Chapter VI: Pharisaism as a Spiritual Religion (2)

Pharisaism in history has had a hard fate. For there has seldom been for Christians the opportunity to know what Pharisaism really meant, and perhaps still more seldom the desire to use that opportunity. It has served as a foil to Christianity, the way for such use being prepared by the New Testament. Its supposed blemishes have been held up to view, in order that the excellences of the Christian religion might shine the more brightly by comparison. If learned men like Lightfoot, Wagenseil, and especially Eisenmenger, explored the Rabbinical literature well-nigh from end to end, it was mainly for the purpose of reviling what they found there. And, in our own day, though there is no longer to be found amongst Talmudic scholars the scurrilous rancour of an Eisenmenger, there is still the inveterate habit of regarding Rabbinical Judaism as a means of exalting Christianity; there is nearly always the criticism of Judaism from the Christian point of view, and judgment given upon premises which it never recognised. There is scarcely any attempt to learn what it really meant to those who held it as their religion, who lived by it, and who died by it, and have done for two thousand years.

Is, then, the Christian religion so weak that it must be advocated by blackening the character of its oldest rival? And if it should appear, as I trust in some degree it has appeared, that the religion of Torah as held by the Pharisees was a real expression of spiritual experience, the inspiration of holy living and holy dying, is the spiritual power of Christianity in any degree made less? Why should the one begrudge to the other whatever is good in it? Especially when the one has grown great and has become the religion of many nations, while the other has remained as the inheritance of a lonely people? Why should not the Christian be glad to own that the Jew, even the Pharisee, knew more of the deep things of God than he had supposed, and after a way which was not the Christian way, yet loved the Lord his God with heart and soul and strength and mind,--yes, and his neighbour as himself? The time is surely come when Pharisaism should be recognised as a religion entitled to be judged on its own merits and by its own standards; a religion widely different indeed from Christianity in its methods and its forms of expression, but yet a living faith, capable of ministering to the real wants of human souls; a religion _sui generis_, but none the less to be acknowledged as one among the many expressions of divine revelation on the one hand and of human seeking after God on the other? It is in the hope of helping towards such a sympathetic and unprejudiced recognition of the intrinsic worth of Pharisaism that I have written this book. What I have written is scanty indeed, in view of the greatness of the subject; but it may yet have been enough to give some idea of what Pharisaism meant to the Pharisee, and to show that the Saints and Sages of Israel, those more particularly who are included amongst the Scribes and Pharisees, were not what they have commonly been called and usually thought to have been. Saints and Sages they were, who served God faithfully, and found in the Torah His full and perfect word. And to me, though not walking in their way, nor sharing in all their beliefs, yet drawn to them across the ages, they have been the companions and friends of many a year.

INDEX

Abahu, R., 265.

Abraham, 219, 220, 239.

Akiba, R., 32, 51, 52, 90, 153, 154, 249, 267.

Am-ha-aretz, 46-47.

Antiochus Epiphanes, 38.

Apocalyptists, 6.

Augustine, 90, 217.

Authority, seat of, in Pharisaism, 314-317.

Bacher, W., 232 n.

Bar Coch'ba, 50.

Belief, heads of Pharisaic, 251-255.

Character, Pharisaic ideal of, 326-331.

Christianity, a protest and revolt, 14.
founded on a Person, 171.

Circumcision, 30.

Common ground of Jesus and Pharisees, 116-127.

Conscience, function of, in Pharisaism, 314.

Corban, 141, 156-161 n.

Divorce, 141, 153-156.

Eighteen Benedictions (_see_ Shemoneh Esreh).

Eisenmenger, 332.

Elders, Tradition of the, 48, 52, 93, 135, 137, 229.

Eleazar, R., 211.
b. Dordaia, 212.

Eliezer b. Horkenos, R., 121, 159.

Elisha b. Abujah, 264.

Essenes, 6, 46, 48.

Exile, the, 8, 10, 64.

Ezekiel, 64, 134.

Ezra, 5, 7, 8-28, 62, 74.

Faith, 218, 219.

Father in Heaven, 120-124.

Gabriel, 263.

Gamaliel, R., 164.

Gemara, 54.

Germans, in the Talmud, 7.

