Chapter IX: Part 9

In one respect the Englishmen were fortunate. During King George’s War the French had trouble getting sufficient trade goods, and many Indians with whom they had been trading became contemptuous of them. It is said that, on one occasion, when a Frenchman only offered a single charge of powder for a beaver skin, the Indian with whom he was bartering “took up his Hatchet, and knock’d him on the head, and killed him upon the Spot.” Croghan and his Pennsylvanians took full advantage of the temporary French embarrassment, building up their annual business in pelts to a value of some 40,000 pounds sterling.

It was the prospect of a share in this lucrative trade that motivated some wealthy Virginians, among them Thomas Lee and the Washingtons, who conceived the Ohio Company after the Treaty of Lancaster. While acting as a vehicle to establish England’s claim west of the mountains, the company as it was finally organized promised future dividends from land development in those parts. But there was the immediate prospect of rich gains from the fur trade, and little time was lost in lining up experienced Indian traders for the project.

Thomas Cresap, a clever Yorkshireman, who operated a trading post in the mountains near the junction of the North and South Branches of the Potomac River, became an organizing member of the Ohio Company. So lavishly hospitable was Cresap to the Indians and others with whom he did business that he was known to them as “Big Spoon,” but to his Pennsylvania trading competitors he was an undercutting Marylander not above committing murder for a beaver skin. Certain it is that he had once been carted off in irons, after some “rascality” on the Maryland-Pennsylvania border, to spend a year in prison at Philadelphia.

In any case the aristocratic tidewater Virginians counted “Colonel Cressup” a key member of their Ohio Company. The Marylander’s trading paths already led to the Youghiogheny, the Monongahela, and the Ohio. So, the fort-like establishment he maintained on Virginia’s northwestern frontier served as a convenient base from which the company commenced its well-financed operations in the Ohio valley.

Employed by the company were some former associates of George Croghan. Among them were Andrew Montour, a colorful half-breed of _coureur des bois_ stock, and Croghan’s brother-in-law William Trent. With the aid of experienced men like these, Thomas Cresap was soon proving his worth to his tidewater partners and to the British Empire.

The threat was too obvious to be ignored by the French. They laid plans to push the English back over the mountains. Already, a French army detachment, using a traders’ portage between the eastern end of Lake Erie and Lake Chautauqua, had gone down to the Ohio via the Allegheny River, planting lead plates along both streams as a warning to trespassers. Already, French-led and French-inspired Indian raids had taken the lives of English traders, as well as those of their native hosts. In one case a prominent Indian chief allied with the English had been boiled and eaten by some Ottawas led by a French half-breed, all without discouraging the Englishmen it seemed. Now, in 1753, a French army of 1,000 men headed down the Allegheny from Canada, to begin building a line of forts along the line of the previously planted lead plates.

Forts were built first at present-day Erie on the lake and at the head of French Creek to secure a portage. Then, John Frazer’s trading post at Venango on the Allegheny was taken and converted to a fortification. There the French troops, bogged down with sickness, dug in for the winter.

That is where Major George Washington found them when he carried a note from the Governor of Virginia to their commanding officer suggesting that they all retire promptly to Canada. This, the Frenchmen said, they had no intention of doing. In the spring they would push on, down the Allegheny, to the strategic Forks of the Ohio.

Even as the French army was building canoes that winter for its advance on the Ohio, Thomas Cresap and William Trent were supervising the construction of an English fort at the forks of the river. They now represented the Governor of Virginia and the King of England, as well as the Ohio Company, all of whom were one and the same as far as the Ohio valley was concerned. In fact Trent, the fur trader in the employ of the Ohio Company, had been commissioned a captain by Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia to command the new fort and oppose the French.

But when spring and the French came to the Forks of the Ohio, Captain Trent was absent. He said he was looking for recruits; some suspected he was ferrying his beaver to a safer spot. The ensign in command yielded the English fort in the face of overwhelming odds, and the French built an impressive citadel in its place, which they named Fort DuQuesne to honor the Canadian governor of that name.

Washington, now Colonel Washington, who was advancing from Virginia with his militia to Trent’s support, was much too late. He was forced to content himself with palisading a defensive position along the road at Great Meadows. There at Fort Necessity, as he called it, he warded off as best he could the large number of French troops who came out to engage him.

That summer of 1754 Washington surrendered. When he led his militiamen back over the Alleghenies, the Frenchmen had succeeded in their purpose. The English were out of the Ohio valley.

However, the American phase of the Seven Years’ War had commenced--two years before it was officially declared in Europe. The critical contest known on this continent as the French and Indian War was under way, and the very next year General Edward Braddock arrived with his British regulars to direct the campaign.

The strategic plan decided upon encompassed a four-fold attack upon the French at DuQuesne, Crown Point, Niagara, and in Nova Scotia. General Braddock himself assumed the DuQuesne assignment, the most important immediate objective. But he failed on this mission, his abortive attempt to reach the Forks of the Ohio ending in the disastrous rout of his troops and his own death.

It was not until 1758 that General John Forbes forced the evacuation of the fort at the Forks of the Ohio. The French then abandoned the entire valley. Fort DuQuesne became Fort Pitt and the English were in control of the Ohio River.

The war was savagely fought out on all fronts in America. Other French citadels fell--Louisburg, Frontenac, Niagara, Ticonderoga, and Crown Point. Eventually, Quebec and Montreal, those ancient fortresses on the St. Lawrence River, capitulated to the British. Then, in 1763, by the Treaty of Paris, France ceded Canada and all her territory east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain, except for one small plot encompassing New Orleans. Spain likewise ceded Florida.

The English flanks no longer needed protection. The way west was open and the frontier was boundless!

