Chapter X: Various Sizes of Roman Letter—modern

VARIOUS SIZES OF ROMAN LETTER—OLD STYLE.

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INDEX.

Abbreviated words, how punctuated, 80.

Abbreviations, Catalogue of fishes, 68.

Abbreviations, mischievous, 26.

Abbreviations of States, Territories, Post-offices, 69.

“able,” words ending in, 155–164.

Accents, 121.

Acute accent, 121.

Adams’ _or_ Adams’s, 94.

Advertisement, Publishers’, 5–7.

Aldus Manutius, 75.

Alterations on Proof-sheet, 30.

Ancient and modern methods of punctuation compared, 73–75.

Apostrophe, 118–119.

Attention to revising, 47.

Authors’ proofs, 47–49.

Authors should punctuate their MS., 71.

Brace, The, 121.

Brackets, 93, 94, 120.

Briefs, Lawyers’, 24, 25.

Bureau or Academy yet wanted to settle all difficulties in syntax orthography, punctuation, etc., 65.

Bureau, Smithsonian, of the English Language, desiderated, 65, 127.

Canceled words, how restored, 29.

Capitalization, 171–194.

Capitals and points, when to be mentioned by copy-holders, 45, 46, 55, 56.

Capitals, Rules for use of, very flexible, 190.

Captions, size of type, form of tables, etc., Directions for, furnished compositors and proof-readers, 37, 38.

Caret, The, 121.

Cedilla, The, 122.

Chirography, Mercantile, 24, 26.

Circumflex accent, 121.

Close attention to revising, 47.

Close pointing, 80.

Colon, 97, 98.

Comma between subject and predicate, 77–79.

Comma, rules for use of, 100–112.

Comma, use of, depending on taste in many cases, 80.

Compositors and proof-readers punctuate, 36.

Compositors and proof-readers should punctuate, if author neglects, 71.

Compositors’ names on proofs, 46.

Copy for printers, black ink on white paper, 31.

Copy-holders’ duty, 41.

Copy to be followed closely in doubtful cases, 123.

Correcting proof-sheets, Marks used in, 43, 45.

Correctly spelled list of doubtful words, Webster style, 127–140.

Correctly spelled list of doubtful words, Worcester style, 141–154.

Court, Records of, 51.

Court, Transcripts of Records of, with extraneous documents, 25.

Dash, the, 89–91.

Dash, the, Rules for use of, 114–118.

Dash, used too freely by writers for the press, 90.

D.D., LL.D., M.D., 181, 182.

Difficulty of drawing line between words “up” and words “down,” 183–189.

“Directions” for style of any work, frequently consulted, 37.

“Directions,” Samples of, 38–40.

Discussion of various modes of spelling same word, 126.

Distributing type, 33; results of error in, 34.

Diversities of grammar and idiom—of orthography, etc., Smithsonian Institution might settle all controversies by Bureau of Language, whose rulings should be adopted in Governmental publications, 65.

Division of words on vowels or syllables, 87, 88.

Division of words—to be avoided or not, 89.

Doubtful orthography; double column lists in dictionaries, 125, 126.

Doubtful words, query to author or editor, 31.

Dr. Johnson and proof-reader, 32.

Duty of copy-holder, 41.

Eccentricities of orthography, punctuation, capitalization, etc., recorded for reference by proof-reader, while a work is in progress, 37.

_ei_ and _ie_, Rule for, 169.

Ellipsis, or Omission, Marks of, 121.

Employé or Employee, 39.

English Grammar defined, 72.

_Ensure_ and _Insure_ differentiated, 170.

_Enure_ and _Inure_ differentiated, 170.

Erasures, to be made with ink, 29.

Errors from mistakes in distributing, 34.

Errors in MS. copy, corrected, or pointed out, in printing-office, 36.

Errors,—marked in text, and correction denoted on margin, of proof-sheets, 41–45.

Errors, rare, from printed copy, 18.

Errors unavoidable, while present methods continue, 34.

Esq., Jr., rules for, 181.

Exclamation, note of, rules for use of, 113, 114.

Fac-similes of Old Style, 200, 201.

Faults of manuscript reappear in proof-sheets, 25.

First letter in line of poetry, 174.

First proof, specimen of, 44.

Footnotes in manuscript, 30.

Footnotes, references to, 123.

Foreign words italic, 57, 58.

Foreign words roman, 58.

Full point, or period, 96.

General remarks on incongruities of style, 66–70.

Gods, pagan, capitalized, 180.

Golden rule of punctuation, 77.

Grammatical points, 72.

Grave accent, 121.

Greek alphabet, 54.

Handwriting of Clergymen, 22, 23.

Handwriting of lawyers, 23–25.

Handwriting of mercantile and business men, 24, 26.

Handwriting of physicians, 27.

Heathen deities, names of, to be capitalized, 180.

Hyphen, 118.

Hyphens in _one-half_, _two-thirds_, etc., 87.

Hyphens in succession at end of lines, not to exceed three, 89.

Hyphens, use of, 84–89.

I and J, 29.

I and O, to be capitals, 180, 181.

“ible,” words ending in, 165–167.

Illegibility of the writing, no damages, on account of the, 15.

Importance of _a_ and _the_, 188.

Initial letters put up, 172–174.

Ink, black, on white paper, for press, 31.

_Insure_ and _Ensure_ differentiated, 170.

Interrogation, note of, rules for use of, 112, 113.

_Inure_ and _Enure_ differentiated, 170.

“ise,” words ending in, 168, 169.

Junior, Esquire, rules for, 181.

Juxtaposition influences use of capitals, 189.

Language—“The Foundation for the Whole Faculty of Thinking”—should have the sharp oversight of those who would “diffuse knowledge among men,” 65.

Last reading for press; careful, deliberate, etc., 49–51.

Lawyers’ briefs, 24.

Leaders, 121.

Lead pencils, avoid, when writing for press, 31.

Lead pencils, no erasure with, 28.

Length of pause at the various points, 72, 73.

Liberal pointing, 80.

Ligated letters, Old Style, 195.

Lines above and below a correction, to be compared when revising, 47.

LL.D., D.D., M.D., 181, 182.

Manuscript, faults of, reappear in proof-sheets, 25.

Manuscript for the press,—black ink on white paper, 31.

Manutii, The, 75; Manutius, Aldus, 75.

“Mark-off,” 47.

Marks of Ellipsis, or Omission, 121.

Marks of Parenthesis, 120.

Marks of Quotation, 119, 120.

Marks used in correcting proof-sheets, 43, 45.

Matter “off its feet,” 42.

Meaning of “Put up” and “Put down,” 171, 172.

M.D., LL.D., D.D., 181, 182.

Mercantile chirography, 24, 26.

Method of reading points, capitals, etc., 46.

Mingling of styles, 40.

Namely, viz., to wit, how punctuated, 82.

Names of compositors on proofs, 46.

Names of countries, states, ships, towns, streets, political parties, etc., capitalized, 182.

Note of exclamation, rules for use of, 113, 114.

Note of interrogation, rules for use of, 112, 113.

Note on the “etc.,” in Rule 7, on use of capitals, 183–189.

Note-references, 123.

Notes as to captions, size of type, form of tables, etc., to be furnished employees, 38.

Nouns ending in _o_, plurals of, 167, 168.

O and I, capitals, 181.

O, nouns ending in, 167, 168.

“Off its feet,” 42.

Old Style, 195–201.

Omission, or Ellipsis, Marks of, 121.

One correct spelling, according to Webster, of variously spelled words, 127–140.

One correct spelling, according to Worcester, of variously spelled words, 141–154.

One style for Governmental publications desiderated, 127.

Orthography, 125–170.

Orthography, definitions of, 125.

Orthography; the Webster list of doubtful words (1500+), in the _one_ preferred manner of spelling, 127–140.

Orthography; the Worcester list of doubtful words (1500+), in the _one_ preferred manner of spelling, 141–154.

Over-punctuated manuscript, 30.

Pagination of MS., 29.

