Chapter VII: Part III: The Romantic Dramas (1)

"SALOME"

Of all Wilde's plays the one that has provoked the greatest discussion and most excited the curiosity of the public is undoubtedly "Salome," which, written originally in French and then translated into English, has finally been performed in two Continents.

Never perhaps has a play, at its inception, had less of a chance than this Biblical tragedy written for a French Jewess (Madame Sarah Bernhardt) banned by the English Censor and only produced after the disgrace and consequent downfall of its author. From Salome's first speech to the end of the play we realise how the little part was absolutely identified in the author's mind with the actress he had written it for. To anyone who has studied, however superficially, Madame Bernhardt's peculiar methods of diction and acting, the words in the first speech--"I will not stay, I cannot stay. Why does the Tetrarch look at me all the while with his mole's eyes under his shaking eyelids?" convey at once a picture of the actress in the part. If there is a fault to be found with the character it is that Bernhardt not Salome is depicted, and yet who shall say that there is much difference between the temperaments or the physique of the two women. It is true that, in a letter to _The Times_, the author strenuously denied that he had written the play for Sarah, but one is inclined to take the denial with a very big grain of salt. That while in detention Wilde made most strenuous efforts to get her to produce it is a well-known fact.

The play, as even Macaulay's schoolboy knows, is based on the story of Herodias' daughter dancing before Herod for the head of John the Baptist.

An account of the episode is to be found in the 6th chapter of the Gospel of St Mark, and it is interesting to contrast the strong and simple Scriptural description with the highly decorative and glowing language of the play.

Here is St Mark's account of the incident:

v. 21. And when a convenient day was come, that Herod on his
birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains and chief
_estates_ of Galilee;

v. 22. And when the daughter of the said Herodias came in, and
danced, and pleased Herod and them that sat with him, the king said
unto the damsel, Ask of me whatsoever thou wilt, and I will give
_it_ thee.

v. 23. And he sware unto her, Whatsoever thou shalt ask of me, I
will give _it_ thee, unto the half of my kingdom.

v. 24. And she went forth, and said unto her mother, What shall I
ask? And she said, The head of John the Baptist.

v. 25. And she came in straightway with haste unto the king, and
asked, saying, I will that thou give me by and by in a charger the
head of John the Baptist.

v. 26. And the king was exceeding sorry; _yet_ for his oath's sake,
and for their sakes which sat with him, he would not reject her.

v. 27. And immediately the king sent an executioner, and commanded
his head to be brought: and he went and beheaded him in the prison,

v. 28. And brought his head in a charger, and gave it to the
damsel: and the damsel gave it to her mother.

v. 29. And when his disciples heard _of it_, they came and took up
his corpse, and laid it in a tomb.

The account given by St Matthew (xiv. 6) is equally terse, but the fuller description of the scene as reconstructed by Dean Farrar in his "Life of Christ" is worth quoting.

"But Herodias had craftily provided the king with an unexpected and
exciting pleasure, the spectacle of which would be sure to
enrapture such guests as his. Dancers and dancing-women were at
that time in great request. The passion for witnessing these too
often degrading representations had naturally made its way into the
Sadducean and semi-pagan court of these usurping Edomites, and
Herod the Great had built in his palace, a theatre for the
Thymelici. A luxurious feast of the period was not regarded as
complete unless it closed with some gross pantomimic
representation; and doubtless Herod had adopted the evil fashion of
his day. But he had not anticipated for his guests the rare luxury
of seeing a princess--his own great-niece, a granddaughter of Herod
the Great and of Mariamne, a descendant, therefore, of Simon the
High Priest and the line of Maccabaean princes--a princess who
afterwards became the wife of a tetrarch and the mother of a
king--honouring them by degrading herself into a scenic dancer. Yet
when the banquet was over, when the guests were full of meat and
flushed with wine, Salome herself, the daughter of Herodias, then
in the prime of her young and lustrous beauty, executed, as it
would now be expressed, a _pas seul_ 'in the midst of' those
dissolute and half-intoxicated revellers. 'She came in and danced,
and pleased Herod, and them that sat at meat with him.' And he,
like another Xerxes, in the delirium of his drunken approval, swore
to this degraded girl, in the presence of his guests, that he would
give her anything for which she asked, even to the half of his
kingdom.

"The girl flew to her mother, and said, 'What shall I ask?' It was
exactly what Herodias expected, and she might have asked for robes,
or jewels, or palaces, or whatever such a woman loves. But to a
mind like hers revenge was sweeter than wealth or pride. We may
imagine with what fierce malice she hissed out the answer, 'The
head of John the Baptiser.' And coming in before the king
_immediately with haste_--(what a touch is that! and how apt a
pupil did the wicked mother find in her wicked daughter!)--Salome
exclaimed, 'My wish is that you give _me here, immediately_, on a
dish, the head of John the Baptist.' Her indecent haste, her
hideous petition, show that she shared the furies of her race. Did
she think that in that infamous period, and among those infamous
guests, her petition would be received with a burst of laughter?
Did she hope to kindle their merriment to a still higher pitch by
the sense of the delightful wickedness involved in a young and
beautiful girl asking--nay, imperiously demanding--that then and
there, on one of the golden dishes which graced the board, should
be given into her own hands the gory head of the Prophet whose
words had made a thousand bold hearts quail?

