Chapter VII: The Results of Exploration (2)

As regards the Temple, the excavations have proved to us that a great building exists on the site having masonry of the same general character on its east, west, and south walls. The difference in finish of the ancient stones in some parts may most probably be supposed not to indicate any difference of date, but to be due to the work being in some places intended to be seen and in other cases hidden under earth. There is no evidence that any of this masonry is as old as Solomon. It resembles the work at Arak el Emir (second century B.C.), and the Greek style of the Acropolis (sixth century B.C.), and the Roman masonry of Baalbek (second century A.D.). The masons’ marks found by Sir C. Warren, and resembling Phœnician or Aramean letters, do not necessitate the idea that these stones are of Solomon’s age. The old alphabet was still but little changed in Herod’s days.

Various scholars have taken Josephus’ statement, that the Temple was a stadium square--a statement made, writing in Rome, by an author whose measurements are often self-contradictory[66]--and have thus sought to confine Herod’s Temple to an area 600 feet square in the south-west angle of the Haram. To this theory, which originated with the late Mr. Fergusson, several objections seem to me fatal.

(1.) Josephus, whom they quote, also says that the town-wall of Jerusalem on Ophel, south of the Temple, joined the _eastern_ cloister of the Temple (Wars, V. iv. 2). This wall Sir Charles Warren discovered joining the east wall of the Haram. Thus, according to Josephus himself, the south-east angle of the present Haram was the south-east angle of Herod’s Temple.

(2.) No walls such as are required by these theorists are known inside the Haram, nor is there any break in the south wall at the point where they suppose the S.E. angle to have been.

(3.) There is also the statement by Josephus that the Temple was on the top of the hill, and I have shown by sections published in the _Builder_ (January 25, 1879), that according to their theory foundations of between thirty and ninety feet are inevitably necessary to carry down to the known levels of the rock the heavy base of the great central fane. Writers who treat only of the plan without taking this practical builder’s objection into consideration may not admit the strength of this argument, but to those who have themselves built it should have force, and no ingenuity can escape from the necessity of such foundations. In the same paper I have shown that a plan, placing the Holy House on the present Sakhrah rock, necessitates only three or four feet of foundation in all parts of the Temple area. (See further Conder’s “Handbook to the Bible,” pp. 359-385, and “Tent Work in Palestine,” vol. i. chap, xii., for full details as to the levels).

(4.) The site of Antonia, as described by Josephus, most plainly agrees with the present rock at the north-west corner of the Haram. Such a site for Antonia cannot be reconciled with the theory confining the Temple to a small portion of the Haram.

(5.) These scholars also ignore the very important and detailed account in the Talmud, which cannot be reconciled with the small area in question. This account dates from only about half a century after the time of Josephus, a time when the ruins of the Temple might still be traceable and known to the author. The account gives us every measurement, enabling us to make a plan, and by aid of the number of steps stated--in agreement with Josephus--to calculate the levels of the various courts. My plan, based on these measurements, occurs in the books above quoted and in the Jerusalem volume of the “Memoirs of Western Palestine.” By this restoration we are able to account for the great passages north of the Dome of the Rock, and can identify the gates mentioned in the Talmud with existing gateways.

The theory in question seems to me, therefore, to strain the meaning of one particular statement and to ignore several others equally important by the same author. It declines to accept the outcome of exploration in the recovery of the Ophel wall; and it supposes walls and a rock scarp to exist where no traces are found of such walls and where such a scarp is impossible. It must, therefore, be regarded as the survival of earlier opinion, which will in time give place to the facts clearly indicated by excavation.

As regards the site of the Holy Sepulchre, Mr. Fergusson’s theory may be considered defunct. Professor Hayter Lewis has taken up the argument which I attempted in 1878, and has added further details of architectural criticism. He agrees with others in accepting the historic accounts contained in inscriptions and in Arab chronicles which attribute the Dome of the Rock to Abd el Melek, and he accepts my three propositions:--1st, That older material was re-used in the structure; 2nd, That the outer walls are attributable to the restoration of the building in the ninth century; 3rd, That the Dome of the Chain was the model of the Dome of the Rock. These three propositions were argued in 1878 (“Tent Work in Palestine”).

It is now generally agreed that Constantine’s basilica of the Holy Sepulchre stood on the present site of the church, and there are, of course, many who regard Constantine’s site as of necessity the true one, while other writers have adopted the theory to which I drew attention in 1878, placing Calvary at the present Jeremiah’s Grotto. The main argument against the traditional site is that it must have been within the “second wall,” which was then the outer wall on the north, whereas we learn from the Epistle that “Christ suffered without the gate” (Heb. xiii. 12). It is certain that the position is suspiciously central. Some have tried to draw the second wall so as to exclude the church. The recovery of the rock sections shows how impossible is the line they propose, which is drawn in a valley commanded from outside. The west end of the second wall was discovered in 1886 within a few feet of the point shown as probable on my plan of 1878, and I believe this discovery to be the death-blow to the claims of the traditional site.

II.

INDEX OF OLD TESTAMENT SITES IDENTIFIED IN PALESTINE.

_Abana_ (River), Nahr Barada, flows past Damascus, 33° 32´ N., 36° 20´ E.

_Abdon_, ’Abdeh, north of Akka, 33° 3´ N., 35° 9´ E.

_Abel Beth Maachah_, Abl, west of Banias, 33° 15´ N., 35° 34´ E.

_Abel Maim_, same as preceding.

†_Abel Meholah_, ’Ain Helweh, 32° 20´ N., 35° 30´ E.

_Abel Shittim_, Ghor es Seisebân, 31° 50´ N., 35° 35´ E.

†_Abez_, El Beidah, 32° 43´ N., 35° 9´ E.

_Accho_, ’Akka, 32° 45´ N., 35° 4´ E.

†_Achshaph_, Kefr Yasîf, 32° 57´ N., 35° 10´ E.

†_Achzib_, ’Ain Kezbeh, 31° 41½´ N., 35° E.

_Achzib_, ez Zîb, 33° 3´ N., 35° 6´ E.

_Adadah_, ’Ad’adah, 31° 13´ N., 39° 13´ E.

_Adam_, ed Dâmieh, 32° 6´ N., 35° 32´ E.

_Adamah_, ed Dâmieh, 32° 45´ N., 35° 27´ E.

†_Adami_, Admah, 32° 38´ N., 33° 32´ E.

_Adasa_, ’Adasah, 31° 51´ N., 35° 12´ E.

_Adida_, Hadîtheh, 31° 58´ N., 34° 57´ E.

_Adoraim_, Dûra, 31° 31´ N., 35° 1´ E.

_Adullam_, ’Aid-el-Mâ, 31° 40´ N., 35° E.

_Adummim_, Tal’at ed Dumm, 31° 49´ N., 35° 21´ E.

_Ahlab_, El Jish, 33° 1´ N., 35° 26´ E.

†_Ai_, Haiyân, 31° 55´ N., 35° 16´ E.

_Ajalon_, Yâlo, 31° 51´ N., 35° 1´ E.

_Alemeth_, ’Almît, 31° 50´ N., 35° 16´ E.

_Almon_, same as preceding.

†_Amad_, El ’Amûd, 33° 2´ N., 35° 8´ E.

_Anab_, ’Anâb, 31° 24´ N., 34° 56´ E.

_Anaharath_, En N’aûrah, 32° 37´ N., 35° 23´ E.

_Ananiah_, Beit Hannîna, 31° 50´ N., 35° 12´ E.

_Anathoth_, ’Anâta, 31° 49´ N., 35° 15´ E.

†_Anem_, ’Anîn, 32° 20´ N., 35° 10´ E.

†_Aner_, perhaps Ellâr, 32° 22´ N., 35° 6´ E.

_Anim_, El Ghuwein, 31° 21´ N., 35° 4´ E.

_Aphek_, Fîk, 32° 47´ N., 35° 42´ E.

_Ar of Moab_, Rabba, 31° 57´ N., 35° 56´ E.

†_Arab_, Er Rabîyeh, 31° 26´ N., 35° 1´ E.

_Arad_, Tell ’Arâd, 31° 17´ N., 35° 7´ E.

_Arbela_, Irbid, 32° 49´ N., 35° 28´ E.

†_Archi_, ’Ain ’Arik, 31° 55´ N., 35° 8´ E.

_Argob_ (district), El Lejja, 33° N., 36° 20´ E.

_Arnon_ (River), Wâdy Môjib, 31° 28´ N., 35° 34´ E.

_Aroer_, ’Ar’aîr, 31° 27´ N., 35° 51´ E.

_Aroer_, ’Ar’arah, 31° 8´ N., 35° E.

_Ascalon_, ’Askalân, 31° 40´ N., 34° 33´ E.

_Ashdod_, Esdûd, 31° 45´ N., 34° 39´ E.

_Ashdoth Pisgah_, ’Ayûn Mûsa, 31° 45´ N., 35° 45´ E.

_Ashteroth Karnaim_, Tell ’Ashterah, 32° 49´ N., 36° E.

_Ataroth_, ’Attârus, 31° 35´ N., 35° 42´ E.

†_Ataroth Adar_, Ed Dârieh, 31° 54´ N., 35° 4´ E.

_Azmaveth_, Hizmeh, 31° 50´ N., 35° 16´ E.

†_Baalath_, Bel’aîn, 31° 56´ N., 35° 4´ E.

_Baal Hazor_, Tell ’Asûr, 31° 59´ N., 35° 16´ E.

_Baal Meon_, Tell M’aîn, 31° 40´ N., 35° 44´ E.

