Chapter XIV: Insect Calendar (2)

Dr. C. C. Abbot gives us the following account of the swarming of a species in New Jersey: "On the afternoon of Oct. 6th, at about 4 P. M., we were attracted to a part of the large yard surrounding our home, by a multitude of large sized insects that filled the air, and appeared to be of some unusual form of insect life, judging of them from a distance. On closer inspection these creatures proved to be a brood of red ants (Formica) that had just emerged from their underground home and were now for the first time using their delicate wings. The sky, at the time, was wholly overcast; the wind strong, southeast; thermometer 66º Fahr. Taking a favorable position near the mass, as they slowly crawled from the ground, up the blades of grass and stems of clover and small weeds, we noted, first, that they seemed dazed, without any method in their movements, save an ill-defined impression that they must go somewhere. Again, they were pushed forward, usually by those coming after them, which seemed to add to their confusion. As a brood or colony of insects, their every movement indicated that they were wholly ill at ease.

"Once at the end of a blade of grass, they seemed even more puzzled as to what to do. If not followed by a fellow ant, as was usually the case, they would invariably fall down again to the earth, and sometimes repeat this movement until a new comer joined in the ascent, when the _uncertain_ individual would be forced to use his wings. This flight would be inaugurated by a very rapid buzzing of the wings, as though to dry them, or prove their owner's power over them, but which it is difficult to say. After a short rest, the violent movement of the wings would recommence, and finally losing fear, as it were, the ant would let go his hold upon the blade of grass and rise slowly upwards. It could, in fact, scarcely be called flight. The steady vibration of the wings simply bore them upwards, ten, twenty or thirty feet, until they were caught by a breeze, or by the steadier wind that was moving at an elevation equal to the height of the surrounding pine and spruce trees. So far as we were able to discover, their wings were of the same use to them, in transporting them from their former home, that the 'wings' of many seeds are, in scattering them; both are wholly at the mercy of the winds.

"Mr. Bates, in describing the habits of the Saüba ants (Oecodoma cephalotes) says,[33] 'The successful _début_ of the winged males and females depends likewise on the workers. It is amusing to see the activity and excitement which reign in an ant's nest when the exodus of the winged individuals is taking place. The workers clear the roads of exit, and show the most lively interest in their departure, although it is highly improbable that any of them will return to the same colony. The swarming or exodus of the winged males and females of the Saüba ant takes place in January and February, that is, at the commencement of the rainy season. They come out in the evening in vast numbers, causing quite a commotion in the streets and lanes.' We have quoted this passage from Mr. Bates' fascinating book, because of the great similarity and dissimilarity in the movements of the two species at this period of their existence. Remembering, at the time the above remarks concerning the South American species, we looked carefully for the workers, in this instance, and failed to discover above half a dozen wingless ants above ground, and these were plodding about, very indifferent, as it appeared to us, to the fate or welfare of their winged brothers. And on digging down a few inches, we could find but comparatively few individuals in the nest, and could detect no movements on their parts that referred to the exodus of winged individuals, then going on.

"On the other hand, the time of day agrees with the remarks of Mr. Bates. When we first noticed them, about 4 P. M., they had probably just commenced their flight. It continued until nearly 7 P. M., or a considerable time after sundown. The next morning, there was not an individual, winged or wingless, to be seen above ground; the nest itself was comparatively empty; and what few occupants there were seemed to be in a semi-torpid condition. Were they simply resting after the fatigue and excitement of yesterday?

"It was not possible for us to calculate what proportion of these winged ants were carried by the wind too far to return to their old home; but certainly a large proportion were caught by the surrounding trees; and we found, on search, some of these crawling down the trunks of the trees, with their wings in a damaged condition. How near the trees must be for them to reach their old home, we should like to learn; and what tells them, 'which road to take?' Dr. Duncan states,[34] 'It was formerly supposed that the females which alighted at a great distance from their old nests returned again, but Huber, having great doubts upon this subject, found that some of them, after having left the males, fell on to the ground in out-of-the-way places, whence they could not possibly return to the original nest!' We unfortunately did not note the sex of those individuals that we intercepted in their return (?) trip; but we can not help expressing our belief that, at least in this case, there was scarcely an appreciable amount of 'returning' on the part of those whose exodus we have just described; although so many were caught by the nearer trees and shrubbery. Is it probable that these insects could find their way to a small underground nest, where there was no 'travel' in the vicinity, other than the steady departure of individuals, who, like themselves, were terribly bothered with the wings they were carrying about with them?" (_American Naturalist._)

We have noticed that those females that do not return to the old nest found new ones. In Maine and Massachusetts we have for several successive years noticed the swarming of certain species of ants during an unusually warm and sultry day early in September.

