Chapter I: Front Matter

Foreign Statesmen

PHILIP II. OF SPAIN

PHILIP II. OF SPAIN

BY
MARTIN A. S. HUME

EDITOR OF
THE ‘CALENDAR OF SPANISH STATE PAPERS OF ELIZABETH’
(PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE)

_Philippus ipse Hispaniæ desiderio magnopere aestuabat, nec aliud
quam Hispaniam loquebatur._

SEPULVEDA.

MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED
ST. MARTIN’S STREET, LONDON
1911

COPYRIGHT

_First Edition 1897_
_Reprinted 1899, 1906, 1911_

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

Philip’s failure, and the reasons for it--His birth and infancy--His appearance and character--His education by Siliceo and Zuñiga--The emperor meets his son--The consolidation of authority in Spain--Suggestions for marriage with Jeanne d’Albret--Philip made Regent of Spain--The emperor’s instructions to his son--His system of government--Character of his councillors--Philip’s marriage with Maria of Portugal--Birth of Don Carlos and death of the princess--Doña Isabel de Osorio--Philip in his domestic relations--Project for securing to Philip the imperial crown--The suzerainty of Spain over Italy--Philip’s voyage through Germany.....Page 1

CHAPTER II

The union of the Low Countries to Spain--The Italian suzerainty--The effects thereof--Etiquette of the House of Burgundy adopted in Spain--Ruy Gomez--Philip’s voyage--His unpopularity with Germans and Flemings--Fresh proposals for his marriage--The family compact for the imperial succession--Defection of Maurice of Saxony--War with France--Treaty of Passau--Defeat of the emperor at Metz.....20

CHAPTER III

Proposal to marry Philip to Queen Mary of England--The need for alliance with England--The negotiations of Renard--Opposition of France--Unpopularity of the match in England--Philip’s voyage to England--His affability--His first interview with Mary--The marriage--Philip made King of Naples--Failure of the objects of the marriage--Philip’s policy in England--Pole’s mission--Philip and the persecution of Catholics in England--Philip’s disappointment and departure.....30

CHAPTER IV

Philip in favour of a moderate policy in England--His attitude towards religion generally--He requests armed aid from England against the French--The emperor’s embarrassments in Italy--Alba made Philip’s viceroy in Italy--Factions in Philip’s court--Ruy Gomez and Alba--The emperor’s abdication--Philip’s changed position--His attitude towards the papacy--The Spanish Church--Pope Paul IV. and the Spaniards in Italy--Excommunication of Philip--Invasion of Rome by Alba--Philip’s second visit to England.....43

CHAPTER V

French intrigue against Mary--England at war with France--Battle of St. Quintin--Philip’s tardiness--The English contingent--The loss of Calais--Feria goes to England--His negotiations--Condition of England--The English fleet used by Philip--Philip and Elizabeth--Negotiations for peace--Death of Mary--Plans for Elizabeth’s marriage--Peace of Cateau Cambresis--Philip’s policy in England.....53

CHAPTER VI

Philip’s plan for a French alliance--His marriage with Elizabeth de Valois--Philip’s embarrassments in the Netherlands--De Granvelle--Philip’s departure from Flanders--Condition of affairs in Spain--The Spanish Church--Death of Paul IV.--The Inquisition--Bartolomé de Carranza--Philip’s arrival and routine in Spain--The auto de fé at Valladolid.....64

CHAPTER VII

Arrival of Elizabeth de Valois in Spain--Her influence over Philip--Position of affairs in France--War with England--Philip’s attitude towards France--Death of Francis II.--Spanish disaster at Los Gelves--Position of Spain in the Mediterranean Page 79

CHAPTER VIII

Don Carlos--His relations with Elizabeth de Valois--French intrigues for his marriage--His illness--The Cortes of Aragon--Jeanne d’Albret and Henry of Navarre--The Council of Trent and the Inquisition--Philip and the pope--Renewed struggles with the Turks--Siege of Malta.....88

CHAPTER IX

Troubles in the Netherlands--Granvelle’s unpopularity--William of Orange and Egmont--Their resignation and protest--Margaret of Parma--Assembly of the Chapter of the Golden Fleece--Riots at Valenciennes--Discontent of the Flemish nobles--They retire from government--Granvelle’s dismissal--The maladministration of the States--Egmont’s mission to Spain--Philip’s policy in the States--The Beggars--Orange’s action--Philip determines to exterminate heresy in the States--Philip’s projected voyage thither.....99

