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Footnotes.

1 – Dean Stanley’s phrase.

2 – תוֹרָה, נְבִאִים and כְּתוּבִים: abbreviated ת״נך.

3 – Nasi, נָשׂיא, ‘Prince.’ Later on, the titles רַבָּן, our master,
רַבִּי, my master, and רַב master, were in use.

4 – B. Disraeli’s _Home Letters_, p. 119.

5 – Renan.

6 – _Tanaim_ may be translated teachers, but it is applied only
to the teachers of the Mishnic period.

7 – See _ante_, p. 31.

8 – Mahomedans is the general name given to the followers
of Mahomed and professors of the faith of Islam; but
Mahomedans are also called Moors and Saracens, in somewhat
the same geographical sense that modern Jews are divided
into Sephardim and Ashkenazim (_i.e._ Spanish and German).
The Saracens are those Mahomedans who dwelt in the East
and crossed over into Turkey. The word is Arabic in its
derivation (_sarog_, east; and _sirocco_, wind). The Moors
were those Mahomedans who dwelt in Morocco and crossed
over into Spain. See map.

9 – The word means excellence.

10 – Koran has the same derivation.

11 – Mrs. Browning.

12 – Massora means tradition.

13 – Franzos.

14 – The literary portion of the history of this period will be
found in Book III., ‘Starlight.’

15 – Alcharisi.

16 – טוּלִיטוּלָה, Hebrew for Toledo.

17 – One of these Rabbis subsequently founded a college at Cairo,
another in Kairuan, and the third, it is said, at Narbonne.

18 – _H E P_, supposed by some to be the initial letters of the
three words _Hierosolyma est perdita_, meaning Jerusalem
is lost, was the war-cry of the Crusaders. The object of
the Crusaders was to regain Jerusalem. Hep, Hep, was their
signal for murdering and plundering Jews _en route_. It
grew to be a most familiar sound in the Middle Ages.

19 – See Maimonides, Book III., chap. xxviii.

20 – Capital of Arragon. See map.

21 – From the Hebrew מָחְרָם אַתָּה.

22 – See p. 103.

23 – The remainder of this paragraph is quoted almost verbatim
from the author’s work, _About the Jews since Bible Times_.

24 – Prov. xi. 1; xx. 10.

25 – The Prioress’s Tale.

26 – See page 72.

27 – The badge was called a _tabula_, and was probably made
in imitation of the two tables of the Law which Moses is,
pictorially, represented as carrying. At first this badge
was made of white linen or parchment; it was afterwards
altered to yellow felt.

28 – A mark was a coin of the value of 13s. 4d.

29 – See _ante_, chap. xiv.

30 – The Greek word is _poëtes_. Gradually it received the
Hebrew form _payyāt_, and the Chaldaic form _paytan_. The
root was then treated like a Hebrew root, _piyyut_ was
formed――literally, poem, but, as a rule, restricted to
liturgical poems.

31 – Abraham Ibn Ezra.

32 – Anonymous.

33 – See page 125.

34 – He is mentioned among the Gaonim at p. 126.

35 – See pp. 120‒124.

36 – There were two stars of this name; the other one was Moses
Ibn Ezra of Granada, a poet of some note.

37 – _See_ p. 138.

38 – The English version of _Benjamin of Tudela’s Itinerary_ is
accessible; and, if somewhat less easy reading than some
modern books of travel, it should be of sufficient interest
to Jews to be familiar to them.

39 – Graetz.

40 – The existence of Bulan and of the Jewish dynasty of the
Khozars is historical, the rest may be accounted as ‘idyls
of the king.’

41 – This extract is from a letter, dated 1199, to Rabbi
Samuel Ibn Tibbon, a friend who, later on, translated,
under Maimonides’ direction, his famous work, _The Guide
to the Perplexed_, from Arabic into Hebrew. The English
translation of this letter to Ibn Tibbon, which was
originally written in Arabic, thence translated into
Hebrew, is by Dr. H. Adler――_Miscellany of Hebrew
Literature_, 1st series.

42 – Which means, from Moses our Lawgiver till Moses Maimonides,
none rose like Moses.

43 – See p. 267.

44 – The allusion is to the siege of Leyden, 1573, when, as
a last chance of relieving the city, William the Silent
had the great dykes pierced so as to let in the sea, and
thus flooding the country, succeeded in drowning out the
besiegers, and sending in barges with food to the besieged.
The story is splendidly told in Motley’s _Rise of the Dutch
Republic_.

