Chapter I: Preface

The aim in the preparation of this treatise on the human body has been, first, to set forth in a _teachable_ manner the actual science of physiology; and second, to present the facts of hygiene largely as _applied physiology_. The view is held that "right living" consists in the harmonious adjustment of one's habits to the nature and plan of the body, and that the best preparation for such living is a correct understanding of the physical self. It is further held that the emphasizing of physiology augments in no small degree the educative value of the subject, greater opportunity being thus afforded for exercise of the reasoning powers and for drill in the _modus operandi_ of natural forces. In the study of physiology the facts of anatomy have a place, but in an elementary course these should be restricted to such as are necessary for revealing the general structure of the body.

Although no effort has been spared to bring this work within the comprehension of the pupil, its success in the classroom will depend largely upon the method of handling the subject by the teacher. It is recommended, therefore, that the _relations_ which the different organs and processes sustain to each other, and to the body as a whole, be given special prominence. The pupil should be impressed with the essential unity of the body and should see in the diversity of its activities the serving of a common purpose. In creating such an impression the introductory paragraphs at the beginning of many of the chapters and the summaries throughout the book, as well as the general arrangement of the subject-matter, will be found helpful.

Since the custom largely prevails of teaching physiology in advance of the sciences upon which it rests--biology, physics, and chemistry--care should be exercised to develop correct ideas of the principles and processes derived from these sciences. Too much latitude has been taken in the past in the use of comparisons and illustrations drawn from "everyday life." To teach that the body is a "house," "machine," or "city"; that the nerves carry "messages"; that the purpose of oxygen is to "burn up waste"; that breathing is to "purify the blood," etc., may give the pupil phrases which he can readily repeat, but teaching of this kind does not give him correct ideas of his body.

The method of teaching, however, that uses the pupil's experience as a basis upon which to build has a value not to be overlooked. The fact that such expressions as those quoted above are so easily remembered proves the value of connecting new knowledge with the pupil's experience. But _the inadequacy of this experience must be recognized_ and taken into account. The concepts of the average pupil are entirely too indefinite and limited to supply the necessary _foundation for a science_ such as physiology. Herein lies the great value of experiments and observations. They supplement the pupil's experience, and increase both the number and definiteness of his concepts. No degree of success can be attained if this phase of the study is omitted.

The best results in physiology teaching are of course attained where laboratory work is carried on by the pupils, but where this cannot be arranged, class experiments and observations must suffice. The Practical Work described at the close of most of the chapters is mainly for class purposes. While these serve a necessary part in the development of the subject, it is not essential that all of the experiments and observations be made, the intention being to provide for some choice on the part of the teacher. A note-book should be kept by the pupil.

To adapt the book to as wide a range of usefulness as possible, more subject-matter is introduced than is usually included in an elementary course. Such portions, however, as are unessential to a proper understanding of the body by the pupil are set in small type, to be used at the discretion of the teacher.

The use of books of reference is earnestly recommended. For this purpose the usual high school texts may be employed to good advantage. A few more advanced works should, however, be frequently consulted. For this purpose Martin's _Human Body_ (Advanced Course), Rettger's _Advanced Lessons in Physiology_, Thornton's _Human Physiology_, Huxley's _Lessons in Elementary Physiology_, Howell's _A Text-book of Physiology_, Hough and Sedgwick's _Hygiene and Sanitation_, and Pyle's _Personal Hygiene_ will be found serviceable.

In the preparation of this work valuable assistance has been rendered by Dr. C.N. McAllister, Department of Psychology, and by Professor B.M. Stigall, Department of Biology, along the lines of their respective specialties, and in a more general way by President W.J. Hawkins and others of the Warrensburg, Missouri, State Normal School. Expert advice from Professor S.D. Magers, Instructor in Physiology and Bacteriology, State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Michigan, has been especially helpful, and many practical suggestions from the high school teachers of physiology of Kansas City, Missouri, Professor C.H. Nowlin, Central High School, Dr. John W. Scott, Westport High School, and Professor A.E. Shirling, Manual Training High School, all of whom read both manuscript and proofs, have been incorporated. Considerable material for the Practical Work, including the respiration experiment (page 101) and the reaction time experiment (page 323), were contributed by Dr. Scott. Professor Nowlin's suggestions on subject-matter and methods of presentation deserve special mention. To these and many others the author makes grateful acknowledgment.

F.M.W.

MISSOURI STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, SECOND DISTRICT, May 1, 1909.

CONTENTS

Preface
Contents
PART I: THE VITAL PROCESSES
CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER II - GENERAL VIEW OF THE BODY
CHAPTER III - THE BODY ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER IV - THE BLOOD
CHAPTER V - THE CIRCULATION
CHAPTER VI - THE LYMPH AND ITS MOVEMENT THROUGH THE BODY
CHAPTER VII - RESPIRATION
CHAPTER VIII - PASSAGE OF OXYGEN THROUGH THE BODY
CHAPTER IX - FOODS AND THE THEORY OF DIGESTION
CHAPTER X - ORGANS AND PROCESSES OF DIGESTION
CHAPTER XI - ABSORPTION, STORAGE, AND ASSIMILATION
CHAPTER XII - ENERGY SUPPLY OF THE BODY
CHAPTER XIII - GLANDS AND THE WORK OF EXCRETION
PART II: MOTION, COORDINATION, AND SENSATION
CHAPTER XIV - THE SKELETON
CHAPTER XV - THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
CHAPTER XVI - THE SKIN
CHAPTER XVII - STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER XVIII - PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER XIX - HYGIENE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHAPTER XX - PRODUCTION OF SENSATIONS
CHAPTER XXI - THE LARYNX AND THE EAR
CHAPTER XXII - THE EYE
CHAPTER XXIII - THE GENERAL PROBLEM OF KEEPING WELL
APPENDIX
INDEX

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE