-Quarters 86

CHAPTER IX
THE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE (_continued_)

ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

Their Directors 88
Organization of the Lines of Communication 90
The Main Services, having Units with the Fighting Troops 92
1. Service of Inter-communication 92
2. Transport 97
3. Supply 101
4. The Medical Services 106

CHAPTER X
THE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE (_continued_)

SERVICES ON THE LINES OF COMMUNICATION

5. The Veterinary Service 111
6. The Ordnance Service 112
7. The Railway Services 115
8. The Works Service 116
9. The Postal Service 117
10. The Accounts Department 118
11. The Records Branch 119
12. Depôts for Personnel 120

CHAPTER XI

The Territorial Force 121
The Army of India 122

CHAPTER XII
SPECIAL FEATURES OF BRITISH WAR ORGANIZATION

Their Object and Advantages 125

PART III
_ORGANIZATION OF FOREIGN ARMIES_

CHAPTER XIII
WAR ORGANIZATION OF THE FIGHTING TROOPS

Normal War Organization 140
Organization of each Army 141
1. GERMANY 141
2. FRANCE 145
3. RUSSIA 147
4. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 148
5. ITALY 150
6. JAPAN 151
7. SWITZERLAND 152
8. UNITED STATES 154

CHAPTER XIV
COMPOSITION OF NATIONAL ARMIES

Armies of First Line 155
Armies of Second Line 156
Reserves 158
War Strengths of the Various Powers 160

PART IV
_HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION_

INTRODUCTION 165

CHAPTER XV
ORGANIZATION IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

Origin of Organization 167
Earliest Regimental Organization 171
The early Standing Armies of Europe 175

CHAPTER XVI
THE EVOLUTION OF INFANTRY

Early Origins--Pikes--Firearms 177
Infantry under Maurice of Nassau 180
Regiments--Brigades--Battalions 180
Infantry under Gustavus Adolphus 182
French Infantry in Reign of Louis XIV 184
Fusiliers--Grenadiers--Light Infantry 186

CHAPTER XVII
THE EVOLUTION OF CAVALRY

Early Origins 192
Origin of true Cavalry in the “Reiters” 193
Cuirassiers--Carbineers--Dragoons 194
Cavalry under Maurice--under Gustavus--under Cromwell--under
Frederick 195
Light Horse--Hussars--Lancers 197
Cavalry Brigades--Divisions 198

CHAPTER XVIII
THE EVOLUTION OF ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERS

THE ARTILLERY 199
Early Origins--the Artillery Train 200
Battalion Guns--Heavy Guns 201
Improvement in Artillery Organization under Frederick 202
Horse Artillery--Batteries formed--Military Drivers 202
Divisional and Corps Artillery 203
THE ENGINEERS 204

CHAPTER XIX
ORGANIZATION IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES

The “New Model” Army 206
The Armies of the Eighteenth Century 210

CHAPTER XX
ORGANIZATION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Changes in the Wars following the French Revolution 215
Divisions--Army Corps 215
Details of Napoleon’s Organization 218
Composition and Strength of his Army Corps 219
Prussian Organization in the Nineteenth Century 221
Proportion of Cavalry and Guns to Infantry 223

CHAPTER XXI
THE EVOLUTION OF THE STAFF AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

1. The Staff 225
The General Staff 228
Napoleon’s Staff 230
Prussian Staff in 1870 231
2. The Supply and Transport Services 232
3. The Medical Organization for War 234

PART V
_MILITARY COMMAND_

CHAPTER XXII
PRINCIPLES OF COMMAND

Mode of Exercising Command 239
Instructions--Orders 242
Limits of Initiative in Staff Officers 246

CHAPTER XXIII
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARMIES

The Dynamic Crowd 248
Its Qualities 250
Its Leaders 251
Armies Dynamic Crowds 252
Their Leaders 252
Will Power--Prestige 253

APPENDIX A

ORIGIN OF MILITARY TERMS 257

APPENDIX B

REMARKS ON MILITARY NOMENCLATURE 265

DIAGRAM OF FIELD ARMY 136

ERRATA

Page 34, line 2, _for_ “Mounted” _read_ “Mountain.”
” 104, line 6, _for_ “lb.” _read_ “oz.” in two places.”
” 141, line 6, _for_ “270” _read_ “240.”
” 183, line 10, _for_ “100” _read_ “1000.”

ABBREVIATIONS

A few abbreviations of familiar military terms have been used. These are:

A.G. Adjutant-General.
Q.M.G. Quarter-Master-General.
C.-in-C. Commander-in-Chief.
A.D.C. Aide de Camp.
N.C.O. Non-Commissioned Officer.
Q.M.S. Quarter-Master-Sergeant.
A.S.C. Army Service Corps.
R.A.M.C. Royal Army Medical Corps.
T. and S. Transport and Supply.
L. of C. Lines of Communication.