†_Baal Shalisha_, Kefr Thilth, 32° 24´ N., 35° 2´ E.

_Bahurim_, probably ’Almît, _see_ Alemeth, 31° 50´ N., 35° 16´ E.

†_Bamoth Baal_, probably el Maslûbîyeh, 31° 43´ N., 35° 42´ E.

_Bath Zacharias_, Beit Skâria, 31° 40´ N., 35° 7´ E.

_Beeroth_, Bîreh, 31° 54´ N., 35° 13´ E.

_Beersheba_, Bîr es Seb’a, 31° 14´ N., 34° 47´ E.

_Bene Berak_, Ibn Ibrâk, 32° 2´ N., 34° 49´ E.

_Berachah_ (valley), Wâdy ’Arrûb, 31° 39´ N., 35° 8´ E.

_Beten_, El B’aneh, 32° 56´ N., 35° 16´ E.

_Beth Eked_, Beit Kâd, 32° 28´ N., 35° 21´ E.

_Beth Anath_, ’Ainîtha, 33° 8´ N., 35° 26´ E.

_Beth Anoth_, Beit ’Ainûn, 31° 34´ N., 35° 7´ E.

_Beth Aram_, Tell Râmeh, 31° 49´ N., 35° 38´ E.

_Beth Dagon_, Beit Dejan, 32° N., 34° 50´ E.

†_Beth Dagon_, Tell D’aûk, 32° 42´ N., 35° 7´ E.

_Bethel_, Beitîn, 31° 56´ N., 35° 14´ E.

_Beth Emek_, ’Amka, 32° 58´ N., 35° 10´ E.

†_Beth Gamul_, Jemaîl, 31° 30´ N., 35° 55´ E.

†_Beth Haccerem_, ’Ain Kârim, 31° 46´ N., 35° 10´ E.

_Beth Hoglah_, ’Ain Hajlah, 31° 49´ N., 35° 30´ E.

_Beth Horon_, Upper, Beit ’Ur el Fôka, 31° 54´ N., 35° 6´ E.

_Beth Horon_, Nether, Beit ’Ur et Tahta, 31° 54´ N., 35° 5´ E.

_Beth Jeshimoth_, ’Ain Suweimeh, 31° 46´ N., 35° 36´ E.

_Bethlehem of Judah_, Beit Lahm, 31° 41´ N., 35° 12´ E.

_Bethlehem_, Beit Lahm, 32° 44´ N., 35° 11´ E.

_Beth Meon_ and _Beth Baal Meon_ (_see_ Baal Meon), 31° 40´ N., 35° 44´ E.

_Beth Nimrah_, Tell Nimrîn, 31° 54´ N., 35° 37´ E.

†_Beth Peor_, el Mareighât, 31° 39´ N., 35° 42´ E.

_Bethshean_, Beisân, 32° 30´ N., 35° 30´ E.

_Beth Shemesh_, ’Ain Shems, 31° 45´ N., 34° 58´ E.

†_Beth Shemesh_, ’Ain esh Shemstyeh, 32° 23´ N., 35° 31´ E.

†_Beth Shemesh_, Shemsîn, 32° 58´ N., 35° 26´ E.

_Beth Shitta_, Shutta, 32° 33´ N., 35° 25´ E.

_Beth Tappuah_, Tuffûh, 31° 33´ N., 35° 2´ E.

_Beth Zur_, Beit Sûr, 31° 35´ N., 35° 6´ E.

†_Bethulia_, Mithilia, 32° 23´ N., 35° 17´ E.

†_Bezek_, Ibzik, 32° 22´ N., 35° 24´ E.

_Bozrah_ or _Bezer_, el Buseirah, 30° 50´ N., 35° 37´ E.

_Cabul_, Kâbûl, 32° 52´ N., 35° 12´ E.

_Cain_, Yukîn, 31° 30´ N., 35° 9´ E.

_Carmel of Judah_, Kurmul, 31° 26´ N., 35° 8´ E.

_Carmel_ (Mount), Jebel Kurmul, 32° 45´ N., 35° E.

_Cedron_, Katrah, 31° 49´ N., 34° 46´ E.

†_Charashim_ (Valley), valley near Hirshah, 31° 50´ N., 35° 2´ E.

_Chephar Haammonai_, Kefr’Aua, 31° 58´ N., 35° 15´ E.

_Chephirah_, Kefîreh, 31° 50´ N., 35° 6´ E.

_Chesalon_, Kesla, 31° 47´ N., 35° 3´ E.

_Chesulloth_, Iksâl, 32° 41´ N., 35° 19´ E.

†_Chezib_ (_see_ Achzib), ’Ain Kezbeh, 31° 41´ N., 35° E.

_Chisloth Tabor_, _see_ Chesulloth.

†_Choba_, El Mekhubby, 32° 21´ N., 31° 25´ E.

†_Chozeba_, Kûeizîba, 31° 36´ N., 35° 8´ E.

†_Chusi_, Kûzah, 32° 8´ N., 35° 15´ E.

†_Dabbasheth_, Dabsheh, 33° N., 35° 16´ E.

_Daberath_, Debûrieh, 32° 42´ N., 35° 22´ E.

_Dan_, Tell el Kâdy, 33° 15´ N., 35° 39´ E.

_Danjaan_, Dâniân, 33° 6´ N., 35° 8´ E.

†_Dannah_, probably Idhna, 31° 34´ N., 34° 58´ E.

†_Debir_, Edh Dhâheriyeh, 31° 25´ N., 34° 58´ E.

†_Debir_, probably Thoghret ed Debr, 31° 49´ N., 35° 21´ E.

_Dibon_, Dhibân, 31° 29´ N., 35° 48´ E.

†_Dimon_ (Waters of), probably Umm Deineh, 31° 30´ N., 35° 50´ E.

_Docus_, ’Ain Dûk, 31° 54´ N., 35° 25´ E.

_Dor_, usually placed at Tantûra, 32° 36´ N., 34° 55´ E.

_Dothan_, Tell Dôthân, 32° 25´ N., 35° 17´ E.

_Dumah_, Ed Dômeh, 31° 26´ N., 34° 59´ E.

_Ebal_ (Mount), Jebel Eslâmîyeh, 32° 15´ N., 35° 16´ E.

_Edrei_, Ed Dr’ah, 32° 40´ N., 36° 5´ E.

†_Edrei_, Y’ater, 33° 9´ N., 33° 20´ E.

_Eglon_, ’Ajlân, 31° 34´ N., 34° 43´ E.

_Ekrebel_, ’Akrabeh, 32° 8´ N., 35° 20´ E.

_Ekron_, ’Aker, 31° 51´ N., 34° 48´ E.

_Elah_ (Valley), Wâdy es Sunt, 31° 42´ N., 34° 55´ E.

_Elealah_, El ’Al, 31° 49´ N., 35° 49´ E.

†_Eleasa_, Il’asa, 31° 54´ N., 35° 6´ E.

†_Eleph_, Lifta, 31° 48´ N., 35° 11´ E.

_Elon Beth Hanan_, Beit ’Anân, 31° 51´ N., 35° 6´ E.

_Eltekeh_, probably Beit Likia, 31° 52´ N., 35° 4´ E.

_Emmaus Nicopolis_, ’Amwâs, 31° 51´ N., 34° 59´ E.

_Endor_, Endôr, 32° 38´ N., 35° 23´ E.

_Engannim_, Jenîn, 32° 28´ N., 35° 18´ E.

_Engannim_, Umm Jina, 31° 45´ N., 34° 57´ E.

_En-Gedi_, ’Ain Jidy, 31° 28´ N., 35° 23´ E.

†_En-Haddah_, Kefr ’Adân, 32° 29´ N., 35° 15´ E.

_En-Hazor_, Hazîreh, 33° 7´ N., 35° 21´ E.

_En Rimmon_, Umm er Rumâmîn, 31° 22´ N., 34° 51´ E.

_En Rogel_, ’Ain Umm ed Deraj, 31° 46½´ N., 35° 14´ E.

_En Shemesh_, ’Ain Haud, 31° 47´ N., 35° 16´ E.

†_En Tappuah_, probably Yâsûf, 32° 7´ N., 35° 14´ E.

_Ephraim_, probably Taiyibeh, 31° 57´ N., 35° 18´ E.

_Ephrata_, _see_ Bethlehem.

†_Eshean_, probably Es Sîmia, 31° 26´ N., 35° 2´ E.

_Eshtaol_, Eshû’a, 31° 47´ N., 35° E.

_Eshtemoa_, Es Semû’a, 31° 24´ N., 35° 4´ E.

†_Etam_, ’Aitûn, 31° 29´ N., 34° 55´ E.

†_Etam_, ’Ain ’Atân, 31° 41´ N., 35° 10´ E.

†_Etam_ (Rock), Beit ’Atâb, 31° 44´ N., 35° 3´ E.

†_Ether_, probably El ’Atr, 31° 37´ N., 34° 52´ E.

†_Gallim_, perhaps Beit Jâla, 31° 43´ N., 35° 11´ E.

_Gath_, probably Tell es Sâfi, 31° 42´ N., 34° 50´ E.

_Gaza_, Ghuzzeh, 31° 30´ N., 34° 27´ E.

_Geba_ (_Gibeah of Saul_), Jeb’a, 31° 52´ N., 35° 15´ E.

_Geba_, Jeb’a, 32° 20´ N., 35° 13´ E.

†_Gederah_ (of Judah), Jedîreh, 31° 50´ N., 34° 57´ E.

†_Gederah_ (of Benjamin), Jedîreh, 31° 52´ N., 35° 11´ E.

