Chapter VII: Philo and Jewish Tradition

Schechter, "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology."
Taylor, "Ethics of the Fathers."
Ritter, Bernhard, _Philo und die Halacha_. Breslau, 1879.
Dei Rossi, "Meor Einayim," ed. Cassel.
Krochmal, "Moreh Nebuchei Hazeman," ed. Zunz.
Frankel, Z., _Ueber den Einfluss der palästinensischen
Exegese auf die alexandrinische Hermeneutik_.
Epstein, _Le livre des Jubilis, Philon et le Midrasch
Tadsché_, Revue des Etudes Juives, XXI.
Ginzberg, L., "Allegorical Interpretation," in
Jewish Encyclopedia.
Joel, M., _Blicke in die Religionsgeschichte_.
Treitel, L., _Agadah bei Philo. Monatsschrift
für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums_, 1909.

ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR THE REFERENCES

The references to Philo's works are made according to the chapters in Conn and Wendland's edition, so far as it has appeared. In referring to the works which they have not edited, I have used the pages of Mangey'a edition; but I have frequently mentioned the name of the treatise in which the passage occurs, as well as the page-number.

I have employed the following abbreviations in the references:

L.A. I-III Legum Allegoriae.
De Mundi Op. De Mundi Opificio.
De Sacrif. De Sacrifices Abelis.
Quod Det. Quod Deterius Potiori Insidiatur.
De Post. C. De Posteritate Caini.
De Gigant. De Gigantibus.
Quod Deus. Quod Deus Sit Immutabilis.
De Agric. De Agricultura.
De Plant. De Plantatione.
De Ebr. De Ebrietate.
De Confus. De Confusione Linguarum.
De Migr. De Migratione Abrahami.
Quis Rer. Div. Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres.
De Cong. De Congressu Eruditorum Causa.
De Fuga. De Fuga et Inventione.
De Mut. Nom. De Mutatione Nominum.
De Somn. De Somniis.
De Abr. De Vita Abrahami.
De Jos. De Vita Josephi.
De V. Mos. De Vita Mosis.
De Mon. De Monarchia.
De Spec. Leg. De Specialibus Legibus.
De Sac. De Sacerdotum Honoribus et de Victimis.
De Leg. De Legatione ad Gaium.
In Flacc. In Flaccum.
De Decal. De Decalogo.
De Septen. De Septenario.
De Concupisc. De Concupiscentia.
De Just. De Justitia.
De Exsecr. De Exsecrationibus.
Ant. Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews,
tr. by Whiston.
Bell. Jud. Wars of the Jews.
C. Apion. Contra Apionem.
Hist. Ecclesiast. Eusebius: Historia Ecclesiastica.
Praep. Evang. Eusebius: Praeparatio Evangelica.
Photius, Cod. Photius: Codex.

INDEX

Abraham (_see_ Lives of Abraham and Joseph), 83;
model of the excellent man, 244.

Agrippa (King), Philo's life covers reign of, 45;
Philo in Jerusalem during reign of, 50;
arrives at Alexandria, 65;
advanced to Kingdom of Judea, 69;
intercedes at Rome for his people, 69;
death of, 70.

Alexander (the Great), a notable figure in Talmud, 13;
settles Jews in Greek colonies, 14;
result of his work, 23.

Alexander Lysimachus, Alabarch of Delta region, 46;
guardian of Antony's daughter, 46;
restored to honor after imprisonment, 70.

Alexandria, Jewish community at (_see_ Jewish), 13 ff., 41, 42 f.;
Jewish population of, under Ptolemy I, 15;
meeting-place of civilizations, 14, 48, 95;
centre of Jewish life, 15, 129;
two sections occupied by Jews, 16;
prosperity of Jews in, 21, 22, 32;
anti-Semitic literature and influences in, 22, 62, 67, 74;
Jewish tradition at, 27;
synagogues at, 37;
deputation to Jerusalem from, 41;
rabbis flee to, 42;
Agrippa finds a refuge at, 51, 65;
mystical and ascetic ideas of people at, 55, 59;
philosophical schools at, 63, 90, 92, 94, 140;
development of Judaism in, 77, 255;
Egyptian caste-system adopted at, 16;
Jews of, popularize teachings of Bible, 34;
Jews of, referred to, in Talmud, 42;
Philo forced into Sanhedrin of, 61, 202, 203 f.;
Philo member of, 61;
disintegration of community at, 71;
Zealots flee to, on fall of Jerusalem, 71;
replaced by Babylon as centre of Jewish intellect, 73;
Samaritans in, 106;
antinomian movement in, 130;
prototypes of Christian belief at, 155;
Pythagorean influence at, 188;
national life and culture undermined at (_see_ National), 218.

Alexandrian, exegesis, characteristic of, 36;
church, departs from Jewish standpoint, 72;
Platonists, connection between Philo and later school of, 192;
schools, relation of, to Palestinian, 199 f., 213;
literature in the Dark and Middle Ages, 225 f.

_Allegories of the Laws_, an allegorical commentary, 74, 87 f.;
attacks Stoic doctrines, 94;
the _Epistles_, lineal descendants of, 247.

Angels, doctrine of, in Palestine, 140;
Philo's treatment of, 150-1.

Antiochus Epiphanes, Palestine passes to, 17.

Anti-Semitic, party, Flaccus won over by, 65;
literature and influences in Alexandria, 22, 62, 67, 74;
party, punishment of, at Rome, 70.

Apion, a Stoic leader, 63;
accuses Jews, 63, 67;
Philo's references to, 63, 101;
Josephus' reply to, 65.

Aquila, new Greek version of Old Testament made by, 224;
rabbis' views of, 224.