Settlers spilled through the gaps of the Appalachians, into Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois. And the fur traders, making way for them as they pressed upon their trading grounds, pushed on, ever westward, across the plains after the turn of the century to the Rocky Mountains and the coastal rivers of the Pacific.

But the era of the early fur trader, typified by the white trader and the Indian hunter, had come to an end. As the frontier began rolling across the great plains of America, the white man became trapper as well as trader. When he took over the function of the Indian, who had formerly caught the beaver, a whole new conception of the fur trade in America was born. A new era commenced--that of the fur trapper.

The fur trader of early America had played out his historically important role.

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INDEX

_A_

Abnaki Indians, 103

Acadia, 107, 110, 112

Acadian Peninsula, 39

Accomac, 115, 126

Accomac Indians, 120

Africa, 4, 14, 26, 135

_Africa_ (ship), 126

Agawam, 169

Alabama River, 196

Albany, 70, 73, 137, 141, 177, 191, 197

Albemarle Sound, 52

Alexander, Pope, 14

Alexander, Sir William, 108, 109, 110, 126

Algonkin Indians, 33, 34, 40, 42

Algonquin Indians, 34, 59, 60, 73, 74, 117, 119, 129, 138, 170, 175,
176, 190

Allegheny River, 199, 201

Alleghenies, 202

Allerton, Isaac, 103, 104, 105, 111, 157

American Revolution, 185

Amerigo’s Land, 25

Amsterdam, 72, 73, 78, 80, 116, 135, 136, 141, 142, 175, 176

Anacostan Indians, 118, 129

Anglican, 99, 115

Anglo-Saxon, 9

Ango, Jean, 32

Annapolis, 126

Appalachian, 20, 193, 194, 196, 197, 203

Arabs, 6, 17

Arabian, 4, 9

Arctic, 28, 67

Argall, Capt. Samuel, 78, 79, 85, 86, 87, 107, 115

Argo, 3

Argonauts, 2, 3, 4

Armada, 80, 82

Armenia, 5

Arthur, Gabriel, 194

Ashley, Edward, 103

Ashley, Lord, 195

Asia, 4, 6, 17, 23, 24, 26, 49

Atlantic (Ocean), vii, 14, 16, 17, 24, 25, 34, 108, 193

Aughwick, 199

Augusta (Maine), 103

Aunay, Charles d’, 111, 112

Avalon (Newfoundland), 114

Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, 28, 29

Aztec Empire, 27, 28

_B_

Babylon, 2

Bacon, Nathaniel, 195

Bagnall, Walter, 104, 105

Baltic Sea, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 45

Baltimore, Lord, (first) _see_ George Calvert;
(second) _see_ Cecilius Calvert

Barbadian brandy, 195

Barbados, 196

Barbary pirates, 57

Barrington, Rhode Island, 171

Basque, 25, 37, 39

Battery, 140

Bay of Biscay, 38

Bay Colony, 166, 183

Bay of Fundy, 37, 39, 55, 62, 82, 83, 84, 86, 107, 108, 109, 111

Bay of the Narragansetts, 172

Bay of Santa Maria, 28

Beaver Road Fort, 160

Bergen, 22

Berkeley, Sir William (Governor of Virginia), 193, 195

Beverwyck, 177, 179

Biard, Father Pierre, 85, 86

Biloxi Bay (Mississippi), 192

Black Sea, 4, 9, 14

Block, Capt. Adrien, 78, 166

Block Island, 171

Blommaert, Samuel, 141, 147, 148

Blue Ridge Mountains, 74, 194

Boone, Daniel, 199

Borgia, Lucretia, 14

Bosphorus, 4

Boston (Massachusetts), 78, 98, 156, 168, 171, 173, 176, 180, 183, 189

Boston Bay, 98, 99, 101

Boston Harbor, 95

Braddock, General Edward, 202

Bradford, Governor William, 91, 93, 96, 102, 105, 106

Brazil, 25

Bremen
Canon Adam of, 10, 22
Councillors of, 10

Bretons, 25, 37

Bristol, 24, 25, 184, 200

Britain, 33, 196

British Empire, 59, 201

Brouage, Bay of Biscay, 38

Browne, Richard, 33

Bruges (Flanders), 12, 14

Brule, Etienne, 76, 77

Bry, Theodore de, 53

Burgesses, House of, 118, 125, 127

Butler, John, 130

Buzzard’s Bay, 55, 87

Byrd, William, 195

Byzantium, 4, 9

_C_

Cabot, John, 24, 25, 27, 37

Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, 193

Cahokia, 193

Calvert, Cecilius (second Lord Baltimore), 127, 128, 132, 133, 134,
183

Calvert, George (first Lord Baltimore), 108, 114, 115, 119, 123, 124,
125, 127, 129

Calvert, Leonard, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133

Canada, 30, 31, 33, 34, 39, 42, 43, 61, 73, 75, 76, 77, 83, 104, 114,
126, 128, 129, 133, 188, 193, 201, 203

Cape Breton, 24, 32, 33, 39

Cape Cod, 17, 18, 28, 39, 55, 69, 78, 87, 88, 89, 93, 95, 111, 175,
181

Cape Elizabeth, 104

Cape Fear, 24, 37, 186

Cape of Good Hope, 14

Cape Hatteras, 34, 52

Cape Henlopen, 141, 142, 152

Cape May, 89, 142, 153

Cape Sable, 108, 109, 111

Carantouan, 76, 77

Cardinal de Richelieu, 109

Caribbean Sea, 29, 33, 38, 52

Carolina, 74, 186, 193, 194, 195, 196

Carr, Sir Robert, 185

Cartier, Jacques, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39

Casco Bay, 98

Caspian Sea, 4, 9

Castine, Maine, 103

Catawba Indians, 74

Cathay, 4, 6, 15, 24, 28, 29, 30, 38, 44, 48, 49, 54, 58, 63

Catholic, 47, 82, 85, 114, 115, 124, 148, 159, 187

Cavelier, Robert (Sieur de la Salle), 190, 191, 192, 197

Cayuga Indians, 74

Champlain, Samuel de. _See_ Chapter IV, pp. 37-43, 55, 56, 74, 75, 77,
107, 108, 109, 110, 187

