Chapter VIII: Part II (3)

II. 2 grammes of the above are dried (in tared watch-glasses) at the temperature of 212 degrees, until they no longer decrease in weight. The loss sustained represents the _amount of water_, (according to MARSILLY, Annales des Mines, 1857, XII., 404, peat loses carbon if dried at a temperature higher than 212 degrees.)

III. The capsule containing the residue from I. is slowly heated to incipient redness, and maintained at that temperature until the organic matter is entirely consumed. The loss gives the total amount of _organic_, the residue the total amount of _inorganic_ matter.

NOTE.--In peats containing sulphate of the protoxide of iron, the loss that occurs during ignition is partly due to the escape of sulphuric acid, which is set free by the decomposition of the above mentioned salt of iron. But the quantity is usually so small in comparison with the organic matter, that it may be disregarded. The same may be said of the combined water in the clay that is mixed with some mucks, which is only expelled at a high temperature.

IV. 3 grammes of the sample are digested for half an hour, with 200 cubic centimeters (66.6 times their weight,) of boiling water, then removed from the sand bath, and at the end of twenty-four hours, the clear liquid is decanted. This operation is twice repeated upon the residue; the three solutions are mixed, filtered, concentrated, and finally evaporated to dryness (in a tared platinum capsule,) over a water bath. The residue, which must be dried at 212 degrees, until it ceases to lose weight, gives the _total amount soluble in water_. The dried residue is then heated to low redness, and maintained at that temperature until the organic matter is burned off. The loss represents the amount of _organic matter soluble in water_, the ash gives the quantity of _soluble inorganic matter_.

V. 1 gramme is digested for two hours, at a temperature just below the boiling point, with 100 cubic centimeters of a solution containing 5 _per cent._ of crystallized carbonate of soda. It is then removed from the sand bath and allowed to settle. When the supernatant liquid has become perfectly transparent, it is carefully decanted. This operation is repeated until all the organic matter soluble in this menstruum is removed; which is accomplished as soon as the carbonate of soda solution comes off colorless. The residue, which is to be washed with boiling water until the washings no longer affect test papers, is thrown upon a tared filter, and dried at 212 degrees. It is the _total amount of organic and inorganic matter insoluble in carbonate of soda_. The loss that it suffers upon ignition, indicates the amount of _organic matter_, the ash gives the _inorganic_ matter.

NOTE.--The time required to insure perfect settling after digesting with carbonate of soda solution, varies, with different peats, from 24 hours to several days. With proper care, the results obtained are very satisfactory. Two analyses of No. 6, executed at different times, gave _total insoluble in carbonate of soda_--1st analysis 23.20 _per cent._; 2d analysis 23.45 _per cent._ These residues yielded respectively 14.30 and 14.15 _per cent._ of ash.

VI. The quantity of _organic matter insoluble in water but soluble in solution of carbonate of soda_, is ascertained by deducting the joint weight of the amounts soluble in water, and insoluble in carbonate of soda, from the total amount of organic matter present. The _inorganic matter insoluble in water, but soluble in carbonate of soda_, is determined by deducting the joint weight of the amounts of inorganic matter soluble in water, and insoluble in carbonate of soda, from the total inorganic matter.

VII. The amount of nitrogen is estimated by the combustion of 1 gramme with soda-lime in an iron tube, collection of the ammonia in a standard solution of sulphuric acid, and determination of the residual free acid by an equivalent solution of caustic potash and a few drops of tincture of cochineal as an indicator.

The results of the analyses are given in the following Tables. Table I. gives the direct results of analysis. In Table II. the analyses are calculated on dry matter, and the nitrogen upon the organic matters. Table III. gives a condensed statement of the external characters and agricultural value[9] of the samples in their different localities, and the names of the parties supplying them.

TABLE I.-COMPOSITION OF CONNECTICUT PEATS AND MUCKS.