Aristeas, spirit of, glorified in Philo, 77.

Aristobulus, first allegorist of Alexandria, 38;
his spirit inherited by Philo, 77;
on wisdom, 143;
on the Word of God, 146;
difference between Philo and, 168.

Artapanus, Jewish apologist, 77.

Assouan, Aramaic papyri at, 15.

Babylon, replaces Alexandria as centre of Jewish intellect, 73;
Greek culture forgotten in, 224.

Bible, the, Philo's interpretation
and views on, 49, 102, 108 ff.;
Philo reveals spiritual message of, 83;
authority of, challenged at Alexandria, 92;
wisdom personified in, 141, 142.

Cabbalah, the, Essenes practitioners in, 233;
Philo as the Hellenizer of, 235.

Caligula. _See_ Gaius.

Chaldean, thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.

Christian, monastic communities, 73;
heresy, a severance from main community, 72;
theologians, fail to realize spirit of Philo, 124;
reformers, and the yoke of the law, 130;
teachers preserve Philo's works, 156, 248;
writers quote Philo, 223;
apologists imitate allegorical method, 245.

Christianity, the movement towards, 28;
rise of, 42;
conflict with Judaism at Alexandria, 72;
Philo's writings regarded as testimony to, 156;
Philo's influence over religious philosophy of, 195.

Conversion to Judaism, in Egypt and Rome, 32.

_Courage_, tractate appended to _Life of Moses_, 75.

_Creation of the World_, description of, 83.

Croiset, criticism of Philo by, 90.

_Decalogue, The_, contents of, 83.

Derash, Philo a master of, 103.

_Dreams of the Bible_, classed with Allegories of the Laws, 74.

Dubnow, on Alexandrian Judaism, 129.

Egypt, Alexander's march to, 14;
settlement of Jews in, 14;
connection between Israel and, 14;
visited by Plato, 15, 172;
Diaspora in, after Jeremiah, 15;
a favored home of the Jews, 21;
conversion widespread in (_see_ Rome), 32;
Flaccus, governor of, 65;
Jews of, under same rule as Palestine Jews, 15.

Egyptian, populace, Philo on, 62;
thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.

_Epistles_, the Pauline, lineal descendants of Allegories of the
Laws, 247;
doctrines of the Logos in, 250.

Essenes, rise of, 34, 54;
account of, in Philo's works, 78;
type of the philosophical life, 79;
practitioners in the Cabbalah, 233.

Flaccus, won over by Anti-Semites, 65;
indifference of, to attacks of Jews, 66;
recall of, 66;
Philo on the persecutions of, 78.

Frankel Z., writes on Alexandrian-Jewish culture, 241.

Gaius (Roman Emperor), comes to the imperial chair, 65;
Jews appeal directly to, 66;
receives Jewish deputation, 67;
death of, 69.

Greek philosophers, Philo's relation to, 48, 52;
philosophy, Philo's influence on, 49, 191 f.;
colonies, Alexander settles Jews in, 14.

Greek culture, various branches of, 47;
the chief schools of, 48, 54;
fertilizing influence of ideas of, 58;
and Jewish Scripture, 76;
neglected in Babylon, 224.

Haggadah, the, in Philo's works, 202, 207 f.;
antiquity of, 209 f.;
allegorical speculation in, 212.

Halakah, outcome of devotion to Torah, 99;
Palestinian Jews determine, 105;
observance of oral law standardized in, 126;
relation of Philo to, 202 f.;
differences between Alexandrian Sanhedrin and Palestinian, 203 f.;
codification of, 207.

Hebrew, language, evidence of Philo's knowledge of, 49;
included in barbarian languages, 97;
Philo's derivations from, 50, 101;
race, the three founders of, 110 f.;
tradition, Philo follows, 159;
mind, Professor Caird on, 167.

Hellenism, of Palestine, 24, 25;
of Alexandria (_see_ Greek culture), 25;
influence of, in Palestine, 51;
and the interpretation of the Bible, 254;
New Testament, a combination of Hebraism and, 247;
Christian theology a descent to a commoner, 254.

Hillel, Philo contemporary with, 45;
shows expansion of Hebrew mind, 45;
on chief lesson of Torah, 117, 118;
spirit of, shared by Philo, 249.

_Humanity_, tractate appended to a _Life of Moses_, 75.

Incarnation, notion of, not Jewish, 166.

Indian, thought, Philo's acquaintance with, 48.

Isaac, _See Lives of Isaac and Jacob_, 83.

Israel, Philo's derivation of the name, 50, 138;
God's special providence for, 77;
the mission of, 206, 242.

Italy, Philo visits, 66.

Jacob, _See Lives of Isaac and Jacob_, 83.

Jeremiah, prophesies in Egypt, 14;
heard by Plato, 15.

Jerusalem, Alexander's visit to, 14;
Philo, on national centre at, 20, 41, 86;
spiritual headship of, 41;
special synagogues for Alexandrians in, 41;
derivation of name of, 50;
Philo's sojourn at, 50;
downfall of, 71;
Judaism at, 129.

Jesus, spread of his teaching, 245;
his message compared with that of Philo, 245;
preaching of, effect on Jewish attitude to life, 246;
Paul sets up a new faith in, 251.

Jewish, community at Alexandria (_see_ Alexandria), 13 ff., 72;
temple at Elephantine, 15;
kingdom reaches its height, 45;
mind, religous conception of, 49, 137, 166;
law and ceremony, elucidation of, 49;
race, symbol of the unity of, 51;
aspiration toward "freedom under the law," 124;
influences, dominant in Philo, 133, 189;
philosophy, eclectic, 168;
philosophy, new school of in Middle Ages, 225 f.

