Chapter II: Present Condition and Progress

During the first four years of their sojourn in the Indian Territory the condition of the Pawnees was most miserable.

They had left the high, dry, sandy country of the Loup, and come south into the more fertile, but also more humid country of the Indian Territory, where they found a region entirely different from that to which they had been accustomed. Soon after their settlement on their new reservation, they were attacked by fever and ague, a disease which had been unknown to them in their northern home, and many of them died, while all were so weakened by disease and so discouraged by homesickness that their nature seemed wholly changed. They lost their old spirit and their energy, and were possessed only by a desire to return to their northern home. This was, of course, impossible, since their old reservation had been thrown open to settlement, and in part occupied by the whites. During the first ten years of their sojourn in the Territory more than one of the agents appointed to look after the Pawnees were either incompetent or dishonest, so that the people suffered from lack of food, and some of them even starved to death. They were miserably poor, for they did not know how to work, and no one tried to encourage or help them to do so. The few horses which they had were stolen from them by white horse thieves, and they were now in a country and under conditions where they could not practice their old war methods. The tribes against which their expeditions had once been made were now their neighbors and their friends.

When Major North and his brother Luther visited the agency in 1876, to enlist scouts for General Crook's northern campaign, they found the Pawnees in a pitiable condition. They were without food, without clothing, without arms and without horses. Their sole covering consisted of cotton sheets, which afforded no protection against cold and wet. It is not strange that under such circumstances the people died off fast. At this time Major North had orders to enlist only one hundred scouts, but he was greatly perplexed in selecting his men, for four hundred wanted to go with him. Every able-bodied man in the tribe, and many who were not able-bodied, tried to get their names on the muster roll. Each man, at any cost, sought to get away from the suffering of his present life; from the fever that made him quake, the chill that caused him to shiver, and above all from the deadly monotony of the reservation life. After Major North had enlisted his quota of men and started with them on his way north, more than a hundred others followed him on foot to Arkansas City, in the hope that he could be persuaded to increase his force, or else that some of those enlisted would drop out through sickness, and there might be room for others.

The wretched condition of the Pawnees continued up to about 1884 or 1885. Before this time the people had become in a measure acclimated in their new home, and had come to realize that it was absolutely necessary for them to go to work if the tribe was to continue to exist. They began to work; at first only a few, but gradually many, of the Skidi, and then the Chau-i and the Kit-ke-hahk´-i. Presently a point was reached where it was no longer necessary to issue them Government rations. They raised enough on their farms to support themselves. Each year of late they have done better and better. A drought one season, and a cyclone another, destroyed their crops, but, undiscouraged and undaunted, they push ahead, striving earnestly to become like white men. The Pita-hau-erats are the least progressive of the four bands, and many of them still live in dirt lodges, and cultivate patches of corn scarcely larger than those tilled in their old villages; but as the other bands advance, and as the results of manual labor are seen and understood by those who are more idle, they, too, will catch the spirit of progress, and will lay hold of the plow.

Last March, as I drove along toward the agency, and as we came in sight of Black Bear Creek, I was surprised to see what looked like good farm houses dotting the distant bottom. A nearer view and a closer investigation showed me that the most well-to-do of the Pawnees live in houses as good as those of many a New England land owner, and very much better than those inhabited by new settlers in the farther West. Many of them have considerable farms under fence, a barn, a garden in which vegetables are raised, and a peach orchard. They realize that as yet they are only beginning, but to me, who knew them in their old barbaric condition, their progress seems a marvel. Nowadays by far the greater number of the Pawnees wear civilized clothing, ride in wagons, and send their children to the agency school. They are making rapid strides toward civilization, just such progress as might be expected from the intelligent and courageous people that they are and always have been.

The Pawnees receive from the Government a perpetual annuity of thirty thousand dollars, of which one-half is paid in money, and one-half in goods. Besides this they have a credit with the Government of about two hundred and eighty thousand dollars (the proceeds of the sale of their old reservation in Nebraska), on which they receive interest; and for some years past they have leased to cattlemen about one hundred and twenty-five thousand acres of their reservation, for which they receive about three thousand eight hundred dollars per annum. It will thus be seen that in addition to the crops which they raise, the tribe is fairly well provided with money. While a considerable part of this is, of course, wasted, being spent for trifles and for luxuries, it is nevertheless the fact that a certain proportion of it is invested by the Indians in tools, farming implements, and in furniture. Three years ago the Indians merely dropped their corn into the furrow, while some planted with a hoe. There was then only one corn-planter on the reservation. Now there are thirteen of these implements of improved pattern, bought by the Indians, and paid for with their own money. Reapers and mowers belong to the Indian Department, and are loaned, not issued, and these pass round from one family to another. Within the last four years one hundred breaking and stirring plows have been issued, and one hundred and five double shovel cultivators. Eighty wagons and one hundred and fifty sets of harness have been issued in the same length of time. Besides these, eight two-horse cultivators are loaned them by the Government.

The Pawnees seem to be saving up their money to put into farming implements, and they are looking ahead. Two-thirds of the houses built in the last three years have been built by the Chau-i, who are pushing the Skidi hard in their advance toward civilization.

The following table, taken from the official papers of the Indian Bureau, gives some statistics as to the progress made by the Pawnees during the last three years:

1885. 1886. 1887. 1888.

Number of Indians 1,045 998 918 869

Number of male Indians .... 483 414 ....

Number of female Indians .... 515 504 ....

Number speaking English .... 289 .... 225

Number can read (youths) .... 100 90 100

Number can read (adults) .... 58 60 75

Number wearing citizen's
dress wholly .... 300 350 200

Number wearing citizen's
dress in part .... 400 450 600

Number doing some farming .... 324 400 *125

Number having other
civilized work .... 5 6 *7

Number of births .... 28 45 54

Number of deaths .... 77 125 106

Houses occupied by
Indians .... 61 82 98

Proportion of Indians
self-supporting .... 2/3 1/2 2/3

_Farming operations--_

Number of acres cultivated
by Indians 971 1,360 2,094 2,560

Number of acres broken by
Indians .... 67 310 340

Number of acres under
fence 400 1,597 2,597 5,200

Number of rods fencing put
up during year 200 4,435 2,181 2,975

_Produce raised by Indians--_

Number bushels of wheat 1,177 1,273 5,000 2,500

Number bushels of corn,
estimated 35,000 26,120 30,000 60,000

Number bushels of oats 969 .... 640 2,300

Est.
Number bushels of potatoes 100 100 2,500 ....

Number bushels of onions 10 50 100 150

Number bushels of beans 300 .... 500 750

Number of melons 5,225 50,000 50,000 ....

Number of pumpkins 3,000 5,000 .... ....

Number tons of hay 500 .... 600 800

_Live stock owned by Indians--_

Horses, estimated .... 1,200 1,400 1,500

Mules, estimated 15 20 20 25

Cattle, estimated 300 380 575 500

Hogs, estimated 100 .... 200 ....

Fowls, estimated 200 2,500 2,500 3,000

* Families.

Twelve allotments of land made 1888. Whole number allotments
to date (1888), 175. In 1885 Indians sawed 50,050 feet of
lumber, and cut 126 cords of wood.

In 1886 the Indians hauled 83,814 pounds of freight, for
which they were paid $541.54.

During the year 1888 three Indian apprentices learned a
trade.

Besides the crops raised, the Indians during 1888 sawed
50,000 feet of lumber, and cut 300 cords of wood.

In 1886 a severe cyclone and hail storm destroyed the growing
crops, and in 1887 a prolonged drought again ruined them.
During these two years it was necessary to issue to the
Indians half rations and one-third rations respectively. This
year (1888-89) no rations have been issued.

As will be seen by these figures, corn is the principal crop raised by the Pawnees, and a large part of the surplus beyond their own wants is sold at from twenty-five to fifty cents a bushel to the dealers in Arkansas City, or to the cattlemen in the neighborhood. The Pawnees have as yet few cattle, their old meat-eating habits have not yet been overcome, and there is a tendency among them to eat any cattle they may obtain rather than to use them for breeding purposes. They ought to be encouraged to keep cattle, to which they could feed their corn, and in this way obtain a better return for their labor than is yielded by the direct sale of the grain. They are fairly well provided with horses, but most of these are small, and of the old-fashioned Indian pony type. They should be encouraged to raise a better class of horses, and at least two well bred heavy stallions should be kept by the Government at Pawnee for Indian use. There is one now at Ponca, thirty-five miles away, but the Pawnees will not take their mares so far.

Much of the improvement in the condition of the Pawnees has taken place within the last three years, and much of it has been due, as I believe, to the wisdom and judgment of Major Osborne, their agent, and to the Messrs. McKenzie, who have for three years or more been the clerks directly in charge of these people. These gentlemen appear to have been honest and firm, and yet helpful in their treatment of the people under their charge, and the results of their administration show for themselves, and are something in which these officials may feel a just pride.