CHAPTER X

Renewed contest between Philip and the papacy--Condition of Don Carlos--His arrest and imprisonment--Philip’s explanations--Carlos’ last illness and death--Death of Elizabeth de Valois--The interviews of Bayonne and the Catholic League--Catharine de Medici--Philip face to face with Protestantism--Philip and the Moriscos--Rising of the Moriscos--Deza at Granada--Don Juan of Austria--Expulsion of the Moriscos from Andalucia.....115

CHAPTER XI

Philip and England--Elizabeth seizes his treasure--Spanish plots against her--Philip and the northern rebellion--The excommunication of Elizabeth--Ridolfi’s plot--Philip’s hesitancy--Prohibition of English trade with Spain--Its futility--Alba’s retirement from Flanders--Philip’s responsibility for Alba’s proceedings--The tenth penny--Philip’s disapproval--Orange’s approaches to the French.....136

CHAPTER XII

Philip’s fourth marriage--The killing of Montigny--Anne of Austria--Philip’s domestic life--His industry--The Escorial--His patronage of art--His character--Renewed war with the Turks--Don Juan commands the Spanish force--The victory of Lepanto--Don Juan’s great projects--Antonio Perez.....153

CHAPTER XIII

The Spanish troops in Flanders--Don Juan sent to Flanders--His projects for invading England--Mutiny of the Spanish troops in Flanders--The Spanish fury--Evacuation of Flanders by the Spanish troops--Perez’s plot against Don Juan--The murder of Escobedo--Don Juan seizes Namur--Renewal of the war--The battle of Gemblours--Desperation of Don Juan--His death--Alexander Farnese.....168

CHAPTER XIV

Philip’s ineffectual action against Elizabeth--The Desmond rebellion--Philip’s conquest of Portugal--Recall of Alba and Granvelle to Philip’s councils--Don Antonio, Prior of O Crato--Death of Anne of Austria--Philip in Portugal--Flight of Antonio--His reception in England and France--The Duke of Alençon--Philip and Mary Stuart--James Stuart--Fresh proposals of the Scottish Catholics to Philip--Philip and Granvelle’s views with regard to England--Lennox and the Jesuits mismanage the plot--Philip’s claim to the English crown--Expulsion of Mendoza from England--The English exiles urge Philip to invade England--Sixtus V.--Intrigues in Rome--The Babington plot.....182

CHAPTER XV

The Infanta to be Queen of England--Approaches of the Scottish Catholic lords to Philip--Execution of Mary Stuart--Intrigues for the English succession--Drake’s expedition to Cadiz--The peace negotiations with Farnese--Preparations for the Armada--Sailing of the Armada from Lisbon--Its return to Vigo--Medina Sidonia advises its abandonment--Its strength--Engagements with the English--Panic at Calais--Final defeat--Causes of the disaster--Philip’s reception of the news.....202

CHAPTER XVI

Don Antonio in England--Catharine’s support of him--Strozzi’s defeat at St. Michaels--Philip’s patronage of assassination--Philip and the League--Renewal of the war of religion in France--The murder of Guise--Imprisonment of Antonio Perez and the Princess of Eboli--Perez’s treachery--His escape to Aragon--The _fueros_ of Aragon--Philip proceeds against Perez--Perez arrested by the Inquisition of Aragon--Rising in Zaragoza--Perez’s escape--Suppression of the Aragonese.....223

CHAPTER XVII

Philip and Mayenne--The English attack upon Lisbon--Assassination of Henry III.--Philip’s plans in France--The war of the League--The battle of Ivry--Philip’s attitude towards Mayenne--Farnese enters France--Relief of Paris--Retirement of Farnese--Philip changes his plans in France--Farnese’s second campaign--Henry IV. goes to mass--Enters Paris as king--Exit of the Spaniards.....237

CHAPTER XVIII

Blighting influence of Philip’s system on his officers--Effects of Philip’s routine on the administration--Social condition of Spain and the colonies--Dr. Lopez and Antonio Perez--Philip II. and Tyrone’s rebellion--The English sacking of Cadiz--Philip’s resignation--His last illness and death--Results of his life--Causes of the decadence of the Spanish power.....249

GENEALOGICAL TABLE SHOWING PHILIP’S CLAIM TO THE ENGLISH CROWN.....263

APPENDIX.....265