Paragraph mark (¶), 122.

Parenthesis, 92–94.

Parenthesis, marks of, 120.

Pauses and sense both indicated by punctuation, 75, 76.

Period, or full point, 96.

Personified things capitalized, 182.

Physicians’ chirography, 27.

Plurals, when denoted by apostrophe and _s_, 94, 95.

Pointing—close, liberal, 80.

Points, capitals, etc., method of reading by copy-holder, 46.

Points mark _sense_ as well as _pauses_, 75, 76.

Possessive case of nouns singular ending in _s_, 94.

Preambles, resolves, and provisos, how punctuated, 81.

Preferred spelling, Webster’s, of 1500+ words of various orthography, 127–140.

Preferred spelling, Worcester’s, of 1500+ words of various orthography, 141–154.

Principal words capitalized, 175, 176.

Printers, usually best proof-readers, 35.

Professional men “at the case,” 36.

Proof-reader and Dr. Johnson, 32.

Proof-readers and compositors punctuate, 36.

Proof-reader, to query doubtful words, etc., 31.

Proof-reading, 33–58.

Proof-sheets, marks used in correcting, 43, 45.

Proof-sheets, numbered in regular sequence, 46.

Proof-sheets of Records of Court, 51.

Proof-sheets, second reading and revising of, 47.

Proofs, routine in regard to, 37.

Proper nouns, having common form, put down, 183.

Propinquity a reason for putting up or putting down, 189–192.

Provisos, preambles, and resolutions, how punctuated, 81.

Punctuation, 71–124; a modern art, 73.

Punctuation, ancient and modern methods of, 73–75.

Punctuation by compositor and proof-reader, 36.

Punctuation, by one reader only, 47.

Punctuation of _viz._, _namely_, _to wit_, 82.

Punctuation, rules of, not fixed, 75.

Punctuation, uniformity of, not attainable, 123.

“Put down” and “Put up,” meaning of, 171, 172.

Quantity, marks of, 121, 122.

Quotation marks, 119, 120.

Reading final proof before printing, 49–51.

Reading Greek, 53–56.

Reading points and capitals, 46.

Recapitulation of rules for right use of capitals, 192–194.

Recipes—Greek and Latin, 27, 28.

Records of Court, no alterations in, allowable, except clerical errors in punctuation, 51.

Records of Court, transcripts of, with extraneous documents, 25.

Records of Court, uniform style in, not to be sought at expense of departing from copy, 51.

Reference marks to footnotes and sidenotes, 123.

Resolutions, preambles, and provisos, how punctuated, 81.

Restoring canceled words, 29.

Revising, 47.

Revising, in, great care required, 47.

Rhetorical points, 72.

Rules of punctuation, 96–118.

Rules of punctuation not fixed, 75.

Rules for capitalization very bendable, 190.

Samples or directions and notes to printers, 38–40.

Second proof, 46.

Second reading of proof by copy, 47.

Second, third, etc., revision of proof-sheets, 48.

Section mark (§), 123.

Semicolon, 98–100.

Semicolon before _as_, when particulars follow a general statement, 82.

Sense and pauses, both indicated by points, 75, 76.

Sentences difficult and involved, compositor and proof-reader to follow copy carefully, 123, 124.

Separation of words in manuscripts, 74.

Size of type; captions; form of tables, etc., directions for, to be supplied, 38.

Slips of proof, numbered in sequence, 46.

Space before and after dash, 91.

Spanish ñ, 122.

Specimen of first proof, 44.

“Spectator” of 1711 wished for an Academy to settle differences between grammar and idiom, 65.

Spelling, errors in, silently corrected, 36.

“Stet,” 29.

Style, 59–65.

Style of the office, 40.

Style of writing in the fifth century, 74.

Style, peculiarities of, to be noted by proof-reader, for reference, 37.

Styles, mingling of, 40.

Styles; Worcester, Webster, and Office, 61.

Subject and predicate, no comma between, except to prevent ambiguity, 77–79.

Suggestions to writers for press, 28.