Few and rapidly diminishing in numbers as are the Pawnee people, I have yet confidence that by the innate strength of their character their decline may be checked, and their race may rise again. It can never do so in its old purity. It must take to itself fresh blood from other stocks, and thus renew its vitality. What I hope for the Pawnee, to-day and in the future, is that the native vigor of the race, the strong heart and singleness of purpose, which in ancient times led the wild brave to success on his warpath, and gave his tribe so high a place among the savage warriors of the plains, may now be exercised in the pursuits of peace; and that the same qualities may give to these earnest toilers, as they tread new paths, strength, courage and endurance to hold a front rank among those Indians, who, to-day so far behind, are nevertheless resolutely setting their steps toward a place with civilized people.

But whatever the fate of the Pawnee people--whether, like so many other native stocks, it shall dwindle away and disappear, leaving behind it no reminder of its existence, or whether its native force shall enable it under its new conditions to survive and make some mark--we may remember it always as a race of strong, brave people, whose good qualities are deserving of more than a passing tribute.

* * * * *

It was the last day of my stay at the Pawnee agency. I had seen many an old friend; had laughed and joked with some over incidents of former years, and with others had mourned over brave warriors or wise old men who were no longer with us. My visit had been full of pleasure, and yet full of pain. When I had first known the tribe it numbered more than three thousand people, now there are only a little more than eight hundred of them. The evidences of their progress toward civilization are cheering. They are now self-supporting. They no longer die of hunger. But the character of the people has changed. In the old barbaric days they were light-hearted, merry, makers of jokes, keenly alive to the humorous side of life. Now they are serious, grave, little disposed to laugh. Then they were like children without a care. Now they are like men, on whom the anxieties of life weigh heavily. Civilization, bringing with it some measure of material prosperity, has also brought to these people care, responsibility, repression. No doubt it is best, and it is inevitable, but it is sad, too.

It was my last day, and I was again sitting with Eagle Chief, telling him that the time had come for me to go. He said, "Ah, my son, I like to see you here. I like to sit with you, and to talk over the old times. My heart is sick when I think that you are going away, and that we may never see each other any more. But," he added, solemnly, "it may be that _Ti-ra´-wa_ will be good to us, and will let us live a long time until we are very old, and then some day we may meet again."

INDEX.

Agriculture in the old times, 253;
present, 401.

Animals, sacred character of, 17;
see also Nahu´rac.

Antelope and deer, story of, 204.

Apaches, 392.

Arapahoes, 47, 323 _et seq._

Arickaras, Arickarees, 159, 218, 229, 231, 239.

Arkansas, Pawnees in, 229.

Arms, 263.

Arrows, 205, 264, 282.

Arrow heads of stone, 249, 251, 253, 352, 365;
of bone and horn, 252;
of sheet-iron, 252, 377.

A-ti´-us, 198 _et seq._

Auger, General, 325.

Ax, 66.

Baby on board, 141.

Battles, mode of fighting, 312.

Bear Chief, 20, 141, 225, 235, 252, 363.

Bear dance, origin of, 128.

Bear Man, story of, 121.

Bear's-eyes, 241.

Big Knife, 141.

Big Shields, 235.

Blackfoot story of deer and antelope, 205.

Bone implements, 170, 254.

Bows, 205, 264, 282.

Boy who saw A-ti´-us, 195.

Boy who was Sacrificed, 161.

Buffalo, hunting, 135 _et seq._, 249;
summer hunt, 270.

Buffalo staves, 271, 277.

Bundles, sacred, 351, 360, 364, 371.

Burnt offerings, 361;
see sacrifices.

Caddos, 218, 222, 228.

Captive, sacrifice of, 362.

Carr, General, 325.

Cedar tree, 126.

Ceremonies, of the hunt, 272;
religious, 360.

Chau-i, 215 _et seq._, 233, 241, 260, 400.

Cheyenne Blanket, A, 76.

Cheyennes, 39, 48, 64, 65, 74, 76, 190, 246, 266, 307, 309, 323
_et seq._

Chief, office of, 260.

Clothing, 257, 262.

Comanche Chief, 25.

Comanches, 25-44, 49, 65, 83, 186, 246, 307, 392.

Cooper's Indian characters, 13.

Corn, origin, 254, 356;
sacred character, 254, 256.

Corn dance, 369.

Counting _coup_, 47, 93, 179, 188, 366, 367.

Court House Rock, 67, 88.

Crier, 163.

Crook, General, 325, 399.

Crooked Hand, 317.

Crows, 307.

Curly Chief, 20, 235, 257, 347, 369.

Customs, 249.

Cyclones, 361, 404.

Dakotas, 307, 309.

Dances, 190, 369, 387.

Dancing, 192.

Deer, chase of, 251;
and antelope, story of, 204.

Deer dance, origin of, 190.

Dishes, 256.

Dog as beast of burden, 265.

Doctors, 98, 99, 350, 374.

Dress, 262.

Dull Knife, 74.

Dun Horse, The, 87.

Dunbar, John B., 19, 212, 213.

Eagle Chief, 5, 20, 363, 408.

Elk, chase of, 251.

Elk Left Behind, 383.

Emory, General, 325.

Enemies, 303.

Faith, Story of, 98.

Farms and Farming, 401.

Fire-sticks, 203, 257, 259.

Fleshers, 170.

Flint stones, 252.

Flood, tradition of, 356.

Food as pledge of hospitality, 59.

Fremont, General John C., 329.

Future life, belief in, 356.

Ghost Bride, The, 191.

Ghost Wife, The, 129.

Ghosts, belief in, 356, 357.

Giants, tradition of, 354.

Good Chief, 20, 217.

Government, form of, 260.

Grand Pawnees, 216, 240.

Guide Rock, 359.

Hair, mode of wearing, 25, 239, 243, 263.

Head chief, office of, 260.

High priestship, 353.

Hoes of bone, 255.

Horses, 249, 265, 398;
stealing, 15.

Houses, ancient, 266;
modern, 400.

Hunting methods, early, 269;
see buffalo hunting.

Huecos, 218, 227.

Indian character, 11-15.

Indian Territory, removal to, 389.

Jackson, Mrs., her "Ramona," 12;
"Century of Dishonor," 397.

Kansas, 307.

Ka´wis, 148, 291.

Kaws, 308, 392.

Keechies, 218, 227, 228.

Kiowas, 49, 65, 307, 309, 323 _et seq._, 392.

Kiri-kur´-uks, 241.

Kit-ke-hahk´-i, 215, 241, 400.

Kitz-a-witz-ük Nahu´rac lodge, 165, 358.

Knives, 75, 120;
of flint, 249, 352;
scabbard, 75.

Kut-a´wi-kutz, story of, 25.

Language, 21, 212.

Lariats, 257.

Leader of Soldiers, 74.

Left Hand, 391.

Lipans, 41, 218 _et seq._, 227, 231.

Little Warrior, 70.

Little Warrior's Counsel, 79.

Lodges, 194, 266, 349.

Lone Chief, the Kit-ke-hahk´-i, story of, 45;
removal to Indian Territory, 391 _et seq._

Lone Chief, the Skidi, 160, 396, 397.

Lone Tree Nahu´rac lodge, 112.

Louisiana, Pawnees in, 227, 228.

Loup River Nahu´rac lodge, 112.

Mackenzie, General, 74, 325, 332.

McKenzie, Messrs., 406.

McKinney, Lieutenant, 74.

Magic, 375.

Man who Called the Buffalo, 132.

Mats, 257.

Medicine, 374.

Medicine men, 350, 374.

Mexico, Pawnees in, 224.

Mystery, 375.

Nahu´rac, 18, 102 _et seq._, 122, 147, 154, 164 _et seq._;
lodges, 104 _et seq._, 165, 358;
messenger bird of, 105, 164.

Names of the tribe, 239;
of the Skidi bands, 237;
personal, 241, 242;
changing, 329.

Nebraska, the home of the Pawnees, 229;
removal from, 389.

North, Captain Luther H., 20, 47, 212, 398.

North, Major Frank, 20, 47, 212, 216, 322, 323, 398.

Notes on the Pawnees, 211.

Omahas, 230, 273, 305.

O´re-ka-rahr, 182.

Osages, 47, 49, 307.

Osborne, Major, 405.

Otoes, 273, 305, 392.

Pack ponies, 279, 281.

Pa-da´-ni, 240.

Pa´howa Nahu´rac lodge, 110, 358.

Pa´hut, 185.

Pa-hük Nahu´rac lodge, 103, 165, 358.

Pa-hûr´ Nahu´rac lodge, 165, 359.

Pa-hu-ka´-tawa, story of, 142.

Paint, 263.

Pa-na´-na, 240.

Pa´-ni, a form of Pawnee, 21.

Pa´-ni Le-shar, 323.