_Gederoth_, probably Katrah, 31° 49´ N., 34° 46´ E.

_Gedor_, Jedûr, 31° 38´ N., 35° 5´ E.

_Gerar_, Umm el Jerrâr, 31° 24´ N., 34° 26´ E.

_Gerizim_ (Mount), Jebel et Tôr, 32° 12´ N., 35° 16´ E.

_Gezer_, Tell Jezer, 31° 51´ N., 34° 55´ E.

†_Gibbethon_, Kibbieh, 31° 59´ N., 35° E.

†_Gibeah_ (of Judah), Jeb’a, 31° 51´ N., 35° 4´ E.

_Gibeah_ (of Benjamin), Jebî’a, 31° 48´ N., 35° 5´ E.

†_Gibeah Phinehas_, Awertah, 32° 10´ N., 35° 17´ E.

_Gibeon_, El Jîb, 31° 51´ N., 35° 11´ E.

_Gihon_ (Upper), same as En Rogel, which see.

_Gilboa_ (Mount), Jelbôn, 32° 28´ N., 35° 25´ E.

_Gilgal_, Jiljûlieh, 31° 51´ N., 35° 29´ E.

_Gilgal_, Jiljilia, 32° 2´ N., 35° 13´ E.

_Gilgal of the Goim_, Jiljûlieh, 32° 10´ N., 34° 56´ E.

†_Giloh_, probably Jâla, 31° 37´ N., 35° 4´ E.

_Gimzo_, Jimzû, 31° 56´ N., 34° 56´ E.

_Gittah Hepher_, El Mesh-hed, 32° 44´ N., 35° 19´ E.

†_Hachilah_ (Hill), Dhahret el Kôlah, 31° 28´ N., 35° 13´ E.

_Hammath_, El Hammâm, 32° 46´ N., 35° 33´ E.

_Hammon_, ’Ain Hamûl, 33° 7´ N., 35° 10´ E.

_Hammon_ or _Hamoth Dor_, same as Hammath.

†_Hannathon_, Kefr ’Anân, 32° 55´ N., 35° 25´ E.

†_Haphraim_, Farrîyeh, 32° 37´ N., 35° 7´ E.

†_Hareth_, Kharâs, 31° 37´ N., 35° 2´ E.

_Harod_ (Well), generally placed at ’Ain Jâlûd, 32° 33´ N., 35° 21´ E.

_Harosheth_, El Harathîyeh, 32° 43´ N., 35° 6´ E.

†_Haruph_, probably Kharûf, 31° 38´ N., 35° E.

†_Hazar Susah_, perhaps Susîn, 31° 23´ N., 34° 20´ E.

_Hazezon Tamar_, the same as Engedi.

_Hazor_, near _Jebel Hadîreh_, 33° 4´ N., 35° 29´ E.

_Hazor_ (of Benjamin), Hazzûr, 31° 50´ N., 35° 11´ E.

_Hebron_, El Khulîl, 31° 32´ N., 35° 6´ E.

_Heleph_, probably Beit Lîf, 33° 8´ N., 35° 20´ E.

_Helkath_, Yerka, 32° 57´ N., 35° 12´ E.

_Helkath Huzzurim_, probably Wâdy el ’Askar, 31° 52´ N., 35° 11´ E.

_Hermon_, Jebel esh Sheikh, 33° 24´ N., 35° 47´ E.

_Heshbon_, Hesbân, 31° 48´ N., 35° 48´ E.

†_Hezron_, probably Jebel Hadîreh, 30° 51´ N., 34° 50´ E.

_Hinnom_ (Valley), Wâdy Rabâbeh, 31° 46½´ N., 35° 13¼´ E.

†_Holon_, perhaps Beit ’Alâm, 31° 35´ N., 34° 47´ E.

†_Horem_, Hârah, 33° 10´ N., 35° 41´ N.

_Hormah_, _see_ Zephath.

†_Horonaim_ (ascent), probably Wâdy el Ghueir, 31° 46´ N., 35° 38´ E.

†_Hosah_, El ’Ezîlyah, 33° 11´ N., 35° 15´ E.

_Hukkok_, Yakûk, 32° 53´ N., 35° 28´ E.

_Ibleam_, Yebla, 32° 34´ N., 35° 28´ E.

†_Ijon_, El Khiâm, 33° 19´ N., 35° 36´ E.

_Ir Nahash_, possibly Deir Nakhkhâs, 31° 37´ N., 34° 55´ E.

_Iron_, Yarûn, 33° 5´ N., 35° 25´ E.

†_Irpeel_, Râ-fât, 31° 53´ N., 35° 11´ E.

_Ir-Shemesh_, same as Beth Shemesh (’Ain Shems).

_Jabbok_ (River), Wâdy Zerka, 32° N., 35° 32´ E.

_Jabneel_, Yebnah, 31° 51´ N., 34° 44´ E.

†_Jabneel_, Yemma, 32° 42´ N., 35° 30´ E.

_Jamnia_, same as Jabneel (Yebnah).

_Janoah_, Yanûh, 31° 16´ N., 35° 18´ E.

_Janohah_, Yanûn, 32° 10´ N., 35° 21´ E.

†_Janum_, Beni Naim, 31° 31´ N., 35° 9´ E.

_Japhia_, Yâfa, 32° 41´ N., 35° 16´ E.

_Japho_, Yâfa, 32° 3´ N., 34° 45´ E.

_Jarmuth_, El Yermûk, 31° 43´ N.

†_Jarmuth_, Râmeh, 32° 21´ N., 35° 10´ E.

_Jattir_, ’Attîr, 31° 22´ N., 35° E.

†_Jazer_, Beit Zer’ah, 31° 50´ N., 35° 51´ E.

†_Jearim_ (Mount), see Kirjath Jearim.

_Jebus_, see Jerusalem.

_Jehosaphat_ (Valley), Wâdy Sitti Miriam, 31° 46¾´ N., 35° 14´ E.

_Jehud_, El Yehudîyeh, 32° 2´ N., 34° 53´ E.

_Jericho_, ’Ain es Sultân, near Erîha, 31° 51´ N., 35° 27´ E.

_Jerusalem_, El Kuds esh Sherif, 31° 47´ N., 35° 14´ E.

†_Jeshanah_, ’Ain Sinia, 31° 58´ N., 35° 17´ E.

_Jeshimon_, the desert west of Dead Sea.

†_Jeshua_, S’aweh, 31° 22´ N., 34° 59´ E.

†_Jethlah_, perhaps Beit Tûl, 31° 49´ N., 35° 4´ E.

_Jezreel_, Zer’in, 32° 33´ N., 35° 19´ E.

_Jogbehah_, El Jubeihah, 32° 1´ N., 35° 52´ E.

_Jokneam_, Tell Keimûn, 32° 40´ N., 35° 6´ E.

†_Joktheel_ (of Judah), perhaps Kutlâneh, 31° 50´ N., 34° 53´ E.

_Joppa_, _see_ Japho.

_Jordan_ (River), Esh Sherî’ah, 31° 46´ N., 35° 32´ E.

_Juttah_, Yuttah, 31° 27´ N., 35° 5´ E.

_Kanah_, Kâna, 33° 12´ N., 35° 18´ E.

_Kanah_ (River), Wâdy Kânah, 32° 8´ N., 35° E.

†_Kedesh_ (of Issachar), Tell Abu Kadeis, 32° 33´ N., 35° 13´ E.

†_Kedesh_ (Judges iv. II), Kadîsh, 32° 44´ N., 35° 32´ E.

_Kedesh Naphtali_, Kades, 33° 7´ N., 35° 31´ E.

_Keilah_, Kîla, 31° 37´ N., 35° E.

_Kenath Nobah_, Kanawat, 32° 45´ N., 36° 33´ E.

_Kerioth Hezron_, perhaps El Kureitein, 31° 21´ N., 35° 7´ E.

_Kidron_ (Valley), Wâdy en Nâr, 31° 46´ N., 35° 14´ E.

_Kir_ (of Moab), Kerak, 31° 10´ N., 35° 45´ E.

_Kiriathaim_, El Kureiyât, 31° 32´ N., 35° 43´ E.

†_Kirjath_, Kuriet el ’Anab, 31° 49´ N., 35° 6´ E.

_Kirjath Arba_, _see_ Hebron.

_Kirjath Baal_ or _Kirjath Jearim_, ’Erma, 31° 46´ N., 35° 2´ E.

_Kishon_ (River), Nahr el Mukutt’a, 32° 49´ N., 35° 2´ E.

_Ladder of Tyrus_, Râs en Nakûrah, 33° 7´ N., 35° 6´ E.

†_Lachish_, perhaps Tell el Hesy, 31° 32´ N., 34° 43´ E.

†_Lahmam_, probably El Lahm, 31° 34´ N., 34° 53´ E.

_Laish_, same as Dan.

†_Lasharon_, Sarôna, 32° 43´ N., 35° 28´ E.

_Lebonah_, El Lubban, 32° 4´ N., 35° 14´ E.

_Lod_, Ludd, 31° 57´ N., 34° 54´ E.

†_Luhith_ (ascent), Tal’at el Heith, 31° 45´ N., 35° 44´ E.

_Luz_, the same as Bethel.

†_Luz_, El Luweizîyeh, 33° 17´ N., 35° 37´ E.

_Maaleh Acrabbim_, the slope west of south end of Dead Sea, 31° N., 35° 23´ E.

†_Maarath_, Beit Ummar, 31° 37´ N., 35° 6´ E.

_Machpelah_ (Cave), the cave under the Hebron Haram.