The autumnal brood of Plant lice now occur in great numbers on various plants. The last brood, however, does not consist exclusively of males and females, for of some of the wingless individuals previously supposed to be perfect insects of both sexes, Dr. W. I. Burnett found that many were in reality of the ordinary gemmiparous form, such as those composing the early summer broods.

The White Pine Plant lice (Lachnus strobi) may be seen laying their long string of black oval eggs on the needles of the pine. They are accompanied by hosts of two-winged flies, Ichneumons, and in the night by many moths which feed on the Aphis-honey they secrete, and which drops upon the leaves beneath.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 30: The right side represents the under side of the wings.]

[Footnote

[Footnote 32: See "Proceedings of the Essex Institute," vol. iv, p. 105.]

[Footnote 33: Naturalist on the River Amazons, vol. 1, p. 32.]

[Footnote 34: Transformations of Insects, p. 205.]

INDEX.

Abraxas ribearia, 202.

Acarus, 124.

Acceleration, theory of evolution by, 167.

Achorutes, 145.

Adela, 189.

Agrion, 109.

Agrion, egg-parasite of, 164.

Agrotis, 197.

Alternation of generations, 168.

Alypia, 57, 197.

American tent caterpillar, 187.

Amnion, 166.

Ancestral forms, 151.

Andrena, 31, 45, 192.

Angle worms, 189.

Annelida, 161, 170.

Anopheles, 189.

Ant, 217.

Antenna, origin of, 174.

Antherophagus, 49.

Ant lion, 115, 182.

Ants, 189.

Anura, 136, 145, 147.

Anurida, 146.

Apathus, 47.

Aphis, 151, 203.

Aphis eater, 75.

Aphis of grain, 209.

Apple borer, 208.

Apple insects, 83.

Apple tree borer, 187.

April, insects of, 187.

Agonum, 191.

Aquarium, 195.

Arachnida, ancestry of, 189.

Archetype, 186.

Archetypes in Insects, 150.

Arctia, 197.

Argas, 123.

Argynnis, 193, 197.

Army worm, 55.

Arrhenodes, 206.

Arthropoda, 166.

Aspidiotus, 203.

Assmus, Edward, on parasites of honey bee, 39.

Astoma, 122, 159.

August, insects of, 209.

Band, primitive, 163, 167.

Bark borer, 188, 216.

Bark louse, 203.

Barnacle, 155.

Bed bug, 96, 183.

Bees, 17, 168, 206.

Bee louse, 41.

Beneficial insects, 190.

Billings on Eophyton, 158.

Bird tick, 84.

Black fly, 73.

Blight insect, 203.

Bombardier beetle, 191.

Borer, 187.

Bot fly, 77.

Botrytis, 47.

Brachinus, 191.

Brauer, F., on ancestry of insects, 157.
On two larval forms, 175.

Braula, 41.

Breeze fly, 74.

Brephos, 189.

Bristle tail, 127.

Bruchus, 188.

Buprestis, 206.

Cabbage butterfly, 55, 207.

Caddis fly, 153.

Caddis fly larva, 178.

Caddis worm, 195.

Calendar, Insect, 187.

Caloptenus, 211.

Calosoma, 190.

Campodea, 133, 159, 170, 178.

Campodea-stage of insects, 157.

Canker worm, 187, 201.

Carabidæ, 189, 190.

Carabus, 191.

Carboniferous insects, 158.
Myriopods, 158.
Scorpion, 158.

Carpenter bee, 192.

Carpet fly, 75.

Case worms, 195.

Casnonia, 191.

Caterpillar, origin of, 175, 179.

Cecidomyia, 168, 196, 203.

Cecidomyia tritici, 197.

Centipede, 149.

Ceratina, 24, 192.

Ceresa, 209.

Cestodes, 162.

Cheese maggot, 83.

Cheese mite, 124.

Cheyletus, 119.

Chigoe, 86.

Chinch bug, 55, 203.

Chionea, 85.

Chironomus, 168, 189.

Chloëon, 170, 180.

Chrysobothris, 206.

Chrysopa, 171, 182, 208.

Chrysophanus, 193, 207.

Cicada, 212.

Cicindela, 189.

Clothes moth, 64, 188.

Coccinella, 204.

Coddling moth, 188.

Coleopterous larvæ, 175.

