Chapter II: Preface: iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS v-x

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi-xiv

INTRODUCTION xv-xx

THE SUBDIVISION OF AUSTRALIA xxi-xxiv

JUBILEE ODE--"QUEEN OF THE NORTH" xxv-xxviii

_PART I.--OUR NATAL YEAR._

CHAPTER I.

THE BIRTH OF QUEENSLAND.

Issue of Letters Patent and Order in Council.--Appointment
of Sir George Ferguson Bowen as First Governor.--Continuity
of Colonial Office Policy.--Instructions to Governor.
--Munificent Gift of all Waste Lands of the Crown.
--Temporary Limitation of Electoral Suffrage.--Responsible
Government Unqualified by Restrictions or Reservations.
--Governor-General of New South Wales Initiates Elections 1-4

CHAPTER II.

INITIATION OF RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT.

Arrival of Sir George Bowen in Brisbane.--The First
Responsible Ministry.--Injunctions to Governor by
Secretary of State in regard to Choice of Ministers.
--Ex-members of New South Wales Legislature take Umbrage.
--The Governor on the Characteristics of Various Classes
of Colonists.--The Governor a Dictator.--The Microscopic
Treasury Balance.--Gladstone as Site of Capital.
--Mr. Herbert as a Parliamentary Leader 5-7

CHAPTER III.

DIFFICULTIES OF EARLY ADMINISTRATIONS.

Meeting of First Parliament.--Amendment on Address in
Reply defeated by Speaker's Casting Vote.--Adoption of
Address in Reply.--Compromise between Parties
Indispensable.--Successful Inauguration of Responsible
Government.--The Governor's Egotism.--Mr. Herbert's
Retirement.--Mr. Macalister Succeeds.--Financial and
Political Crisis.--Proposed Inconvertible Paper
Money.--Governor Undeservedly Blamed 8-10

CHAPTER IV.

THE FIRST SESSION OF PARLIAMENT.

Work of the First Session.--Four Land Acts Passed.
--Summary of Land "Code."--Pastoral Leases.--Upset
Price of Land L1 per acre.--Agricultural Reserves.
--Land Orders to Immigrants.--Cotton Bonus.--Lands
for Mining Purposes.--Renewal of Existing Leases.
--Governor's Laudation of "Code."--Praises Parliament.
--Abolition of State Aid to Religion.--Primary and
Secondary Education.--Wool Liens.--First Estimates and
Appropriation Act 11-14

CHAPTER V.

QUEENSLAND IN 1860.

Rush of Population.--High Prices for Stock for occupying
New Country.--Sparse Population.--Rockhampton most
Northerly Port of Entry.--Navigation inside Barrier Reef
Unknown.--Tropical Queensland Unexplored.--Ignorance of
Climate, Resources, and Conditions.--Primary Industries
in 1860.--Primitive Means of Communication.--Public
Revenue, Bank Deposits, and Institutions 15-18

_PART II.--FROM NATAL YEAR TO JUBILEE._

CHAPTER I.

THE LEGISLATURE.

The Governor.--His Functions: Political and Social.
--His Emoluments.--Administrations that have held
Office.--Number of Members of Council and Assembly.
--Emoluments of Assembly Members.--Good Results of
Responsible Government in Queensland 19-32

CHAPTER II.

PUBLIC FINANCE (1859-1884).

Importance of Sound Finance.--A Great Colony Starts upon
a Bank Overdraft.--First Year's Revenue.--Land Sales as
Revenue.--Deficits in First Decade.--Transfer of Loan
Moneys to Revenue to Balance Accounts.--Heavy Public
Works Expenditure.--Crisis of 1866.--Inconvertible Paper
Currency Proposals.--Flotation of Treasury Bills.
--Higher Customs Duties.--Wiping Out a Deficit by Issue
of Debentures.--Transfer of Surplus to Surplus Revenue
Account to Recoup Loan Fund.--Incidental Protection.
--Railway Land Reserves.--Proceeds Used as Ordinary
Revenue.--Three-million Loan.--Condition of Affairs at
Close of First Quarter-Century.--Phenomenal Progress;
Prospects Bright 33-38

CHAPTER III.

PUBLIC FINANCE (1884-1893).

The Ten-million Loan.--Ministers Practically Granted
Control of Five Years' Loan Money.--Vigorous Railway
Policy.--Effect of Over-spending.--Inflation of
Values.--Increased Taxation.--Succession of Deficits.
--Second McIlwraith Ministry.--A Protectionist Tariff.
--Temporary Increase of Revenue.--Heavy Contraction
in 1890.--Another Big Loan; Failure of Flotation.
--The First Underwritten Australian Loan.--Amended
Audit Act Limiting Spending Power of Government 39-42

CHAPTER IV.

PUBLIC FINANCE (1893-1898).

Sir Hugh Nelson at the Treasury.--Credit of Colony
Restored.--Assistance to Financial Institutions and
Primary Industries.--Savings Bank Stock Act.--Public
Debt Reduction Fund.--Treasurer's Cautious and Prudent
Administration.--Money Obtained in London at a Record
Price 43-45

CHAPTER V.