†_Madmannah_, Umm Deimneh, 31° 22´ N., 34° 56´ E.

†_Madmen_, perhaps Umm Deineh, 31° 36´ N., 35° 56´ E.

†_Madon_, Madîn, 32° 48´ N., 35° 27´ E.

†_Mahaneh Dan_, Wâdy el Mutluk, 31° 47´ N., 34° 59´ E.

_Makkedah_, probably El Mughar, 31° 55´ N., 34° 55´ E.

_Mamre_, near Hebron, 31° 32´ N., 35° 6´ E.

†_Manahath_, Mâlhah, 31° 46´ N., 35° 11´ E.

_Maon_, M’aîn, 31° 25´ N., 35° 8´ E.

†_Maralah_, M’alûl, 32° 42´ N., 35° 14´ E.

_Mareshah_, Mer’ash, 31° 45´ N., 34° 55´ E.

†_Mearah_, El Mogheirîyeh, 33° 37´ N., 35° 27´ E.

_Medeba_, Mâdeba, 31° 42´ N., 35° 48´ E.

†_Megiddo_, Mujedd’a, 32° 28´ N., 35° 28´ E.

_Mejarkon_ (“yellow water”), probably Nahr el ’Aujah, 32° 6´ N., 34° 46´ E.

†_Mekonah_, probably Mekenna, 31° 46´ N., 34° 51´ E.

_Merom_ (Waters of), Baheiret el Hûleh, 33° 4´ N., 35° 37´ E.

†_Meronoth_, Marrîna, 31° 38´ N., 35° 7´ E.

_Michmash_, Mukhmâs, 31° 53´ N., 35° 17´ E.

_Michmethah_, probably Sahel el Mukhnah, 32° 21´ N., 35° 16´ E.

_Migdal-El_, Mujeidel, 33° 14´ N., 35° 21´ E.

_Migdal Gad_, perhaps Mejdel, 31° 40´ N., 34° 35´ E.

†_Minnith_, perhaps Minyeh, 31° 40´ N., 35° 39´ E.

†_Mishal_, probably in Wâdy M’aîsleh.

_Misrephoth Maim_, Surafend, 33° 27´ N., 35° 16´ E.

†_Mizpah_ (or Galeed), probably Sûf, 32° 19´ N., 35° 52´ E.

†_Mizpeh_, perhaps Sh’afat, 31° 49´ N., 35° 13´ E.

†_Mochmur_ (Brook), Wâdy el Ahmar, 32° 8´ N., 35° 20´ E.

_Modin_, El Medyeh, 31° 56´ N., 34° 59´ E.

†_Mozah_, Beit Mizzeh, 31° 49´ N., 35° 9´ E.

_Naamah_, Naaneh, 31° 52´ N., 34° 52´ E.

†_Naarath_, probably El ’Aujah et Tahtâni, 31° 57´ N., 35° 28´ E.

†_Nahallal_, ’Ain Mahil, 32° 43´ N., 35° 21´ E.

†_Nehaliel_ (Valley), probably Wâdy Zerka M’aîn, 31° 36´ N., 35° 34´ E.

†_Nasor_ (Plain), Merj el Ha[d.]îreh, 33° 6´ N., 35° 35´ E.

_Neballat_, Beit Nebâla, 31° 59´ N., 34° 57´ E.

_Nebo_ (Mount), Jebel Neba, 31° 46´ N., 35° 45´ E.

†_Nebo_ (Ezra xi. 29; Neh. vii. 33), perhaps Nûba, 31° 37´ N., 35° 2´ E.

†_Neiel_, probably Y’anîn, 32° 54´ N., 35° 12´ E.

†_Nekeb_, probably Seiyâdeh, 32° 44´ N., 35° 31´ E.

_Nephtoah_ (Waters of), ’Ain ’Atân, 31° 41´ N., 35° 10´ E.

_Netophah_, Umm Tôba, 31° 44´ N., 35° 14´ E.

_Nezib_, Beit Nusîb, 31° 36´ N., 34° 59´ E.

_Nimrah_, Nimrim, Tell Nimrîn, 31° 54´ N., 35° 37´ E.

_Nobah_, same as Kenath.

_Olivet_ (Mount), Jebel ez Zeit, 31° 47´ N., 35° 14½´ E.

_Oho_, Kefr ’Ana, 32° 1´ N., 34° 47´ E.

_Ophel_, the spur south of the Haram at Jerusalem, 31° 46½´ N., 35° 13¾´ E.

_Ophni_, probably Jufna, 51° 58´ N., 35° 12´ E.

_Ophrah_ (of Benjamin), same as Ephraim.

†_Ophrah_ (of Manasseh), probably Fer’ata, 32° 11´ N., 35° 10´ E.

_Parah_, Fârah, 31° 50´ N., 35° 18´ E.

†_Penuel_, probably Jebel Osh’a, 32° 5´ N., 35° 42´ E.

†_Peor_ (Cliff of), probably the peak above ’Ain Minyeh, 31° 40´ N., 35° 40´ E.

†_Pirathon_, probably Fer’on, 32° 17´ N., 35° 1´ E.

_Pisgah_ (Mount), Râs Siâghah, 31° 46´ N., 35° 43´ E.

_Ptolemais_, same as Accho.

†_Rabbah_ (of Judah), Rubba, 31° 40´ N., 34° 58´ E.

_Rabbath Ammon_, ’Ammân, 31° 57´ N., 35° 56´ E.

†_Rabbith_, Râba, 32° 23´ N., 35° 23´ E.

_Rakkath_, the same as Tiberias.

†_Rakkon_, Tell er Rakkeit, 32° 8´ N., 34° 47´ E.

_Ramah_ (of Benjamin), Er Râm, 31° 51´ N., 35° 14´ E.

_Ramah_ (of Naphtali), Er Râmeh, 32° 57´ N., 35° 22´ E.

†_Ramah_ (of Asher), Râmia, 33° 7´ N, 35° 18´ E.

†_Ramath Mizpeh_, perhaps Remtheh, 32° 37´ N., 35° 59´ E.

†_Ramoth_, Er Râmeh, 32° 21´ N., 35° 10´ E.

_Ramoth Gilead_, Reimûn, 32° 16´ N., 35° 50´ E.

_Raphon_, Râfeh, 32° 36´ N., 1´ E.

_Rehoboth_, Er Ruheibeh, 31° N., 34° 34´ E.

†_Remeth_, the same as Ramoth.

_Remmon_ (of Zebulon), Rummâneh, 32° 47´ N., 35° 18´ E.

_Rephaim_ (Valley), El Bukei’a, south of Jerusalem, 31° 46´ N., 35° 12´ E.

_Rimmon_ (of Simeon), Umm er Rumâmîn, 31° 22´ N., 34° 51´ E.

_Rimmon_ (Rock), Rummôn, 31° 56´ N., 35° 18´ E.

_River of Egypt_, Wâdy el ’Arish, 31° 8´ N., 33° 50´ E.

_Salchah_, Salkhâd, 32° 31´ N., 36° 39´ E.

_Salem_ (1), same as Jerusalem.

_Salem_ (2) (Gen. xiv. 18), Sâlim, 32° 13´ N., 35° 19´ E.

†_Salt_ (City of), Tell el Milh (“salt hill”), 31° 13´ N., 35° 1´ E.

_Salt Sea_, the Dead Sea, 31° 30´ N., 35° 30´ E.

_Samaria_, Sebustieh, 32° 17´ N., 35° 11´ E.

_Saphir_, Es Sûâfir, 31° 42´ N., 34° 42´ E.

†_Sarid_, probably Tell Shadûd, 32° 40´ N., 35° 14´ E.

_Seythopolis_, the same as Bethshean.

†_Secacah_, perhaps the ruin called Sikkeh (or Dikkeh),
31° 44´ N., 35° 15´ E.

†_Sechu_, Shuweikeh, 31° 53´ N., 35° 12´ E.

_Seir_ (Mount), the mountains of Petra, 30° 15´ N., 35° 22´ E.

_Sela_, Petra, now Wâdy Mûsa, 30° 18´ N., 35° 27´ E.

†_Sela-ham-Mahlekoth_, Wâdy Malâky, 31° 25´ N., 35° 8´ E.

†_Seneh_ (Rock), south bank of Wâdy Suweinît.

_Senir_, same as Hermon.

_Sephelah_, the low hills east of Philistia, 31° 45´ N., 34° 55´ E.

_Shaalabbin_, Selbît, 31° 52´ N., 34° 59´ E.

†_Shaaraim_, perhaps S’aîreh, 31° 44´ N., 35° 1´ E.

_Shalem_ (Gen. xxxiii. 18), same as Salem (2).

†_Shamir_, probably Sômerah, 31° 25´ N., 34° 56´ E.

_Sharon_ (Plain), north of Joppa, 32° 30´ N., 35° E.

†_Sharuhen_, Tell esh Sheri’ah, 31° 23´ N., 34° 41´ E.

_Sheba_, perhaps Tell es Seb’a, 31° 14´ N., 34° 50´ E.

_Shechem_, Nâblus, 32° 13´ N., 35° 15´ E.

†_Shihon_, ’Ayûn esh Sh’aîn, 32° 43´ N., 35° 20´ E.

_Shihor Libnath_, Nahr Namein, 32° 40´ N., 35° 5´ E.

_Shiloh_, Seilûn, 32° 3´ N., 35° 17´ E.

_Shimron_, Semûnieh, 32° 42´ N., 35° 12´ E.

_Shittim_, _see_ Abel Shittim.