Collembola, 133, 159.

Comprehensive type, 154.

Compsidea, 90.

Conotrachelus, 194.

Copepoda, 167.

Corydalus, mandibles of, 182.

Crab, 155, 156.

Crustacea, differences of from insects, 157.

Currant borer, 204.

Currant worm, 202.

Cut worm, 197.

Cyclops-like stage, 162.

Cynips, 193.

Daddy-long-legs, 194.

Dawson's discovery of fossil myriopods, 159.

Dawson on fossil land plants of Upper Silurian, 158.

Degeeria, 143.

Demodex, 125, 148, 160.

Devil's darning-needle, 106.

Devonian formation, insects in, 158.

Diabrotica, 194.

Dicerca, 206.

Dicyrtoma, 142.

Diplax, 113, 154.

Dipterous gall fly, 196.

Dipterous larvæ, 175.

Dohrn, Anton, on ancestry of insects, 169.

Dragon fly, 106, 171, 195.

Dujardinia, 170.

Dytiscus, 182.

Ear wig, 136.

Echinoderes, 169.

Egg parasites, 201.

Egg parasite of Agrion, 164.

Eggs of canker worm, 187.

Elm tree insects, 90.

Embryology, comparative. 167.

Embryology of Podura, 140.

Ennomos, 216.

Ephemera, 154, 194.

Ephydra, 174.

Eruciform larva, 175.

Euphorberia, 158.

Evolution theory, 152.

Eyes of insects, 185.

Fabre on hyper-metamorphosis, 43.

Fall weaver, 197.

Fire fly, 202.

Flea, 86.

Forceps Tail, 171.

Forficula, 136.

Fossil insects, 158.
Myriopods, 158.
Scorpion, 158.

Foul brood, 40.

Gad fly, 74.

Galley worm, 149.

Gall flies, 193.

Gall fly, 72, 203.

Gall fly, two-winged, 196.

Gamasus, 120.

Ganin on embryology of insects, 161.

Gegenbaur on tracheæ, 172.

Generalized types, 154.

Generation, alternate, 168.

Gerris, 210.

Gerris, egg-parasite of, 166.

Gills of insects, 172.

Gnat, 71, 189.

Gonocerus, 204.

Gordius, 46.

Gortyna, 215.

Grain Aphis, 209.

Grape insects, 57.

Grape leaf roller, 205.

Grape saw fly, 207.

Grapta, 189, 204, 207.

Grasshopper, 181, 211.

Green head, 74.

Grimm on parthenogenesis, 168.

Hæckel, Ernst, on ancestry of insects, 156.

Hairs of insects, 185.

Hair worm, 46.

Halictus, 31, 192.

Handily, A. H., on Thysanura, 133.

Hartt's discovery of fossil insects in New Brunswick, 158.

Harvest bugs, 122.

Haustellate insects, 183.

Hawk moth, 194, 200.

Head of insects, mode of formation of, 174.

Heart, iv.

Hemiptera, 209.

Hemipterous larvæ, 175.

Hessian fly, 72, 196.

Heteropus, 126.

Hibernation of insects, 192.

Hirudo, 166.

Histolysis, 168.

Histriobdella, 166.

Histriobdella stage of Polynema, 164.

Hop vine moth, 215.

Horse tick, 84.

House fly, 80.

Humble bee parasite, 215.

Humming bird moth, 194.

Hunt on organic life in the Laurentian period, 158.

Hylobius pales, 188.

Hylurgus terebrans, 188.

Hymenopterous larvæ, 175.

Hyper-metamorphosis of insects, 166.

Hyphantria, 204.

Hypodermis, 163.

Ichneumon, 161, 201.

Illinois, fossil insects of, 159.

Ilythia, 215.

Injurious insects, 190.

Insects, ancestry of, 150.

Insects, archetypes of, 150.

Insects, beneficial, 190.

Insect calendar, 187.

Insects, embryology of, 154, 155.

Insects, flight of, ix.

Insects in the Devonian formation, 158.

Insects, metamorphosis of, 166.

Insects, origin of, 156.

Insects, reason in, 30, 37.

Insects, respiration of, 171.

Insects, senses of, xiii.

Insects, sexes in, 52.

Insects, transformations of, xiv, 50.

Insects, wingless, 171.

Intestinal worms, 161.

Isotoma, 140, 143.

Itch mite, 125.

Ixodes, 117, 123.

Japyx, 132.

Jaws of insects, origin of, 174.

Jelly fishes, 168.