"If so, she was disappointed. The tetrarch, at anyrate, was plunged
into grief by her request; it more than did away with the pleasure
of her disgraceful dance; it was a bitter termination of his
birthday feast. Fear, policy, remorse, superstition, even whatever
poor spark of better feeling remained unquenched under the white
ashes of a heart consumed by evil passions, made him shrink in
disgust from this sudden execution. He must have felt that he had
been duped out of his own will by the cunning stratagem of his
unrelenting paramour. If a single touch of manliness had been left
in him he would have repudiated the request as one which did not
fall either under the letter or the spirit of his oaths, since the
life of one cannot be made the gift to another; or he would have
boldly declared that if such was her choice, his oath was more
honoured by being kept. But a despicable pride and fear of man
prevailed over his better impulses. More afraid of the criticisms
of his guests than of the future torment of such conscience as was
left him, he sent an executioner to the prison, which in all
probability was not far from the banqueting hall--and so, at the
bidding of a dissolute coward and to please the loathly fancies of
a shameless girl, the axe fell, and the head of the noblest of the
prophets was shorn away. In darkness and in secrecy the scene was
enacted, and if any saw it their lips were sealed; but the
executioner emerged into the light carrying by the hair that noble
head, and then and there, in all the pallor of the recent death, it
was placed upon a dish from the royal table. The girl received it,
and, now frightful as a Megaera, carried the hideous burden to her
mother. Let us hope that those grim features haunted the souls of
both thenceforth till death.

"What became of that ghastly relic we do not know. Tradition tells
us that Herodias ordered the headless trunk to be flung out over
the battlements for dogs and vultures to devour. On her, at
anyrate, swift vengeance fell."

In a footnote the Dean mentions that Salome subsequently married her uncle Philip, Tetrarch of Ituraea, and then her cousin Aristobulus, King of Chalcis, by whom she became the mother of three sons. The traditional death of the "dancing daughter of Herodias" is thus given by Nicephorus. "Passing over a frozen lake, the ice broke and she fell up to the neck in water, and her head was parted from her body by the violence of the fragments shaken by the water and her own fall, and so she perished."

Thus the historical accounts, now for the play itself. To begin with, let us note the stage directions. "A great terrace in the palace of Herod set above the banqueting hall. To the right there is a gigantic staircase, to the left, at the back, an old cistern surrounded by a wall of green bronze. Moonlight."

These directions for the setting of the stage are for all practical purposes useless--they would drive the most experienced stage-manager crazy, but then Wilde, more particularly in the romantic dramas, was sublimely indifferent to the mere mechanical side of stagecraft. He issued his commands and it was for the _gens du metier_ to give practical effect to them. He had the picture in his mind; what matter if there were practical difficulties in the way of producing it! That was no fault of his. It is curious to contrast his stage directions with those of a practical playwright like Shakespeare. Shakespeare, for instance, would have simply written "soldiers leaning over a balcony." There is a whole chapter of difference in the introduction of the word "some."

The time is night, that wonderful Judaean night, when the air is charged with electricity and the mysterious heart of the East throbs with the varied emotions of the centuries. "Moonlight," says the directions, and here we recall the author's almost passionate worship of moonlight. Over and over again in play, prose, essay, and verse, he writes about the moon. She possessed an almost uncanny attraction for him, and one almost wonders whether the superstition connecting certain phases of the planet with the madness of human beings may not account for a good deal that remains unexplained in the erratic career of this unfortunate genius!

A young Syrian, the "Captain of the Guard," is talking with the page of Herodias. From a subsequent description we learn that he was handsome with the dark languorous eyes of his nation, and that his voice was soft and musical. He is in love with the Princess Salome, the daughter of Herodias, wife of the Tetrarch of Judaea, Herod Antipas, and his talk is all of her and her beauty. The page, who seems to stand in great fear of his mistress and to be likewise oppressed with a foreboding of coming evil, tries to divert his attention to the moon, but in the moon the enamoured Syrian sees only an image of his beloved. Then the page strikes the first deep note of tragedy. To him she is like a dead woman. A noise is heard, and the soldiers comment on it and its cause--namely, the religious dissensions of the Jews. At this the young Syrian, heedless of all else, breaks in once more like a Greek chorus in praise of the Princess's beauty. (One can almost hear an imaginary Polonius exclaiming: "Still harping on my daughter.") Again the page utters a warning against the Captain's infatuation. He is certain that something terrible may happen.

As if to confirm his fears the two soldiers begin discussing the Tetrarch's sombre looks. Plain, uncultured fellows these Roman soldiers, and yet, like most of the legionaries, they have travelled far afield as may be gathered from their talk of Herod's various wives. A Cappadocian joins in their conversation. He is completely _terre a terre_ and cannot understand anything but the obvious. The talk drifts on to religion, and then suddenly the voice of John the Baptist (the Jokanaan of the play) is heard from the cistern in which he is confined. There is a certain _naivete_ in the introduction of this cistern which may well provoke a smile, especially when later we meet with the stage direction "He goes down into the cistern." Historically its introduction may be correct, but one wishes that the author had chosen any other place of confinement for the prophet, at anyrate called it by any other name. In the utilitarian days of water companies and water rates the image that the word cistern evokes is painfully reminiscent of a metal tank in the lumber-room of a suburban residence. Even Longfellow, in one of his most beautiful poems, failed to rob the word of its associations.