Joseph (_see Lives of Abraham and Joseph_), 83;
as Egyptian statesman, 23.

Josephus, on Onias and Dositheus, 18;
inconsistent accounts of Onias temple, 19;
on Egyptian Jews, 20;
account of Herod's temple by, 41;
writes a reply to Apion, 65;
description of Gaius' conduct to Jewish deputation, 68;
on the spreading of Judaism, 115;
indicates communication between schools of Alexandria and Palestine,
220;
relation to Philo and his works, 222.

Jowett, on sermons, 90.

Judaism, genius of, 46, 196;
Philo's exposition of, 52, 74, 78, 81, 84, 105;
Philo protests against desecration of, 258;
mysticism in, 58;
philosophical, 72, 230;
Alexandrian development of, 77, 92;
moral teachings of, 85;
religion of the law, 106, 116, 260;
Josephus on the spreading of, 115;
a religion of universal validity, 121, 169;
at Jerusalem and Alexandria, 129;
catholic conscience of, 130, 131;
Darmesteter on, 132;
Logos doctrine and, 165;
danger of union with Gentiles to, 206;
a national culture, 219;
influences of Jesus and Paul on, 247;
Hellenistic interpretation of the Bible and, 254.

Judas Maccabæus, struggles against Hellenizing party, 18.

Krochmal, Nachman, criticism of Philo, 240.

_Life of Moses_, contents of, 75, 79 f.;
an attempt to set monotheism before the world, 80;
tractates appended to, 75.

_Lives of Abraham and Joseph_, description of, 83.

_Lives of Isaac and Jacob_, contents of, 83.

Logos, 143 ff.;
its relation to God's Providence, 143;
meaning of, 144-164, 148;
Aristobulus on, 146;
regarded as the effluence of God, 149;
spoken of as a person, 156;
the soul, an image of, 178;
development of Philo's doctrine of, 192.

Maimonides, object of his Moreh, 91;
principles of, 99, 229;
comparison of Philo with, 229 f.

Mark Antony, Alexander Lysimachus in the confidence of, 46.

Monastic communities, supposed record of Christian, in Philo, 73.

Moses, Philo a follower of, 60, 113 f.;
Philo's ideal type, 79 f.;
Philo, as interpreter of his revelation, 104, 106 f.
_See Life of Moses_.

National, centre at Jerusalem, Philo on, 20, 41, 86;
life undermined at Rome and Alexandria, 218.

Old Testament, Septuagint translation of, 25-30;
Aquila's new Greek version of, 224.

Onias, leader of army of Egyptian monarch, 18;
successor to high priesthood, 18;
builds temple, 18, 19 f.;
temple of, dismantled, 71;
Jewish writers silent about work of, 19.

Oral law, observance of, standardized in the Halakah, 126.

Origen, distinguishes three methods of interpretation, 76;
teacher of Patristic school, 195; imitates Philo, 186.

Palestine, struggle for, between Ptolemies and Seleucids, 17;
Hellenism of, compared with that of Athens, 24, 25;
rabbis of, 28;
Philo visits, 50;
effect of Hellenic influence in, 54;
New Moon a solemn day in, 121;
aims of Jewish thought in, 140;
doctrine of angels in, 140.

Palestinian Jews, under same rule as Egyptian Jews, 15;
rabbis, oral tradition, 34;
development of Jewish culture, 42 f., 200;
Midrash, Philo's acquaintance with, 52;
schools, relation existing between Alexandrian and, 199 f., 203 f.,
213.

Paul, the most commanding of the apostles, 247;
influence of, compared with that of Jesus, 247;
rejection of the Torah by, 248;
sets up a new faith in Jesus, 251.

Pentateuch, Samaritan doctrines with reference to, 106.

Peshat, as a form of interpretation, 103.

Philo, contemporary with Herod, 45, 50;
family of, 46;
works of 74 ff.;
philosophical training of, 49;
flees from Alexandria, 60;
meeting of Peter and Mark with, 73;
forced into Sanhedrin of Alexandria, 61;
writings of, regarded as testimony to Christianity, 73, 156;
influence of, over Christian religious philosophy, 195, 242 ff.;
relation of, to Greek philosophers, 48, 52;
acquaintance of, with Chaldean and Indian thought, 48;
his interpretation and views of the Bible, 49, 102, 108 ff.;
evidence of his knowledge of Hebrew language, 49;
follows Hebrew tradition, 159, 199 ff.;
compared with Spinoza, 73, 134, 163;
on persecutions of Sejanus and Flaccus, 62, 78;
replies to attacks of stoics, 64, 95;
stoics' view of God compared with that of, 185;
goes to Italy, 66;
refers to Apion, 63, 101;
Josephus' knowledge of the works of, 222;
Christian teachers preserve works of, 156, 247;
relation of, to the Halakah, 202 f.;
comparison of Maimonides with, 229 f.;
doctrine of the Logos (_see_ Logos), 144 ff.;
connection between Saadia and, 226 f.;
the Hellenizer of the Cabbalah, 235;
opposed to missionary attitude of Paul, 249.

Plato, hears Jeremiah, 15;
Philo's style reminiscent of, 48;
conception of the Law in, 131;
Philo's philosophy compared with that of, 170 ff.;
dominant philosophical principle of, 174;
a mystic, 230;
conception of God in, 254.

Ptolemies, the: Ptolemy I, increases number of Jewish inhabitants in
Alexandria, 15;
IV, gives Heliopolis to Onias, 16;
admirers of Scriptures, 23.