PUBLIC FINANCE (1898-1903).

The Philp Ministry.--Large Surplus.--Loan Acts for Seven
and a-half Millions Sterling.--Drought Disasters and
Sacrifices for Federation.--Accumulated Revenue Deficits
of over L1,000,000.--Rebuff on London Stock Exchange.
--Resignation of Philp Ministry 46-48

CHAPTER VI.

PUBLIC FINANCE (1903-1909).

The Morgan-Kidston Ministry.--Economy in Revenue
Expenditure.--Great Reduction in Loan Outlay.
--Equilibrium Established at the Treasury.
--Retrenchment and Taxation.--Improvement of
Finances.--A Record Surplus for Queensland.--Land
Sales Proceeds Act.--Abstention from Borrowing.
--First Loan Floated since 1903.--Sound Position
of Queensland.--Value of State Securities.
--Reproductiveness of Railways Built out of Loan
Money.--Public Estate Improvement Fund.--How
Recourse to Money Market has been Avoided 49-53

CHAPTER VII.

THE BOOM DECADE (1880-1890).

A Great Boom Decade.--Causes of Inflation of Values.
--Excessive Rating Valuations.--False Basis of
Assessing Capital Value.--Prodigality Succeeded by
Financial Stringency and Collapse of Boom.
--Difficulty in Determining Real Values.--Sir Hugh
Nelson's Legislation.--Sound Finance.--Stability of
State.--Prospects Good To-day 54-56

CHAPTER VIII.

CROWN LANDS LEGISLATION.

The Code of 1860.--Crown Lands Alienation Act of
1868.--Pastoral Leases Act of 1869.--Homestead Areas
Act of 1872.--Crown Lands Alienation Act and Settled
Districts Pastoral Leases Act of 1876.--The
Griffith-Dutton Land Act of 1884.--Co-operative
Communities Land Settlement Act.--Land Act of 1897
--Forms of Selection.--Act to Assist Persons to
Settle on Land by Advances from the Treasury.
--Extension of Pastoral Leases.--Closer Settlement
Act.--Land Orders 57-65

CHAPTER IX.

APPROPRIATION OF LAND REVENUE.

Land Sales Receipts; not Consolidated Revenue.
--Arguments used in favour of Treating Proceeds as
Ordinary Revenue.--Auction Sales have now Practically
Ceased.--Certain Proceeds Payable into Loan Fund.
--Special Sales of Land Act; Appropriation of Receipts 66-68

CHAPTER X.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN QUEENSLAND.

First Municipality Established.--Brisbane Bridge Lands.
--Grant for Town Hall.--Consolidating Municipalities
Act.--Provincial Councils Act.--Government Buildings
not Rateable.--Brisbane Bridge Debentures and Waterway
Acts.--Municipal Endowment.--Local Government Act of
1878.--Divisional Boards Act of 1879; Success of the
Act.--Local Works Loans Act.--Two Pounds for One Pound
Endowment Repealed.--Rating Powers Extended by Local
Authorities Act of 1902.--Cessation of Endowment.
--Valuation and Rating Act.--Decline in Land Values.
--Unequal Incidence of Rates Levied.--Efficiency
of Local Authorities 69-77

CHAPTER XI.

PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.

Primary Education: Board of National Education; Education
Act of 1860; Board of General Education; Education Act of
1875; Department of Public Instruction; Higher Education
in Primary Schools; Itinerant Teachers; Status of
Teachers; Statistics.--Private Schools.--Secondary
Education: Grammar Schools Act; Endowments, Scholarships,
and Bursaries; Success of Grammar Schools; Exhibitions to
Universities; Expenditure.--Technical Education:
Beginning of System; Board of Technical Instruction;
Transfer of Control to Department of Public Instruction;
Statistics; Technical Instruction Act; Continuation
Classes; Schools of Arts and Reading Rooms.--University:
Royal Commissions; University Bill; Standardised System
of Education 78-85

_PART III.--OUR JUBILEE YEAR._

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL REVIEW.

Good Seasons and General Prosperity.--Land Settlement and
Immigration.--The Sugar Crop.--Gold and Other Minerals.
--Reduction in Cost of Mining and Treatment of Ores.
--Vigorous Railway Extension.--Mileage Open for Traffic.
--Efficiency of 3 ft. 6 in. Gauge.--Our Railway Investment.
--The National Association Jubilee Show.--The General
Election.--The Mandate of the Constituencies.--Government
Majority.--Practical Extinction of Third Party.--Labour a
Constitutional Opposition.--Federal Agreement with States.
--Federal Union Vindicated 86-91

CHAPTER II.

THE FEDERAL OUTLOOK.

Proclamation of the Commonwealth.--The Referendum
Vote.--Queensland's Small Majority in the Affirmative.
--Representation in Federal Parliament.--The White
Australia Policy.--Temporary Effect on Queensland.
--An Embarrassed State Treasury.--Assistance to Sugar
Industry.--Continued Protection Necessary.--Unequal
Distribution of Federal Surplus Revenue.--The
Transferred Properties.--Effect of Uniform Tariff.
--Good Times Lessen Federal Burden on State.--The
Agreement between Prime Minister and Premiers.--Better
Feeling Towards Federation.--National Measures of Deakin
Government 92-96

_PART IV.--THE PRIMARY INDUSTRIES._

CHAPTER I.

THE PASTORAL INDUSTRY.

Importance of Industry.--Small Beginnings in New South
Wales.--Extension of Industry.--Stocking of Darling Downs
and Western Queensland.--Rush for Pastoral Lands.
--Difficulties of Early Squatters.--Influx of Victorian
Capital.--Changes in Method of Working Stations.--Boom
in Pastoral Properties.--Checks from Drought.--Discovery
of Artesian Water.--Conservation of Surface Water.
--Introduction of Grazing Farm System.--Closer Settlement
of Darling Downs.--Cattle-Rearing.--Meat-Freezing Works.
--Over-stocking.--Dairying.--Station Routine.--Charm of
Pastoral Life.--Shearing.--Hospitality of Squatters.
--Attraction of Industry as Investment and Occupation 97-112

CHAPTER II.

AGRICULTURE IN QUEENSLAND.

Tripartite Division of Queensland.--Climate.--Development
of Agriculture in Queensland.--Wide Range of Products.
--Early History.--Exclusion of Farmers from Richest Lands.
--Origin of Mixed Farming.--Extension of Industry Westward.
--Inexperience of Early Settlers.--Cotton-growing.--Chief
Crops.--Dairying.--Cereal-growing.--Farming in the Tropics.
--Farming on the Downs.--Farming in the West.--Irrigation.
--Conservation of Water.--Timber Industry.--Land Selection.
--Assistance Given by the Government.--Immigration.
--Attractions of Queensland.--Defenders of Hearth and Home 113-131

CHAPTER III.

THE SUGAR INDUSTRY.

Sugar-cane in the Northern Hemisphere.--The Rise of the
Beet Industry.--Abolition of Slave Labour in West
Indies.--Reorganisation of Industry on Scientific
Basis.--Establishment of Industry in Queensland.
--Difficulties of Early Planters.--Stoppage of Pacific
Island Labour.--Evolution of Small Holdings and Erection
of Central Mills.--Reintroduction of Pacific Islanders.
--Stoppage of Pacific Island Labour by Commonwealth
Legislation.--Bonus on White-grown Sugar.--Benefits
Arising from Separating Cultivation and Manufacture.
--Contrast between Past and Present Methods.--Scientific
Cultivation.--Recent Statistics.--The Future of the
Industry.--Queensland Leading the Van in Establishing
White Agriculturists in Tropics 132-143

CHAPTER IV.

A HALF-CENTURY OF MINING.

The Quest for Gold a Colonising Agency.--Earliest
Discoveries of the Precious Metal in Queensland.--Port
Curtis.--Rockhampton District.--Peak Downs.--Gympie.
--Ravenswood.--Charters Towers.--Palmer.--Mount Morgan.
--Croydon.--Later Discoveries.--Yield at Charters
Towers and Mount Morgan.--Copper Mining.--Tin.--Silver.
--Queensland the Home of All Kinds of Minerals and
Precious Stones.--Mineral Wealth in Cairns Hinterland.
--Copper Deposits in Cloncurry District.--The Etheridge.
--Anakie Gem Field.--Opal Fields.--Extensive Coal
Measures.--Railway Communication with Mining Fields.
--Value of Queensland Mineral Output.--Prospects of
Industry 144-152

CHAPTER V.

OUR ASSET IN ARTESIAN WATER.

Erroneous Judgment of Western Queensland.--Scarcity of
Surface Water.--Water Supply Department.--Discovery of
Artesian Water in New South Wales.--Prospecting in
Queensland.--Difficulties Experienced by Early Borers.
--First Artesian Flowing Bore.--Dr. Jack's First
Estimate of Artesian Area.--Revised Figures.--Number of
Bores and Estimated Flow.--Area Capable of being
Irrigated with Artesian Water.--Cost of Boring.--Value
of Artesian Water.--Extent of Intake Beds.--Waste of
Water.--Necessity for Government Control of Wells.
--Value of Water for Irrigation, Consumption, and
Motive Power.--Artesian Water a Great National Asset 153-161

_APPENDICES._

APPENDIX A--READJUSTMENT OF WESTERN BOUNDARY 162-163

APPENDIX B--THE FIRST PARLIAMENT 164

APPENDIX C--THE EIGHTEENTH PARLIAMENT 165-166

APPENDIX D--FIFTY YEARS OF LEGISLATION 167-183

APPENDIX E--LAND SELECTION IN QUEENSLAND 184-195

APPENDIX F--IMMIGRATION TO QUEENSLAND 196-197

APPENDIX G--SOME STATISTICS AND THEIR STORY 198-209

APPENDIX H--DIGEST OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEER'S REPORTS 210-230

APPENDIX J--CLIMATIC CONTRASTS 231-237

APPENDIX K--EDUCATION STATISTICS 238