Supreme Being, names, etc., of, capitalized, 176–180.

Syllabication, 87–89.

Tables, form of; size of type; style of captions, etc., sometimes furnished to compositors and proof-readers, 38.

Technical terms used in this book, 202–204.

_Tout-ensemble_ survey of a proof-sheet, 40.

To wit, namely, viz., ending paragraph, how punctuated, 82.

Two “Chapter V.’s,” 30.

Type, how distributed, 34.

Umlaut, 122.

Uniformity—very important in some works, of no consequence in others, 52.

Use of comma, in many cases, depends upon taste, 80.

Varieties of style, 61–63.

Various marks used in writing and printing, 118.

Various sizes of type—modern, 205.

Various sizes of type—old style, 205.

Viz., namely, to wit; ending paragraph, how punctuated, 83.

Viz., namely, to wit; how punctuated, 82.

Webster’s preferred columns of words of doubtful orthography, 127–140.

Worcester’s preferred columns of words of doubtful orthography, 141–154.

Words connected with a No. of designation, 182.

Words doubtful, query, 31.

Words ending in _able_, 155–164; in _ible_, 165–167.

Words ending in _ise_, 168, 169.

Words from dead and foreign languages, 56–58.

Words ending in _cion_, 169.

Words l. c. when spelled in full, u. c. when contracted, 181.

Words, not English, to be printed in italics, 57, 58.

Words, not English, to be printed in roman, 58.

Write _plain_ English, 26.

Writers for press should understand technics of proof-reading, 42.

Writing, bad, robs compositors, 21–23.

Writing becomes automatic, 19.

Writing for the press, 15–32.

Writing legibly, imperative, 21.

Writing, illegibility of the, protects printers in suits for damages, 15.

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A SUMMER IN THE AZORES, WITH A GLIMPSE OF MADEIRA

By Miss C. ALICE BAKER. Little Classic style. Cloth, gilt edges, $1.25.

“Miss Baker gives us a breezy, entertaining description of these picturesque islands. She is an observing traveller, and makes a graphic picture of the quaint people and customs.”—_Chicago Advance._

LIFE AT PUGET SOUND

With sketches of travel in Washington Territory, British Columbia, Oregon, and California. By CAROLINE C. LEIGHTON. 16mo, cloth, $1.50.

“Your chapters on Puget Sound have charmed me. Full of life, deeply interesting, and with just that class of facts, and suggestions of truth, that cannot fail to help the Indian and the Chinese.”—WENDELL PHILLIPS.

EUROPEAN BREEZES

By MARGERY DEANE. Cloth, gilt top, $1.50. Being chapters of travel through Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Switzerland, covering places not usually visited by Americans in making “the Grand Tour of the Continent,” by the accomplished writer of “Newport Breezes.”

“A very bright, fresh and amusing account, which tells us about a host of things we never heard of before, and is worth two ordinary books of European travel.”—_Woman’s Journal._

BEATEN PATHS; OR, A WOMAN’S VACATION IN EUROPE

By ELLA W. THOMPSON. 16mo, cloth, $1.50.

A lively and chatty book of travel, with pen-pictures humorous and graphic, that are decidedly out of the “beaten paths” of description.

AN AMERICAN GIRL ABROAD

By Miss ADELINE TRAFTON, author of “His Inheritance,” “Katherine Earle,” etc. 16mo. Illustrated. $1.50.

“A sparkling account of a European trip by a wide-awake, intelligent, and irrepressible American girl. Pictured with a freshness and vivacity that is delightful.”—_Utica Observer._

_CURTIS GUILD’S TRAVELS_

BRITONS AND MUSCOVITES; OR, TRAITS OF TWO EMPIRES

Cloth, $2.00.

OVER THE OCEAN; OR, SIGHTS AND SCENES IN FOREIGN LANDS

By CURTIS GUILD, editor of “The Boston Commercial Bulletin” Crown 8vo. Cloth, $2.50.