_Questions and Answers to Genesis and Exodus_, now incomplete, 75, 81 f.;
a preliminary study to more elaborate works, 81;
Hebraic in form, 82.

_Repentance_, tractate appended to _Life of Moses_, 75.

Rome, Alexandria second to, 14;
conversion widespread in (_see_ Egypt), 32;
Agrippa an exile from, 51;
power of Jews at, 62;
Jewish struggle with, 220;
Philo's apocryphal meeting with Peter at, 73;
national life and culture undermined at (_see_ National), 218.

Saadia, founds new school of Jewish philosophy, 225 f.;
connection between Philo and, 226 f.

Samaritan, doctrines with reference to Pentateuch, 106;
Jew, story of, 98.

Sanhedrin, Hillel, president of, 45;
Philo forced into Alexandrian, 61;
duties of members of, 61;
of Alexandrian community, 202;
of Jerusalem and capital punishment, 203;
differences between Palestinian Halakah and Alexandrian, 203 f.

Sejanus, Tiberius falls under influence of, 62;
Antonia opponent of, 62;
Philo's book on persecution of, 62, 78;
disgrace and death of, 65.

Septuagint, Hellenistic development marked by, 25;
Philo's version of origin of, 26;
celebrations in honor of, 27;
infusion of Greek philosophic ideas into, 28;
Christianizing influence of, 29;
value of, to the cultured Gentile, 33;
replaced by new Greek version of Old Testament, 224.

Solomon, Wisdom of, written at Alexandria, 31.

_Specific Laws, The_, description of, 83;
socialism of Bible emphasized in, 86.

Spinoza, his ideal of life, 53;
compared with Philo's, 73, 134, 163, 239;
on Jewish thought, 137;
influenced by Philo, 237 ff.;
approaches Bible from critical standpoint, 239.

Stoics, the chief Anti-Semites, 63;
Philo replies to attacks of, 64, 95;
in conflict with Jews at Alexandria, 94;
beliefs of, 64, 94, 116, 176;
view of God compared with that of Philo, 185.

Synagogues,
at Alexandria, 16, 37.

Tiberius Alexander,
nephew of Philo, 71.

Tradition, Jewish,
at Alexandria, 27;
Philo and Jewish, 199 ff.

Zealots, flight of,
to Alexandria, 71.

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Comp. Leviticus Rabba 13.]

[Footnote 2: Comp. Josephus, Ant. IX. 1.]

[Footnote 3: Sukkah 51^{b}.]

[Footnote 4: Quoted by Josephus, Ant. XIV. 7.]

[Footnote 5: Ant. XII. 5, 9, XX. 10.]

[Footnote 6: Josephus, _Bell. Jud._ VII. 10.]

[Footnote 7: Comp. the passages in the "Antiquities" above and the _Bell. Jud._ V. 5.]

[Footnote 8: Menahot 109, Abodah Zarah 52^{b}.]

[Footnote 9: _De Leg._ II. 578.]

[Footnote 10: Comp. _De Mon._ I. 5.]

[Footnote 11: Dr. Hirseh, in The Jews' College Jubilee Volume, p.39.]

[Footnote 12: Menahot 119.]

[Footnote 13: Comp. Ant. XIV. 14-16.]

[Footnote 14: Ant. XVI. 7.]

[Footnote 15: Philo, _In Flacc._ 6.]

[Footnote 16: _C. Apion._ II. 5.]

[Footnote 17: I have used the word anti-Semite because, though the hatred at Alexandria was not racial, but national, it has now become synonymous with Jew-hater generally.]

[Footnote 18: Quoted in _C. Apion_. I. 22.]

[Footnote 19: _De V. Mos_. II. 6, 7.]

[Footnote 20: See p. 22, above.]

[Footnote 21: Preface to Ecclesiasticus.]

[Footnote 22: Tract. Soferim I. 7.]

[Footnote 23: Tanhuma [Hebrew: ki tsha]]

[Footnote 24: See p. 23, above.]

[Footnote 25: _Orac. Sib_., ed. Alexandre, III. 8.]

[Footnote 26: _Ibid._, III. 195.]

[Footnote 27: Comp. Strabo, Frag. 6, Didot.]

[Footnote 28: _De Post.C._ 24.]

[Footnote 29: _De V. Mos_. II. 28.]

[Footnote 30: Comp. _De Decal_. 20.]

[Footnote 31: Comp. Yer. Berakot 24c.]

[Footnote 32: _Praep. Evang_. VIII. 10, XIII. 12.]

[Footnote 33: Comp. _De Abr_. 15 and 37, _De Jos_. II. 63, _De Spec. Leg._ III. 32, _De Migr_. 89.]

[Footnote 34: _Quod Deus_ 11, _De Abr._ 36.]

[Footnote 35: Comp. Acts of the Apostles VI. 9, and Tosef. Meg. III. 6.]

[Footnote 36: Yoma 83^{a}.]

[Footnote 37: _Bell. Jud._ V. 5.]

[Footnote 38: Comp. Niddah 69^{b}, Sotah 47^{a}.]

[Footnote 39: "Heroes and Hero-Worship," ch. 3.]

[Footnote 40: Ant. XIX. 5.]

[Footnote 41: Photius, _Cod._ 108.]

[Footnote 42: Comp. _De Confus._ 15.]

[Footnote 43: Comp. _De Mon._ I. 6.]

[Footnote 44: Comp. Maimonides, Moreh II, ch. 36.]

[Footnote 45: _L.A._ I. 135.]

[Footnote 46: Comp. _De Cong._ 6 ff.]

[Footnote 47: Comp. Croiset, _Histoire de la littérature grecque_, V, pp. 425 ff.]