Joint worm, 55.

Julus, 149, 169.

Julus, embryology of, 164.

July, insects of, 206.

June, insects of, 200.

Kowaleusky's researches on embryology of worms, 169.

Labium, vi, 165.

Lachnosterna fusca, 202.

Lachnus, 220.

Lady bird, 208.

Larva, ernciform, 175.
Leptiform, 175.
Two kinds of, 175.

Larval skin of crustacea, 166.

Leaf cutter bee, 26, 206.

Leaf roller, 188, 197, 205.

Leeches, 166.

Legs of insects, 173.

Leidy, J., on internal parasites of insects, 39, 46.

Lepidocyrtus, 144.

Lepidopterous larvæ, 175.

Lepisma, 128.

Leptiform larva, 175.

Leptus, 120, 155, 159.

Lespès, on sense of hearing in insects, xiv.

Leucania, 55.

Leuckart on embryology of Hirudo, 168.
Parthenogenesis, 168.

Libellula, 107, 195.

Linden tree insects, 90.

Linguatula, 160.

Lipura, 145.

Lithobius, 178.

Locust tree insects, 93.

Louse, 96, 154.

Lubbock's discovery of Pauropus, 149.

Lubbock, Sir John, on Thysanura, 133;
on the origin of insects, 159, 173.

Machilis, 128.

Macrodactylus, 206.

Macrosila cluentius, 184.

Maggot, origin of, 175, 178.

Mandible, vi.

Mandibles of moths, 183.

Mandibulate insects, 183.

Mange mite, 125.

Marey on the flight of insects, ix.

Mason bee, 192.

Maxillæ, vi.

Maxilla of moths, 184.

May beetle, 202.

May fly, 194.

May, insects of, 192.

Mazonia, 158.

Meat fly, 82.

Meek's discovery of fossil insects in Illinois, 158.

Megachile, 26.

Melipona, 18.

Melitæa, 193, 207.

Melitæa Phaeton, 204.

Meloë, 21, 42.

Metamorphosis of insects, 166, 175;
origin of, 179.

Miastor, 168.

Microgaster, 49.

Mites, 116, 149.

Mosquito, 68.

Mosquito hawk, 195.

Mouth-parts of insects, origin of, 173.

Mucor, 47.

Mud dauber, 207.

Müller, Fritz, on ancestry of insects, 156, 169.

Müller, J., on sight in insects, xiii.

Murray's discovery of Eophyton in America, 158.

Musca, 80, 168.

Muscardine, 47.

Mycetobia, 73.

Myobia, 169.

Myriopoda, 149.
Ancestry of, 159.

Nannophya, 114.

Nauplius, 155, 160.

Nebalia, 182.

Nephelis, 166.

Nephopteryx, 49.

Neuropterous larvæ, 175.

New Brunswick, fossil insects of, 158.

Newport, on embryology of Julus, 164.

Nicoletia, 131.

Nomada, 38.

Notonecta, 209.

Nova Scotia, fossil insects of, 159.

Ocypete, 159.

Odynerus, 207.

Oecanthus, 216.

Oil beetle, 188.

Onion fly, 49.

Ophioneurus, embryology of, 165.

Orchesella, 143.

Ornithomyia, 84.

Orthopterous larvæ, 175.

Osmia, 27.

Otiorhynchus, 199.

Ovipositor of Cicada, 185.

Palpus, vi.
Origin of, 174.

Pangus, 191.

Panorpa, 171, 209.

Paper wasp, 207.

Papilio Asterias, 200.

Papirins, 142.

Parasite of insect eggs, 164.

Parsnip butterfly, 200.

Parthenogenesis, 168.

Pasteur on the silk worm disease, 63.

Pauropus, 149, 154, 158, 171.

Peach borer, 206.

Pear slug, 207.

Pea weevil, 188.

Peck, W. D., on the habits of Stylops and Xenos, 45, 46.

Pelopæus, 207.

Pentastoma, 148, 160.

Peripatus, 161.

Perla, 154.

Phora, 40.

Phymata, 211.

Phytocoris, 211.

Pickle worm, 57.

Pieris, 55, 197, 207.

Pieris brassicæ, egg parasite of, 165.

Pine plant louse, 220.

Pine weevil, 188, 199.

Piophila, 83.

Pirates, 210.

Pissodes strobi, 188.

Plan of structure, 186.

Plant louse, 220.

Platygaster, embryology of, 161.

Plum weevil, 194.