KEY: A - _Soluble in water._ B - _Insol. in water, but soluble in carbonate of soda._ C - _Insol. in water and carbonate of soda._ D - _Total._ E - _Water._ F - _Nitrogen._ G - _Total matters soluble in water._

-------------------------+-----------------------+
| ORGANIC MATTER. |
_From Whom and |-----+-----+-----+-----+
Whence Received_ | A | B | C | D |
-------------------------+~~~~~v~~~~~+-----+-----+
1. Lewis M. Norton. | | | |
Goshen Conn. | 17.63 |34.79|52.42|
2. " " " | 60.02 |11.65|71.67|
3. " " " | 50.60 |29.75|80.35|
4. Messrs. Pond & Miles.| | | |
" Milford Conn. | 65.15 |11.95|77.10|
5. " " " | 67.75 |16.65|84.40|
6. Samuel Camp. | | | |
Plainville Conn. | 43.20 | 8.90|52.10|
7. Russell U. Peck. | | | |
Berlin Conn. | 38.49 |30.51|69.00|
8. Rev. B. F. Northrop. | | | |
Griswold Conn. | 42.30 |10.15|52.45|
9. J. H. Stanwood. | | | |
Colebrook Conn. | 49.65 | 7.40|57.05|
10. N. Hart, Jr. | | | |
West Cornwall Conn.| 55.11 |10.29|65.40|
11. A. L. Loveland. | | | |
North Granby " | 38.27 | 2.89|41.16|
12. Daniel Buck, Jr. | | | |
Poquonock " | 27.19 |48.84|76.03|
13. " " " | 33.66 |40.51|74.17|
14. Philip Scarborough | | | |
Brooklyn Conn. | 51.45 |25.00|76.45|
15. Adams White. | | | |
Brooklyn " | 54.38 |23.14|77.52|
16. Paris Dyer. | | | |
Brooklyn " | 18.86 | 5.02|23.88|
17. Perrin Scarborough. | | | |
Brooklyn Conn. | 43.27 |16.83|60.10|
18. Geo. K. Virgin. | | | |
Collinsville Conn.| 2.21|20.57| 8.25|31.03|
19. " " " | 1.12| 9.19| 5.10|15.41|
20. " " " | 0.72| 9.31| 3.65|13.68|
21. S. Mead. | | | | |
New Haven Conn. | 3.30|40.52| 8.20|52.02|
22. Edwin Hoyt. | | | | |
New Canaan " | 2.84|13.42| 7.55|23.81|
23. " " " | 2.34|13.49| 8.05|23.88|
24. " " " | 1.15|17.29| 8.00|26.44|
25. A. M. Haling. | | | | |
Rockville " | 3.43|52.15| 8.65|64.23|
26. " " " | 3.87|71.57| 8.44|83.88|
27. " " " | 3.87|44.04| 4.25|52.16|
28. Albert Day. | | | | |
Brooklyn " | 2.45|46.25| 6.35|55.05|
29. C. Goodyear. | | | | |
New Haven " | 1.80|45.42|10.35|57.57|
30. Rev. Wm. Clift | | | | |
Stonington " | 3.33|51.68| 9.80|64.81|
31. Henry Keeler. | | | | |
South Salem N. Y. | 2.13|45.12|12.05|59.30|
32. John Adams. | | | | |
Salisbury Conn. | 1.71|42.87|10.65|55.23|
33. Rev. Wm. Clift. | | | | |
Stonington " | 5.40|16.72| 7.25|29.37|
| | |-----| |
Average | | | 2.06| |

-------------------------+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----
| INORGANIC MATTER. | | |
_From Whom and |-----+-----+-----+-----| | |
Whence Received_ | A | B | C | D | E | F | G
-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
1. Lewis M. Norton. | | | | | | |
Goshen Conn. | | | |35.21|12.37| 1.28| 1.54
2. " " " | | | | 8.00|20.33| 1.85|
3. " " " | | | | 4.52|15.13| 1.90| 2.51
4. Messrs. Pond & Miles.| | | | | | |
" Milford Conn. | | | | 3.23|19.67| 1.20| 1.63
5. " " " | | | | 2.00|13.60| .95| 3.42
6. Samuel Camp. |~~~~~v~~~~~| | | | |
Plainville Conn. | 14.90 |14.80|29.20|18.70| 2.10| 2.50
7. Russell U. Peck. | | | | | | |
Berlin Conn. | | | |13.59|17.41| 1.62| 2.61
8. Rev. B. F. Northrop. | | | | | | |
Griswold Conn. | | | |34.70|12.85| 1.31| 1.64
9. J. H. Stanwood. | | | | | | |
Colebrook Conn. | | | | 4.57|38.38| 1.23| 1.83
10. N. Hart, Jr. | | | | | | |
West Cornwall Conn.| | | |14.89|19.71| 2.10| 6.20
11. A. L. Loveland. | | | | | | |
North Granby " | | | |47.24|11.60| 1.00| .75
12. Daniel Buck, Jr. | | | | | | |
Poquonock " | | | | 5.92|18.05| 2.40| 2.94
13. " " " | | | | 8.63|17.20| 2.40| 1.80
14. Philip Scarborough. | | | | | | |
Brooklyn Conn. | | | | 7.67|15.88| 1.20| 1.43
15. Adams White. | | | | | | |
Brooklyn " | | | | 9.03|13.45| 2.89| 5.90
16. Paris Dyer. | | | | | | |
Brooklyn " | | | |67.77| 8.35| 1.03| 2.63
17. Perrin Scarborough. | | | | | | |
Brooklyn Conn. | | | |25.78|14.12| 0.86|15.13
18. Geo. K. Virgin. | | | | | | |
Collinsville Conn.| 0.32| 9.41|48.05|57.78|11.19| 0.64| 2.53
19. " " " | 0.28| 1.08|48.65|50.01|34.58| 0.34| 1.40
20. " " " | 0.25| 0.76|28.20|29.21|57.11| 0.28| .97
21. S. Mead. | | | | | | |
New Haven Conn. | 2.60|10.02|23.90|36.52|11.46| 1.51| 5.90
22. Edwin Hoyt. | | | | | | |
New Canaan " | 2.72|19.88|46.30|68.90| 7.29| 0.45| 5.56
23. " " " | 1.54|12.42|56.20|70.16| 5.96| 0.90| 3.88
24. " " " | 1.67|14.13|51.10|66.90| 6.66| 1.01| 2.82
25. A. M. Haling. | | | | | | |
Rockville " | 0.35| 0.16| 4.90| 5.41|30.36| 1.62| 3.78
26. " " " | 0.23| | 1.98| 2.21|13.91| 1.32| 4.10
27. " " " | 0.51| 4.07| 5.05| 9.63|38.21| 1.88| 4.38
28. Albert Day. | | | | | | |
Brooklyn " | 0.32| 0.65| 5.40| 6.37|38.58| 0.84| 2.77
29. C. Goodyear. | | | | | | |
New Haven " | 0.35| 7.98|18.80|27.13|15.30| 1.68| 2.15
30. Rev. Wm. Clift | | | | | | |
Stonington " | 2.82| | 5.86| 8.68|26.51| 0.95| 6.15
31. Henry Keeler. | | | | | | |
South Salem N. Y. | 0.78| 3.79|16.70|21.27|19.43| 1.57| 2.91
32. John Adams. | | | | | | |
Salisbury Conn. | 1.02| 1.33|14.35|16.70|28.07| 1.76| 2.73
33. Rev. Wm. Clift. | | | | | | |
Stonington " | 7.40| 6.40|48.05|61.85| 8.78| 1.32| 2.80
| | |-----| | |-----|-----
Average | | | 1.44| | | 1.37| 3.72

TABLE II.-COMPOSITION OF CONNECTICUT PEATS AND MUCKS. _Calculated in the dry state: the percentage of nitrogen calculated also on organic matters._

KEY: A - _In this table the matters soluble in water and the nitrogen are calculated to two places of decimals; the other ingredients are expressed in round numbers._ B - _Soluble in water._ C - _Insol. in water, but soluble in carbonate of soda._ D - _Insol. in water and carbonate of soda._ E - _Total._ F - _Total matters soluble in water._ G - _Nitrogen._ H - _Nitrogen in per cent. of the organic matter._