_Shunem_, Solam, 32° 36´ N., 35° 20´ E.

†_Sibmah_, Sûmia, 31° 49´ N., 35° 40´ E.

_Sidon_, Saida, 33° 34´ N., 35° 22´ E.

_Siloah_, Birket Silwân, 31° 46¼´ N., 35° 13¾´ E.

_Sion_, the south-west hill of Jerusalem, used in poetry
for Jerusalem, or for the Temple Hill, 31° 46½´ N., 35° 13½´ E.

_Sirah_ (Well), ’Ain Sârah, 31° 33´ N., 35° 6´ E.

_Sirion_, same as Hermon.

_Socoh_ (in the valley), Shûweikeh, 31° 11´ N., 34° 58´ E.

_Socoh_ (in the mountains), Shûweikeh, 31° 24´ N., 35° E.

_Sorek_ (Valley), Wâdy Surâr, 31° 56´ N., 34° 42´ E.

_Succoth_, Tell Der’ala, 32° 5´ N., 35° 34´ E.

_Taanach_, T’annuk, 32° 31´ N., 35° 13´ E.

_Taanath Shiloh_, T’ana, 32° 11´ N., 35° 22´ E.

_Tabor_ (Mount), Jebel et Tôr, 32° 41´ N., 35° 23´ E.

_Tappuah_ (of Judah), Tuffûh, 31° 32´ N., 35° 2½´ E.

_Tekoa_, Tekû’a, 31° 36´ N., 35° 12´ E.

_Thebez_, Tubâs, 32° 19´ N., 35° 22´ E.

†_Thimnathah_, probably Tibneh, 32° N., 35° 6´ E.

_Timnah_, Tibneh, 31° 44´ N., 34° 56´ E.

†_Timnah_ (of Judah), Tibna, 31° 42´ N., 35° 3´ E.

†_Timnath Heres_, Kefr Hâris, 32° 7´ N., 35° 9´ E.

†_Tiphsah_ (2 Kings xv. 16), probably Tafsah, 32° 10´ N., 35° 10´ E.

†_Tirzah_, Teiâsîr, 32° 20´ N., 35° 23´ E.

†_Tob_ (Land), near Taiyibeh, 32° 35´ N., 35° 42´ E.

_Tyre_, Es Sûr, 33° 16´ N., 35° 12´ E.

_Umma_, probably ’Alma, 33° 6´ N., 35° 11´ E.

_Uzzen Sherah_, Beit Sira, 31° 53´ N., 35° 2´ E.

†_Zaanaim_ (Plain), Bessûm, 32° 44´ N., 35° 29´ E.

†_Zalmon_ (Mount), perhaps Jebel Eslamîyeh (Ebal), 32° 10´ N., 35° 14´ E.

_Zanoah_ (1), Zanû’a, 31° 43´ N., 35° E.

_Zanoah_ (2), Zanûta, 31° 22´ N., 34° 59´ E.

_Zaphon_ (_Amathi_), probably El Hammeh, 32° 41´ N., 35° 40´ E.

_Zared_ or _Zered_ (Valley), Wâdy el Hesy, 31° 5´ N., 35° 28´ E.

_Zarephath_, Surafend, 33° 27´ N., 35° 19´ E.

†_Zareth Shahar_, perhaps Zâra, 31° 36´ N., 35° 35´ E.

†_Zebulun_ (Josh. xix. 27), probably Neby Sebelân, 33° 1´ N., 35° 20´ E.

_Zemaraim_, Es Sumrah, 31° 54´ N., 35° 29´ E.

_Zephath_, probably the pass Es Sufa, 30° 55´ N., 35° 5´ E.

†_Zephathath_ (Valley), Wâdy Safieh, 31° 37´ N., 34° 55´ E.

†_Zereda_, Surdah, 31° 57´ N., 35° 12´ E.

_Ziddim_, Hattîn, 32° 48´ N., 35° 27´ E.

_Ziklag_, probably ’Asluj, 31° 3´ N., 34° 45´ E.

†_Zior_, Si’aîr, 31° 35´ N., 35° 8´ E.

_Ziph_, Tell ez Zîf, 31° 29´ N., 35° 8´ E.

_Ziz_ (Cliff of), Wâdy Hasâsah, 31° 28´ N., 35° 23´ E.

†_Zoar_, Tell esh Shaghûr, 31° 49´ N., 35° 40´ E.

_Zoheleth_ (stone), Zahweileh, 31° 46½´ N., 35° 14´ E.

†_Zophim_ (Field of), Tal’at es Safa, 31° 45´ N., 35° 46´ E.

_Zorah_, Sur’ah, 31° 47´ N., 34° 59´ E.

Out of these 422 names of towns, valleys, mountains, streams, and springs in Palestine mentioned in the Old Testament, and now identified on the ground, those marked †, which amount to 144 in all, were discovered by the present author. The more important are described in the text, with the reasons for their identification.

III.

INDEX OF NEW TESTAMENT SITES IDENTIFIED IN PALESTINE.

_Abilene_, region near Abila, 33° 38´ N., 36° 5´ E.

_Aceldama_, supposed to be Hakk ed Dumm, 30° 46´ N., 35° 13½´ E.

_Ænon_, Ainûn, 32° 11´ N., 35° 21´ E.

_Antipatris_, Râs el ’Ain, 32° 7´ N., 34° 55´ E.

_Azotus_, Esdûd (Ashdod), 31° 45´ N., 34° 39´ E.

†_Bethabara_, Makhadet ’Abârah, 32° 32´ N., 35° 33´ E.

_Bethany_, El ’Azirîyeh, 31° 46´ N., 35° 15´ E.

_Bethesda_ (Pool), probably ’Ain Umm ed Deraj (En Rogel).

_Bethlehem_, Beit Lahm, 32° 42´ N., 35° 11´ E.

_Bethphage_, perhaps Kefr et Tôr on Olivet, 31° 47´ N., 35° 15´ E.

_Bethsaida_, probably Ed Dikkeh, 32° 55´ N., 35° 47´ E.

_Cæsarea_, Kaisârieh, 32° 30´ N., 34° 53´ E.

_Cæsarea Philippi_, Bâniâs, 32° 18´ N., 35° 41´ E.

_Calvary_, _see_ Golgotha.

_Cana of Galilee_, Kefr Kenna, 33° 45´ N., 35° 20´ E.

_Capernaum_, probably Khurbet Minyeh, 32° 52´ N., 35° 32´ E.

_Cedron_ (Brook), Wâdy en Nar (Kidron), 31° 46´ N., 35° 14´ E.

_Chorazin_, Kerâzeh, 32° 55´ N., 35° 34´ E.

_Damascus_, Dimeshk esh Shâm, 33° 32´ N., 36° 18´ E.

_Decapolis_, a region south-east of Sea of Galilee.

†_Emmaus_, probably Khamasah, 31° 43´ N., 35° 6´ E.

_Ephraim_, probably Taiyibeh, 31° 57´ N., 35° 18´ E.

_Gaza_, Ghuzzeh, 31° 30´ N., 34° 27´ E.

_Gennesaret_ (Lake), Bahr Tubarîya, 32° 45´ N., 35° 35´ E.

†_Golgotha_, Hill of Jeremiah’s Grotto, 31° 47¼´ N., 35° 13½´ E.

_Jacob’s Well_, Bîr Y’akûb, 32° 13´ N., 35° 17´ E.

_Jericho_, near Tullûl Abu el ’Aleik, 31° 52´ N., 35° 25´ E.

_Jerusalem_, El Kuds, 31° 47´ N., 35° 13½´ E.

_Joppa_, Yâfa, 32° 3´ N., 34° 45´ E.

_Jordan_, Esh Sherî’ah, 31° 46´ N., 35° 33´ E.

_Lydda_, Ludd, 31° 57´ N., 34° 54´ E.

_Magdala_, Mejdel, 32° 50´ N., 35° 31´ E.

_Nain_, Nein, 32° 38´ N., 35° 20´ E.

_Nazareth_, En Nâsrah, 32° 42´ N., 35° 18´ E.

_Olivet_ (Mount), Jebel ez Zeit, 31° 47´ N., 35° 14½´ E.

_Ptolemais_, ’Akka, 32° 45´ N., 35° 4´ E.

_Salim_, Sâlim, 32° 13´ N., 35° 19´ E.

_Samaria_, Sebustieh, 32° 17´ N., 35° 11´ E.

_Sarepta_, Surafend, 33° 27´ N., 35° 17´ E.

_Saron_, plain north of Jaffa, 32° 30´ N., 35° E.

_Sidon_, Saida, 33° 34´ N., 35° 22´ E.

_Siloam_, Silwân, 31° 46½´ N., 35° 14´ E.

_Siloam_ (Pool), Birket Silwân, west of Siloam village.

_Sychar_, ’Askar, 32° 13´ N., 35° 17´ E.

_Sychem_, Nâblus, 32° 13´ N., 35° 17´ E.

_Tiberias_, Tubarîya, 32° 47´ N., 35° 32´ E.

_Tyre_, Es Sûr, 33° 16´ N., 35° 11´ E.

The more important of these 47 sites are noticed in the text.

INDEX.

The Roman numerals refer to the Maps upon which the localities mentioned will be found.

Latitudes and Longitudes are merely approximate.

Abana, river (33° 32´ N. 36° 20´ E.), 78, 193. I.

Abarah, ford (32° 32´ N. 35° 33´ E.), 74. I.

Abd el Kader, 234.

Abila (Abilene) (32° 32´ N. 35° 33´ E.), 130, 187. I.