“The utmost that any European tourist can hope to do is to tell the old story in a somewhat fresh way, and Mr. Guild has succeeded in every part of his book in doing this.”—_Philadelphia Bulletin._

ABROAD AGAIN; OR, FRESH FORAYS IN FOREIGN FIELDS

Uniform with “Over the Ocean.” By the same author. Crown 8vo. Cloth, $2.50.

“He has given us a life-picture. Europe is done in a style that must serve as an invaluable guide to those who go ‘over the ocean,’ as well as an interesting companion.”—_Halifax Citizen._

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NARRATIVES OF NOTED TRAVELLERS

GERMANY SEEN WITHOUT SPECTACLES; or, Random Sketches of Various Subjects, Penned from Different Standpoints in the Empire

By HENRY RUGGLES, late United States Consul at the Island of Malta, and at Barcelona, Spain. $1.50.

“Mr. Ruggles writes briskly: he chats and gossips, slashing right and left with stout American prejudices, and has made withal a most entertaining book.”—_New-York Tribune._

TRAVELS AND OBSERVATIONS IN THE ORIENT, with a Hasty Flight in the Countries of Europe

By WALTER HARRIMAN (ex-Governor of New Hampshire). $1.50.

“The author, in his graphic description of these sacred localities, refers with great aptness to scenes and personages which history has made famous. It is a chatty narrative of travel.”—_Concord Monitor._

FORE AND AFT

A Story of Actual Sea-Life. By ROBERT B. DIXON, M.D. $1.25.

Travels in Mexico, with vivid descriptions of manners and customs, form a large part of this striking narrative of a fourteen-months’ voyage.

VOYAGE OF THE PAPER CANOE

A Geographical Journey of Twenty-five Hundred Miles from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico. By NATHANIEL H. BISHOP. With numerous illustrations and maps specially prepared for this work. Crown 8vo. $1.50.

“Mr. Bishop did a very bold thing, and has described it with a happy mixture of spirit, keen observation, and _bonhomie_.”—_London Graphic._

FOUR MONTHS IN A SNEAK-BOX

A Boat Voyage of Twenty-six Hundred Miles down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, and along the Gulf of Mexico. By _Nathaniel H. Bishop_. With numerous maps and illustrations. $1.50.

“His glowing pen-pictures of ‘shanty-boat’ life on the great rivers are true to life. His descriptions of persons and places are graphic.”—_Zion’s Herald._

A THOUSAND MILES’ WALK ACROSS SOUTH AMERICA, Over the Pampas and the Andes

By NATHANIEL H. BISHOP. Crown 8vo. New edition. Illustrated. $1.50.

“Mr. Bishop made this journey when a boy of sixteen, has never forgotten it, and tells it in such a way that the reader will always remember it, and wish there had been more.”

CAMPS IN THE CARIBBEES

Being the Adventures of a Naturalist Bird-hunting in the West-India Islands. By FRED A. OBER. New edition. With maps and illustrations. $1.50.

“During two years he visited mountains, forests, and people, that few, if any, tourists had ever reached before. He carried his camera with him, and photographed from nature the scenes by which the book is illustrated.”—_Louisville Courier-Journal._

ENGLAND FROM A BACK WINDOW; With Views of Scotland and Ireland

By J. M. BAILEY, the “‘Danbury News’ Man.” 12mo. $1.00.

“The peculiar humor of this writer is well known. The British Isles have never before been looked at in just the same way,—at least, not by any one who has notified us of the fact. Mr. Bailey’s travels possess, accordingly, a value of their own for the reader, no matter how many previous records of journeys in the mother country he may have read.”—_Rochester Express._

_Sold by all booksellers, and sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price_

