Chapter I: Part 1

PIONEER IMPRINTS FROM FIFTY STATES

BY ROGER J. TRIENENS

_Descriptive Cataloging Division, Processing Department_

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON 1973

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Trienens, Roger J. Pioneer imprints from fifty States.

Includes bibliographical references. 1. Printing--History--United States. 2. United States. Library of Congress. 3. Bibliography--Early printed books. I. United States. Library of Congress. II. Title.

Z208.T75 686.2'0973 72-10069 ISBN 0-84444-0038-6

COVER: _A standard tray (case) of type. Frequency of a letter's use determined the size and position of the letter compartment._

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402.--Price $4.25 Stock Number 3000-0059

Preface

_Pioneer Imprints From Fifty States_ will enable readers to view the Library of Congress collections from an unaccustomed angle. It takes for its subject the Library's earliest examples of printing from within present-day boundaries of each State in the Union, providing for each in turn 1) a brief statement about the origin of printing; 2) identification of the Library's earliest examples--among them broadsides, newspapers, individual laws, almanacs, primers, and longer works; and 3) information, if available, about the provenance of these rarities.

Each of the 50 sections may be consulted independently. To those who read it through, however, _Pioneer Imprints_ will give some idea of the movement of printers and presses across the Nation, as well as insight into the nature and history of the Library's holdings.

The author wishes to express his indebtedness to Frederick R. Goff, Chief of the Library of Congress Rare Book Division from 1945 to 1972, who has been constantly helpful and encouraging; to Thomas R. Adams, Librarian of the John Carter Brown Library, Providence, R.I., who read the first 13 sections before their publication under the title "The Library's Earliest Colonial Imprints" in the _Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress_ for July 1967; and to Marcus A. McCorison, Director and Librarian of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass., who read the manuscript of the later sections. These scholars cannot, of course, be held responsible for any errors or faults in this bibliographical investigation. The author's indebtedness to printed sources is revealed to some extent by notes appearing at the end of each section. He is obliged for much of his information to the staffs of the Library of Congress, the National Archives, and the Smithsonian Institution, as well as to the following correspondents: Alfred L. Bush, Curator, Princeton Collections of Western Americana, Princeton University Library; G. Glenn Clift, Assistant Director, Kentucky Historical Society; James H. Dowdy, Archivist, St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore; Caroline Dunn, Librarian, William Henry Smith Memorial Library, Indianapolis; Joyce Eakin, Librarian, U.S. Army Military History Research Collection, Carlisle Barracks, Pa.; Arthur Perrault, Librarian, Advocates' Library, Montreal; P. W. Filby, Librarian, Maryland Historical Society; Lilla M. Hawes, Director, Georgia Historical Society; Earl E. Olson, Assistant Church Historian, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Salt Lake City; and Frank S. Richards, Piedmont, Calif.

Contents

_1 Massachusetts_

_3 Virginia_

_4 Maryland_

_5 Pennsylvania_

_6 New York_

_8 Connecticut_

_10 New Jersey_

_12 Rhode Island_

_14 South Carolina_

_16 North Carolina_

_18 New Hampshire_

_20 Delaware_

_21 Georgia_

_23 Louisiana_

_25 Vermont_

_27 Florida_

_29 Maine_

_30 Kentucky_

_32 West Virginia_

_34 Tennessee_

_36 Ohio_

_38 Michigan_

_39 Mississippi_

_41 Indiana_

_43 Alabama_

_44 Missouri_

_46 Texas_

_48 Illinois_

_50 Arkansas_

_52 Hawaii_

_53 Wisconsin_

_54 California_

_56 Kansas_

_58 New Mexico_

_60 Oklahoma_

_61 Iowa_

_63 Idaho_

_64 Oregon_

_66 Utah_

_68 Minnesota_

_70 Washington_

_72 Nebraska_

_74 South Dakota_

_76 Nevada_

_78 Arizona_

_80 Colorado_

_82 Wyoming_

_83 Montana_

_85 North Dakota_

_86 Alaska_

PIONEER IMPRINTS

Massachusetts

Stephen Daye, the first printer of English-speaking North America, established his press at Cambridge late in 1638 or early in 1639 and printed the famed _Bay Psalm Book_ there in 1640. This volume of 295 pages is the first substantial book and the earliest extant example of printing from what is now the United States. Mrs. Adrian Van Sinderen of Washington, Conn., deposited an original copy of the _Bay Psalm Book_ in the Library of Congress at a formal ceremony held in the Librarian's Office on May 2, 1966. Mrs. Van Sinderen retained ownership of the book during her lifetime; it became the Library's property upon her death, April 29, 1968.

The book is properly entitled _The Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully Translated into English Metre_. Of 11 extant copies this was the last in private hands, and it filled the most serious single gap in the Library's collection of early American printing. It is an imperfect copy, lacking its title page and 18 leaves. Bound in calfskin, it is one of the five copies in an original binding.

Zoltán Haraszti's authoritative study _The Enigma of the Bay Psalm Book_ (Chicago, 1956) includes information about all the surviving copies. Mrs. Van Sinderen's copy was one of five that were collected by scholarly Thomas Prince of Boston (1687-1758), who bequeathed his extensive library to Old South Church. It was from the church that the Cambridge wool merchant and Bible collector George Livermore obtained it in 1849. By an exchange agreement between Livermore and the prominent bookseller Henry Stevens, 12 leaves were removed from the volume to complete another copy, which Stevens sold to James Lenox in 1855 and which now belongs to the New York Public Library. Livermore's collection, deposited at Harvard after his death, was auctioned in 1894 in Boston, his _Bay Psalm Book_ realizing $425 and going to Mrs. Van Sinderen's father, Alfred Tredway White of Brooklyn.

Before 1966 the earliest Massachusetts imprint, as well as the earliest imprint of the Nation, in the Library was Richard Mather's _The Summe of Certain Sermons upon Genes: 15.6_, printed at Cambridge in 1652. Its author was the progenitor of the powerful Mather family of New England divines, and he was among the translators contributing to the _Bay Psalm Book_. Its printer, Samuel Green, operated the first Massachusetts printing press after Stephen Daye's son Matthew died in 1649, Stephen having retired from the press in 1647. Mather's book contains his revised notes for sermons preached at Dorchester.

The Library of Congress copy--one of four extant--is inscribed by an early hand, "James Blake his Booke." In the mid-19th century this copy apparently came into the possession of Henry Stevens, whereupon it was bound in full morocco by Francis Bedford at London; and it presumably belonged to the extensive collection of Mather family books that Stevens sold in 1866 to George Brinley, of Hartford, Conn.[1] The Library of Congress obtained the volume with a $90 bid at the first sale of Brinley's great library of Americana, held at New York in March 1879.

[Footnote 1: See Wyman W. Parker, _Henry Stevens of Vermont_ (Amsterdam, 1963), p. 267-268.]

Virginia

A press that William Nuthead started at Jamestown in 1682 was quickly suppressed, and nothing of its output has survived. It was William Parks who established at Williamsburg in 1730 Virginia's first permanent press. Here Parks issued the earliest Virginia imprint now represented in the Library of Congress: _A Collection of All the Acts of Assembly Now in Force, in the Colony of Virginia_ (1733). Printing of this book may have begun as early as 1730. In a monograph on William Parks, Lawrence C. Wroth cites evidence "in the form of a passage from Markland's _Typographia_, which indicates that its printing was one of the first things undertaken after Parks had set up his Williamsburg press."[2]

Two Library of Congress copies of this imposing folio--one of them seriously defective--are housed in the Law Library; while yet another copy, which is especially prized, is kept with the Jefferson Collection in the Rare Book Division since it belonged to the library which Thomas Jefferson sold to the Congress in 1815.[3] The 1815 bookplate of the Library of Congress is preserved in this rebound copy, and Jefferson's secret mark of ownership can be seen--his addition of his other initial to printed signatures I and T. A previous owner wrote "Robert [?] Lewis law Book" on a flyleaf at the end, following later acts bound into the volume and extending through the year 1742. He may well have been the same Robert Lewis (1702-65) who served in the House of Burgesses from 1744 to 1746.[4]

The Library possesses the only known copy of another early Virginia imprint bearing the same date: Charles Leslie's _A Short and Easy Method with the Deists. The Fifth Edition_.... Printed and sold by William Parks, at his Printing-Offices, in Williamsburg and Annapolis, 1733. Inasmuch as an advertisement for this publication in the _Maryland Gazette_ for May 17-24, 1734, is headed "Lately Publish'd," it was most likely printed early in 1734 but dated old style, and so it probably followed the publication of the _Acts of Assembly_. The Library purchased the unique copy for $8 at the second Brinley sale, held in March 1880.

[Footnote 2: _William Parks, Printer and Journalist of England and Colonial America_ (Richmond, 1926), p. 15.]