Abu Muin Nasir, 8.

Abu Zeid, dish of, 154.

Acre (32° 55´ N. 38° 5´ E.), 92. I.

Adonis, river (34° 5´ N. 35° 40´ E.), 205. V.

Adullam, cave of (31° 40´ N. 35° E.), 49. I.

Adwan Arabs (32° N. 35° 40´ E.), 161, 162, 165.

Afka (34° 8´ N. 35° 52´ E.), 206.

Agriculture in Palestine, 217.

Ahamant, Crus. castle, 107.

Ai (31° 5´ N. 35° 17´ E.)., I.

Aid el Mia (anc. Adullam) (31° 40´ N. 35° E.), 50. I.

Ain el Asy (Aasi) (34° 2´ N. 36° 5´ E.), 192. VII.

Ajlun (32´ 20 N. 35° 45´ E.), 179.

Aleppo (36° 10´ N. 37° 10´ E.), 13.

Alexandretta (36° 33´ N. 36° 10´ E.), 190, 195.

Alphabets, ancient, 173, 203.

Aly Agha, Emir, 104.

Amman. _See_ Rabbath Ammon.

Anderson, Major, 19.

Anazeh Arabs (32° 30´ N. 36° 30´ E.), 141. VII.

Anseiriyeh, mounts of the (35° N. 36° 20´ E.), 191.

Anti-Lebanon, 192. I.

Antioch (36° 11´ N. 36° 10´ E.), 191, 203.

Antoninus Martyr, 5, 94.

Arabs, mode of life, 55;
legends, 162;
customs, 163;
religion, 164;
blood-feuds, 167.

Arculphus, bishop, 6.

Architecture, epochs of, 226.

Armageddon (Megiddo) (32° 28´ N. 35° 27´ E.), 85.

Armstrong, Mr. George, 29, 106.

Ascalon (31° 39´ N. 34° 33´ E.), 47, 48, 50, 51. I.

Ashdod (31° 45´ N. 34° 39´ E.), 50, 202. I.

Assassins, sect of the, 209.

Azotus, same as Ashdod.

Baalbek (34° N. 36° 10´ E.), 135, 192, 203. I.

Baal Hazor (31° 59´ N. 35° 16´ E.), 160. I.

Bamoth Baal (31° 43´ N. 35° 42´ E.), 156.

Banias (31° 15´ N. 35° 41´ E.), 13, 97, 107, 116, 127. I., VI.

Bar Simson, Rabbi, 10.

Bartlett, Mr., 16.

Bashan (32° 45´ N. 36° 15´ E.), 77, 131, 187. I., IV.

Beaufort. _See_ Belfort.

Beauvoir (Belvoir) (32° 33´ N. 35° 30´ E.), 76, 108. VI.

Bedu, plural of bedawi = Arab (nomad).

Beersheba (31° 14´ N. 34° 47´ E.), 32, 36, 52, 53. I.

Beirut (33° 55´ N. 35° 30´ E.), 135, 195. I.

Belfort (Beaufort) (33° 20´ N. 35° 31´ E.), 107. VI.

Belka, El (31° 45´ N. 35° 45´ E.), 137. VII.

Belvoir (Beauvoir) (32° 35´ N. 35° 30´ E.), 107, 108. VI.

Beni Sakhr Arabs (31° 30´ N. 35° 45´ E.), 139. VII.

Benjamin, country of (31° 50´ N. 35° 15´ E.), 31. IV.

Benjamin of Tudela, 10, 33.

Bernard the Wise’s visit to Palestine, 7.

Beth Abarah (32° 32´ N. 35° 33´ E.), 74. I.

Beth Diblathaim (in Southern Moab), 154.

Bethel (31° 56´ N. 35° 14´ E.), 32. I.

Bethesda, pool of, east of Jerusalem, 25, 26.

Bethlehem (31° 41´ N. 35° 12´ E.), 42, 57. I.

Bethsaida (or Julias) (32° 55´ N. 35° 37´ E.), 100

Bethshean (32° 30´ N. 35° 30´ E.), 74. I.

Biblical critics, 237.

Birim, Kefr (33° 3´ N. 34° 56´ E.), 90.

Black, Serjeant, 31.

Blancheward (Blanchegarde) (31° 42´ N. 34° 50´ E.), 107. VI.

Bongars, 9.

Bordeaux pilgrim, 3.

Bosrah (32° 33´ N. 36° 27´ E.), 188. I.

Bozez, cliff of (31° 52´ N. 35° 17´ E.), 32.

Brocquière, Sir B. de la, 13.

Buckingham, 15.

Bukáa (El Bekaa) (33° 45´ N. 35° 50´ E.), 191. I.

Burckhardt, 15.

Buttauf, plain of (32° 50´ N. 35° 20´ E.), 96. I.

Byblos (34° 5´ N. 35° 40´ E.), 191, 195, 199.

Cæsarea (32° 30´ N. 34° 53´ E.), 70. I.

Callirhoe (31° 36´ N. 35° 40´ E.), 143, 161. I.

Calvary, its site, 30. I., inset.

Cana of Galilee (33° 45´ N. 35° 20´ E.), 74, 95. I.

Capernaum (32° 52´ N. 35° 32´ E.), 101. I.

Carchemish (36° 50´ N. 38° E.), 84, 135, 206.

Carmel, Mount (32° 45´ N. 35° E.), 35, 86, 87. I.

Cartulary of Holy Sep. Ch., 10.

Cedron, _See_ Kedron.

Chaplin, Dr., 30.

Chastel Blanc, 107.

Château du Roi (32° 54´ N. 35° 10´ E.), 107.

Château neuf (33° 11´ N. 35° 32´ E.), 107. VI.

Château Pelerin (32° 42´ N. 34° 56´ E.), 108.

Château rouge, 108.

Cherith, brook of (31° 50´ N. 35° 20´ E.), 42. I.

Chorazin (32° 55´ N. 35° 34´ E.), 100. I.

Chosroes, palace of, at Mashita (31° 45´ N. 36° 5´ E.), 177. I.

Churchill, Colonel, 211.

Crocodile River (32° 33´ N. 34° 54´ E.), 70. I.

Cromlechs near Heshbon, 144.

Crusaders’ castles, 106.

Damascus (33° 32´ N. 36° 18´ E.), 131. I.

Dan (33° 15´ N. 35° 39´ E.), 128. I.

Daniel, Abbot, 9.

Darum (31° 23´ N. 34° 20´ E.), 47, 107. VI.

Dead Sea (31° 60´ N. 35° 30´ E.), 43. I.

Debir (31° 25´ N. 34° 58´ E.), 53. I.

Deer (“Yahmur”), 216.

Dervish orders, 125.

Dog River (Nahr el Kelb), (33° 58´ N. 35° 35´ E.), 193. I.

Dolmens, 128, 150.

Dothan (32° 24´ N. 35° 17´ E.), 54. I.

Drake, C. F. Tyrwhitt, 31, 32, 73, 81, 88.

Druzes, 116.

Ebal, mount (32° 15´ N. 35° 16´ E.), 63. I.

Ecdippa (33° 5´ N. 35° 6´ E.), 110. V.

Ekron (31° 51´ N. 34° 48´ E.), I.

Elah, valley of (31° 42´ N. 34° 55´ E.), 49. I.

Eleutheropolis (31° 37´ N. 34° 54´ E.), 50. V.

Eleutherus river (34° 38´ N. 35° 58´ E.), 71, 135, 191. V.

Elisha’s Fountain near Jericho (31° 52´ N. 35° 26´ E.), 42.

Elusa (31° 3´ N. 34° 40´ E.), 57. I.

Emesa or Hemesa, mod. Homs (34° 43´ N. 36° 40´ E.), 13,
135, 136, 204, 212. V.

Engedi (31° 28´ N. 35° 23´ E.), 38. I.

En Rogel (Virgin’s Fountain), (31° 46´ N. 35° 14´ E.), 26.

Ernuald, château (31° 22´ N. 35° 5´ E.), 107.

Ernoul, chronicle, 11.

Esdraelon or Jezreel, plain (32° 33´ N. 35° 19´ E.), 71, 86. I.

Eshtaol (31° 47´ N. 35° E.), 49.

Etam, rock (31° 44´ N. 35° 3´ E.), 49.

Esh el Ghurab, in Jordan valley, 73.

Ethnology of Palestine, 228.

Eusebius, Onomasticon, 3.

Fabri, Felix, 14.

Fellahin of Palestine, 61.

Fergusson, Mr., 177.

Fusail, Wady (Phasaelis), (32° 5´ N. 35° 30´ E.), 79.

Gadara (32° 41´ N. 35° 42´ E.), 77. I.

Galilee, Sea of (32° 50´ N. 35° 35´ E.), 98. I.

Gamala (32° 45´ N. 35° 33´ E.), 100.

Ganneau, Clermont, 49.

Gath (31° 42´ N. 34° 50´ E.), 50. I.

Gaza (31° 30´ N. 34° 27´ E.), 50, 51, 115. I.

Gebal or Byblos, 199.

Genesis, Book of, 239.

Geological notes, 77, 214.

Gerar (31° 24´ N. 34° 26´ E.), 52. I.

Gerasa (32° 17´ N. 35° 55´ E.), 179. I.

Gerizim, Mount (32° 12´ N. 35° 16´ E.), 63, 70, 173. I.

Gezer (31° 51´ N. 34° 55´ E.), 115.

Gibeon (31° 51´ N. 35° 11´ E.), 233. I.

Gibilin, castle (31° 37´ N. 34° 55´ E.), 107, 108.