The voice strikes a perfectly new note in the play, and announces in Scriptural language the advent of the Messiah. Then the soldiers, taking the place of the _raissonneur_ in French plays, proceed to discuss and describe the prophet. From them we learn that he is gentle and holy, grateful for the smallest attentions of his guards, that when he came from the desert he was clothed in camel's hair. We incidentally learn that he is constantly uttering warnings and prophecies, and that by the Tetrarch's orders no one is allowed to see him, much less communicate with him. Then the Cappadocian comments on the strange nature of the prison, and is informed that Herodias' first husband, the brother of Herod, was imprisoned in it for twelve years, and was finally strangled. The question by whom, so naturally put, introduces, with a master's certainty of touch, another grim note, as Naaman, the executioner, a gigantic negro, is pointed out as the perpetrator of the deed. Mention is also made of the mandate he received to carry it out in the shape of the Tetrarch's death ring.

Thus the soldiers gossip among themselves and Salome's entrance, which takes place almost immediately, is in stage parlance "worked up" by the rapturous description of her movements and her person, delivered by the Syrian, and the awestruck pleading of the page that he should not look at her.

The Princess is trembling with emotion, and in her first speech gives us the keynote to the action of the play by referring to the glances of desire that Herod casts on her. To a timid question of the Syrian's she vouchsafes no answer, but proceeds to comment on the sweetness of the night air and the heterogenous collection of guests whom Herod is entertaining. The proffer of a seat by the lovesick captain remains likewise unnoticed, and like a chorus the page beseeches him once more not to look at her, and presages coming evil. And again, the moon is invoked as this daughter of kings soliloquises on the coldness and chastity of the orb of heaven.

Her meditations are interrupted by the prophet's voice ringing out mysteriously on the night air, and then a long dialogue in short, pregnant sentences takes place between Salome and two soldiers as to the hidden speaker. We learn that Herod is afraid of him and that the man of God is constantly inveighing against Herodias.

From time to time the Princess is interrupted by a messenger from the Tetrarch requesting her to return, but she has no thought for anyone but the prisoner in the cistern. She wishes to see him, but is informed that this is against the Tetrarch's orders. Then she deliberately sets herself to make the Syrian captain disobey his orders. She pleads with him, she plays on his manhood by taunting him with being afraid of his charge, she promises him a flower, "a little green flower." He remains unmoved. The Princess uses all her blandishments to obtain her end; and we can realise what a clever actress would make of the scene as she murmurs, "I will look at you through the muslin veils, I will look at you, Narraboth, it may be I will smile at you. Look at me, Narraboth, look at me." And with more honeyed words and sentences, left unfinished, she induces the young officer to break his trust. The speech consists only of a few lines, and yet gives opportunity for as fine a piece of acting as any player could desire. The soldier yields, and the page suddenly draws attention to the moon, in which he discovers the hand of a dead woman drawing a shroud over herself, though the Syrian can only discover in her a likeness to the object of his infatuation. Jokanaan is brought forth, and inquires for Herod, for whom he prophesies an early death, and then for Herodias, the list of whose iniquities he enumerates.

His fierce denunciations terrify Salome, and in a wonderful piece of word-painting she describes the cavernous depths of his eyes and the terrors lying behind them. The Syrian begs her not to stay, but she is fascinated by the ivory whiteness of the prophet's body and desire enters her soul. Her fiery glances trouble the prophet, he inquires who she is. He refuses to be gazed at by her "golden eyes under her gilded eyelids." She reveals herself, and he bids her begone, referring to her mother's iniquities. His voice moves her and she begs him to speak again. The young Syrian's piteous remonstrance, "Princess! Princess!" is unheeded, and she addresses the prophet once more. Here follows one of the finest and most dangerous scenes of the play, and yet one which, properly treated, is neither irreverent nor, as has been stupidly asserted, immoral.

Maddened by desire, this high-born Princess makes violent love in language of supreme beauty to the ascetic dweller in the desert. His body, his hair, his mouth, are in turn the object of her praise only to be vilified one by one as he drives her back with scathing words. She insists that she shall kiss his mouth, and the jealous Syrian begs her who is like "a garden of myrrh" not to "speak these things." She insists, she will kiss his mouth. The Syrian kills himself, falling on his own sword. This tragic event, to which a horror-struck soldier draws her attention, does not for one second divert her attention from the pursuit of her passion. Again and again, in spite of Jokanaan's warnings and exhortations (for even in this supreme hour of horror and temptation he preaches the Gospel of his Master), she pleads for a kiss of his mouth. This reiteration of the request, even after the Saint has returned to his prison, is a triumph of dramatic craftsmanship.

The page laments over his dead friend to whom he had given "a little bag full of perfumes and a ring of agate that he wore always on his hand." The soldiers debate about hiding the body and then, contrary to his custom, Herod appears on the terrace accompanied by Herodias and all the Court. His first inquiry is for Salome, and Herodias, whose suspicions are evidently aroused, tells him in identically the same words used by the page to the dead Syrian that he "must not look at her," that he is "always looking at her."