Podura, 133, 135, 144, 153, 154, 159, 170.
Catch of, 139.
Spring of, 137.

Podurids, the ancestors of the true insects, 157.

Poisonous insects, 214.

Polynema, embryology of, 164.

Poplar tree insects, 92.

Potato insects, 63.

Prelarval stage of ichneumons, 168.

Primitive band, 163, 166.

Primitive insects, 175.

Prionus, 93.

Procris, 60.

Protoleptus, 172, 174.

Pseudoneuroptera, 178.

Ptinus fur, 200.

Putnam, F. W., on habits of the bees, 19, 26.

Pyrrharctia, 207.

Ranatra, 210.

Rat-tailed fly, 76.

Reduvius, 210.

Reproduction, virgin, 168.

Respiration of insects, 171.

Retardation, theory of evolution by, 167.

Rose beetle, 206.

Rose saw fly, 196.

Rose slug, 207.

Rotatoria, ancestors of crustacea, 169.

Salpa, 168.

Saperda, 91, 208.

Sarcoptes, 125.

Saw fly, 196, 207.

Saw of saw fly, 185.

Schiödte on the mouth-parts of the louse, 96.

Scolopocryptops, 149.

Scorpion, fossil, 158.

Scudder on fossil insects of New Brunswick and Illinois, 158.

Seira, 143.

Selandria, 207.

Selandria rosæ, 196.

September, insects of, 216.

Sesia, 194.

Seventeen year locust, 212.

Sexes, origin of, 152.

Sheep tick, 85.

Shrimp, 155.

Siebold, T. von, on the ears of grasshoppers, xiv.

Siebold on parthenogenesis, 168.

Silk worm, 51.

Silver witches, 128.

Simulium, 73.

Sitaris, 44.

Smith, F., on stingless bees, 18.
On parasitic bees, 37.

Smynthurus, 142.

Species, origin of, 152.

Sphinx, 194, 197, 200, 207.

Spider, 155.

Spider fly, 85.

Spindle worm, 215.

Spinneret of caterpillars, 183;
of spiders, 185.

Spring, insects of, 187.

Spring of Podura, 185.

Spring tail, 127.

Squash beetle, 194.

Squash bug, 204.

Sting of bee, 185.

Sting, origin of, 165.

Stylops, 21, 45, 152, 179, 188.

Sucker of insects, 183.

Sugar mite, 124.

Swarming of ants, 217.

Syllis, 170.

Syrphus, 75.

Tabanus, 74.

Tachina, 39, 189.

Tailor bee, 26.

Tardigrade, 150, 160.

Teleas, embryology of, 166.

Templetonia, 143.

Tent caterpillar, 187.

Tenthredo, 207.

Tettigonia, 209.

Thanaos, 197.

Thecla, 197.

Thorax of insects, 173.

Thysanura, 127, 154.

Ticks, 116.

Tinea, 64, 188.

Tipula, 194.

Tomicus, 199.

Tomocerus, 137, 143.

Tongue of insects, 183.

Torell's discovery of Eophyton in Sweden, 158.

Tortrices, 205.

Tortricidæ, 188.

Trachea, iv.

Tracheæ, absence of in Polynema, 165.

Tracheæ, origin of, 171.

Tree cricket, 216.

Trichocera hyemalis, 189.

Trichodes, 42.

Trigona, 18.

Trochilium tipuliforme, 205.

Trombidium, 120, 159.

Trouvelot, L., on amount eaten by silk worms, vii, 60.

Turnip butterfly, 197.

Uhler, P. R., on habits of the dragon fly, 107, 110.

Verrill, A. E., on the parasites of man and the domestic animals, 84.

Vine dresser, 59.

Virgin reproduction, 168.

Wasp, 206.

Water bear, 150.

Water boatman, 166, 209.

Waterhouse, G. R., on habits of Osmia, 27.

Weevil, 179, 188, 194.

Weismann on growth of insects, 164.

West, Tuffen, on the foot of the fly, viii.

Wheat midge, 197.

Wine fly, 83.

Wingless insects, 171.

Wings of insects as respiratory organs, 165.

Wings, origin of, 172.

Worthen's discovery of fossil insects in Illinois, 158.

Worms, the ancestors of insects, 160, 169.

Wyman, Jeffries, on the cells of the honey bee, 17.

Xenos, 46.

Xylobius, 159.

Xylocopa, 21.

Zaddach on development of worms, insects and crustaceans, 169.

Zoëa, 156.

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End of Project Gutenberg's Our Common Insects, by Alpheus Spring Packard