Gilboa (32° 28´ N. 35° 25´ E.), 85. I.

Gilead (32° 15´ N. 35° 45´ E.), 171. IV.

Gilgal (51° 51´ N. 35° 29´ E.), 43. I.

Girdlestone, Rev. R. B., 180.

Goblan en Nimr, Sheikh, 138, 141, 165.

Golgotha. _See_ Calvary.

Gordon, General, 30, 37.

Gotapata (32° 50´ N. 35° 17´ E.), 102. V.

Graham, Cyril, 188.

Greeks in Palestine, 8, 174.

Guthe, Dr., 27.

Hadanieh (31° 45´ N. 35° 45´ S.), 153.

Hamam, Wady (32° 50´ N. 35° 30´ E.), 99.

Hamath (35° 8´ N. 36° 42´ E.), 137, 200.

Hammath (32° 46´ N. 35° 33´ E.), 77, 100. I.

Hammon (33° 7´ N. 35° 10´ E.), 110.

Haris, Kefr (32° 7´ N. 35° 9´ E.), 70.

Hasbany, river, Upper Jordan (33° 20´ N. 35° 35´ E.), 116. I.

Hasbeya (33° 25´ N. 35° 40´ E.), 127. I.

Hatta (32° 7´ N. 34° 57´ E.), 51.

Hattin (32° 48´ N. 35° 25´ E.), 92, 96. VI.

Hauran (32° 45´ N. 35° 25´ E.), 188. I.

Hebron (31° 32´ N. 35° 6´ E.), 32, 41. I.

Heitat, 211.

Heliopolis. _See_ Baalbek.

Hermon (33° 24´ N. 35° 47´ E.), 73, 116, 127, 129. I.

Heshbon (31° 48´ N. 35° 48´ E.), 141, 157.

Hezekiah’s “waterworks” at Jerusalem, 26, 28. I., inset.

Hieroglyphics, Hittite, 240.

Hieromax. _See_ Jabbok.

Hippos, mod. Susieh (32° 43´ N. 35° 37´ E.), 20, 100, 187. I.

Hittites, 51, 54, 115, 135, 197, 198 (portraits), 241.

Hivites of Shechem, 54.

Homs, anc. Emesa (34° 43´ N. 36° 40´ E.), 13, 135, 136, 204, 212. VI.

Hospitallers, their castles, 108.

Huleh, lake (33° 4´ N. 35° 37´ E.), 107, 129. I.

Hull, Prof., 20, 215, 220.

Ibelin, castle (31° 52´ N. 34° 44´ E.), 107. VI.

Inscriptions, early, 173, 180, 186, 188, 199, 202.
_See_ also Moabite stone, Siloam.

Irby and Mangles, 15.

Islam in Palestine, 122, 231.

Ismailiyeh, sect of the, 119.

Jabbok or Hieromax (32° N. 35° 32´ E.), 72. I.

Jacob’s ford (33° 1´ N. 35° 37´ E.), 107. VI.

Jacob’s Well (32° 13´ N. 35° 17´ E.), 63.

Jaffa (32° 3´ N. 34° 45´ E.), 22. I.

Jahalin Arabs (31° 10´ N. 35° 15´ E.), 38. VII.

Jamnia (31° 51´ N. 34° 44´ E.), 90, I.

Jaulan (32° 55´ N. 35° 45´ E.), 99, 186. I.

Jeba (31° 51´ N. 35° 45´ E.), 155.

Jenin (32° 28´ N. 35° 18´ E.), 15. I.

Jericho (31° 52´ N. 35° 27´ E.), 35, 42. I.

Jerusalem (31° 47´ N. 35° 14´ E.), 21;
Temple of Herod, 24, 246;
Antonia citadel, 25;
Holy Sepulchre, 243;
Bethesda, 25. I., inset.

Jeshanah (31° 58´ N. 35° 17´ E.), 88.

Jeshimon or desert of Judah (q.v.).

Jezreel or Esdraelon (32° 33´ N. 35° 19´ E.), 71, 74, 86, 88, 92. I.

Jideid, Wady (31° 45´ N. 35° 45´ E.), 142.

Job, Book of, 237.

Johnson, J. A., 200.

Joinville, 12.

Jordan (source, 33° 27´ N. 35° 42´ E.), 71, 116.

Jordan valley canal, 77.

Josephus, the historian, 2, 102, 193, 246.

Joshua’s tomb, (32° 7´ N. 35° 9´ E.), 70.

Judah, desert of, or Jeshimon (31° 30´ N. 35° 18´ E.), 35, 41, 160. I.

Judas Maccabæus, 46.

Julias. _See_ Bethsaida.

Kadesh (34° 28´ N. 36° 30´ E.), 71, 135, 198. IV.

Kanah village (33° 12´ N. 35° 18´ E.), 110. I.

Kedron. _See_ Kidron.

Kefr (Arabic) = village. _See_ Kefr Haris, &c.

Kelt or Cherith, brook (31° 50´ N. 35° 20´ E.), 42, 45. I.

Kerak, anc. Tarichæa (32° 43´ N. 35° 34´ E.)., 99. V.

Kerak, anc. Kir Moab (31° 10´ N. 35° 45´ E.).[, 41. I.

Kheta. _See_ Hittites.

Kidron, brook (31° 46´ N. 35° 14´ E.), 26. I., inset.

Kir Moab. _See_ Kerak.

Kishon, river, (32° 49´ N. 35° 2´ E.), 92. I.

Kitchener, Lieut., 83, 105.

Kokaba (33° 26´ N. 36° 10´ E.), 20, 187. I.

Kom Yajuz (32° 2´ N. 35° 56´ E.), 154.

Krak des Chevaliers, mod. Kala’t el Hosn (34° 45´ N.
36° 17´ E.), 107, 108, 109, 193, 212. VI.

Kud, Kefr (32° 35´ N. 35° 10´ E.), 15.

Kuleib or Kleb, Jebel (32° 36´ N. 36° 37´ E.), 188. I.

Kurn Sartaba. _See_ Sartaba.

Kusr Hajlah (31° 48´ N. 35° 28´ E.), 44.

Landberg, Mr. C., 243.

Languages of Palestine, 60.

Latakia (35° 30´ N. 35° 48´ E.)

Litani, river (33° 20´ N. 35° 15´ E.), 131, 191. I.

Lebanon, 131, 191. I.;
cedars of, 208.

Legends, Arab, 162.

Legio (32° 35´ N. 35° 10´ E.), 84. V.

Lejah (33° 5´ N. 35° 20´ E.), 186. I.

Lewis, Prof. Hayter, 245, 247.

Lynch, 16.

Magdala (32° 50´ N. 35° 31´ E.), 91, 100. I.

Maimonides, 96.

Majuma (31° 31´ N. 34° 25´ E.), 50. V.

Maleh, Wady (32° 22´ N. 35° 33´ E.), 76, 78.

Mandeville, Sir John, 13.

Mantell, Lieut., 27, 111, 135, 138, 154.

Mareighat, el (31° 39´ N. 35° 42´ E.), 147.

Margat, castle (35° 9´ N. 35° 58´ E.), 108.

Mar Marrina, near Tripolis, on coast, 45.

Maronites, 120.

Marsaba monastery (St. Saba), (31° 42´ N. 35° 20´ E.), 37. VI.

Masada (mod. Sebbeh), (31° 19´ N. 35° 22´ E.), (siege by the Romans), 39. I.

Mashita (palace of Chosroes), (31° 45´ N. 36° 5´ E.), 177. I.

Maundrell, 15.

Medeba (31° 42´ N. 35° 48´ E.), 157. I.

Megiddo (mod. Mujedda), (32° 28´ N. 35° 28´ E.), 83, 85. I.

Meirun (in Galilee), (33° N. 35° 27´ E.), 106.

Mejr ed Din, 14.

Merash (N. Syria), (37° 33´ N. 36° 53´ E.), 110.

Michmash (31° 53´ N. 35° 17´ E.), 32. I.

Mirabel, castle (32° 7´ N. 34° 55´ E.), 107. VI.

Moab (31° 20´ N. 35° 43´ E.), 134. I.

Moabite stone, 145, 157.

Modin (mod. Medyeh), (31° 56´ N. 34° 59´ E.), 47.

Mont Ferrand (34° 53´ N. 36° 25´ E.), 107.

Montfort (mod. el Kurein), (33° 3´ N. 35° 12´ E.), 107. VI.

Montreal (30° 27´ N. 35° 37´ E.), 107.

Moreh, plain of (E. of Shechem), 63.

Nablus (anc. Shechem), (32° 13´ N. 35° 15´ E.), 59. I.

Nain, view of (32° 38´ N. 35° 20´ E.), 93. I.

Naphtali, mts. of (33° N. 35° 30´ E.), 83. IV.

Nazareth (32° 42´ N. 35° 18´ E.), 94. I.

Nebi Dhahy (32° 37´ N. 35° 20´ E.), 86.

Nebi Samwil (31° 50´ N. 35° 10´ E.), 160. I.

Nebo, Mount (31° 46´ N. 35° 45´ E.), 154, 157. I.

Negeb, plain (31° N. 34° 45´ E.), 52. I.

Nehaliel (mod Zerka Main), (31° 36´ N. 35° 34´ E.), 161. I.

Neubauer, 100.

Nuseir Arabs (32° N. 35° 30´ E.), 42. VII.

Orontes, river (mouth 36° 3´ N. 36° E.), 191.

Ortelius, map of, 14.

Osha, Jebel (32° 5´ N. 35° 42´ E.), 160. I.