Again the regnant moon becomes a menace and a symbol. This time it is Herod who finds a strange look in her, and whose morbid wine-heated imagination compares her to a naked woman looking for lovers and reeling like one drunk. He determines to stay on the terrace, and slips in the blood of the suicide. Terror-struck, he inquires whence it comes, and then espies the corpse. On learning whose it is, he mourns the loss of his dead favourite and discusses the question of suicide with Tigellinus, who is described in the _dramatis personae_ as "a young Roman." Herod is shaken by fears, he feels a cold wind when there is no wind, and hears "in the air something that is like the beating of wings." He devotes his attention to Salome, who slights all his advances. Once the voice of Jokanaan is heard prophesying that the hour is at hand, and Herodias angrily orders that he should be silenced. Herod feebly upholds the prophet and strenuously maintains that he is not afraid of him as Herodias declares he is. She then inquires why, that being the case, he does not deliver him into the hands of the Jews, a suggestion that is at once taken up by one of the Jews present; and then follows a discussion between Pharisees and Sadducees and Nazarenes respecting the new Messiah. This is followed by a dialogue between Herodias and the Tetrarch, interrupted ever and again by the hollow-sounding denunciations and prophecies of Jokanaan.

Herod's mind is still filled with the thoughts of his stepdaughter and he beseeches Salome to dance for him, but supported by her mother she keeps on refusing. The chorus, in the person of soldiers, once again draws attention to the sombre aspect of the Tetrarch. More prophecies from Jokanaan follow, with comments from Herod and his wife.

Once more the watching soldiers remark on the gloom and menace of the despot's countenance and he himself confesses that he is sad, beseeching his wife's child to dance for him, in return for which favour he will give her all she may ask of him, even unto the half of his kingdom. Salome snatches greedily at the bait and, in spite of her mother's reiterated protests, obtains from Herod an oath that he will grant her whatsoever she wishes if she but dance for him. Even in the midst of the joy with which her acceptance fills him, the shadow of approaching death is over him, he feels an icy wind, hears the rustle of passing wings, and feels a hot breath and the sensation of choking. The red petals of his rose garland seem to him drops of blood, and yet he tries to delude himself that he is perfectly happy.

In accordance with Salome's instructions, slaves bring her perfumes and the seven veils and remove her sandals. Even as Herod gloats over the prospect of seeing her moving, naked feet, he recalls the fact that she will be dancing in blood and notes that the moon has turned red even as the prophet foretold. Herodias mocks at him and taunts him with cowardice, endeavouring, at the same time, to persuade him to retire, but her appeals are interrupted by the voice of Jokanaan. The sound of his voice irritates her and she insists on going within, but Herod is obstinate, he will not go till Salome has danced. She appeals once more to her daughter not to dance, but with an "I am ready, Tetrarch," Salome dances "the dance of the seven veils." There are no stage directions given as to how the dance is to be performed, but whoever has seen the slow, rhythmic, and lascivious movements of an Eastern dance can well imagine it and all the passionate subtlety and exquisite grace with which this languorous daughter of Judaean kings would endow it. The ballet master who could not seize this opportunity of devising a _pas de fascination_ worthy of the occasion does not know the rudiments of his art.

Herod is filled with delight and admiration. He is anxious to fulfil his pledge and bids Salome draw near and name her reward. She does so. Her guerdon shall be the head of Jokanaan on a silver charger. At this, Herodias is filled with satisfaction, but the Tetrarch protests. Again Herodias expresses approval and Herod begs Salome not to heed her. Proudly the dancer answers that she does not heed her mother, that it is for her own pleasure she demands the grisly reward, and reminds her stepfather of his oath. He does not repudiate it but begs of her to choose something else, even the half of his kingdom rather than what she asks. Salome insists, and Herodias chimes in with a recital of the insults she had suffered at the hands of Jokanaan and is peremptorily bidden to be silent by her husband, who argues with Salome as to the terrible and improper nature of her request, offering her his great round emerald in place of the head. But Salome is obdurate. "I demand the head of Jokanaan," she insists.

Herod wishes to speak, but she interrupts him with "The head of Jokanaan." Again Herod pleads with her and offers her fifty of his peacocks whose backs are stained with gold and their feet stained with purple, but she sullenly reiterates--"Give me the head of Jokanaan."

Herodias once more expresses approval, and her husband turns savagely on her with "Be silent! You cry out always; you cry out like a beast of prey." Then, his conscience stinging him, he pleads for Jokanaan's life, and gives vent to pious sentiments: he talks of the omnipresence of God, and then is uncertain of it. His mind is torn with doubts, and fears. He has slipped in blood and heard a beating of wings which are evil omens. Yet another appeal to Salome is met with the uncompromising "Give me the head of Jokanaan." He makes one last appeal, he enumerates his treasures, jewels hidden away that Herodias even has never seen; he describes the precious stones in his treasury. All these he offers her. He will add cups of gold that if any enemy pour poison into them will turn to silver, sandals encrusted with glass, mantles from the land of the Seres, bracelets from the City of Euphrates; nay even the mantle of the High Priest shall she have, the very veil of the Temple. Above the angry protests of the Jews rises Salome's "Give me the head of Jokanaan," and sinking back into his seat the weak man gives way and hands the ring of death to a soldier, who straightway bears it to the executioner. As soon as his scared official has disappeared into the cistern Salome leans over it and listens. She is quivering with excitement and is indignant that there is no sound of a struggle. She calls to Naaman to strike. There is no answer--she can hear nothing. Then there is the sound ... something has fallen on the ground. She fancies it is the executioner's sword and that he is afraid to carry out his task. She bids the page order the soldiers to bring her the head. He recoils from her and she turns to the men themselves bidding them carry out the sentence. They likewise recoil, and just as she turns to Herod himself with a demand for the head, a huge black arm is extended from the cistern presenting the head of Jokanaan on a silver shield. She seizes it eagerly. Meanwhile the cowering Tetrarch covers his face with his cloak and a smile of triumph illumines the face of Herodias. All the tigress in Salome is awakened; she apostrophises the head. He would not let her kiss his mouth. Well, she will kiss it now, she will fasten her teeth in it. She twits the eyes and the tongue with their present impotence, she will throw the head to the dogs and the birds of the air. But anon her mood changes, she recalls all that in him had appealed to her, and laments over the fact that, though she loves him still, her desire for him can now never be appeased.