Parfleche, 195, 198, 388.

Pawnee Loups, 216.

Pawnee Picts, 215, 217, 239.

Pawnee sign, 243.

Pawnees, The, past and present condition, 9, 10;
character, 10;
religion, 17;
language, 21, 212;
relationships, 215;
the four bands, 215;
origin and migrations, 223;
the Skidi band, 231;
name and emblem, 239;
early customs, 249;
endurance, 251;
every-day life, 259;
as horsemen, 265;
kind disposition, 269;
on the hunt, 270;
enemies and methods of warfare, 303;
relations toward the whites, 310;
battles with the Sioux, 313;
the Pawnee Scouts, 323;
war parties, 335;
religious beliefs, 350;
religious ceremonies, 360;
medicine and mystery among, 374;
later history, removal to the Indian Territory, 389;
present condition and progress, 397.

Pawnee Scouts, 47, 74, 261, 322 _et seq._, 399.

Peace-Maker, story of, 25.

Pemmican, 139.

Pipe, 44;
passing the, 34, 36, 37, 109, 110, 113, 114.

Pi-ta´-da, 33, 56, 240.

Pita-hau-erats, 215, 241, 400.

Pi´ta Le-shar, 278, 281, 283, 293, 394, 395, 396.

Pities-the-Poor, Chief, 342.

Poncas, 273, 305.

"Poor in mind," 50, 104.

Pottery, 255.

Prayer, 18, 19, 53, 68, 99, 101 _et seq._, 181, 201, 271, 338,
342, 345, 348, 362.

Priests, 350.

Prisoners of Court House Rock, 67.

"Ramona," 12.

Rattle, 128.

Rawhide, story of the, 311.

Rees, see Arickaras.

Republican Pawnees, 216, 240.

Ropes, 257.

Royal, General, 325.

Runners, 251.

Running Chief, 47.

Sacrifices, 18, 49, 66, 79, 102, 161, 253, 271, 346, 348, 357,
361, 362, 370, 382.

St. Louis, Skidi near site of, 233.

Scabbard, 75.

Scalp dance, 329.

Scalp lock, 239, 243, 263.

Scalp sacrifice, 362.

Secret Pipe Chief, 21, 224, 235, 352.

Servants, 261.

Shamans, 350.

Shield, 78.

Signs, 243.

Sinew, 254.

Sioux, 67, 92 _et seq._, 123, 152, 156, 232, 291, 312 _et seq._,
323 _et seq._, 390, 392.

Ska-di´ks, 317.

Skidi, 216, 229, 231, 248, 400;
bands, 237.

Skür´-ar-a Le-shar, story of, 45.

Smoking, 101, 118, 119, 344;
to Ti-ra´-wa, 342, 354.

Snake Brother, The, 171.

Song of triumph, 305;
songs of different tribes, 220.

Spoons, 256.

Spotted Horse, 391 _et seq._

Spotted Robe, 89.

Stick Game, 337.

Summer hunt, 270.

Sun Chief, 385.

Tall Bull, 329.

Tapage Pawnees, 216, 240.

Tawaconies, 218, 228.

Texas, Pawnees in, 227.

They-know-that-Leader, 336.

Thornburgh, Major, 79.

Thunder, 360.

Ti-ke-wa-kush, 132.

Ti-ra´-wa, 17, 19, 45, 117, 122, 126, 136, 252, 253, 271, 337,
342, 350, 352, 360.

Ti-ra´-wa Le-shar, 396.

Tonkaways, 41, 218 _et seq._, 227.

Travois, 265, 279.

Treaties, 258, 397.

Tribal mark, 243.

Turkey Leg, 331.

Union Pacific Railway, 324.

Utes, 41, 71, 80, 307.

Wacos, 217.

Warfare, 303.

War parties, 15, 304 _et seq._, 335.

War stratagems, 234, 246.

Weeks, Ralph J., 20, 74.

Whip, 73.

Whirlwinds, ghosts, 357.

White Eagle, see Eagle Chief.

White, Frank, 21, 391 _et seq._

Whites, Pawnees' relations toward, 310;
first meeting with, 258;
aggressions of, 389, 397.

Wichitas, 49 _et seq._, 215, 217, 220-229, 239, 241, 246, 265,
307, 308, 391, 392.

Wi-ti-ti le-shar´-uspi, 65, 308.

Wolf, name for Pawnee, 240, 244, 245, 248;
sign, 244.

Wolf disguise, 71, 246.

Wolf Pawnees, 216.