-------------------------+-----------------------+
| ORGANIC MATTER. |
|-----+-----+-----+-----+
A | B | C | D | E |
-------------------------+~~~~~v~~~~~+-----+-----+
1. Lewis M. Norton. | | | |
Goshen Conn. | 20 | 40 | 60 |
2. " " " | 75 | 15 | 90 |
3. " " " | 60 | 35 | 95 |
5. Messrs. Pond & Miles.| | | |
" Milford Conn. | 81 | 15 | 96 |
5. " " " | 79 | 19 | 98 |
6. Samuel Camp. | | | |
Plainville Conn. | 53 | 11 | 64 |
7. Russell U. Peck. | | | |
Berlin Conn. | 46 | 37 | 83 |
8. Rev. B. F. Northrop. | | | |
Griswold Conn. | 48 | 11 | 59 |
9. J. H. Stanwood. | | | |
Colebrook Conn. | 75 | 11 | 86 |
10. N. Hart, Jr. | | | |
West Cornwall Conn.| 69 | 13 | 82 |
11. A. L. Loveland. | | | |
North Granby " | 43 | 4 | 47 |
12. Daniel Buck, Jr. | | | |
Poquonock " | 33 | 60 | 93 |
13. " " " | 41 | 49 | 90 |
14. Philip Scarborough. | | | |
Brooklyn Conn. | 61 | 30 | 91 |
15. Adams White. | | | |
Brooklyn " | 63 | 27 | 90 |
16. Paris Dyer. | | | |
Brooklyn " | 21 | 5 | 26 |
17. Perrin Scarborough. | | | |
Brooklyn Conn. | 62 | 8 | 70 |
18. Geo. K. Virgin. | | | |
Collinsville Conn.| 2.48| 23 | 9 | 35 |
19. " " " | 1.72| 14 | 8 | 23 |
20. " " " | 1.67| 22 | 8 | 32 |
21. Solomon Mead. | | | | |
New Haven Conn. | 3.70| 48 | 9 | 60 |
22. Edwin Hoyt. | | | | |
New Canaan " | 3.05| 14 | 8 | 26 |
23. " " " | 2.47| 14 | 8 | 25 |
24. " " " | 1.23| 18 | 9 | 28 |
25. A. M. Haling. | | | | |
Rockville " | 4.90| 75 | 12 | 92 |
26. " " " | 4.50| 83 | 10 | 97 |
27. " " " | 6.24| 71 | 7 | 84 |
28. Albert Day. | | | | |
Brooklyn " | 4.01| 76 | 10 | 90 |
29. C. Goodyear. | | | | |
New Haven " | 2.11| 54 | 12 | 68 |
30. Rev. Wm. Clift | | | | |
Stonington " | 4.56| 71 | 13 | 88 |
31. Henry Keeler. | | | | |
South Salem N. Y. | 2.66| 56 | 15 | 73 |
32. John Adams. | | | | |
Salisbury Conn. | 2.37| 59 | 15 | 76 |
33. Rev. Wm. Clift. | | | | |
Stonington " | 5.93| 18 | 8 | 32 |
-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+

-------------------------+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----
| INORGANIC MATTER. | | |
|-----+-----+-----+-----| | |
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H
-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
1. Lewis M. Norton. | | | | | | |
Goshen Conn. | | | | 40 | 1.75| 1.46| 2.25
2. " " " | | | | 10 | | 2.32| 2.58
3. " " " | | | | 5 | 2.95| 2.23| 2.36
5. Messrs. Pond & Miles.| | | | | | |
" Milford Conn. | | | | 4 | 2.03| 1.49| 1.55
5. " " " |~~~~~v~~~~~| | 2 | 3.97| 1.09| 1.12
6. Samuel Camp. | 18 | 18 | | | |
Plainville Conn. | | | | 36 | 3.08| 2.58| 4.03
7. Russell U. Peck. | | | | | | |
Berlin Conn. | | | | 17 | 3.27| 1.96| 2.34
8. Rev. B. F. Northrop. | | | | | | |
Griswold Conn. | | | | 41 | 1.88| 1.50| 2.49
9. J. H. Stanwood. | | | | | | |
Colebrook Conn. | | | | 14 | 2.77| 1.99| 2.15
10. N. Hart, Jr. | | | | | | |
West Cornwall Conn.| | | | 18 | 7.75| 2.61| 3.21
11. A. L. Loveland. | | | | | | |
North Granby " | | | | 53 | .85| 1.13| 2.43
12. Daniel Buck, Jr. | | | | | | |
Poquonock " | | | | 7 | 3.58| 2.92| 3.15
13. " " " | | | | 10 | 2.16| 2.89| 2.23
14. Philip Scarborough. | | | | | | |
Brooklyn Conn. | | | | 9 | 1.70| 1.42| 1.57
15. Adams White. | | | | | | |
Brooklyn " | | | | 10 | 6.78| 3.33| 3.72
16. Paris Dyer. | | | | | | |
Brooklyn " | | | | 74 | 2.85| 1.12| 4.31
17. Perrin Scarborough. | | | | | | |
Brooklyn Conn. | | | | 30 |17.59| 1.00| 1.43
18. Geo. K. Virgin. | | | | | | |
Collinsville Conn.| 0.35| 11 | 54 | 65 | 2.83| 0.72| 2.06
19. " " " | .43| 2 | 75 | 77 | 2.15| 0.51| 2.20
20. " " " | .58| 2 | 66 | 68 | 2.25| 0.65| 2.04
21. Solomon Mead. | | | | | | |
New Haven Conn. | 2.92| 11 | 27 | 40 | 6.62| 1.70| 2.90
22. Edwin Hoyt. | | | | | | |
New Canaan " | 2.92| 21 | 50 | 74 | 6.07| 0.48| 1.88
23. " " " | 1.63| 13 | 60 | 75 | 4.10| 0.95| 3.76
24. " " " | 1.79| 15 | 55 | 72 | 3.02| 1.08| 3.82
25. A. M. Haling. | | | | | | |
Rockville " | .50| | 7 | 8 | 5.40| 2.32| 2.52
26. " " " | .27| | 2 | 3 | 4.77| 1.53| 1.57
27. " " " | .82| 7 | 8 | 16 | 7.06| 3.04| 3.64
28. Albert Day. | | | | | | |
Brooklyn " | .52| 1 | 8 | 10 | 4.58| 1.36| 1.52
29. C. Goodyear. | | | | | | |
New Haven " | .40| 9 | 22 | 32 | 2.51| 1.98| 2.91
30. Rev. Wm. Clift | | | | | | |
Stonington " | 3.86| | 8 | 12 | 8.42| 1.29| 1.46
31. Henry Keeler. | | | | | | |
South Salem N. Y. | .97| 5 | 21 | 27 | 3.63| 1.98| 2.64
32. John Adams. | | | | | | |
Salisbury Conn. | 1.40| 2 | 20 | 24 | 3.77| 2.44| 3.18
33. Rev. Wm. Clift. | | | | | | |
Stonington " | 8.13| 7 | 53 | 68 |14.06| 1.44| 4.49
-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----