All Herod's superstitious fears are awakened, he upbraids Herodias for her daughter's crime, and mounts the staircase to enter the palace. The stage darkens and Salome, a moonbeam falling on her, is heard apostrophising the head, the lips of which she has just kissed. Herod turns, and, seeing her, orders her to be killed, and the soldiers, rushing forward, crush her with their shields.

It will be seen that the dramatist has awarded the fate meted out in Scripture to Herodias to the daughter and not the mother, a poetic licence for which no one will blame him.

In reading the play carefully and critically one cannot but be struck with the influence of Maeterlinck in the atmosphere and construction, and of Flaubert in the gorgeous imagery of the dialogue, the _decor des phrases_, so to speak. An artist in words Wilde also proves himself in stagecraft in this play. Not the mere mechanical setting, of which I shall speak later, but the ability to lead up to a situation, the power to convey a whole volume in a few words to fill the audience with a sense of impending tragedy, and to utilise outside influences to enhance the value of the scenes. Thus, the references to the moon by the various characters are so many stage settings for the emotion of the moment, verbal pictures illustrating the state of mind of the speaker, or the trend of the action. It has been objected that the constant reiteration of a given phrase is a mere trick and Max Nordau has set it down as a mark of insanity, but in the hands of an artist the use of that "trick" incalculably enhances the value of the dialogue, although when employed by a bungler the repetition would be as senseless and irritating as the conversational remarks of a parrot. The young Syrian's admiration for Salome, the page's fears and warnings, Salome's insistence that she will kiss Jokanaan's mouth, later on her insistence on having his head, the very comments of the soldiers on Herod's sombre look are all brought in with a thoroughly definite purpose, and it would be difficult to find an equally simple and effective way of achieving that purpose.

A favourite device of the author was to introduce, apparently casually, a sentence or word at the beginning of the play to be repeated or used with telling effect at the end. For instance, in "A Woman Of No Importance" Lord Illingworth's casual remark--"Oh, no one--a woman of no importance," which brings down the curtain on the first act, is used with a slight alteration at the end of the play in Mrs Arbuthnot's reply to Gerald's inquiry as to who her visitor has been, "Ah, no one--a man of no importance." In the same way Salome's reiterated cry, "I will kiss the mouth of Jokanaan," in her scene with the prophet gives added strength to her bitterly triumphant cry as, holding the severed head in her hands, she repeats at three different intervals, "I have kissed thy mouth, Jokanaan."

Apart from all questions of stage technique, Wilde had the incomparable gift of finding _le mot juste_, of conveying a portrait in half-a-dozen words. Could anything give one a more distinct portrait of Herod than Salome's description of his "mole's eyes under his shaking eyelids," or would it be possible to explain Herod's passion for his stepdaughter in fewer words than her soliloquy: "It is strange that the husband of my mother looks at me like that. I know not what it means. In truth, yes, I know it." There is not a word wasted or misplaced, there is not a superfluous syllable.

I have spoken of the influence of Flaubert or his language, but there was in Wilde a thoroughly Eastern love of colour which found its expression in sensuous richness of sound, jewelled words, wonderfully employed to effect a contrast with the horror in which he seemed to take a strange delight. The rich, decorative phrases only enhance the constant presence of the weird and _macabre_, while in its turn the horror gives an almost painful lustre to the words.

The play has been assailed as immoral, but this certainly is not so. The setting of an Eastern drama is not that of a Western, and the morals and customs of the East are no more to be judged by a Western standard than the Court of Herod to be compared with that of Edward the Seventh.

The play deals frankly with a sensuous episode, and if the author has introduced the proper atmosphere he is only doing in words what every artist does in painting. Compare "Salome" with Shakespeare's one Eastern play, "Cleopatra," and though the treatment may be a little more modern, a trifle more decadent, the same non-morality rather than immorality is to be found in the principal characters.

I fancy that a great deal of the prejudice still existing in England against the play is due to the illustrations of the late Aubrey Beardsley. Beardsley was a personal friend of mine, and it, therefore, pains me to have to frankly confess that, clever and decorative as his drawings undoubtedly are, they are unhealthy in this instance, unhealthy and evil in suggestion. I can imagine no more pruriently horrible nightmare than these pictures of foul-faced, satyrlike men, feminine youths and leering women. The worst of Beardsley's women is that, in spite of their lubricity, they grow on one, and now and then one suddenly traces in their features a likeness to really good women one has known. It is as though something Satanic had been worked into the ripe-lipped face of a girl. Such as these might have been the emissaries of Satan who tempted anchorites of old to commit unpardonable sins. Moreover, many of the illustrations have nothing whatever to do with the text. I may be wrong, but I cannot for the life of me see what connection there is between "Salome," the play, and "The Peacock Skirt" or "The Black Cape." Nor can I see the object of modernising the "Stomach Dance," save to impart an extra dose of lubricity into the subject. The _leit motif_ of all Beardsley's art was to _epater les bourgeois_, to horrify the ordinary stolid Philistine, and he would hesitate at nothing, however _outre_, to attain this end. In these drawings he surpassed himself in that respect, and one can only wonder that a publisher was found daring enough to publish them. The subject is a painful one to me, but I should not have been doing my duty as a critic of the play had I not remarked upon it. An edition from which the drawings are omitted can, however, be bought to-day.