God, Pharisaic conception of, 251-252, 259-267.

Goths, in the Talmud, 7.

Greece, influence of, 34-38.

Ḥaber, 107, 288 n.

Ḥaburoth, 107.

Haggadah, 91, 96 n., 226 and Ch. V. _passim_, 240-242.

Halachah, 27, 90, 91, 96-104, 189 n., 230, 231, 243.

Ḥasidim, 37-40.

Heaven, 254.

Hedge, for the Torah, 22, 26-28.

Hell, 254.

Hellenism, 6, 36-38, 208.

Ḥija, R., 5, 308.

Hillel, 5,49, 153, 164, 238.

Hypocrites, 165-167.

Ibn Gebirol, 285.

Jabneh, 49, 50, 51.

Jannai, R., 307.

Jehudah b. Baba, R., 51.
ha-Kadosh (_see_ Rabbi).
ha-Levi, 285.

Jesus, 112 and Ch. III. _passim_.

Joḥanan b. Zaccai, 49, 104, 121, 164.
R. (third century), 301, 306.

John the Baptist, 117, 128, 129.

Joshua b. Levi, R., 248.

Kingdom of Heaven, 117, 129, 130, 144.

Law (Νὁμος), 58, 183 n., 194, 195, 200.

Levites, 16.

Lightfoot, 332.

Logos, the, 264.

Lord's Prayer, the, 118.

Maccabees, the, 31, 36, 38-39.

Maimonides, 217, 235.

Manasseh, King, 213-215.

Mattathias, 38, 39.

Mediator, 259, 263-264.

Megillath Taanith, 45.

Meir, R., 52.

Memra, 264.

Merit, 276-279.
of the Fathers, 213, 279.

Messiah, the, 142, 143, 250, 253, 254, 256.

Metatron, 264-265.

Michael, 263.

Midrash, 55.

Mishnah, 48, 53, 54, 102, 158, 160.

Mitzvah (Mitzvōth), 103-104, 196, 197, 271-276.

Moses, 11, 60.

Nehemiah, 9, 13, 19.
R., 219.

Nicodemus, 196 n.

Particularism, 322-325.

Paul, 172, Ch. IV. _passim_, 266.

Pentateuch, the, 63, 94, 113, 228.

Persia, 34.

Pharisees, Pharisaism, _passim_.

Prayer, Book of Common, 304, 305.
the Lord's, 118.

Prayers, Pharisaic, 298-310.

Priest, the High, 44.

Priests, 132.

Prophets, the, 65, 73.

Psalms, Book of, 84-87.

Rab, 104.

Rabbi (Jehudah ha-Kadosh), 52, 249.

Repentance, 210-216.

Resh Lakish, 5.

Retribution, 267.

Reward, 267-276.

Sabbath, 30, 67, 104, 141, 146-152.

Sadducees, the, 6, 41, 43, 45, 48.

Sanhedrin, the, 21, 44.

Scribes (_see_ Sopherim).

Separation, policy of, 67-74.

Sermon on the Mount, the, 117-118.

Shammai, 153, 238.

Shechinah, the, 264, 274.

Shemoneh Esreh, the, 298-299.

Shulḥan Aruch, 231 n.

Sin, the Unpardonable, 150 n.

Sopherim (Scribes), 16, 17, 20, 21, 29, 31, 42, 92, 132.

Spirit, the Holy, 218-220, 264.

Synagogue (place of meeting), 29, 30, 31, 78-84, 207.
the Great, 18-28, 43, 89, 298.

Talmud, the, 3, 4, 7, 17, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28, 54,
55, 77, 93, 115, 120, 122, 151 n., 154, 218, 226,
231 n., 248, 249, 260, 264, 284, 285, 298, 303, 304,
306, 321, 322.

Tanḥum b. Iscolastiki, 308.

Temple, the, 8, 30, 44, 48, 50, 80, 81, 256.

Theology, Pharisaic, Ch. V. _passim_.

Theology, Pharisaic, not a system, 233-237.

Torah, _passim_, but especially Ch. II.
meaning of the term, 58-61.

Tosephta, 53.

Tradition (_see_ Elders).

Uniformity of belief, not required, 234.

Unpardonable Sin, the, 150 n.

Vows, 157-159.

Wagenseil, 332.

Weber, F., 77, 126, 227, 235, 236, 260.

Wise, the, 50, 65 n.

Zadok, R., 159.

Zugoth, the, 21.

OLD TESTAMENT PASSAGES CITED

Gen. i. 1 75
i. 27 155
xv. 6 219

Exod. xii. 2 75
xiv. 31 219
xv. 1 219
xx. 1 238 n., 261
xx. 2 265
xx. 12 157

Num. xxx. 2 157

Deut. iv. 7 262, 274
iv. 30 214
xvii. 11 59
xxiv. 1 154,
xxviii. 63

2 Chron. xxxiii. 13 214

Neh. x. 8, 19, 67

Ps. i. 287
i. 2 275
xviii. 22 287
xix. 287
xxv. 10 287
lxii. 11 238 n.
ciii. 294
cxix. 287-297
cxix. 63 288 n.

Prov. i. 8 59

Isa. xliv. 6 265
li. 7 59
lxiii. 16 123

Jer. xxiii. 29 238 n.

Joel ii. 32 263

1 Macc. vii. 13 39

NEW TESTAMENT PASSAGES CITED

Matt. v. 17, 20 144
vii. 29 130
x. 29 262
xii. 32 150 n.
xxiii. 163 163
Mark ii. 7 168
iii. 1-6 146
iii. 22-30 149 n.
iii. 29 150 n.
vi. 34 47
vii. 1-23 156
vii. 5 48
x. 2 153
xii. 34 192
Luke iv. 23 117
xviii. 11, 12 301
John ii. 25 170 n.
vii. 19 195 n.
vii. 49 46, 323
viii. 32 316
xii. 42 196
Rom. i. 21, 24-25 182
iii. 10 182
iii. 21 183
xi. 1, 25 186
xii. 329
1 Cor. xiii. 311
2 Cor. v. 17 178

RABBINICAL PASSAGES CITED

1. MISHNAH

Megillah iv. 9 122 n.
Joma iii. 5 44
Sotah i. 7 117
ix. 121
Nedarim ix. 1 159
Aboth i. 2 22
ii. 13 305
iii. 15 267
iv. 5 273
vi. 2 317
vi. 6 327-328

2. BABYLONIAN TALMUD

Berachoth 9^b 117
10^b 279
16^b 302
17ª 274
33^b 267
Shabbath 13^b 134
Joma 85^b 152
87^b 301
Succah 20ª 5
Ḥaggigah 15ª 264
Kiddushin 39^b 274
Sotah 22^b 165 n.
Gittin 56^b 49
Nedarim 38ª 258 n.
Baba Bathra 12ª 65 n.
Sanhedrin 14ª 51
107^b 115
Abodah Zarah 3^b 58
17ª 212
19ª 275
Ḥullin 142ª 274

3. JERUSALEM TALMUD

Berachoth 2ª 306
3^b 238
7^d 306
13ª 260, 263
Peah 15^d 109
Shebiith 38^d 262
Joma 45^b 7
Moed Katan 83^d 150 n.
Baba Kamma 6^c 150 n.
Sanhedrin 28^c 213

4. MIDRASH

Bereshith Rabbah 52^b 117
89ª 104
133^c 246
Shemoth Rabbah 50^b 261
51^b 265
Debarim Rabbah 102ª 262
Pesikta d. R. Cahana 40^b 105
163^b 211
165ª _ibid._
Mechilta, Beshallaḥ 33^b 219
Tanḥuma, Bereshith 2^b 110
4ª 75
Tanḥuma, Noah 15ª 258 n.
Tanḥuma, Vajera 45^b _ibid._
Tanḥuma, Vajeḥi 110ª 218
Yalkut Shimoni (on
Ps. lxii, 11) § 783 238 n.

EDITIONS USED

Mishnah, Amsterdam, 1675.

Babylonian Talmud, Wilna, 1880-1884.

Jerusalem Talmud, Krotoshin, 1866.

Midrash Rabbah, Wilna, 1887.

Pesikta, edited by Buber, 1868.

Mechilta, edited by Friedmann, 1870.

Tanḥuma, edited by Buber, 1885.

Yalkut Shimoni, Warsaw, 1876.

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