TABLE III.--DESCRIPTION, ETC., OF PEATS AND MUCKS.

_No._ _Color._

1. Lewis M. Norton |chocolate-brown,|
| |.
2. " " | " " |
| |
3. " " |light-brown, |
| |
4. Messrs. Pond & Miles|chocolate-brown,|
| |
| |
5. " " |brownish-red, |
| |
6. Samuel Camp |black, |
| |
7. Russell U. Peck |chocolate-brown,|
| |
8. Rev. B. F. Northrop |grayish-brown, |
| |
| |
9. J. H. Stanwood |chocolate-brown,|
| |
10. N. Hart, Jr |brownish-black, |
11. A. L. Loveland |black, |
| |
12. Daniel Buck, Jr |chocolate-brown,|
| |
13. " " | " " |
14. Philip Scarborough | |
| |
15. Adams White |chocolate-brown,|
| |
16. Paris Dyer |grayish-black, |
| |
17. Perrin Scarborough |chocolate-brown,|
| |
| |
18. Geo. K. Virgin |light |
| brownish-gray |
| |
19. " " |chocolate-brown,|
| |
20. " " |black, |
21. Solomon Mead |grayish-brown, |
| |
| |
22. Edwin Hoyt |brownish-gray, |
| |
23. " " | " |
| |
24. " " | " |
| |
25. A. M. Haling |chocolate-brown,|
26. " " | " " |
27. " " | " " |
| |
28. Albert Day |dark-brown, |
| |
| |
29. C. Goodyear |black, |
| |
30. Rev. Wm. Clift |chocolate-brown,|
| |
| |
31. Henry Keeler |light-brown, |
| |
32. John Adams | " |
| |
33. Rev. Wm. Clift |dark ash-gray, |
| |