I have already commented on the vagueness of the directions as to the setting of the scene, and it may not be out of place to quote here a letter I have received from a well-known stage-manager on the subject. "You ask me how I would set the scene in question in accordance with the printed directions, and I reply frankly that I should be puzzled to do so even were the scene to consist of the banqueting hall with the balustraded terrace built up above it. The whole action of the piece takes place on the terrace, from which the actors are supposed to overlook the banqueting hall, so that the latter apartment need not be in view of the audience, but the gigantic staircase on the _R._ I confess fogs me. Where does it lead to, and, save for Herod's exit at the end of the play, of what use is it? It only lumbers up the stage, and looks out of place (to my mind, at anyrate) on a terrace.

"By the cistern I presume the author means a well, though how on earth the actor who plays Jokanaan is going to manage to scramble in and out of it with dignity so as not to provoke the hilarity of the audience is beyond my ken. I note that in the production of the opera at Dresden the printed directions were utterly ignored."

As has already been stated, "Salome" was first written in French and subsequently translated into English by a friend of Oscar Wilde.

Reading it in the language in which it was originally written, one fact stands out pre-eminent--the work is that of a foreigner. The French, though correct and polished, is not virile, living French. It is too correct, too laboured; the writer does not take any liberties with his medium. The words have all the delicacy of marble statuary but lack the breath of life. I think it was Max Beerbohm who once said of Walter Pater (heaven forbid that I should agree with him) that he wrote English as though it were a dead language, and that is precisely what is the matter with Wilde's French. One longs for a _tournure de phrase_, a _maniement de mots_ that would give it a semblance of native authorship. It is like a Russian talking French, and altogether too precise, too pedantically grammatical.

I believe the play was revised by Marcel Schwab, but although he may have corrected an error here and there he would hardly have liked to tamper with the text itself.

The play was written in 1892, and was accepted by Madame Sarah Bernhardt, who was to have produced it during her season at the Palace Theatre. It was already in full rehearsal when it was prohibited by the Censor. A great deal of abuse and ridicule has been heaped on that official for this, but in all fairness to him it must be admitted that he had no choice in the matter. Rightly or wrongly plays dealing with Biblical subjects are not allowed to be performed on the English stage, and the Censor's business is to see that the rules and regulations governing stage productions are duly observed.

The author was greatly incensed at the refusal of the Lord Chamberlain's officer to license the piece, and talked (whether seriously or not is a moot point) of leaving England for ever and taking out naturalisation papers as a French citizen. This threat he never carried out.

Meanwhile Madame Sarah Bernhardt had taken the play back to Paris with her, promising to produce it at her own theatre of the Porte St Martin at the very first opportunity, a promise that was never fulfilled. Moreover, when a couple of years later Wilde, then a prisoner awaiting his trial, finding himself penniless, sent a friend to her to explain how he was circumstanced, and offering to sell her the play outright for a comparatively small sum of money in order that he might be able to pay for his defence, this incomparable _poseuse_ was profuse in her expressions of sympathy and admiration for _ce grand artiste_ and promised to assist him to the best of her ability. She had the cruelty to delude with false hopes a man suffering a mental martyrdom, and after buoying him up from day to day with promises of financial assistance, the Jewess not considering the investment a remunerative one, shut the door to his emissary, and failed to keep her word. Now that the foreign royalties on play and opera amount to a considerable sum annually her Hebrew heart must be consumed with rage at having missed such "a good thing."

The piece was first produced at the Theatre Libre in Paris in 1896 by Monsieur Luigne Poe with Lina Muntz as Salome. The news of the production reached Wilde in his prison cell at Reading, and in a letter to a friend the following reference to it occurs:--

"Please say how gratified I was at the performance of my play, and
have my thanks conveyed to Luigne Poe. It is something that at a
time of disgrace and shame I should still be regarded as an artist.
I wish I could feel more pleasure, but I seem dead to all emotions
except those of anguish and despair. However, please let Luigne Poe
know I am sensible of the honour he has done me. He is a poet
himself. Write to me in answer to this, and try and see what
Lemaitre, Bauer, and Sarcey said of 'Salome.'"

There is something intensely pathetic in the picture of Convict 33 writing to know what the foremost critics of the most artistic city in Europe have to say concerning the child of his brain.

The play was eventually privately produced in English by the New Stage Club in May 1905 at the Bijou Theatre, Archer Street.

The following is the programme on that occasion:--

THE NEW STAGE CLUB

"SALOME"

BY OSCAR WILDE

AT THE BIJOU THEATRE, Archer Street, W.