Channing, Edward, 91

Charles I, 110, 114, 124, 125, 126, 180

Charles II, 124, 184

Charles of Spain, 27

Charleston, 196

Charles Towne, 195

Chattahoochee River, 196

Chaucer, 13

Cherokee Indians, 194, 195

Chesapeake Area, 29, 54, 62, 65, 120

Chesapeake Bay, 20, 27, 28, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 61, 65, 69, 74, 76,
77, 89

Chew, John, 120

Chickasaw Indians, 196

China, 16, 27, 28, 39, 43, 67, 68, 72, 186

Choctaw Indians, 196

Chouart, Medard, Sieur des Grosseilliers, 188

Christiansen, Hendrick, 73

Christina River, 79

Church, The, 5, 11, 16

Claiborne, William, 119-123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,
132, 133

Cloberry, William, 119, 125, 126, 165

_Cockatrice_ (wherry), 131

Codfish Land, 25, 26, 29

Colchis, 3

Columbus, Christopher, 17, 23, 24

Commissioners of the United Colonies, 170, 181

Company of Cathay, 49

Company of London, 165

Company of New France, 109, 110

Connecticut, 170, 171, 172

Connecticut Path, 167, 169

Connecticut River, 40, 66, 74, 78, 87, 113, 137, 165, 166, 167, 168,
169, 172, 180, 182, 184

Constantinople, 14

Cooper, Thomas, 170

Cornwallis, Capt. Thomas, 131

Corssen, Arendt, 144, 153, 160

Council of Foreign Plantations, 184

_Coureurs des bois_, 191, 193, 197, 201

Cox, William, 157

Cree Indians, 188

Creek Indians, 196

Cresap, Thomas, 200, 201

“Croatan,” 54

Croghan, George, 199, 200, 201

Cromwell, Oliver, 180, 184
Navigation Act of, 182

Croshaw, Raleigh, 118, 120

Crown Point, 202, 203

Crusades, 5, 10

Cugley, Daniel, 120

Curler, Jacob van, 167

Curran, Barney, 199

Cushenoc, 103, 105

_D_

Dacotah Indians, 187

Damariscotta River, 104

Danes, 12

Dare, Virginia, 54

Dark Ages, 5, 13

Darkness, Region of, 8, 9

Dartmouth, England, 72

D’Aunay, Charles, 111, 112

Davis, Capt. John, 54

Debedeavon, 120

De Bry, Theodore, 53

De Champlain. _See_ Champlain

De Ferrara, Alfonso, 14

DeGuercheville, Madame, 85, 86

Delaware, 150

Delaware Bay, 78, 89, 138, 141, 183

Delaware Indians, 198

Delaware River, 20, 66, 69, 74, 77, 79, 113, 116, 117, 127, 134, 137,
138, 139, 140, 144, 145, 148, 149, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 165, 183,
184, 185

De Monts, 39, 41, 84

Department of Commerce, viii

De Razilly, 110, 111

Dermer, Capt. Thomas, 88, 89, 95, 116

De Roberval, 32

Des Grosseilliers, 188

De Tonti, Henri, 191

Detroit, 193

De Vries. _See_ Vries

D’Iberville, Pierre le Moyne, 192

Dieppe, 32

Digby, 83

Dinwiddie, Governor, 201, 202

Dneiper, 9

Donnacona, 30, 31, 52

_Dove_ (pinnace), 128

Drake, Francis, 48

Dublin, 199

Duck Creek, 149

Dupont-Grave, 38, 39, 40, 86

Dutch. _See_ Chapters VII, XIII, XV and pages 12, 13, 36, 41, 45, 66,
82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 102, 104, 116, 117, 119, 120, 134, 147, 148,
149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162,
163, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 197

Dutch East India Company, 67, 72, 79, 80

Dutchmen’s Island, 174

Dutch West India Company, 80, 90, 135, 136, 137, 140, 141, 147, 149,
150, 151, 152, 162, 165, 175, 176, 177

DuQuesne, 202

Dvina, 9

_E_

East India Company, 67, 72, 79, 80

East Indies, 15, 80

Eastern Shore, 115, 116, 120, 126, 131, 195

Edward III, 46

Eelkens, Jacob, 165, 166

Egypt, 2, 60

Elbe, 10

“El Dorado,” 53, 63, 83

Elizabeth I, 47, 48, 49

Elizabeth City, 120

Elizabethan occupation theory, 79, 145, 164

Endicott, Capt. John, 101, 171

England, 11, 12, 13, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 37, Chapter V, 58, 62, 63,
64, 72, 79, 83, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 101, 103, 105, 106, 110,
112, 114, 117, 125, 127, 130, 132, 133, 136, 140, 145, 161, 163, 165,
169, 174, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 189, 196, 198, 200, 202

English, 12, 24, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 53, 54, 55, 59,
62, 63, 65, 67, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90,
91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 102, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,
112, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124, 135, 136, 139, 143, 144,
145, 146, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166,
167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, Chapter XVI, 186, 187, 189,
190, 191, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203

Eratosthenes, 16

Ericson, Leif, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22

Eric the Red (Eric Thorvaldson), 17, 21

Ericson, Thorvald, 18

Erie, 201

Eriwoneck, 145

Eskimos, 22, 49

Ethiopians, 2, 4

Europe, vii, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 16, 23, 25, 51, 70, 72, 141, 149, 197,
202