[Footnote 48: Comp. Mills, "Zoroaster, Philo, and Israel."]

[Footnote 49: Comp. _Quis Rer. Div._ 43, _De Judice_ II, _De V. Mos._ II. 4.]

[Footnote 50: Ritter, _Philon und die Halacha_.]

[Footnote 51: Comp. _De V. Mos._ I. 1, _In Flacc._ 23 and 33, _De Mut. Nom._ 39.]

[Footnote 52: _Præp. Evang._ VIII. v.]

[Footnote 53: _De Mon._ II. 1-3.]

[Footnote 54: Comp. _Bell. Jud._ VI. 9. 3.]

[Footnote 55: Comp. _De V. Mos._ II. 4.]

[Footnote 56: _De Spec. Leg._ III. 1.]

[Footnote 57: Comp. _De Migr._ 4, _L.A._ III. 45.]

[Footnote 58: Comp. Graetz, "History of the Jews" III. 91 ff.]

[Footnote 59: Comp. _Quod Omnis Probus Liber_ 11 ff.]

[Footnote 60: The authenticity of this book is elaborately discussed by Conybeare in his edition of it.]

[Footnote 61: "Ethics of the Fathers" VI. 4.]

[Footnote 62: _De Mundi Op._ I. 42.]

[Footnote 63: Comp. _De Migr._ 6 ff.]

[Footnote 64: _L.A._ II. 21.]

[Footnote 65: _De Fuga_ 7 ff.]

[Footnote 66: Comp. _De Spec. Leg._ II. 260.]

[Footnote 67: Comp. _De Cherubim_ 9.]

[Footnote 68: _De Migr._ 7-9.]

[Footnote 69: II, ch. 36 ff.]

[Footnote 70: Comp. _De Spec. Leg._ III. 1.]

[Footnote 71: Massebieau, _Du classement des oeuvres de Philon_.]

[Footnote 72: _In Flacc._ 5.]

[Footnote 73: Comp. Th. Reinach, _Textes d'auteurs romains et grecs relatifs au Judaisme_, pp. 120 ff.]

[Footnote 74: Comp. _De Confus._, _passim_.]

[Footnote 75: Josephus, _C. Apion._, Introduction.]

[Footnote 76: _In Flacc._ 10.]

[Footnote 77: _De Leg_. 27 and 28.]

[Footnote 78: Ant. XVIII. 8. 1.]

[Footnote 79: _De Leg., ad fin_.]

[Footnote 80: Ant. XIX. 5.]

[Footnote 81: Frag, preserved by John of Damascus, p. 404.]

[Footnote 82: Comp. Ant. XX. 5.]

[Footnote 83: Comp. Massebieau, _op. cit._]

[Footnote 84: Comp. Bernays, _Ueber die unter Philos Werken stehenden Schriften [Greek: peri tês aphtharsias Kosmou]_, and Siegfried, art. "Philo" in the Jewish Encyclopedia.]

[Footnote 85: _Quod Deus_ 86.]

[Footnote 86: _Quod Omnis Probus Liber_ 12 ff.]

[Footnote 87: _De V. Mos._ I. 1.]

[Footnote 88: _De V. Mos_. II. 5.]

[Footnote 89: "On Repentance," II.]

[Footnote 90: Comp. Treitel, _Agadah bei Philo. Monatsschrift_, 1909.]

[Footnote 91: _De Abr._ 12.]

[Footnote 92: Comp. Bereshit Rabba 47.]

[Footnote 93: _De Sac. et Victimis_ 5 and 6.]

[Footnote 94: _De Mon._ II. 3 ff.]

[Footnote 95: Comp. Plato, _Rep_. V, _ad fin_.]

[Footnote 96: _De Exsecr_. II. 587.]

[Footnote 97: _De Abr._ 3.]

[Footnote 98: Comp. _L.A._ II. 4.]

[Footnote 99: _L.A._ I. 1.]

[Footnote 100: Comp. Freudenthal, _Hellenistische Studien_.]

[Footnote 101: Croiset, _op. cit._ V, p. 427.]

[Footnote 102: Comp. _De Cherubim_, _passim_.]

[Footnote 103: Comp. Zohar III.]

[Footnote 104: _De Cherubim_, 9 and 14, _De Somn._ 8.]

[Footnote 105: _De Migr._ 12.]

[Footnote 106: _De Post. C._ 22.]

[Footnote 107: Midrash Esther I.]

[Footnote 108: Comp. _De Sac._ II. 245.]

[Footnote 109: Comp. _De Migr._ 32.]

[Footnote 110: Comp. _De Post C_, 11.]

[Footnote 111: _Quaestiones in Gen._ III. 33.]

[Footnote 112: _De Cong._ 10.]

[Footnote 113: Comp. Berakot 51^{b}, _De Agric._ 12, _De Somn._ II. 25.]

[Footnote 114: _De Confus._ 38.]

[Footnote 115: _De Mut. Nom._ 8.]

[Footnote 116: Comp. Bereshit Rabba 64.]

[Footnote 117: _De Somn._ I. 16 and 17.]

[Footnote 118: Comp. "Ethics of the Fathers" V. 25.]

[Footnote 119: Comp. _De Somn._ I. 13.]

[Footnote 120: _De Mut. Nom._ 9.]

[Footnote 121: _De Somn._ I. 5.]

[Footnote 122: Berakot 10^{a}.]

[Footnote 123: _De Cong._ 12.]

[Footnote 124: _De Cong._ 14.]

[Footnote 125: "Theologico-Political Tractate" VII.]

[Footnote 126: _De Abr._ 19.]

[Footnote 127: _De Mon._ II. 6.]