[Footnote 3: No. 1833 in U.S. Library of Congress, _Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Compiled with Annotations by E. Millicent Sowerby_ (Washington, 1952-59).]

[Footnote 4: See Sarah Travers Lewis (Scott) Anderson's _Lewises, Meriwethers and Their Kin_ (Richmond, 1938), p. 61-62.]

Maryland

After departing from Virginia, William Nuthead set up the first Maryland press at St. Mary's City sometime before August 31, 1685. This press continued in operation until a few years after Nuthead's widow removed it to Annapolis about 1695; yet nothing more survives from it than a single broadside and some printed blank forms.

In 1700 Thomas Reading began to operate a second press at Annapolis, and his output in that year included a collection of laws which is the earliest Maryland imprint now represented in the Library of Congress. Since the Library's is the only extant copy, it is particularly regrettable that its title page and considerable portions of the text are lacking. Catalogers have supplied it with the title: _A Complete Body of the Laws of Maryland_.[5]

The copy was formerly in the possession of the lawyer and diplomat John Bozman Kerr (1809-78). It might not have survived to this day were it not for his awareness of its importance, as shown in his flyleaf inscription:

? would this have been printed in M^d at so early a
period as 1700--in M^d or elsewhere in the Colonies--It
is dedicated to Mr Wm Bladen father, it is presumed, of
Gov^r Tho^s Bladen, of whom _Pope_, the Poet, speaks so
harshly--Having given much attention to M^d History I know
no book--calculated to throw more light upon _manners_ &
_customs_ than this printed copy of the body of M^d Law
in 1700--The language of the early acts of assembly was
much modified in 1715 & 1722--_Here_ the Exact words are
preserved as in the original acts--Unless in some old
collection in England, five thousand dollars would not
procure a like copy--Many years ago there was Extant, in
MS, in Charles Co Court records, as I have been told, a
similar collection--This _printed_ copy is "the schedule
annexed to 1699. c 46 & the act of 1700. c 8--

Sept 22^d 1858

John Bozman Kerr--of Easton, M^d
Law Office, no. 30. St. Pauls St. Balt^o

William Bladen, to whom the book is dedicated, was then clerk of the Upper House and had been instrumental in bringing Thomas Reading to Maryland. In fact, the records indicate that he assumed the role of publisher. If John Bozman Kerr had had access to the proceedings of the Lower House for the year 1700, he would have been most interested to find there Bladen's written proposal:

That if the house are desirous the body of Laws should be
printed soe that every person might easily have them in
their houses without being troubled to goe to the County
Court house to have recourse thereto.

That the house made [sic] an Order for printeing thereof
and that every County be Oblidged to take one faire Coppy
endorsed and Titled to be bound up handsomely and that for
the encouragement of the undertaker each County pay him
therefore 2000^{lbs} of Tob^o upon delivery the said booke
of Laws....

This was approved on May 9.[6] The printing was not wholly satisfactory, for on May 17 of the next year an errata list was ordered printed.[7]

[Footnote 5: It is no. 7 in Lawrence C. Wroth's _A History of Printing in Colonial Maryland_ (Baltimore, 1922). Besides listing it in his bibliography, Wroth discusses the book at length on p. 22-26.]

[Footnote 6: _Archives of Maryland_, vol. 24 (1904), p. 83-84.]

[Footnote 7: Ibid., p. 198.]

Pennsylvania

Like William Nuthead, William Bradford introduced printing in more than one Colony, and he began his American career by establishing the first Pennsylvania press at Philadelphia in 1685. Here that same year he printed _Good Order Established in Pennsilvania & New-Jersey in America_, the earliest Pennsylvania imprint in the Library of Congress and the second known example of Bradford's press. The author, Thomas Budd, was a successful Quaker immigrant, who settled first at Burlington, N.J., and later at Philadelphia. He intended his description of the two Colonies to stimulate further immigration, and he printed this statement on the title page verso:

It is to be noted, that the Government of these Countries
is so settled by Concessions, and such care taken by the
establishment of certain fundamental Laws, by which every
Man's Liberty and Property, both as Men and Christians, are
preserved; so that none shall be hurt in his Person, Estate
or Liberty for his Religious Perswasion or Practice in
Worship towards God.

Because neither place nor printer is named in the book, it was long thought to have been printed at London, but typographical comparisons made during the latter part of the 19th century demonstrated conclusively that it issued from William Bradford's press.