May 10th and May 13th 1905

Characters of the drama in the order of their speaking:

A Young Syrian Captain Mr HERBERT ALEXANDER
Page of Herodias Mrs GWENDOLEN BISHOP
1st Soldier Mr CHARLES GEE
2nd Soldier Mr RALPH DE ROHAN
Cappadocian Mr CHARLES DALMON
Jokanaan Mr VINCENT NELLO
Naaman the Executioner Mr W. EVELYN OSBORN
Salome Miss MILLICENT MURBY
Slave Miss CARRIE KEITH
Herod Mr ROBERT FARQUHARSON
Herodias Miss LOUISE SALOM
Tigellinus Mr C. L. DELPH

Slaves, Jews, Nazarenes, and Soldiers by
Miss Stansfelds, Messrs Bernhard Smith, Fredk. Stanley
Smith, John Bate, Stephen Bagehot and Frederick Lawrence.

SCENE--THE GREAT TERRACE OUTSIDE THE PALACE OF HEROD.

Stage Management under the direction of Miss FLORENCE FARR.

The following paragraphs are taken from a criticism on the performance which appeared in _The Daily Chronicle_ of 11th May 1905:

"If only the dazzling and unfortunate genius who wrote 'Salome'
could have seen it acted as it was acted yesterday at the little
Bijou Theatre! One fears, if he had, he would have found that
little phrase of his--'the importance of being earnest'--a more
delicately true satire than ever upon our sometimes appalling
seriousness.

"Quite a brilliant and crowded audience had responded to what
seemed an undoubtedly daring and interesting venture. Many seemed
to have come out of mere curiosity to see a play the censor had
forbidden; some through knowing what a beautiful, passionate, and
in its real altitude wholly inoffensive play 'Salome' is.

"As those who had read the play were aware, this was in no way the
fault of the author of 'Salome.' Its offence in the censor's
eyes--and, considering the average audience, he was doubtless
wise--was that it represents Salome making love to John the
Baptist, failing to win him to her desires, and asking for his
death from Herod, as revenge. This, of course, is not Biblical, but
is a fairly widespread tradition.

"In the play, as it is written, this love scene is just a very
beautiful piece of sheer passionate speech, full of luxurious,
Oriental imagery, much of which is taken straight from the 'Song
of Solomon.' It is done very cleverly, very gracefully. It is not
religious, but it is, in itself, neither blasphemous nor obscene,
whatever it may be in the ears of those who hear it. It might
possibly, perhaps, be acted grossly; acted naturally and
beautifully it would show itself at least art.

"In the hands, however, of the New Stage Club it was treated after
neither of these methods. It was treated solemnly, dreamily,
phlegmatically, as a sort of cross between Maeterlinck and a
'mystery play.'

"The whole of the play was done in this manner, all save two
parts--one, that of Herodias (Miss Salom), which was excellently
and vigorously played: the other, that of Herod, which was
completely spoiled by an actor who gave what appeared to be a sort
of semi-grotesque portrait of one of the late Roman emperors. Even
the play itself represents the usurping Idumean as a terrific
figure of ignorant strength and lustfulness and power 'walking
mightily in his greatness.' Some of the most luxurious speeches in
the whole play--above all the wonderful description of his
jewels--are put into Herod's mouth. Yet he is represented at the
Bijou Theatre as a doddering weakling! And even so is desperately
serious.

"Altogether, beneath this pall of solemnity on the one hand and
lack of real exaltation on the other, the play's beauties of
speech and thought had practically no chance whatever. Set as it is
too, in one long act of an hour and a half, the lack of natural
life and vigour made it more tiresome still. And the shade of Oscar
Wilde will doubtless be blamed for it all!"

It was unavoidable that a play necessitating the highest histrionic ability on the part of the actors, together with the greatest delicacy of touch and artistic sense of proportion, should suffer in its interpretation by a set of amateurs, however enthusiastic.

A second performance, given in June 1906 by the Literary Stage Society, was far more successful from an artistic point of view. This was in a great measure due to the admirable stage setting designed by one who is an artist to his finger tips, Mr C. S. Ricketts, and who, having been a personal friend of the author's, could enter thoroughly into the spirit of the play. The scene was laid in Herod's tent, the long blue folds of which, with a background curtain spangled with silver stars, set off to perfection the exquisite Eastern costumes designed by the same authority. Mr Robert Farquharson was the Herod and Miss Darragh the Salome.

But even this performance was far from being up to the standard the play demands, and Dr Max Meyerfeld, who has done so much to make Wilde's work known in Germany, wrote of it:

"The most notable feature of the production of 'Salome' was the
costumes, designed by Mr C. S. Ricketts--a marvellous harmony of
blue and green and silver. Here praise must end. The stage was left
ridiculously bare, and never for a moment produced the illusion of
the terrace outside Herod's banqueting hall. Not even the cistern
out of which the Prophet rises was discoverable--Hamlet without the
Prince of Denmark. And the actors! Without being too exigeant, I
cannot but suggest that before attempting such a play they ought to
have been sent by a special train to Berlin. Even then Miss Darragh
would have been an impossible Salome. She lacked nearly everything
required by this complex character. The Dance of the Seven Veils
was executed with all the propriety of a British governess. Mr
Robert Farquharson, whose Herod delighted us last year, has now
elaborated it to the verge of caricature. He emphasises far too
much the neuropathic element, and revels in the repulsive symptoms
of incipient softening of the brain.

"I cannot think that either of these works has yet been given a
fair chance in England. They are, however, things which will
endure, being independent of place and time, of dominant prejudice
and caprices of taste."