Wolves in the Night, 70.

Yellow Fox, story of, 206.

Transcriber's Note

Archaic and variable spelling, grammar and punctuation usage is preserved as printed.

With some few exceptions listed below (where there was a clear typographic error, a single inconsistency against a number of uses of another form or a discrepancy between the contents listing or index compared to the main text), variations in Pawnee words are preserved as printed. For example, A-ti-us and A-ti´-us; Pa-huk´ and Pa-hük´; Chau-i and Chaui; Ka-wa-ra´-kish and Ka-wa-ra-kish; tüt-tu-ta-rik and tüt-tû-ta-rik; U´-ra-rîsh and U-ra-rish; we´-tüs and we-tüs; Cha´-ra-rat and Chah´-ra-rat; Ski´-di and Skidi; Tapaje and Tapage.

The following amendments have been made:

Page vii--Le´-shar amended to Le-shar--"Lone Chief, Skür´-ar-a
Le-shar, ..."

Page xxi--Kit-ke-hahk-is amended to Kit-ke-hahk´-is--"... by
Good Chief and Curly Chief, Kit-ke-hahk´-is; ..."

Page 45--Le´-shar amended to Le-shar--"Skür´-ar-a Le-shar."

Page 47--le-shar-uspi amended to le-shar´-uspi--"At this time
the boy's name was _Wi-ti-ti le-shar´-uspi_, Running Chief."

Page 65--Skü´r-ar-a amended to Skür´-ar-a--"... was changed
from _Wi-ti-ti le-shar´-uspi_ to _Skür´-ar-a le-shar_ ..."

Page 105--comma moved from following 'said' to following
'this'--"As soon as he had said this, he vanished like a
wind; ..."

Page 155--omitted comma added following 'man'--"Whenever any
human being on this earth, man, woman or child, ..."

Page 220--omitted period added--"... additional and more
satisfactory evidence of such a connection."

Page 240--themselve amended to themselves--"... the name by
which the Pawnees call themselves, _Pa´-ni_."

Page 241--forgotton amended to forgotten--"... but these
divisions have almost been forgotten."

Page 296--Ti-ra´wa amended to Ti-ra´-wa--"... about to slay
the wild cattle that _Ti-ra´-wa_ had given them for food."

Page 301--ka´-wis amended to ka´wis--"... fat ribs were
roasted, _ka´wis_ boiled, and _boudins_ eaten raw."

Page 363--Ti ra´-wa amended to Ti-ra´-wa--"The Skidi alone of
the Pawnees sacrificed human beings to _Ti-ra´-wa_."

Page 363--Ti ra´-wa amended to Ti-ra´-wa--"... and I hope
that I may be blessed from _Ti-ra´-wa_; ..."

Page 376--operaation amended to operation--"... where men who
had swallowed arrows died from the injuries received in the
operation."

Page 385--KIT-KE-KAHK´-I amended to KIT-KE-HAHK´-I--"SUN
CHIEF--KIT-KE-HAHK´-I."

Page 408--It amended to it--""... But," he added, solemnly,
"it may be that _Ti-ra´-wa_ will be good to us, ...""

Page 413--O´-re-ka-rahr amended to O´re-ka-rahr--
"O´re-ka-rahr, 182."

Page 415--omitted comma added following 229--"Skidi, 216,
229, 231, 248, 400; ..."

Page 415--Skur´-ar-a amended to Skür´-ar-a--"Skür´-ar-a
Le-shar, story of, 45."

Page 416--Ti´-ke-wa´-kush amended to Ti-ke-wa-kush--
"Ti-ke-wa-kush, 132."

Some errors in page references were found in the index. These have been amended as follows:

Page 409--252 amended to 253--"Agriculture in the old times,
253; ..."

Page 410--356 amended to 366--"Counting _coup_, 47, 93, 179,
188, 366, 367."

Page 411--7 amended to 5--"Eagle Chief, 5, 20, 363, 408."

Page 412--228 amended to 227--"Huecos, 218, 227."

Page 415--120 amended to 128--"Rattle, 128."

Page 415--310 amended to 311--"Rawhide, story of the, 311."

Page 416--219 amended to 220--"... songs of different tribes,
220."

Page 416--175 amended to 304--"War parties, 15, 304 _et seq._,
335."

Page 417--241 amended to 240--"Wolf, name for Pawnee, 240,
244, 245, 248; ..."

The frontispiece illustration has been moved to follow the title page. Other illustrations have been moved where necessary so that they were not in the middle of a paragraph.

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