45 – Traditional interpretation identifies the Biblical
_Ashkenaz_ (Gen. x. 3), _Zarephath_, and _Sephared_
(Obad. 20) with Germany, France, and Spain. The Jews of
Spain were therefore called _Sephardim_, and those of
Germany _Ashkenazim_. These names are applied to Jews of
other countries, in the degree in which they approach to
the former or the latter in their pronunciation of Hebrew,
and in their ritual.

46 – The Abarbanel who pleaded to Ferdinand and Isabella. See
chap. xxi.

47 – Grotius was also for some years Swedish ambassador at
Paris. Milton was there received by him in 1638.

48 – Parts of this chapter are taken almost _verbatim_ from an
article by the author which appeared in _Good Words_, Oct.
1884.

49 – From ‘Declaration to the Commonwealth.’

50 – _Cromwell_, vol. ii. p. 359.

51 – The Hero as King――_Heroes_, p. 342.

52 – Novalis.

53 – See p. 87.

54 – Thomson.

55 – See p. 220.

56 – See p. 193.

57 – A thaler is three times as valuable as a mark.

58 – See p. 113.

59 – See p. 216.

60 – See p. 210.

61 – Goethe’s phrase.

62 – Dan. iii.

63 – Lowell.

64 – Goethe.

65 – See p. 193.

66 – _Gottesdienstliche Vorträge der Juden historisch
entwickelt._

67 – _Zur Geschichte und Literatur._

68 – Samuel of Babylon, who died 253.

69 – ‘A partir de 1791, il n’y a plus à proprement parler de
Juifs de France, mais des citoyens français professant la
religion israélite.’――_Histoire des Israélites_, Reinach,
p. 340. To which work, in the later chapters, I am under
some obligation for facts.――K. M.

70 – מַעֲמָד a Hebrew word meaning representative assembly.

71 – הַסְכָּמוֹת is a Hebrew term denoting agreements.

72 – A certain Moses Netto was denied permission to publish an
English translation of the Prayer-book, and a penalty of
5l. was imposed on any member who should buy, sell, or
read such a book.

73 – When, so late as 1744, Jacob Israel Bernal, a member of the
Portuguese congregation, applied to the Mahamad for leave
to marry a German Jewess, very humiliating conditions were
attached to the reluctant permission. The bridegroom was
not ‘called up to the law,’ the members of the Congregation
were not allowed to be present at the ceremony, and no
‘offerings’ were accepted. A descendant of this Mr. Bernal
married a Duke of St. Albans.

74 – This synagogue was very much injured by fire in 1738, but
it was rebuilt on the same site, and the old beam given
by Queen Anne was preserved and replaced. The building was
finished in 1749, and has stood, practically unaltered,
since that date.

75 – Professor Theodores’ letter, in pamphlet form, is to be
found at the British Museum.

76 – See a biographical sketch, reprinted by permission from
the _Times_, by Mr. Israel Davis. _Jewish Chronicle_
Office, 2 Finsbury Square, 1885.

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

The Erratum correction has been incorporated into the text.

Punctuation has been standardized.

Index references have not been checked for accuracy.

This book was written in a period when many words had not become standardized in their spelling. Multiple spelling variations and inconsistent hyphenation occur in the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated with a Transcriber’s Note.

The following corrections have been made in the text:

Page 117:
Sentence starting: Talmudic studies were again....
– ‘Pombaditha’ replaced with ‘Pumbaditha’
(Sora and Pumbaditha grew to be)

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– ‘Agobart’ replaced with ‘Agobard’
(Agobard, 129)

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(Alcharisi, Judah, 132)

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(Azariah de Rossi, 273)

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(Barlæus, Caspar, 243)

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(Bernhardt, Isaac, 290)

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(Christina of Sweden, 243)

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(Cossacks, massacre of Jews by, 278)

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(Joachin, Rabbi, 170)

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(Tanaim, 8, 89)

Catalog page 3:
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– ‘Hatton’ replaced with ‘Hutton’
(edited by Hutton)

Page Footnote 19:
Sentence starting: See Maimonides,...
– ‘xxix’ replaced with ‘xxviii’
(chap. xxviii.)