[Footnote 128: Harvard Studies, "Hellenism and Hebraism."]

[Footnote 129: Comp. Schechter, "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology," p. 119.]

[Footnote 130: Comp. _De V. Mos._ II. 9 and 10, III. 1.]

[Footnote 131: _L.A._ I. 2.]

[Footnote 132: Comp. _De Mundi Op._ 2.]

[Footnote 133: Comp. p. 85, above.]

[Footnote 134: Comp. _L.A._ I, _passim_.]

[Footnote 135: _L.A._ III. 12.]

[Footnote 136: _De Post. C._ 11.]

[Footnote 137: _De Abr._ 3 ff.]

[Footnote 138: _Ibid._ 6-10.]

[Footnote 139: The LXX renders the verse Gen. iv. 26, which is translated in the Authorized Version: "Then began men to call upon the name of the Lord," [Greek: outos êlpisen epi ton tôn olôn patera] _i.e._, "He hoped in the Father of all."]

[Footnote 140: _Quod Det._ 38.]

[Footnote 141: _De Jos._ 21.]

[Footnote 142: _De Jos._ 22.]

[Footnote 143: _De Jos._ 42.]

[Footnote 144: _Hist. Ecclesiast._ II. 18, 1.]

[Footnote 145: _De V. Mos._ III. 4 ff.]

[Footnote 146: _De V. Mos._ II. 3.]

[Footnote 147: _De V. Mos._ II. 5, Josephus, _C. Apion._ II. 37.]

[Footnote 148: Comp. Horace, Satires I. 4, 138; I. 9, 60.]

[Footnote 149: Frag. preserved in Josephus, Ant. XIV. 7.]

[Footnote 150: Comp. Reinach, _op. cit._, p. 262.]

[Footnote 151: _De V. Mos._ II. 3.]

[Footnote 152: "Ethics of the Fathers" I. 17.]

[Footnote 153: _De Fuga_ 6.]

[Footnote 154: _De Decal._ 12.]

[Footnote 155: _De Decal._ 23.]

[Footnote 156: _De Septen._ 9.]

[Footnote 157: Kiddushin 20^{a}.]

[Footnote 158: _De Decal._ 20.]

[Footnote 159: _De Septen._ 7.]

[Footnote 160: _De Septen._ 6.]

[Footnote 161: Ch. 2. 31.]

[Footnote 162: Comp. _De Migr._ 23.]

[Footnote 163: _De Septen._ 1. 2.]

[Footnote 164: _De Septen._ 18 ff.]

[Footnote 165: _De Concupisc._ 1-3.]

[Footnote 166: Comp. _De Just._ II. 360.]

[Footnote 167: Ch. 16.]

[Footnote 168: I have taken this translation and that on the next page from Mr. Claude Montefiore's _Florilegium Philonis_. Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. VII.]

[Footnote 169: Comp. _De Ebr._ 40, and _De Spec. Leg._ II. 414.]

[Footnote 170: _De Leg._ II. 574.]

[Footnote 171: _Essais, Les Prophètes d'Israël_.]

[Footnote 172: Frag. cited by Porphyry, _De Abstinentia_ II. 25.]

[Footnote 173: _De Cong._ 10.]

[Footnote 174: Comp. Schechter, "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology," pp. 21 ff.]

[Footnote 175: _L.A._ I. 7.]

[Footnote 176: _L.A._ I. 14.]

[Footnote 177: _De Confus._ 2, _De Post. C._ 5.]

[Footnote 178: Comp. _De Somn._ I. 11, _De Mut. Nom._ 4.]

[Footnote 179: Caird, "Life of Spinoza" II.]

[Footnote 180: _De Mon._ I. 5.]

[Footnote 181: Comp. "The Authorised Prayer Book." p. 78.]

[Footnote 182: _Quod Deus_ 23.]

[Footnote 183: _De Mundi Op._ 5.]

[Footnote 184: _L.A._ III. 24.]

[Footnote 185: _De Somn._ II. 38.]

[Footnote 186: _L.A._ III. 24.]

[Footnote 187: See p. 77, above.]

[Footnote 188: _L.A._ I. 3.]

[Footnote 189: _De Plant._ 7, _Quod Det._ 31.]

[Footnote 190: _De Cherubim_ 35.]

[Footnote 191: _L.A._ II. 70.]

[Footnote 192: _De Cherubim_ 32, _De Somn._ II, 56.]

[Footnote 193: _De Post. C._ 11.]

[Footnote 194: Essay on the Talmud.]

[Footnote 195: Bereshit Rabba 21, and Yalkut 26.]

[Footnote 196: Comp. _De Plant._ 30.]

[Footnote 197: Comp. [H.]agigah 14.]

[Footnote 198: Quoted by Euseb., _op. cit._ XIII. 8.]

[Footnote 199: _De Decal._ 11.]

[Footnote 200: _De Mundi Op._ 24.]

[Footnote 201: _Ibid._ 20.]

[Footnote 202: _De Migr._ 9.]

[Footnote 203: _De Decal._ 11.]

[Footnote 204: _De Somn._ II. 37.]

[Footnote 205: _De Somn._ I. 23.]

[Footnote 206: Comp. _De Somn._ II. 11.]

[Footnote 207: _De Somn._ I. 22.]

[Footnote 208: Comp. [H.]agigah 14^{a}.]

[Footnote 209: _Quod Deus_ 26 and 32.]

[Footnote 210: _De Confus._ 14.]

[Footnote 211: _De Gigant._ 2.]

[Footnote 212: "Ethics of the Fathers" III.]

[Footnote 213: Comp. Schechter, _op. cit._, "The Law as Personified in Literature."]