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EVERY-DAY BUSINESS, PRACTICAL NOTES ON ITS DETAILS

_Arranged for Young People by M. S. EMERY_

Price, cloth, 50 cents

An accurate knowledge of how to attend to the every-day affairs of a business life is, indeed, a most valuable possession. The requirements of modern business life are manifold and exacting, demanding technical information, and, besides, quite a degree of what may justly be termed “cultivation.” This valuable and indispensable book covers a wide range of information of much importance, and is designed as a text-book for schools, and for ready reference for young people and those who need such instruction as it contains. It treats in an attractive and clear manner subjects which bear on every-day callings, like “Letter-writing,” by which so large a percentage of business is conducted; “Bills, Receipts, and Accounts;” “Post-Office Business,” with instructions regarding late advantages and scope of accommodation; “Telegrams,” “Express Business,” “United States Money,” “Savings Banks,” “National Banks,” “Bank Checks,” “Notes and Drafts,” “Mortgages,” “Investment and Speculation,” “Taxes,” “Fire Insurance,” and “Life Insurance.” These are topics conveying a general idea of the worth of the book—topics about which business men must know, and covering that which they who would be business men must learn. Keeping relatively abreast of modern methods, the educators of our day see the necessity of imparting _business knowledge_, as well as that which is purely scientific, historical, or literary in its nature; hence, the adaptability of “Every-Day Business” to the necessities of American schools and our progressive ways of life.

AN HOUR WITH DELSARTE

A STUDY OF EXPRESSION, by Anna Morgan, of the Chicago Conservatory. Illustrated by Rosa Mueller Sprague and Marian Reynolds, with full-page figure illustrations, 4to, cloth, $2.00.

“This beautiful quarto volume presents the ideas of Delsarte in words which all may understand. It is explicit and comprehensible. No one can read this book or study its twenty-two graceful and graphic illustrations without perceiving the possibility of adding strength and expression to gestures and movements, as well as simplicity and ease. Mr. Turveydrop went through life with universal approval, simply by his admirable ‘deportment.’ Every young person may profitably take a hint from his success, and this book will be found invaluable as an instructor.”—_Woman’s Journal_, Boston.

“‘Flexibility and grace’ are the watchwords of this great teacher, and it must be conceded that the charming young ladies who serve as models throughout the book have their share of these two desiderata of expression; this book gives an altogether charming insight into Delsarte’s system, and no young lady who desires to acquire ease of manner and grace of carriage could do better than to read it carefully. The style is quite in keeping with the subject, light, graceful, and entertaining.”—_American Stationer._

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TOOLS FOR THE TEACHER’S WORKSHOP

METHODS AND AIDS IN TEACHING GEOGRAPHY

By CHARLES F. KING A.M. Head-master of the Dearborn School Boston Price $1.60 net

“This is a work independent of any geography, and may be used by teachers equally well with any of the authorized text-books. The numerous illustrations in this volume are of a practical nature, being generally diagrams, charts, and simple devices, such as a teacher may easily draw upon a blackboard to illustrate the teaching of geography, and the book will be received as an excellent addition to the aids which modern instructors desire in their work.”

EXCELLENT QUOTATIONS for Home and School

For the Use of Teachers and Pupils By JULIA P. HOITT Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction State of California Cloth 75 cents net

“Contains choice excerpts from the productions of eminent authors, at home and abroad, in prose and poetry. Poetry of the highest order, eloquent biographical eulogies, patriotic selections, recitations for young pupils, and several pages of proverbs, give this book a secure place in the home and school.”

CHIPS FROM A TEACHER’S WORKSHOP

By L. R. KLEMM Ph.D. late Superintendent of Public Schools Hamilton Ohio Cloth $1.20 net

“This work is among the first we have ever seen that puts the young teacher on the right track and keeps him there through all the departments of his work. It is throughout based upon common sense. It teaches principles, but the principles are always presented concretely in a form to be understood. This is really the teacher’s _vade mecum_. If it could be put into the hands of every instructor in our public schools, it would work a revolution in our methods of education and in the results achieved.”—_School Journal._

Dr. Klemm has now in preparation, nearly ready for publication, his second volume, entitled “Chips from Educational Workshops in Europe.”