Palestine Exploration Fund, 19, 23.

Palmer, Prof., 220.

Palmyra (34° 40´ N. 38° 5´ E.), 205.

Paula’s Travels, 4.

Pelerin, Mont (near Tripolis), 107.

Pella (32° 29´ N. 35° 37´ E.), 76. I.

Peretié, M., 191.

Petra (30° 16´ N. 35° 33´ E.), 146.

Peutinger’s Table, 4.

Phasaelis (mod. Fusail), (32° 5´ N. 35° 30´ E.), 79. I.

Philadelphia (mod. Amman), 171. I.

Philistia (31° 30´ N. 34° 30´ E.), 35, 36, 50. IV.

Phœnicia, 109.

Phœnician Antiquities, 118.

Phocas, John, 9.

Pisgah (31° 46´ N. 35° 43´ E.), 154. I.

Poloner, John, 14.

Porter, 16.

“Poulains,” 229.

Procopius (in Palestine), 5.

Ptolemy’s map of Palestine, 2.

Quarantania (31° 52´ N. 35° 22´ E.),
160. VII.

Rabbath Ammon (mod. Amman), (31° 57´ N. 35° 56´ E.), 143, 154, 171, 175. I.

Rakkath (32° 47´ N. 35° 32´ E.), 100.

Ramadan, fast, 56.

Ramoth Gilead (32° 16´ N. 35° 50´ E.), 185. I.

Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 241.

Raymond of Tripolis, 97.

Rehoboth (30° 59´ N. 34° 34´ E.), 52. I.

Reimun (32° 16´ N. 35° 50´ E.), 185. I.

Rénan, M., 110, 191.

Renaud of Chatillon, 98.

Rey, M. E., 107, 109.

Richard Lion-heart, 11, 47.

Robinson, Dr. (portrait), 16, 27, 30, 95, 101.

Rubud (32° 22´ N. 35° 38´ E.), 185. VI.

Russian monastery at Kusr Hajleh (31° 48´ N. 35° 28´ E.), 44.

Sabbatic river (34° 40´ N. 36° 20´ E.), 192, 193.

Sæwulf’s pilgrimage, 9.

Safed (32° 58´ N. 35° 30´ E.), 77, 92, 104. I.

St. John of Chozeboth (31° 50´ N. 35° 32´ E.), 45. V.

Salt, es (32° 2´ N. 35° 44´ E.), 185. I.

Samaria (32° 17´ N. 35° 11´ E.), 59, 67. I.

Samaritans, sect of, 64.

Sambation. _See_ Sabbatic.

Samson’s exploits, 49.

Sannin, Jebel (33° 58´ N. 35° 50´ E.), 132. I.

Sanuto, Marino, 12.

Saone (castle in N. Syria), 107.

Sartaba, Kurn (or Surtubeh), (32° 7´ N. 35° 26´ E.), 43, 68, 69. I.

Sardenay (33° 42´ N. 36° 20´ E.), 210. VI.

Saron. _See_ Sharon.

Saulcy, M. de, 16.

Sayce, Professor, 27.

Schick, Konrad, 20.

Schumacher, G., 20, 100, 187.

Seetzen, 15.

Seffurieh (32° 45´ N. 35° 16´ E.), 92. I.

Seleucia (36° 9´ N. 35° 57´ E.), 191, 196.

Sepphoris (mod. Seffurieh), 92, 97. V.

Sepulchres and tombs, 176, 225.

Shabatuna, Hittite city near Sabbatic river, 198.

Sharon, plain of (32° 30´ N. 34° 55´ E.), 35, 48, 70. I.

Shechem (mod. Nablus), (32° 13´ N. 35° 15´ E.), 31, 59, 63, 64. I.

Shems-ed-din el Mukkadasi, 7.

Shephelah (31° 40´ N. 34° 55´ E.), 35, 36, 46. I.

Shittim, plain of (31° 50´ N. 35° 35´ E.), 141. I.

Shunem (32° 36´ N. 35° 20´ E.), 93. I.

Sidon (33° 34´ N. 35° 22´ E.), 113. I.

Siloam (31° 46´ N. 35° 14´ E.), pool, 27;
inscription, 26, 28. I., inset.

Simon the Stylite, 207.

Sinnabris (32° 44´ N. 35° 33´ E.), 100. V.

Sipylus, Mount, North of Homs, 198.

Solomon, Song of, 238.

Sorek, Valley of (31° 56´ N. 34° 42´ E.), 49. I.

Stewart, Capt., 31.

Stone monuments, 106, 128, 143, 150, 175;
comp. Dolmen, Cromlech.

Survey work, 59, 80.

Susieh. _See_ Hippos.

Sychar (mod. Askar), 32° 13´ N. 35° 17´ E.), 63. I.

Taamireh tribe (31° 35´ N. 35° 15´ E.), 38. VII.

Taanach (32° 31´ N. 35° 13´ E.), 84. IV.

Tabor, Mount (32° 41´ N. 35° 23´ E.), 85, 86, 87.

Tadmor (Palmyra), (34° 40´ N. 38° 5´ E.), 205.

Taphilah (Tophel), (30° 50´ N. 35° 37´ E.), 107. I.

Taricheœ, mod. Kerak (32° 43´ N. 35° 34´ E.), 100. V.

Taiyibeh (31° 57´ N. 35° 18´ E.).

Templars, Knight, 97;
their castles, 107.

Theodorus on Palestine, 5.

Thomson, 16.

Tiberias or Rakkath (32° 47´ N. 35° 32´ E.), 90, 97, 100. I.

Tibneh (32° 30´ N. 35° 45´ E.), 185. I.

Töbler, 15.

Tombs, ancient, 176, 225.

Toron, now Tibnin (33° 10´ N. 35° 20´ E.), 106. VI.

Tortosa (34° 54´ N. 35° 53´ E.), 210;
castle 108.

Tripoli (34° 27´ N. 35° 40´ E.), 194. V., VI., VII.

Tristram, Dr., 162, 177, 216, 220.

Tunep, mod. Tennib, 197.

Turkomans in Palestine, 71, 136.

Tyre (33° 16´ N. 35° 12´ E.), 111. I.

Tyrus, mod. Arak el Emir (31° 52´ N. 35° 43´ E.), 171. V.

Umm el Amed (33° 8´ N. 35° 9´ E.), 110.

Umm ez Zeinat (32° 39´ N. 35° 4´ E.), 89.

Velde, Van de, 16.

Vinsauf, Geoffrey de, 11, 47.

Vogüé, M. de, 9, 16 172, 180, 187, 190.

Volcanic action, 77.

Volcanic outbreaks on Carmel, 215.

Waddington, 17.

Warren, Sir C., 18, 23, 24, 27, 138, 180.

William of Tyre, 8.

Willibald, St., 6.

Wilson, Sir C. W., 17, 23, 27, 33, 72, 100, 102.

Yermuk, river (32° 38´ N. 35° 34´ E.), 189. I.

Yukin of the Kenites (31° 30´ N. 35° 9´ E.), 160.

Zerka Main (anc. Callirhoe), 160.

Zophim, field of (31° 45´ N. 35° 46´ E.), 159.

Zoreah, Zareah or Zorah (31° 47´ N. 34° 59´ E.), 49.

PHYSICAL.]

GEOLOGICAL.]

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The latitudes and longitudes given by Ptolemy (see Reland’s _Palestina Illustrata_, p. 456-466) are not reliable. Those nearest the coast are the most correct; those farther east are very wild. The little sketch given above sufficiently illustrates this.

[2] Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. V., translated by Aubrey Stewart, M.A., annotated by Sir C. W. Wilson.

[3] Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. II., translated by Aubrey Stewart, M.A., 1887.

[4] See the Latin edition of Töbler. These are not yet published in English translation.

[5] Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. III., annotated by Professor Hayter Lewis.

[6] Ibid., No. I., translated by Aubrey Stewart, M.A., annotated by Sir C. W. Wilson.

[7] Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. X., translated and annotated by Rev. J. R. Macpherson, B.D.

[8] See Early Travels in Palestine, Bohn’s Series.

[9] See Early Travels in Palestine, Bohn’s Series.

[10] Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. IV., “El Mukaddasi,” translated by Mr. Guy Le Strange, 1886; No. IX., “Nâsir i Khusrau,” by the same translator, 1888.

[11] These works, with Jaques de Vitray (1220 A.D.) and Marino Sanuto (1321 A.D.), I studied in the great collection of Latin Chronicles, also containing William of Tyre, by Bongars, called _Gesta Dei per Francos_, Hanover, 1611.

[12] See Early Travels in Palestine, Bohn’s Series.

[13] Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. VI., annotated by Sir C. W. Wilson.

[14] Fetellus in Latin is given by De Vogüé, _Églises de la Terre Sainte_, p. 410. This account was republished by Leo Allatius, under the name of Eugesippus, in the thirteenth century. He dates it 1040, but the true date appears to be 1151-57 A.D.

[15] See the Latin version, Töbler’s edition. Neither are yet published in English.

[16] Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, No. XI., translated by Aubrey Stewart, M.A. This, like Fetellus, was recovered in MS. by Leo Allatius.

[17] _Cartulaire de l’Église du S.S. de Jerusalem_, E. de Rosière, Paris, 1849.

[18] See E. Rey’s _Colonies Franques de Syrie_, Paris, 1883. The work, however, remains to be further perfected by aid of the Survey map. I find some 700 places mentioned in all in Western Palestine.

[19] Early Travels in Palestine, Bohn’s Series.

[20] E. Carmoly, _Itinéraires de La Terre Sainte_, Paris, 1847.