Chapter II: Introduction: 1

The Romans in Wales--Cunedda--Christianity--Arrival of
Saxons--Their Conquest of Severn Valley--The Latin and
Welsh Churches--The Three Divisions of Wales--Arrival of
Danes--Strathclyde Britons Occupy Vale of Clwyd--Howel
Dda and His Laws--Growing Intercourse between Welsh and
Saxons--Llewelyn I.--Griffith ap Llewelyn--Harold's
Invasions of Wales--Arrival of Normans--William I. and
William Rufus in Wales--Norman Conquest of Glamorgan--
The Flemings Settle in Pembroke--Wars between Owen Gwynedd
and Henry II.--Howel ap Owen Gwynedd--Dafydd ap Owen
Gwynedd--Giraldus Cambrensis on the Welsh--Religious
Awakening in the Twelfth Century--Powys and the English
Power--Llewelyn the Great, 1195--King John's Invasion of
Wales--Llewelyn recognised as Ruler of All Wales--Dafydd
ap Llewelyn Succeeds--He Persecutes his Brother Griffith
and Makes War on the English--Henry III. in Wales--
Llewelyn ap Griffith, Last Prince in Wales--Long Struggle
against Henry III. and Edward I.--Death of Llewelyn and
his Brother Dafydd--Final Conquest of Wales--Edward I.
Enacts Statutes of Rhuddlan, Builds Castles, and Provides
for the Future Government of the Country--Wales between
the Conquest and Glyndwr's Rising.

CHAPTER II

BIRTH AND EARLY LIFE, 1359-1399 82

Owen's Birth and Descent--His Youth--His Connection with
Henry IV. and Richard II.--Sycherth--Glyndyfrdwy--
Marriage--Family.

CHAPTER III

GLYNDWR AND LORD GREY OF RUTHIN, 1400-1401 110

Lord Grey of Ruthin--Anglo-Welsh Towns--Owen's Unsuccessful
Lawsuit--Contemptuous Treatment by the English Court--
Bad Faith of Grey towards Owen--Griffith ap David--Grey
Appeals for Aid against Welsh Insurgents--Grey's Attempt
to Capture Owen--Owen Assumes the Leadership--Iolo
Goch--Owen Raids Ruthin--The King Invades Wales but to
no Purpose--The Prince of Wales Left in Command at
Chester--Owen Winters at Glyndyfrdwy.

CHAPTER IV

OWEN AND THE PERCYS, 1401 135

Hotspur in North Wales--Prince Henry--Conway Taken by
the Welsh--Retaken by the English--Percy Acts against
the Welsh--Owen Goes to Plinlimmon--War Carried to the
South--Flemings of Pembroke Defeated by Glyndwr--Owen
Triumphs in South Wales--King Henry again Invades
Wales--The King in Cardigan--Invasion without Result--
The English Army Retires to Shrewsbury--Owen and the
Percys--Welsh Social Divisions--Owen Captures Grey at
Ruthin--Grey Held to Ransom.

CHAPTER V

THE KING AND HOTSPUR, 1402 163

Portents--Bishop Trevor--Howel Sele--Mortimer Defeated
at Pilleth, and Taken Prisoner--The King Refuses to
Ransom Mortimer--Glyndwr in Carnarvonshire--Great
Invasion of Wales by King Henry--Magic and Tempests
Overwhelm the English Advance--Defeat of the Scots at
Homildon--Hotspur and the King Dispute about Scottish
Prisoners--Mortimer Invites His Radnor Tenants to Join
Glyndwr.

CHAPTER VI

THE BATTLE OF SHREWSBURY, 1403 185

The King in Need of Money--Prince Henry at Shrewsbury--
He Destroys Owen's Property--Letter from the Prince
Concerning this--Glyndwr in the Vale of Towy--Victory of
Anglo-Flemings near Carmarthen--Urgent Appeal for Royal
Assistance from Brecon--Petitions for the Same from
Herefordshire--The Welsh Overrun Western Herefordshire--
Glyndwr at Carmarthen--He Consults a Soothsayer--The
Plot of the Percys--Battle of Shrewsbury--Glyndwr's
Connection with the Movement--He Appears in Flint--The
King Prepares for the Invasion of Wales.

CHAPTER VII

OWEN AND THE FRENCH, 1403-1404 212

Beleaguered Castles--The King Invades Wales--He Reaches
Carmarthen and Hurries Home Again--Glyndwr Takes more
Castles and harries Herefordshire--The French Land at
Carmarthen--Anglesey--Carnarvon--Glyndwr Captures
Harlech--He Calls a Parliament at Machynlleth--Davy
Gam--Glyndwr Sends Ambassadors to Paris--Bishop Trevor
Joins the Welsh--Herefordshire and the English Borders
Ravaged--Urgent Appeals for Succour to the King--The
Earl of Warwick Defeats Glyndwr--Glyndwr Gains a
Victory--He Forces Shropshire to Make Terms--Owen's
Court at Harlech--Iolo Goch.

CHAPTER VIII

WELSH REVERSES, 1405 237

Desolation of Wales--Owen's Methods of Warfare--Country
Houses of the Period--Welsh Rural Life and Population--
Glyndwr Not a Rebel--Lady Despencer and the Young Princes--
Prince Henry's Letter on the Battle--Welsh Defeated at
Mynydd-y-Pwll-Melyn--Owen's Brother Killed, and his Son
Captured--The Percys Rise in the North--Depression among
Owen's Followers--Landing of the French at Milford--The
Allies March to Worcester--Battle of Woodbury Hill--
Retreat of Franco-Welsh Army to Wales--King Henry
Unsuccessfully Invades Wales--Cadogan of the
Battle-axe--Departure of the French--Pembroke Makes
Terms with Owen.

CHAPTER IX

THE TRIPARTITE INDENTURE, 1406 263

The Tripartite Indenture--Defeat and Execution of Lord
Percy and Bardolph--Owen's Letter from Pennal to the
King of France--The Papal Schism--Owen's Star Waning--
Anglesey--Dejection in the Vale of Towy--Glyndwr's
Lonely Wanderings--The Valle Crucis Story--The
Berkrolles' Story--Iolo Goch's Lament.

CHAPTER X

ABERYSTWITH. OWEN'S POWER DECLINES, 1407-1409 284

Owen's Movements Vague--The King Failing in Health but
Anxious to Enter Wales--Preparations for Siege of
Aberystwith--The King Shrinks from Going to Wales--A
General Pestilence--Prince Henry Leads a Large Force to
Aberystwith--Terms of Surrender Arranged--Agreement
Upset by Owen's Sudden Appearance--Fall of Aberystwith
and Harlech--Death of Mortimer--Owen Sinks into a
Guerilla Leader--Pardons and Punishments--Death in Paris
of Bishop Trevor.

CHAPTER XI

LAST YEARS OF OWEN'S LIFE, 1410-1416 300

Harsh Laws Enacted against the Welsh--Davy Gam--A General
Pardon Offered by Henry V.--Owen an Outlaw in the
Mountains--Owen, Left Alone, Disappears from History--
Henry V. Sends him a Special Pardon--Kentchurch or
Monnington the Scene of Owen's Death--Some Remarks on
his Policy.

CHAPTER XII

CONCLUSION 310

Wales after Glyndwr.