On the Continent "Salome" has become almost a stock piece and has been performed in France, Sweden, Holland, Italy, and Russia, and has been translated into every European tongue. It was not, however, till the production in February, 1905, of the opera of Richard Strauss at the Royal Opera House, Dresden, that "Salome" occupied its true and proper place in the art world. Admirably rendered into German by Madame Hedwig Lachmann, the libretto is a faithful translation of the original text. The success of the opera was not for a minute in doubt, and with operatic stars of the first order to interpret the characters and an orchestra of 110 performers to do full justice to the instrumental music, nothing was left undone to make the production a memorable one. A distinguished foreign critic writing from Dresden says:

"Death in Love, and Love in Death, that is the whole piece. Death
of Narraboth, the young captain who cannot bear the burning words
that Salome addresses to Iokanaan; death of Iokanaan. Death of
Salome, impending death of Herod Antipas," and analysing the
character of Salome he continues: "It is not the Jewess 'so
charming and full of touching humility' that Salome represents, she
is the Syrian who inspired the Song of Songs, for whom incest is
almost a law and Semiramius, Lath, and Myrrha divinities. She is
the Syrian a prey to the seven devils, who combines in her amorous
cult beauty, death, and resurrection."

When the opera was performed at Berlin it is interesting to remember that the Kaiser, whose views on morality are strict enough to satisfy the most exacting Puritan, far from seeing anything to object to in the story, not only was present on the opening night, but took an active interest in the rehearsals, going so far even as to suggest certain mechanical effects.

In New York a perfect storm of execration from the "ultra guid" greeted the production of Strauss's work, which was almost immediately withdrawn. It is only justice to say that the rendering of the Dance of the Seven Veils was in a great measure responsible for this.

It was also freely rumoured that the puritanical daughter of one of the millionaire directors of the Opera House had used her influence for the suppression of the new production.

It is interesting to hear what the objectors to the story have to say, and with this view I quote two extracts, one from a letter written by Mr E. A. Baughan to _The Musical Standard_ and the other from a well-known critic writing in a leading provincial paper.

Mr Baughan writes:

"Oscar Wilde took nothing but the characters and the incident of
John the Baptist's head being brought in a charger. All else is
changed and bears no relation to the Bible story. That would not
matter had worthy use been made of the story.

"In 'Salome' everything is twisted to create an atmosphere of
eroticism and sensuality. That is the aim of the play and nothing
else. There is none of the 'wide bearing on life' which you vaguely
suggest. Herod is a sensuous beast who takes delight in the
beautiful postures of his stepdaughter. He speaks line after line
of highly coloured imagery and his mental condition is that of a
man on the verge of delirium tremens, brought on by drink and
satyriasis. Oscar Wilde does not make him 'sorry' but only slightly
superstitious, thus losing whatever of drama there is in the Bible
narrative.

"So far, and in the drawing of Herodias, the dramatist may be
allowed the licence he has taken, however. Even a Puritan must
admit that art must show the evil as well as the good of life to
present a perfect whole.

"But it is in the character of Salome herself that Oscar Wilde has
succeeded in his aim of shocking any man or woman of decent mind.
He makes Salome in love with John the Baptist. It is a horrible,
decadent, lascivious love. She prates of his beautiful smooth limbs
and the cold, passionless lips which he will not yield to her
insensate desire. It is a picture of unnatural passion, all the
more terrible that Salome is a young girl. John the Baptist's death
is brought about as much by Salome as her mother. The prophet will
not yield himself alive to Salome's desires, but she can, and does,
feed her passion at his dead, cold lips. And that is what has
disgusted New York.

"You speak of fighting for liberty in art. If such exhibitions of
degraded passion are included in what you call 'liberty,' then you
will be fighting for the representation on the stage of satyriasis
and nymphomania, set forth with every imaginable circumstance of
literary and musical skill. I can conceive of no greater
degradation of Richard Strauss's genius than the illustration of
this play by music."

And here is what the critic of the provincial journals has to say:

"Salome marks the depths of all that was spurious, all that was
artificial, all that was perverse. Startling to English ears, the
play was not at all original. It drew its inspiration from the
decadent school of France, but in that world it would rank as one
of the commonplace.

"The shocking, startling idea, that so outraged the respectable
Yankees, is the twisting of a story of the New Testament to the
needs of a literature of the most degenerate kind. But in Paris,
and particularly amongst Wilde's friends, all such ideas had lost
the thrill of novelty. Pierre Louys, to whom he dedicates the
book, had couched his own 'Aphrodite' on similar perversions of
history and mythology, and to treat the story of the New Testament
in similar fashion was hardly likely to give pause to men who
laughed at the basis of the Christian religion.

"Even Academicians like Anatole France dealt with the Gospels as
the mere framework of ironical stories, and writers of the stamp of
Jean Loverain out-Heroded Wilde's Herod both in audacity and point.
Catulle Mendes recently produced at the Opera House in Paris an
opera founded on the supposed love of Mary Magdalen for Christ.
Catulle Mendes has very real talent, the opera was a great
success."

Whatever the judgment of posterity may be, and there can be little doubt that it can be favourable, the play must ever appeal to the actor, the artist, and the student of literature, on account of its dramatic possibilities, its wonderful colouring, the perfection of its construction, and the mastery of its style.

It stands alone in the literature of all countries.

"THE DUCHESS OF PADUA"