Euxine Sea, 3

Evelin, George, 133

_F_

Fairfield, 172

Ferrara, Alfonso de, 14

Fendall, Governor, 183

Fenwick, Cuthbert, 131

Ferryland, 108, 114

Finland, 26

Finns, 152

Five Nations, 41, 42, 43, 61, 74, 75, 76, 77, 129, 191, 197

Flanders, 5, 11, 12

_Flatey Book_, 21

Fleet, Henry, 118, 119, 128, 129, 130

Florida, 27, 29, 33, 52, 82, 124, 194, 203

Forbes, General John, 202

Forked River, 189, 190

Fort Albany, 186

Fort Amstel, 163

Fort Amsterdam, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 156, 157, 176, 184,
185

Fort Beversrede, 160

Fort Casimir, 161, 162

Fort Chartres, 192

Fort Christina, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 160, 162, 163

Fort Conquest, 133

Fort Crevecouer, 191

Fort DuQuesne, 202, 203

Fort Elfsborg, 155, 156, 161

Fort Frontenac, 190, 203

Fort Good Hope, 137, 166, 167, 168, 181

Fort d’Huiller, 193

Fort Korsholm, 159, 161

Fort Nassau, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 137, 138, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146,
149, 152, 155, 156, 160, 161

Fort Necessity, 202

Fort New Gothenborg, 155

Fort Onondaga, 76

Fort Orange, 137, 163, 165, 166, 176, 177, 179, 180, 183, 185, 186

Fort Orleans, 193

Fort Pitt, 203

Fort Rosalie, 192

Fort St. Antoine, 192

Fort St. George, 84

Fort Saybrook, 168, 172, 173

Fort Trinity, 163

_Fortune_ (ship), 95

France, 11, 13, 14, 23, 28, 30, 31, 33, 39, 40, 52, 79, 82, 84, 86,
107, 108, 110, 111, 163, 191, 192, 193, 198, 199, 203

Francis I, 27, 29, 31, 47, 48

Fraser, John, 199, 201

French Canada, 35, 61, 83, 175, 185, 186

French Creek, 201

French, 28, 29, 31, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48, 54, 55, 62, 68,
69, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 94, 95,
101, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126, 134,
137, 145, 147, 173, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197,
198, 199, 200, 201 _passim_, 202, 203

French and Indian War, vii, viii, 187, 202

Freydis, 17, 21

Frobisher, Martin, 48, 49

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 170

_G_

Gaspe, 39

Genoa, 6, 14

German, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 193

Gibbons, Ambrose, 104

Gilbert, Bartholomew, 54

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 49, 50, 51, 54

Gilbert, Sir John, 51

Girling, Captain, 112

Gloucester, New Jersey, 137

Godfrey of Bouillon, 10

Godyn, Samuel, 141

Golden Fleece, 2, 3, 4, 188

Gomez, Captain Estevan, 69

Gondomar, Ambassador, 124

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 83, 84, 88, 93, 98, 99, 104

Gorges, Capt. Robert, 99

Gosnold, Bartholomew, 55, 69, 83

Gothenburg, 148

Gothland, 11

Grave, Francois (Sieur duPont), 38, 39, 40

Great Lakes, 68, 74, 190

Great Meadows, 202

Greece, 3, 4

Greek, 2, 4, 13, 17, 188

Green Bay, 187

Greenland, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24

Greenwich (Connecticut), 126, 173, 181, 182

Grenville, Sir Richard, 53

_Gripen_ (ship), 148, 150, 151

Grosseilliers, Sieur des, 188

Gudrid, 17, 19

Guercheville, Madame de, 85, 86

Guiana, 54, 92

Gulf of Mexico, 190, 191, 192, 193, 196

Gulf of St. Lawrence, 28, 29, 37, 50, 108, 109, 190

Gustavus Adolphus, 146

_H_

Hakluyt, Richard, 33, 37

_Half Moon_ (ship), 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72

Hampton, Virginia, 120

Hansa, 11, 12

Hanseatic League, 11, 12, 22

Hariot, Thomas, 53

Harmar, Charles, 120, 128, 129

Harrisburg, 199

Harris Ferry, 199

Hartford, 137, 166, 168, 170, 181, 182, 183

Harvey, Sir John (Governor of Virginia), 130, 132, 144, 145

Hatteras, 34, 52

_Hauk’s Book_, 20

Havre, 32

Hawkins, John, 33, 48

Hawley, Jerome, 132

Hendricksen, Cornelis, 78, 79, 89

Henry IV, 38

Henry VIII, 46, 47

Heyn, Admiral Peter, 135

Hindustan, 5

Hochelaga, 30

Holland, 12, 13, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 92, 93, 135, 136, 138,
140, 142, 143, 148, 151, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 177, 178,
179, 182

Hollanders, 39, 77, 78, 87, 89, 136, 138, 144, 146, 147, 151, 152,
158, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 174, 175, 176, 181, 182

Holmes, Capt. William, 168

Holmes, George, 146

Hoorn, 73, 77, 116

Hopkins, Governor Edward, 170

Horne (Hoorn), 116

Hudde, Andries, 159

Hudson Bay, 22, 188, 189

Hudson’s Bay Company, 189, 193

Hudson, Capt. Henry, 40, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 77, 78, 79, 88,
102, 164

Hudson River, 20, 27, 28, 66, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 86, 93,
102, 113, 116, 117, 137, 138, 165, 166, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180,
181, 183, 184, 186, 197

Huguenots, 82, 85

Hunt, Captain, 95

Huron Indians, 33, 41, 42, 74, 76, 77

Huygen, Hendrick, 150, 152, 158

_I_

Iberville, Pierre le Moyne d’, 192

Ibn-Batootah, 7, 8

Iceland, 17, 24

Illinois, 203

Illinois Indians, 191, 192, 197

Illinois River, 193

India, 2, 7, 14, 16, 24, 63

Indian, 110, 123, 124, 129, 134, 142, 150, 158, 168, 172, 174, 176,
183, 196, 200, 201, 203
corn, viii, 28, 35, 48, 69, 75, 94, 96
league, 176
policy, 198
trade, 126, 128, 148, 153, 154, 156, 157, 169, 174, 177, 180, 184,
193, 194, 200
village, 131, 169, 174, 195

Indian Ocean, 5, 27, 50, 52, 53

Indians, vii, 25, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64,
68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 80, 84, 85, 87, 89, 94, 97, 100, 102,
105, 109, 115, 117, 119, 128, 129, 130, 133, 136, 137, 139, 143, 148,
149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 158, 159, 160, 161, 165, 167, 169, 170, 171,
172, 173, 175, 180, 181, 188, 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200
customs of, 121-122

Indian Sea, 83

Indies, 16

Ingram, David, 33

Ireland, 17, 72

Iroquois Confederacy, 73

Iroquois Indians, 30, 33, 34, 39, 40, 41, 42, 61, 73, 74, 75, 77, 80,
107, 123, 128, 129, 137, 138, 139, 170, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181,
182, 184, 187, 190, 191, 192, 193, 197, 198
customs of, 74

Islam, 5

Italy, 6, 14

Italian merchants, 5, 6, 14

Ivan the Terrible, 12, 44, 45

_J_

James I, 54, 58, 83, 86, 108, 164

James Bay, 189

James, Duke of York, 184, 186

James River, 20, 28, 29, 59, 82, 83, 85, 87, 89, 115, 116, 118, 120,
124, 125, 195, 196

Jamestown, 57, 58, 60, 62, 69, 82, 89, 115, 116, 117, 118, 127, 143,
144, 150, 195

Jansen, Commissary Jan, 146, 149, 150, 154, 156, 159

Japazaws, 118

Jason, 2, 3, 4 _passim_, 188

Jesuit priests, 29, 85, 190, 191

Johnson, Dr. Amandus, 151, 157

Joliet, Louis, 190

Julin, 10

Juno, 3

_K_

_Kalmar Nyckel_ (ship), 148, 150, 151

Karlsefni, Thorfinn, 17, 19, 20, 21, 69

Kaskaskia, 193

Kecoughtan, 115, 120, 126, 146

Kennebec River, 83, 87, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 145

Kent Hundred, 127

Kent Island, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134

Kent Islanders, 128, 130, 131

Kentucky, 199, 203

Khan, Kublai, the Great, 6, 7, 13

Kieft, Governor William, 150, 175

King George’s War, 198, 199, 200

Kirke brothers, 109, 126, 128

“Kleynties,” 76

Kling, Lieutenant Mans, 150, 156

Knight, Capt. John, 54

Kublai Khan, 6, 7, 13

_L_

Labrador, 25

Laconia Company, 104, 156

_La Dauphine_ (ship), 27, 28

Lake Champlain, 41, 74, 104

Lake Chautauqua, 201

Lake Erie, 193, 199, 201

Lake Huron, 193

Lake Michigan, 187

Lake Nipissing, 42

Lake of the Iroquois, 41, 156

Lake Onondaga, 75

Lake Ontario, 42, 75, 190

Lake Superior, 188

Lake Winnipeg, 22

Lake Winnepesaukee, 104, 181

Lamberton, George, 153, 154

Lancaster, 198, 200

Lane, Governor Ralph, 53, 54

La Rochelle, 32, 35, 86

La Salle, Sieur de, 190, 191, 192, 197

La Tour, Charles de, 108, 109, 110, 111

Laud, William (Bishop of London), 124

Lederer, John, 193

Lee, Thomas, 200

Leif, Ericson, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22

Leigh, Capt. Charles, 37, 54

Leipzig, 26

Lenni Lenape Indians, 74, 137, 138, 139, 140, 143, 144, 148, 149

Levett, Christopher, 98

Levy, Franks and Simon, 200

Lewger, John (Secretary of Maryland), 133

Leyden, 92

Lincolnshire, 57

Logan, James, 198

Lok, Michael, 49

London, 37, 45, 48, 55, 63, 64, 83, 95, 119, 132, 164, 165, 184, 189,
200

London Company, 57, 58, 69, 82, 83

Long Island Sound, 18, 78, 87, 102, 153, 165, 171, 173, 183

_Long Tayle_ (pinnace), 130, 131, 132

Lords Commissioners of Plantations, 132

Louis XIV, 190, 191

Louisburg, 203

Louisiana, viii, ix, 192, 193

Lowrey brothers, 199

_M_

Machias (Maine), 111

Machias River, 104

Maine, 18, 55, 62, 68, 83, 84, 85, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 104,
105, 106, 107,110, 111, 112, 156

Malaga, 95

Malaya, 14, 16

Malay Archipelago, 5

Manhattan, 70, 71, 73, 77, 78, 79, 86, 88, 89, 102, 136, 140, 144,
145, 150, 154, 158, 163, 164, 165, 166, 173, 175, 176, 177, 179,
181, 185

Marco Polo, 6, 7, 8, 9, 25

“Markland,” 22

Marquette, Father Jacques, 190

Martha’s Vineyard, 78

Martiau, Capt. Nicholas, 127

Mary Tudor (Queen of England), 47

Maryland, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 183, 198, 200

Marylanders, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 152, 200

Mason, Capt. John, 98, 104, 172

Massachusetts, 103, 112, 156, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 180,
182, 183

Massachusetts Bay, 167

Massachusetts Bay Colony, 111

Massachusetts Bay Company, 101

Massachusetts Indians, 95, 97, 98, 99

Matagorda Bay, 192

_Matthew_ (boat), 24

Mathews, Samuel, 120

Maverick, Samuel, 98

May, Capt. Cornelis Jacobsen, 77, 78, 89, 135, 136, 137, 138

May, Peter, 146, 149

_Mayflower_ (ship), 92, 93, 94

Mediterranean, 5, 6, 13, 14

Merrimac River, 98, 181

Merrymount, 100, 101, 104

Mesopotamians, 4

Mexico, 41, 190

Minqua Indians, 77, 79, 140, 144, 149, 150, 152, 154

Minquas Kill, 148, 149, 150

Minnesota, 22

Minnesota River, 193

Minuit, Governor Peter, 136, 140, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151

Mississippi, 192

Mississippi River, 134, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 196, 203
discovery of, 189

Missouri River, 188, 189, 193

Mobile, 192

Mohammed, 5

Mohawk Indians, 73, 74, 75, 170, 175, 176

Mohawk Valley, 76, 187, 197

Mohegan Indians, 73, 75, 137, 167, 172, 173

Moluccas, 24

Mongolia, 4, 7

Monhegan Island, 101

Monongahela River, 201

Montagnais Indians, 33, 40

Montour, Andrew, 199, 201

Montreal, 30, 197, 199, 203

Monts, Sieur de, 39, 41, 84

Morton, Thomas, 100, 101, 104

Moscow, 11, 44, 45

Moslem, 5, 6

Mount Desert Island, 18, 19, 62, 85, 86

Moxon, Rev. George, 170

Moyne, Pierre le (Sieur d’Iberville), 192

Muscongus River, 104

Muscovy, 50, 72

Muscovy Company, 44, 67

Muskingum River, 199

Mystic River, 172

_N_

Nantasket, 99

Narragansett Bay, 101, 102, 174

Narragansett Indians, 87, 96, 101, 102, 171, 172, 173, 174

Narrows, 70, 166

Natchez, 193

Natchitoches, 193

Naugatuck River, 180

Navigation Acts, 182, 184, 186

Neale, Capt. Walter, 104, 156

Needham, James, 194

Nelson River, 22

Netherlands. _See_ Holland

New Amsterdam, 158, 162, 163, 164, 166, 168, 175, 182, 183, 184

New Brunswick, 108

New Castle, 161

New England, 40, 64, 81, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 97, 108, 119, 135, 151,
153, 158, 163, 165, 166, 167, 171, 180, 181, 183, 196
Confederation of, 112
Council for, 93, 97, 98, 99

New Englanders, 107, 137, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 167, 168, 171, 172,
173, 179, 180, 181, 182, 197

Newfoundland, 17, 25, 37, 50, 51, 63, 68, 70, 108, 114

New France, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 43, 74, 79, 80, 82,
83, 107, 108, 109, 110, 158, 190

New Haven, 153, 155, 173, 175, 180, 182

New Jersey, 153

New Mexico, 192

New Netherland, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 90, 92, 108, 113, Chapter XII,
147, 149, 151, 155, 161, 162, Chapter XV, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184,
185, 186, 197
Council of, 154
Governor of, 148, 158, 179

New Netherlanders, 102, 146, 175, 176, 183

_New Netherland_ (ship), 136

New Orleans, 192, 203

New Plymouth, 166, 167, 168, 171

Newport, Capt. Christopher, 58, 116

New River Valley, 194

New Scotland, 108, 109

New Spain, 52, 70, 82, 83, 108

New Sweden, 148, 149, 151, 152, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 183

New York (city), ix, 76, 136, 137, 164, 184, 196

New York (state), 185, 193, 197

New Yorkers, 40

_New York Times_, ix

New World, 3, 80, 92

Niagara, 42, 202, 203

Nicollet, Jean, 187, 188

Nicolls, Colonel Richard, 184, 185

Nile, 4, 60

Noddle’s Island, 98

Normans, 13, 25, 27, 46

Norman’s Kill, 137

Norsemen, 9, 10 _passim_, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 69

North America, 24, 54, 135, 136

North River, 137, 141, 151, 165

North Sea, 9, 11, 12

Norwalk, 173

Norway, 22

Norwegians, 22

Nova Scotia, 17, 22, 54, 68, 107, 108, 109, 110, 126, 189, 202

Novgorod, 10, 11, 12, 45

Nuremberg, 17

_O_

Oder River, 10

Ohio, 203

Ohio Company, 200, 202

Ohio River, 193, 194, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203

Oldham, John, 104, 167, 171

Oneida Indians, 74

Onondaga Indians, 74

_Onrust_ (ship), 78, 79

Ontario, 188

Opechancanough, 118

Orient, 6, 135

Oriental pelts, 9, 187

Ottawa Indians, 201

Ottawa River, 41, 42

Oyster Bay, 173

_P_

Pacific Ocean, 203

Palmer’s Island, 127, 128, 130, 133, 134

Pamlico Sound, 52

Pamunkey Indians, 124

Panama Canal, 38

Paris, 33, 39

Passyunk, 137, 138, 160

Patowomecks, 115, 118

Patuxent River, 116, 131

Peirsey, Abraham, 120

Pelias, King, 3

Pemaquid, 104, 111

Penn, William, 137, 198

Penn’s son, 198

Pennsauken Creek, 145

Pennsylvania, 76, 193, 197, 198, 199, 200

Penobscot Bay, 68, 88

Penobscot River, 103, 104, 110, 111, 187

Pentagoet, 103, 110, 112

Pentagoet Bay, 112

Peoria, Illinois, 191

Pequot Indians, 102, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176
annihilation of, 172
War, 171

Persians, 4, 44, 45

Philadelphia, ix, x, 39, 78, 123, 127, 137, 144, 145, 153, 155, 160,
200

Philip II (King of Spain), 48

Phoenicians, 17

Piedmont plateau, 74

Pilgrims, 90, Chapter IX, 110, 111, 112, 156, 167, 168

Pimitoui, 193

Piscataqua, 98, 104

Piscataqua River, 104

Piscattaway Indians, 129

Placentia Bay, 108

Pleskow, 11

Plymouth, Chapter IX, 111, 112, 157, 164

Plymouth Company, 83, 84, 88, 93

Pocahontas, 58, 61, 117

Pocomoke River, 131

Point Comfort, 124

Polo, Marco, 6, 7, 8, 9, 25

Poole, Robert, 117

Popham, Sir Francis, 88

Popham, George, 83

Popham, Sir John (Chief Justice), 83

Port Royal (Bay of Fundy), 39, 62, 84, 85, 86, 108, 109, 110, 111, 126

Port Royal, South Carolina, 194

Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 98

Portugal, 11, 13, 23, 25, 26

Portuguese, 14, 15, 16, 25

Potomac River, 29, 65, 115, 116, 118, 121, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132,
134, 200

Poutrincourt, Sieur de, 84, 86, 108

Powhatan, 58, 59, 60, 117

Powhatan Confederacy, 59, 116, 124

Pring, Martin, 55, 83

Printz, Johan (Governor of New Sweden), 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158,
159, 160, 161, 162, 163

Province Island, 153, 155, 159

Puritan, 101, 111, 112, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172

Pynchon, William, 169-170, 171, 181

_Q_

Quaker, 198, 199

Quebec, 30, 32, 40, 41, 42, 108, 109, 110, 145, 188, 190, 203

Quebec Province, 108

Quincy, 99

_R_

Radisson, Pierre Esprit, 188, 189, 190

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 82

Rappahannock River, 115

Rasieres, Isaak de, 102

Razilly, Chevalier Isaac de, 110, 111

Red River, 22

Renaissance, 12, 14, 46

Rensselaer, Kiliaen van, 141, 176, 177, 178

Rensselaerwyck, 141, 176, 177, 178, 179

Restoration, 183

Rhode Island, 173, 174, 175

Richelieu, Cardinal de, 109

Richelieu River, 41

Richmond’s Island, 104, 105

Rising, Johan, 162, 163

Roanoke, 37, 52, 54, 55, 82

Roberval, Sieur de, 32

Rocky Mountains, viii, 203

Rolfe, John, 118

Romans, 4, 5, 60

Rome, 4, 124

Rotterdam, 151

Rouen, 32, 39

“Rupert’s Land,” 189

Rupert, Prince, 189

Rurik, 9

Russia, 9, 10, 12, 26, 44, 45, 51, 63

Russian, 45, 46

_S_

Saco River, 104

Sagahadoc, 83, 84, 88, 101

St. Augustine, 186

St. Christopher’s Island, 151

St. Croix, 39, 62, 84, 86

St. Croix River, 186, 187

Saint George, 83

_St. Helen_ (pinnace), 131

Saint Just, 84, 85, 86, 108

St. Lawrence River, 20, 30, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 56,
62, 85, 86, 107, 108, 110, 112, 145, 188, 190, 203

St. Malo, 32, 33

_St. Margaret_ (boat), 131

St. Mary’s, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133

Salem Creek, 153

Salem, 101

San Miguel, 28

Santo Domingo, 28, 29

Sanuto, 14

Saquenay, 30, 31, 32

Savage, Thomas, 115, 116, 117, 120

Savannah River, 195

Saxons, 10

Scandinavia, 5, 11

Schuylkill River, 137, 138, 144, 149, 153, 155, 159, 160

Scioto River, 199

Scotland, 110, 126

Scots, 109, 111

Scottish Company, 110

Scottish and English Company, 109

Semiramis, 2

Seneca Indians, 74

Seven Years’ War, 202

Shawnee Indians, 194, 198

Shenandoah Valley, 197

Shippen and Lawrence, 200

Siberia, 6, 7, 11, 24, 26, 45

Sioux Indians, 188

Skraelings, Chapter II, 94

Skute, Capt. Sven, 162, 163

Slavic lands, 4, 9, 10

Slavs, 10

Slechtenhorst, Brandt van, 178, 179

Smith, Capt. Dirck, 163

Smith, Henry, 169

Smith, Capt. John, 48, 56, Chapter VI, 68, 69, 77, 83, 87, 88, 89, 94,
95, 115, 116, 117, 118, 123

Smith, Richard, 173, 174

Smith, Capt. Thomas, 130, 133

Smith, Sir Thomas, 58, 83

Snorri, 19

Somes Sound, 18

Southampton, 50, 92

South America, 24, 29, 54

South River, 71, 78, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 149, 150,
151, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163

South Sea, 54, 55, 145, 186, 199

Sowamset, 171

Spain, 16, 17, 23, 25, 26, 27, 48, 50, 52, 53, 69, 80, 125, 135, 140,
148, 186, 203

Spaniards, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 52, 80, 82, 115, 124, 140, 186, 192,
194, 196

Spanish, 27, 48, 52, 70, 76, 95, 124, 135, 136, 148, 149, 150, 190,
194, 196

Spanish Florida, 54, 77, 185, 186, 196

Spanish Hill, 76

Spanish West Indies, 157

Spelman, Henry, 117, 118, 119

Springfield, 169, 170

Squanto, 94, 95, 96

Stamford, 173, 176

Standish, Capt. Miles, 94, 96, 101, 105, 112

“staple right,” 177

States General of the Netherlands, 79, 80, 90, 92, 135, 168, 177, 179,
182

Stoughton, Captain, 172

Strabo, 16

Stratford, 173

Stuyvesant, Governor Peter, 159, 160, 162, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182,
183, 184, 185