The Library of Congress copy was bound at London by William Pratt for the bookseller Henry Stevens. F. J. Shepard traces this much of its later provenance in his introduction to a reprint issued in Cleveland in 1902:

A copy in full levant morocco, by Pratt, belonging to John
A. Rice of Chicago, was sold in March, 1870, to Sabin &
Sons for $155. The same copy fetched $150 at the sale of
the library of William Menzies of New York (1875),[8]
when it was described in Sabin's catalogue as "one of the
rarest of books relating to Pennsylvania." It was again,
presumably, the same copy which at the sale in New York of
S. L. M. Barlow's books in 1889 brought $400, although it
was still incorrectly described as printed in London. After
passing through the hands of two dealers and one collector,
it reached Dodd, Mead & Co., who advertised it in their
November, 1900, catalogue for $700, and sold it at that
price to a private collector whose name is not given.

The copy was among several Americana from the library of C. H. Chubbock, a Boston collector,[9] which were sold at auction by C. F. Libbie & Co. on February 23 and 24, 1904, the Library of Congress obtaining it for $600.

[Footnote 8: Sabin's catalog is dated 1875, but the sale did not occur until November 1876.]

[Footnote 9: See _American Book-Prices Current_, vol. 10 (1904), p. vii.]

New York

William Bradford moved from Pennsylvania to New York in the spring of 1693, but what was the first product of his New York press has not been established.[10] The Library of Congress owns two Bradford imprints from this period, neither containing any indication of the place of publication. Nevertheless, both are listed in Wilberforce Eames' bibliography of early New York imprints.[11] One of them, entitled _New-England's Spirit of Persecution Transmitted to Pennsilvania, and the Pretended Quaker Found Persecuting the True Christian-Quaker, in the Tryal of Peter Boss, George Keith, Thomas Budd, and William Bradford, at the Sessions Held at Philadelphia the Nineth, Tenth and Twelfth Days of December, 1692. Giving an Account of the Most Arbitrary Procedure of That Court_, has been conjectured to be the first New York imprint (Eames 1). Eames states that the work "seems to be the joint production of George Keith and Thomas Budd, including Bradford's own account of the trial. As it mentions the next Court Session of March, 1693, it could hardly have been printed before May...." He confesses that Bradford may have printed it at Philadelphia. The Library of Congress purchased its copy--one of six recorded in the National Union Catalog--for $50 at the November 1876 auction of the library of Americana formed by a New York collector, William Menzies.

The other Bradford imprint conjecturally assigned to New York is Governor Benjamin Fletcher's proclamation of April 29, 1693, prohibiting "the _Breaking of the LORDS DAY_, all _Prophane Swearing, Cursing, Drunkenness, Idleness_ and _unlawful Gaming_, and all manner of _Prophaneness_ whatsoever" (Eames 9). Eames gives no reason why this broadside should be listed as a later imprint. An eminent New Yorker, Stuyvesant Fish, presented the unique copy to the Library of Congress in 1915 and in an accompanying letter to the Librarian told how it had come into his possession:

The broadside now sent you was given me by Mrs. Fish's
mother, the late Mrs. William Henry Anthon, with the
statement that she had found it among the papers left by
her brother-in-law, Professor Charles Edward Anthon (b.
Dec. 6, 1823; d. June 7, 1885). The latter was much given
to collecting coins, manuscripts, &c., but no effort of
mine has enabled me to learn where, when or how he became
possessed of the paper.

In view of the uncertain assignment of these two imprints to New York, the Library's earliest imprints naming New York as the place of publication should also be mentioned. _A Catalogue of Fees Established by the Governour and Council at the Humble Request of the Assembly_ (New-York, William Bradford, 1693) is an 11-page work printed sometime after September 20, 1693. The Library's copy, like others, is appended to Bradford's printing of _The Laws & Acts of the General Assembly_ (New-York, 1694), which in Eames' opinion was itself probably begun in 1693, perhaps as early as July or August. Among the owners of the volume containing these early imprints was the bibliographer Charles R. Hildeburn, who gave the following history in a note prefixed to an 1894 facsimile edition of _The Laws & Acts_:

This [copy], lacking a title-page, was formerly part
of a volume of laws and other folio tracts printed by
Bradford between 1694 and 1710, which was bought at a
sale at Bangs's, in New-York, about ten years ago, by the
late Dr. George H. Moore, for $26. In 1890 Dr. Moore sold
the volume as he bought it for $1750 to the writer, who,
having supplied the title-page in facsimile, sold so much
of "the Laws of 1694 as issued" as it contained to the
late Mr. Tower for $600. The volume then passed by the
gift of Mr. Towers's widow, with the Tower collection, to
the Historical society of Pennsylvania, and, having been
replaced by a perfect copy ..., was sold to Dodd, Meade &
Company, of New-York for $400. From the firm last mentioned
it was purchased by Mr. [Abram C.] Bernheim.[12]

