Chapter I: Preface

I was stimulated to write these Outlines of Greek and Roman Medicine by a recent sojourn in the south-eastern part of Europe. The name of the book defines, to some extent, its limitations, for my desire has been to give merely a general outline of the most important stages in the advancement of the healing art in the two Empires to which modern civilization is most deeply indebted. There are a few great works on the history of medicine by continental writers, such, for instance, as those by the German writers, Baas, Sprengel, and Puschmann, but, generally speaking, the subject has been much neglected.

I cherish the hope that this little work may appeal to doctors, to medical students, and to those of the public who are interested in a narration of the progress of knowledge, and who realize that the investigation of the body in health and disease has been one of the most important features of human endeavour.

The medical profession deserves censure for neglect of its own history, and pity 'tis that so many practitioners know nothing of the story of their art. For this reason many reputed discoveries are only re-discoveries; as Bacon wrote: "Medicine is a science which hath been, as we have said, more professed than laboured, and yet more laboured than advanced; the labour having been, in my judgment, rather in circle than in progression. For I find much iteration, and small progression." Of late years, however, the History of Medicine has been coming into its kingdom. Universities are establishing courses of lectures on the subject, and the Royal Society of Medicine recently instituted a historical section.

The material I have used in this book has been gathered from many sources, and, as far as possible, references have been given, but I have sought for, and taken, information wherever it could best be found. As Montaigne wrote: "I have here only made a nosegay of culled flowers, and have brought nothing of my own but the thread that ties them together."

I have to express my indebtedness to my friend, Mr. J. Scott Riddell, M.V.O., M.A., M.B., C.M., Senior Surgeon, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, for his great kindness in reading the proof-sheets, preparing the index and seeing this book through the press and so removing one of the difficulties which an author writing overseas has to encounter; also to my publishers for their courtesy and attention.

JAMES SANDS ELLIOTT.

_Wellington, New Zealand._

_January 5, 1914._

CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAPTER I.

EARLY ROMAN MEDICINE. 1

Origin of Healing--Temples--Lectisternium--Temple of
Æsculapius--Archagathus--Domestic Medicine--Greek
Doctors--Cloaca Maxima--Aqueducts--State of the early Empire

CHAPTER II.

EARLY GREEK MEDICINE. 13

Apollo--Æsculapius--Temples--Serpents--Gods of
Health--Melampus--Homer--Machaon--Podalarius--Temples of
Æsculapius--Methods of Treatment--Gymnasia--Classification of
Renouard--Pythagoras--Democedes--Greek Philosophers

CHAPTER III.

HIPPOCRATES. 25

His life and works--His influence on Medicine

CHAPTER IV.

PLATO, ARISTOTLE, THE SCHOOL OF ALEXANDRIA, AND EMPIRICISM. 39

Plato--Aristotle--Alexandrian School--Its Origin--Its
Influence--Lithotomy--Herophilus--Erasistratus--Cleombrotus--
Chrysippos--Anatomy--Empiricism--Serapion of Alexandria

CHAPTER V.

ROMAN MEDICINE AT THE END OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE BEGINNING OF THE EMPIRE. 51

Asclepiades of Prusa--Themison of Laodicea--Methodism--Wounds of
Julius Cæsar--Systems of Philosophy--State of the country--Roman
quacks--Slaves and Freedmen--Lucius Horatillavus

CHAPTER VI.

IN THE REIGN OF THE CÆSARS TO THE DEATH OF NERO. 63

Augustus--His illnesses--Antonius Musa--Mæcenas--Tiberius--
Caligula--Claudius--Nero--Seneca--Astrology--Archiater--Women
poisoners--Oculists in Rome

CHAPTER VII.

PHYSICIANS FROM THE TIME OF AUGUSTUS TO THE DEATH OF NERO. 72

Celsus--His life and works--His influence on Medicine--Meges of
Sidon--Apollonius of Tyana--Alleged miracles--Vettius
Valleus--Scribonius Longus--Andromachus--Thessalus of
Tralles--Pliny

CHAPTER VIII.

THE FIRST AND SECOND CENTURIES OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 86

Athenæus--Pneumatism--Eclectics--Agathinus--Aretæus--Archigenes--
Dioscorides--Cassius Felix--Pestilence in Rome--Ancient surgical
instruments--Herodotus--Heliodorus--Cælius Aurelianus--Soranus--
Rufus of Ephesus--Marinus--Quintus

CHAPTER IX.

GALEN. 96

His life and works--His influence on Medicine

CHAPTER X.

THE LATER ROMAN AND BYZANTINE PERIOD. 111

Beginning of Decline--Neoplatonism--Antyllus--Oribasius--Magnus--
Jacobus Psychristus--Adamantius--Meletius--Nemesius--Ætius--
Alexander of Tralles--The Plague--Moschion--Paulus Ægineta--Decline
of Healing Art

CHAPTER XI.

INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY ON ALTRUISM AND THE HEALING ART. 127

Essenes--Cabalists and Gnostics--Object of Christ's
Mission--Stoics--Constantine and Justinian--Gladiatorial
Games--Orphanages--Support of the Poor--Hospitals--Their
Foundation--Christianity and Hospitals--Fabiola--Christian
Philanthropy--Demon Theories of Disease receive the Church's
Sanction--Monastic Medicine--Miracles of Healing--St. Paul--St.
Luke--Proclus--Practice of Anatomy denounced--Christianity the
prime factor in promoting Altruism

CHAPTER XII.

GYMNASIA AND BATHS. 143

Gymnastics--Vitruvius--Opinions of Ancient Physicians on
Gymnastics--The Athletes--The Baths--Description of Baths at
Pompeii--Thermæ--Baths of Caracalla

CHAPTER XIII.

SANITATION. 155

Water-supply--Its extent--The Aqueducts--Distribution in
city--Drainage--Disposal of the Dead--Cremation and
Burial--Catacombs--Public Health Regulations

APPENDIX.

FEES IN ANCIENT TIMES 162

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Asklepios, the ancient Greek Deity of Healing _frontispiece_

Machaon (Son of Asklepios), the first Greek Military Surgeon, attending to the wounded Menelaus _p._ 17

PLATE I.--Bust of Æsculapius _face p._ 13

" II.--Hygeia, the Greek Deity of Health " 15

" III.--Facade of Temple of Asklepios, restored (Delfrasse) " 18

" IV.--Health Temple, restored (Caton) " 20

OUTLINES OF Greek and Roman Medicine