[Footnote 214: Comp. _L.A._ III. 73, _De Somn._ II. 33.]

[Footnote 215: _De Cong._ 31.]

[Footnote 216: _De Confus._ 14, Fragments I, _L.A._ III. 23, _Quis Rer. Div._ 42, _De Gigant._ 12.]

[Footnote 217: Comp. Graetz, "Gnosticism and Judaism," pp. 15 ff.]

[Footnote 218: Comp. _De Cherubim_ 14 and 17, _De Gigant._ 12.]

[Footnote 219: Drummond, "Philo-Judæus and the Jewish Hellenistic School," vol. II.]

[Footnote 220: _De Somn._ I. 32, _De Confus._ 14, _L.A._ III. 25, _De V. Mos._ III. 14.]

[Footnote 221: _L.A._ III. 73.]

[Footnote 222: _De Sacrif._ 38.]

[Footnote 223: _Quis Rer. Div._ 42.]

[Footnote 224: _De Plant._ 21.]

[Footnote 225: _L.A._ III.]

[Footnote 226: _De Cherubim_ 9.]

[Footnote 227: _De Abr._ 24 and 25.]

[Footnote 228: _De Fuga_ 18.]

[Footnote 229: _L.A._ II.]

[Footnote 230: _L.A._ I. 13, II. 15, _Quis Rer. Div._ 53.]

[Footnote 231: Comp. _De Decal._, _ad fin_.]

[Footnote 232: _L.A._ I. 20, _De Fuga_ 12.]

[Footnote 233: _De Mundi Op._ 54, _De Fuga_ 11.]

[Footnote 234: "The Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers" VIII.]

[Footnote 235: Plato, "Laws" 718.]

[Footnote 236: Comp. Bk. 12 of the _Præp. Evang._]

[Footnote 237: Quoted by Suidas, _s.v._ Philo.]

[Footnote 238: _De Mundi Op._ 43.]

[Footnote 239: _De Victimis_ II. 260-262.]

[Footnote 240: Comp. p. 81, above.]

[Footnote 241: _De Sacrif._ 24, _Quod Det._ 24.]

[Footnote 242: _De Mundi Op._ 24.]

[Footnote 243: _De Mundi Op._ 4.]

[Footnote 244: _De Somn._ I. 4.]

[Footnote 245: _De Victimis_ II. 260.]

[Footnote 246: _Quod Deus_ 6, _De Post. C._ 5.]

[Footnote 247: _Quod Det._ 24, _De Mundi Op._ 45 and 51.]

[Footnote 248: _L.A._ I. 32, _De Confus._ 27.]

[Footnote 249: _De Mon_. II. 214, _De Mundi Op_. I. 16.]

[Footnote 250: _De Mundi Op_. 22 and 48, _L.A._ I. 13 and II. 12 ff.]

[Footnote 251: _De Sacrif._ 32.]

[Footnote 252: _De Plant._ 9.]

[Footnote 253: _Quaestiones in Gen._ II. 59.]

[Footnote 254: _De Fuga_ 6.]

[Footnote 255: _Quaestiones in Gen._ IV. 140.]

[Footnote 256: _De Cherubim_ 32.]

[Footnote 257: _L.A._ I. 15.]

[Footnote 258: _L.A._ II. 25.]

[Footnote 259: _L.A._ I. 11 ff., II. 12-14.]

[Footnote 260: _De Cherubim_ 35.]

[Footnote 261: _De Somn._ I. 12.]

[Footnote 262: _De Somn._ I. 4.]

[Footnote 263: _De Plant._ 7.]

[Footnote 264: _Quod Det._ 31.]

[Footnote 265: _De Migr._ 8, _De Spec. Leg._ I. 9.]

[Footnote 266: _L.A._ I. 13.]

[Footnote 267: _L.A._ III. 13, 14.]

[Footnote 268: _Quis Rer. Div._ 53.]

[Footnote 269: _De Mundi Op._ 54.]

[Footnote 270: _De Abr._ 31.]

[Footnote 271: _De Fuga_ 27.]

[Footnote 272: _L.A._ I. 32, II. 25.]

[Footnote 273: Comp. _L.A._ III. 45.]

[Footnote 274: _Quod Det._ 7.]

[Footnote 275: _De Fuga_ 5 ff.]

[Footnote 276: _De Mundi Op._ 15, _L.A._ I. 46.]

[Footnote 277: _De Decal._ 6-8.]

[Footnote 278: Comp. Euseb., _Praep. Evang._ IX 411A.]

[Footnote 279: _C. Celsum_ IV. 51.]

[Footnote 280: _De Sectis Judaicis_ XVIII.]

[Footnote 281: Comp. Freudenthal, _Hellenistische Studien_, and Siegfried, _Philo als Ausleger der hieligen Schrift_.]

[Footnote 282: Comp. _Quis Rer. Div._ XLIII, and Chapter II above.]

[Footnote 283: _De Mon_. II. 212.]

[Footnote 284: _Hist. Ecclesiast._ II. iv. 2.]

[Footnote 285: Comp. Graetz, "History" II. xviii.]

[Footnote 286: Comp. Chapter I, p. 17, above.]

[Footnote 287: _De Spec. Leg_. II. 260.]

[Footnote 288: _De Spec. Leg._ III. 17.]

[Footnote 289: _Ibid._ II. 6.]

[Footnote 290: _De Parentibus Colendis_ 56.]

[Footnote 291: Comp. Sifre Debarim 237.]

[Footnote 292: _De Spec. Leg._ IV.]

[Footnote 293: _De Spec. Leg._ III. 36.]