Now in a full morocco binding by Bradstreet's, the volume contains the bookplates of Abram C. Bernheim, who lectured on New York history at Columbia College, Henry C. Bernheim, and Russell Benedict. At the New York auction of Judge Benedict's library in 1922 Halstead H. Frost, Jr., purchased it for $3,000; yet in 1926 at an auction by the same house of "Rare Americana including the collection of the late A. R. Turner, Jr. and selections from the collection of the late Charles A. Munn," the same copy drew only $1,800. In 1931 the Library of Congress obtained it from the firm of Lathrop C. Harper for $2,929.55, and it was duly noted in the subsequent annual report as "the most precious acquisition of the year by the law library."

[Footnote 10: Alexander J. Wall, Jr., "William Bradford, Colonial Printer," _Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society_, 1963, vol. 73, p. 368.]

[Footnote 11: _The First Year of Printing in New-York_ (New York, 1928).]

[Footnote 12: P. clvii. The facsimile was made from the Bernheim copy, which apart from its missing title page was considered to be the best preserved.]

Connecticut

Thomas Short, who learned his trade at Boston, became Connecticut's first printer when he went to New London to do the official printing for the Colony in 1709.

The Library of Congress owns two Thomas Short imprints dated 1710, and one of them is believed to be the first book printed in Connecticut: _The Necessity of Judgment, and Righteousness in a Land. A Sermon, Preached at the General Court of Election, at Hartford in the Colony of Connecticut, on May 11th. 1710. By Eliphalet Adams, Pastor of the Church in New-London_. Eliphalet Adams was an influential clergyman whose 43 years of service at New London had just begun in 1709. The work is an election sermon, of a type delivered annually at the opening of certain New England legislatures. Although not especially worthy of remembrance, it manages to suggest the ceremony of the occasion. Adams closes his sermon by addressing the Governor, Deputy Governor, and magistrates, next turning to the assembled clergy, and finally concluding:

Shall I now turn my self to the _General Assembly of the
Colony at present met together_. And even here I may
promise my self an easie Reception, while I plead for
_Judgment_ & _Righteousness_. The welfare of the Country
is in a great measure Intrusted in your hands and it is
indeed a matter Worthy of your best Thoughts and chiefest
cares. It should be Ingraven, if not upon the Walls of your
House, yet upon each of your Hearts, _Ne quid Detrimenti
Respublica Capiat_, _Let the Common-wealth receive no
damage_. It is in your power partly to frame Laws for the
Direction & Government of the people of the Land. Now
too much care cannot be taken, that they may be strictly
agreable to the standing Rules of Justice & Equity, that
they may not prove a grievance in stead of an advantage to
the Subject; If the Rule be crooked, how shall our manners
be Regular?...[13]

The Library of Congress copy, in a 19th-century morocco binding, contains no evidence of provenance, but it was undoubtedly in the Library's possession by 1878, for the title is listed in the Library catalog published that year. Another copy sold at auction in 1920 for $1,775, which was the largest amount ever paid for a Connecticut imprint.[14]

The Library's other Connecticut imprint with a date of 1710 is entitled _A Confession of Faith Owned and Consented to by the Elders and Messengers of the Churches in the Colony of Connecticut in New-England, Assembled by Delegation at Saybrook September 9th. 1708_.... Herein is the historic Saybrook Platform, whereby individual congregations of the Colony submitted to the firmer control of synods. There exists documentary evidence that the printing of this book did not begin until late in 1710, and apparently it was not completed until 1711.[15] Elizabeth Short, the printer's widow, was paid £50 in 1714 for binding all 2,000 copies in calfskin and birchwood covers.[16] The Library's copy retains the original binding. Of further interest is the evidence supplied by the Library's bookplate that the volume formerly belonged to Peter Force, the American historian and archivist, whose notable collection was obtained through a special Congressional appropriation in 1867.

[Footnote 13: P. 30-31.]

[Footnote 14: See _Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America_, vol. 27 (1934), p. 4.]

[Footnote 15: W. DeLoss Love, _Thomas Short the First Printer of Connecticut_ ([Hartford] 1901), p. 35-38; Thomas W. Streeter, _Americana--Beginnings_ (Morristown, N.J., 1952), p. 25-26.]