_Condition at Time of Analysis,
_No._ Reputed value, etc._

1. Lewis M. Norton |air-dry, tough, compact, heavy; from bottom;
| 3 to 4 feet deep; very good in compost.
2. " " | " tough, compact, heavier than 1, from
| near surface; very good in compost.
3. " " | " coherent but light, from between 1 and
| 2, very good in compost.
4. Messrs. Pond & Miles| " coherent but light, surface peat,
| considered better than No. 5; good in
| compost.
5. " " | " very light and loose in texture, from
| depth of 3 feet, good in compost.
6. Samuel Camp | " hard lumps, half as good as yard manure,
| in compost equal to yard manure.
7. Russell U. Peck | " is good fresh, long exposed, half as
| good as barn-yard manure.
8. Rev. B. F. Northrop | " light, easily crushed masses containing
| sand, has not been used alone, good in
| compost.
9. J. H. Stanwood |moist, hard lumps, used fresh good after first
| year; excellent in compost.
10. N. Hart, Jr |air-dry, hard lumps, excellent in compost.
11. A. L. Loveland | " hard lumps, contains grains of coarse
| sand.
12. Daniel Buck, Jr | " coherent cakes, good as top dressing on
| grass when fresh; excellent in compost.
13. " " | " light surface layers of No. 12.
14. Philip Scarborough | " after exposure over winter, has
| one-third value of yard-manure.
15. Adams White | " hard lumps, good in compost, causes
| great growth of straw.
16. Paris Dyer | " easily crushed lumps, largely admixed
| with soil.
17. Perrin Scarborough | " well-characterized "vitriol peat;" in
| compost, after 1 year's exposure, gives
| indifferent results.
18. Geo. K. Virgin | " light, coherent surface peat; sample
| long exposed; astonishing results on
| sandy soil.
19. " " |moist, crumbly, contains much sand, four feet
| from surface.
20. " " |wet.
21. Solomon Mead |air-dry, light, porous, coherent from grass
| roots; long weathered, good; fresh,
| better in compost.
22. Edwin Hoyt | " loose, light, much mixed with soil,
| good in compost.
23. " " | " No. 22 saturated with horse urine,
| darker than No. 22.
24. " " | " No. 22 composted with white fish,
| darker than No. 23; fish-bones evident.
25. A. M. Haling |moist, fresh dug.
26. " " |air-dry, No. 25 after two year's weathering.
27. " " |moist, fresh dug, good substitute for yard
| manure as top-dressing on grass.
28. Albert Day | " coherent and hard; fresh dug, but from
| surface where weathered; injurious to
| crops; vitriol peat. (?)
29. C. Goodyear |air-dry, very hard tough cakes; when fresh dug,
| "as good as cow dung."
30. Rev. Wm. Clift |moist, from an originally fresh water bog,
| broken into 100 years ago by tide, now
| salt marsh; good after weathering.
31. Henry Keeler |air-dry, leaf-muck, friable; when fresh, appears
| equal to good yard manure.
32. John Adams |moist, overlies shell marl, fresh or weathered
| does not compare with ordinary manure.
33. Rev. Wm. Clift |air-dry, from bottom of salt ditch, where tide
| flows daily; contains sulphate of iron.

FOOTNOTES:

[2] The oxygen thus absorbed by water, serves for the respiration of fish and aquatic animals.

[3] This sample contained also fish-bones, hence the larger content of nitrogen was not entirely due to absorbed ammonia.

[4] Reichardt's analyses are probably inaccurate, and give too much ammonia and nitric acid.

[5] These analyses were executed--A by Professor G. F. Barker; B by Mr. O. C. Sparrow; C by Mr. Peter Collier.

[6] _Shell marl_, consisting of fragments and powder of fresh-water shells, is frequently met with, underlying peat beds. Such a deposit occurs on the farm of Mr. John Adams, in Salisbury, Conn. It is eight to ten feet thick. An air-dry sample, analyzed under the writer's direction, gave results as follows:

"Water 30.62 {soluble in water 0.70} Organic matter { } 6.52 {insoluble in water 5.82} Carbonate of lime 57.09 Sand 1.86 Oxide of iron and alumina, with traces of potash, magnesia, sulphuric and phosphoric acid 3.91 ------- 100.00

Another specimen from near Milwaukee, Wis., said to occur there in immense quantities underlying peat, contained, by the author's analysis--

Water 1.14 Carbonate of lime 92.41 Carbonate of magnesia 3.43 Peroxide of iron with a trace of phosphoric acid 0.92 Sand 1.60 ------ 99.50

[7] To the kindness of Joseph Sheffield, Esq., of New Haven, the author is indebted for facilities in carrying on these experiments.

[8] At the instigation of Henry A. Dyer, Esq., at that time the Society's Corresponding Secretary.

[9] Derived from the communications published in the author's Report. Trans. Conn. State Ag. Soc. 1858 p.p. 101-153.