FIRST STEPS WITH AMERICAN AND BRITISH AUTHORS

By ALBERT F. BLAISDELL A.M. author of “Study in the English Classics” “Our Bodies and How we Live” “How to Keep Well” “Child’s Book of Health” Cloth 75 cents net

“The plan of the book is unique, attractive, and thoroughly philosophical. In a general way, the plan is to study the text of a few representative authors, and not merely to read about many authors. It is to study what great authors have written, and not what some one has written about them. Every thing is made subordinate to this great aim. In the first few chapters, the method of studying a given subject is fully explained and illustrated.”—_True Education._

METHODS IN ZOOLOGY TEACHING FOR BEGINNERS

For Teachers in Common Schools By WALTER P. MANTON M.D. author of “Field Botany” “Insects” “Beginnings with the Microscope” “Taxidermy” Cloth 50 cents

Dr. Manton has been very successful in his practical helps in various branches of study, and this manual will prove welcome to all interested in this subject. The book is clearly and concisely written, and the directions are plain and to the point, the different instruments and tools necessary being fully illustrated and explained.

HOW SHALL MY CHILD BE TAUGHT?

Practical Pedagogy or the Science of Teaching Illustrated By LOUISA PARSONS HOPKINS Supervisor in Boston Public Schools Cloth $1.20 net

“The Boston Herald” says: “Mrs. Louisa Parsons Hopkins has made a careful study of the science of teaching, and her book will be of the greatest service to those who are engaged in the tasks of primary teaching. She is less didactic than experimental in her methods; but the points which she makes are those that lead to success, because they have been proved in the schoolroom, and have the authority of the great schoolmasters of modern times.”

_Sold by all booksellers, and when sent by mail, ten per cent to be added for postage_

LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers Boston

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Original spelling and grammar have been generally retained, with some exceptions noted below. Original printed page numbers are shown like this: {p52}. Original small caps are now uppercase. Italics look _like this_. Footnotes have been relabeled 1–7, and moved from within paragraphs to nearby locations between paragraphs. I produced the cover image and hereby assign it to the public domain. Original page images are available from archive.org—search for “penstypes00drew”.

The turned comma in ‹MʻDonough› on page 119 is a glyph (Unicode character [‹ʻ› U+02BB; modifier letter turned comma]) that is not well supported in current browsers. It is retained in the simple text edition, but an image is substituted in the html, epub, and mobi editions. On page 122, the _x_ with combining cedilla has been rendered as an image in all but the text edition. Other Unicode characters rendered as images include: Arabic semicolon, double high-reversed-9 quotation mark, single high-reversed-9 quotation mark, asterism, double vertical line, and white right pointing index. Many glyphs that are not included in the Unicode system are represented as ‹[Symbol]› in the text edition, and as images in the other editions.

Page 68. The phrase ‹“Gunther’s Cat-Fish., Brit. Mus.,—which,› was changed to ‹“Gunther’s Cat-Fish., Brit. Mus.”,—which,›.

Page 91. The text posits as a rule, ‹A thin space should be placed before, and also after, a dash.› Unfortunately, the Project Gutenberg “House Style” has overruled Benjamin Drew’s rule in these ebook editions.

Pages 127–154. In the Orthography lists, Webster and Worcester, a few words appear to be out of order, but have been retained as originally printed. For example, there is the sequence [Reposit, Resin, Rosin, Resistance] on page 151.

Page 145. The word ‹Enclyclopædia› was changed to ‹Encyclopædia›.

Page 155. The word ‹Affiiliable› was changed to ‹Affilliable›.

Page 168. The enlarged left curly bracket was eliminated from the entry ‹Portico›.

Page 191. The phrase ‹a bi_g_er man› is retained.

Page 195–199. Chapter VIII was printed in an Old Style which included the long “ſ” and many obsolete ligatures such as “ct”. Sadly, only the _ſ_ can be represented in this ebook. For the html, epub, and mobi editions, an image of the ct ligature has been provided. But to see all the ligatures as originally printed, you must seek out the original page scans.

Page 201. Captions were constructed for the three illustrations on this page, based on the text of page 199.

Page 215. A new heading ‹ADVERTISEMENTS› was inserted for this section. Text styling in this section has been considerably simplified.

Page 207. The page reference for topic ‹Advertisement› was changed to 5–7.

Page 224. The word ‹thoroughout› was changed to ‹throughout›.