[Footnote 294: _De Spec. Leg._ III. 33 and 34.]

[Footnote 295: Moreh Nebukim III, ch. 39.]

[Footnote 296: _Fragmenta ex Antonio_ II. 672.]

[Footnote 297: _De Spec. Leg._ III. 5, II. 304, 305.]

[Footnote 298: Deut. vii. 3, and Abodah Zarah 36^{b}.]

[Footnote 299: _De Spec. Leg._ III. 5, II. 304.]

[Footnote 300: _De Septen._ 5 ff.]

[Footnote 301: See Chapter IV, p. 125, above.]

[Footnote 302: Mishnah Rosh Hashanah III. 8, and Philo, _De Somn._ II. 11.]

[Footnote 303: Comp. _Agadah bei Philo_, by Treitel, _Monatsschrift_, 1909.]

[Footnote 304: Comp. Bereshit Rabba 16, 4.]

[Footnote 305: Comp. Taylor's edition.]

[Footnote 306: _De Plant._ 30.]

[Footnote 307: It is impossible for me to make an adequate acknowledgment of my debt to Dr. Schechter, President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. But I should say that I have borrowed freely from his articles on rabbinic theology in the Jewish Quarterly Review, vols. VI and VII, now included in his "Aspects of Rabbinic Theology."]

[Footnote 308: Mishnah Yodayim III. 5.]

[Footnote 309: Bereshit Rabba 26. 7.]

[Footnote 310: Comp. Schechter, _op. cit._, Introduction.]

[Footnote 311: Berakot 24^{b}.]

[Footnote 312: Mekilta [Hebrew: kshla] I. 1.]

[Footnote 313: Bereshit Rabba I. 2.]

[Footnote 314: Pirke R. Eliezer III.]

[Footnote 315: Comp. Poems, II, p. 25.]

[Footnote 316: Moreh II, ch. 70.]

[Footnote 317: Eccles. III. 15.]

[Footnote 318: [H.]agigah 14 ff., Sanhedrin 37^{a}.]

[Footnote 319: Bereshit Rabba 4.]

[Footnote 320: Mena[h.]ot 99.]

[Footnote 321: Mishnah Sanhedrin II. 1.]

[Footnote 322: [H.]agigah 15^{b}.]

[Footnote 323: Bereshit Rabba 36. 8.]

[Footnote 324: Ant. III. 2.]

[Footnote 325: _De V. Mos._ II. 12.]

[Footnote 326: Comp. Ant. XVIII. 8. 1.]

[Footnote 327: Comp. "Ethics of the Fathers" VI. 6.]

[Footnote 328: See Epstein, _Philon et le Midrasch Tadsché_, Revue des Etudes Juives, XXI, p. 80.]

[Footnote 329: Yer. Meg. I. 71^{c}.]

[Footnote 330: Comp. an article by Dr. Poznànski in the _Revue des Études Juives_, 1905, _Philo dans l'ancienne littérature judéo-arabe_, pp. 10 ff.]

[Footnote 331: Comp. Poznànski, _op. cit._, p. 27.]

[Footnote 332: Moreh II. ch. 1 ff.]

[Footnote 333: _Ibid._ 31.]

[Footnote 334: _Ibid._ 31.]

[Footnote 335: Moreh III. 43 ff.]

[Footnote 336: Comp. Ginzberg, art. "Cabbalah," Jewish Encyclopedia.]

[Footnote 337: Comp. Taylor's "Ethics of the Fathers," ch. 5, notes.]

[Footnote 338: _De Cherubim_ 12 and 14. Comp. _De Somn._ I. 8.]

[Footnote 339: Comp. _De Somn._ I. 12.]

[Footnote 340: Comp. _De Fuga_ 9.]

[Footnote 341: Comp. Hort, Introduction to Clement's [Greek: Etrômateis].]

[Footnote 342: Ed. Cassel, pp. 4 and 15^{b}.]

[Footnote 343: Comp. Imre Binah. Meor Einayim, ch. 30.]

[Footnote 344: Comp. J.A. Stewart, "Myths of Plato," _ad fin._]

[Footnote 345: Comp. "Theologico-Political Tractate" XV.]

[Footnote 346: Comp. _De Humanitate_ II. 395.]

[Footnote 347: _De V. Mos._ II. 1-5.]

[Footnote 348: Comp. _De Mon._ II. 6.]

[Footnote 349: _De Just._ 6.]

[Footnote 350: Comp. _De Nobilitate_ 6.]

[Footnote 351: Bamidbar Rabba 8.]

[Footnote 352: Tan[h.]uma to Debarim.]

[Footnote 353: Comp. Pesa[h.]im 87^{b}.]

[Footnote 354: _De Exsecr._ 6. II. 433.]

[Footnote 355: Comp. Montefiore, Jewish Quarterly Review, VI, p. 428.]

[Footnote 356: Epistle to the Romans V.]

[Footnote 357: Epistle to the Galatians III. 10.]

[Footnote 358: Comp. Chapter IV, above, p. 126.]

[Footnote 359: _De Abr._ 46.]

[Footnote 360: Comp. Schechter, _op. cit._, Introduction.]

[Footnote 361: Comp. Mekilta 33^{a}, ed. Friedmann.]

[Footnote 362: Comp. _L.A._ III. 26, and Chapter V, above, p. 154.]

[Footnote 363: _De Cherubim_ 12.]

[Footnote 364: Comp. Gibbon, "Decline of the Roman Empire," ch. 15.]

[Footnote 365: [Hebrew: 'monot vd'ot] III.]

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End of Project Gutenberg's Philo-Judaeus of Alexandria, by Norman Bentwich