Susquehanna River, 61, 65, 68, 74, 76, 77, 113, 123, 127, 133, 134,
138, 152, 197, 199

Susquehannocks, 61, 76, 77, 123, 129, 138, 139, 153

Swanendael, 141, 142, 144, 147

Sweden, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 156, 157, 162

Swedes, 22, 36, Chapter XIV

Swedish, 146, Chapter XIV

_T_

Tadoussac, 40

Tartars, 6, 7, 8, 13, 44, 45, 57

Tartar Empire, 7

Tartary, 29, 30, 40

Tawasentha, 137

Taylor, Philip, 132

Taz River, 11

Tennessee River, 196

Texas, 192

Thames River, 11, 56, 182

The Hague, 73, 89, 90

Thirty Years’ War, 107, 165

Thompson, David, 98

Thompson, Maurice, 125

Thorowgood, Cyprian, 128

Thorn, Poland, 10

Thorvald Ericson, 18

Thorvaldson, Eric (Eric the Red), 17, 21

Three Rivers, 39, 77, 188

Ticonderoga, 203

Tierra D’Ayllon, 28, 29

Tierra Florida, 28

Timber Creek, 137

Tinicum Island, 155, 161, 163

Tobolsk, 11

Tonti, Henri de, 191

Transylvania, 57

_Treasurer_ (ship), 85, 87

Treaty of Hartford, 182

Treaty of Lancaster, 200

Treaty of Paris, 203

Trent, Capt. William, 199, 201, 202

Trenton, 138

Trinity Bay, 108

Trinity Harbor, 50

Turkey, 45

Turks, 14, 57

Turner, Capt. Nathaniel, 153, 157

Twide, Richard, 33

Tyrker, 18

_U_

Ulster Scots, 197

Underhill, Capt. John, 172, 176

United Colonies, Commissioners of the, 183

United Colonies of New England, 180

United Netherlands, 80

United New Netherland Company, 73

United States, viii, ix

Urals, 11, 45

Usselinx, William, 80

_V_

Valley of Virginia, 74

Van Curler, Jacob, 167

Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen, 141, 176, 177, 178

Van Slechtenhorst, Brandt, 178, 179

Van Twiller, Governor Wouter, 165, 166

Varangians, 9

Varkens Kill, 153, 155

Venango, 201

Venice, 6, 11, 14

Verhulst, William, 138

Verhulsten Island, 138

Verrazano, Giovanni da, 27, 28, 52, 69

Vervins, Peace of, 38

Vespucci, Amerigo, 25

Vikings, 9, Chapter II, 24, 94

Vines, Richard, 104

Vinland, Chapter II

Virginia, Capes of, 69

Virginia Company, 83, 86, 92

Virginia Company Council, 116

Virginia Council, 86, 115, 132

Virginia, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 78, 79, 80,
83, 86, 87, 89, 92, 93, 97, 99, 100, 113, Chapters XI, XII, 135, 144,
145, 146, 148, 151, 164, 184, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202

_Virginia_ (pinnace), 83

Virginians, 70, 80, 82, 115, 116, 117, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125, 128,
129, 130, 134, 144, 146, 157, 194, 195, 196, 199, 200

Volga, 9

Vries, Capt. David Pieters de, 141, 143, 144

_W_

Wahunsonacock, 116

Waldseemuller, 25

“Walking Purchase,” 198

Walloons, 136, 137, 141

“Wall” Street, 182

Warren, Lieutenant Radcliffe, 131

Washington, D. C., 118

Washington, George, 201, 202

Washington family, 200

Watertown, Massachusetts, 167

Wessagusset, 99, 101

Wessel, 147

West, Capt. Francis, 98

West, John, 132

Westchester County, 173, 182

Westfield, 170

West India Company. _See_ Dutch West India Company

West Indies, 29, 38, 53, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151

Westoes, 195

Weston Thomas, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99

West Virginia, 199

Wethersfield, 168

Weymouth, 83, 99

Weymouth, Capt. George, 54, 55, 95

White, Father Andrew, 130

White, John, 53, 54

White Sea, 11, 44

Whiting, William, 157, 170

Whorekill, 142, 143, 147

Wickford, Rhode Island, 174

Wilcox, John, 157, 173

Willard, Simon, 181

_William_ (ship), 165, 166

Williams, Roger, 172, 173

Wilmington (Delaware), 79, 149

Windsor, 168

Winetha, 10

Winslow, Edward, 105, 166, 167

Winter, John, 105

Winthrop, Governor John, 101, 156, 166

Wisby, 11

Wisconsin, 187

Wollaston, 99, 100

Wood, Abraham, 194

Woodward, Henry, 195, 196

Woronoco, 170

Wyatt, Sir Francis (Governor of Virginia), 150

_Y_

York, Duke of, 184, 186

York River, 29, 115

Youghiogheny River, 199, 200, 201

Young, Capt. Thomas, 145, 146

Yowaccomoco Indians, 129

_Z_

Zipangu, 70

Transcriber’s Notes

A few minor errors in punctuation and spacing were corrected.

Page 10: “wore cloth hoods ostenstatiously” changed to “wore cloth hoods ostentatiously”

Page 27: “Wholesale annihiliation” changed to “Wholesale annihilation”

Page 28: “instuments of torture” changed to “instruments of torture”

Page 34: “great linquistic family” changed to “great linguistic family”

Page 68: “parallelling the Susquehanna” changed to “paralleling the Susquehanna”

Page 123: “the offer a squaw” changed to “the offer of a squaw”

Page 176: “sanquinary five-year war” changed to “sanguinary five-year war”