Chapter XXV: Part ONE

I. =Name.= Here is a volume which we call "The Holy Bible." The word "bible" means "books"--_biblia_, plural of Greek _biblion_, "book." So the Bible is "The Sacred Book," and by its very name calls attention to the fact that it is not one book, but many: 39 books in the Old Testament, 27 in the New--66 books in the Bible. Its composite nature is not less important for us to keep in mind than its unity. Especially is this true of the Old Testament, of which we speak mainly in this lesson.

II. =Origin.= How came these books into being? This is a question of the "higher criticism"--that is, the study of subjects back of and above those belonging to the meaning of the text; not higher because more important, but higher because pertaining to an earlier period. Certain conclusions, however, may be accepted.

1. Much of the contents of the Bible, especially of the Old Testament, was given _orally_, through stories, songs, and poems recited, through prophetic discourses, and through traditions handed down from generation to generation--a method of instruction universal before books were printed.

2. These oral teachings were _written_, some at the time when they were given, others later, sometimes after generations of oral repetition. The writing of different portions of the Bible was carried on at various times, in various places, and by various writers; perhaps through 1,600 years, and by more than 40 writers, most of whom have remained unknown. In the writing and rewriting He'brew scholars of Old Testament times did not hesitate to modify the older works as they saw reasons for so doing. We respect the "works of authors," and would not alter the language of Chaucer or Milton or Macaulay; but He'brew prophets and scribes in early times cared more for the contents than for the authorship of their sacred books.

3. As long as there were prophets in Is'ra-el and Ju'dah to declare the will of the Lord the need of a written and authoritative Scripture was scarcely recognized. But prophecy ceased about B. C. 450, and then began the _work of the great scribes_, of whom Ez'ra was the chief, in bringing together, editing, and copying the sacred books. Perhaps about B. C. 400 the Old Testament was practically complete. But it is evident that the precise text was not fixed for centuries afterward, as the earliest translation (the Septuagint; see below) shows that a text was followed different from that now read. The text of the He'brew Bible was not finally adopted until later than A. D 200.

III. =Language.= 1. Nearly all the Old Testament was written in He'brew, the language of the Is'ra-el-ites, called by the As-syr'i-ans on their monuments "the tongue of the west country," in the Bible "the lip of Ca'naan" (Isa. 19. 18) or "the Jews' language" (2 Kings 18. 26).

2. Certain parts of Dan'iel and Ez'ra and one verse of Jer-e-mi'ah (Jer. 10. 11) were written in Ar-a-ma'ic (2 Kings 18. 26, "Syr'i-an language"), often, though inaccurately, called Chal'dee.

IV. =Form.= 1. The books of the Old Testament were _written upon parchment_, the prepared skins of animals. The letters were large, and a manuscript roll embraced generally only one book; and several rolls were needed for the longer books.

2. Their use was almost entirely _limited to the synagogue_, and few copies were ever owned by private persons. After touching the roll of an inspired book one must wash his hands in running water before touching anything else.

3. When the synagogue rolls were well worn they were cut up into smaller pieces for _use in the schools_, where the Bible was the only text-book. When worn out they were burned or buried. The Jews did not preserve ancient writings, which is one reason why all the manuscripts of the Bible are of comparatively modern date.

Blackboard Outline

I. =Name.= "H. B." _Biblia._ 39. 27. 66.
II. =Orig.= "Hi. Crit." 1. _Ora._ St. so. po. pro. trad.
2. _Writ._ 1,600 y. 40 wri. "Works of authors."
3. _Work of scr._ B.C. 400. Text not uniform.
III. =Lang.= 1. Heb. 2. Aram.
IV. =Form.= 1. Writ. parch. 2. Use in syn. 3. Use in sch.

Review Questions

What is the origin and meaning of the word "Bible"?
What does this word suggest as to the books of the
Bible? How many books does the Bible contain? What is
meant by "the higher criticism"? How was much of the
Bible given? How and when were the books written? How
long was the writing in progress? Did the writers of
the Bible change the documents as they wrote them? How
long was there little need of a written revelation?
When were the writings of the Old Testament brought
together? Name the leader in this work. At what time
was the Old Testament completed? Was the precise text
of the Bible fixed at that time? What evidence is
there of more than one accepted text? In what language
was most of the Old Testament written? What other
language was also used? What parts of the Old
Testament were in this other language? In what form
were the books of the Old Testament preserved? What
was their principal use? What hindered the private
ownership of the books? What use was made of the old
rolls of the Scriptures? How were they finally
disposed of?