[Footnote 16: Love, p. 37-38.]

New Jersey

In 1723 William Bradford is thought by some to have transported a press from New York to Perth Amboy, then the capital of New Jersey, to print paper currency for the Colony.[17] If this is true he was the first New Jersey printer, although printing was not established there on a permanent basis until three decades later. In any event, in 1723 Bradford produced the first book with a New Jersey imprint: _Anno Regni Georgii Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae & Hiberniae decimo, at a Session of the General Assembly of the Colony of New Jersey, begun the twenty fourth Day of September, Anno Domini 1723. and continued by Adjournments to the 30th Day of November following_....

Douglas C. McMurtrie distinguishes three variant issues of the edition in _A Further Note on the New Jersey Acts of 1723_ (Somerville, N.J., 1935); but the Library of Congress copy, containing 30 numbered and four unnumbered pages, represents a fourth variant. It is one of two issues (the other bearing a New York imprint) in which the type for the later pages was reset.

In the section on paper money, which has a prominent place in the New Jersey laws, is an interesting sidelight on printing history: the text of an oath to be administered to the printer upon his delivery of the bills to those authorized to sign them, requiring him to declare

That from the time the Letters were set, and fit to be put
in the Press for Printing the Bills of Credit now by me
delivered to you, until the same Bills were printed, and
the Letters unset and put in the Boxes again, I went at
no time out of the Room in which the said Letters were,
without Locking them up, so as they could not be come at,
without Violence, a false Key, or other Art then unknown
to me; and therefore to the best of my Knowledge no Copies
were printed off but in my Presence; and that all the
Blotters and other Papers whatever, Printed by the said
Letters, which set for printing the said Bills, to the best
of my Knowledge are here Delivered to you together with the
Stamps for the Indents, and Arms.

The Library of Congress copy is bound in the midst of a folio volume of early New Jersey laws and ordinances that C. S. Hook of Atlantic City, a dealer in old law books, sold to the Library in 1925 for $2,337.50. Though dilapidated, the volume retains its original calf binding, and the names of two early owners are inscribed on its front flyleaf: "M^r Bard" and "John Wright Esq:^r" The former may well be the same Peter Bard, a Huguenot immigrant, who served as member of the Council from 1720 to 1734 and who was one of those authorized to sign the above-mentioned bills.

Some authorities doubt that Bradford would have moved a press to New Jersey for only a short time and think it more likely that he actually printed the acts of 1723 in New York.[18] In that case the earliest New Jersey imprint in the Library of Congress would be an 18-page pamphlet containing an act passed on June 3, 1757, which James Parker printed at Woodbridge on the first permanent press in the Colony: ... _A Supplementary Act to the Act, Entitled, An Act for Better Settling and Regulating the Militia of this Colony of New-Jersey; for the Repelling Invasions, and Suppressing Insurrections and Rebellions; As_ [sic] _also, for Continuing Such Parts and Clauses of the Said Laws, as are not Altered or Amended by This Act_. The Library's copy, inscribed "Capt. Monrow" on its title page, probably belonged originally to John Monrow, a resident of Burlington County.[19] The Central Book Company of New York sold it to the Library for $150 in 1939.

[Footnote 17: See Lawrence C. Wroth, _The Colonial Printer_ (Portland, Maine, 1938), p. 34-36.]

[Footnote 18: See Streeter, _Americana--Beginnings_, no. 21, where this view is attributed to R. W. G. Vail.]

[Footnote 19: See _Archives of the State of New Jersey_, 1st series, vol. 10 (1886), p. 15 and 17; H. Stanley Craig, _Burlington County, New Jersey, Marriages_, Merchantville, N.J. (1937), p. 159.]

Rhode Island

After a stay in prison resulting from his publishing activities in Boston, James Franklin, elder brother of Benjamin, chose to settle at Newport, where he established the first Rhode Island press in 1727.

When the Library of Congress acquired its unique copy of Franklin's _Rhode-Island Almanack for the Year 1728_ in 1879, it was thought to be the earliest book printed in Rhode Island. Not until 1953, when copies of two religious tracts by John Hammett came to light, was it relegated to third place. Those two tracts were printed before July 25, 1727, while Franklin's pseudonymous preface to his almanac is dated August 30 of that year.[20]

* * * * *

Although it may no longer be regarded as the first Rhode Island book, this small almanac nevertheless is of exceptional interest. Four years before Benjamin Franklin inaugurated _Poor Richard's Almanack_ his elder brother presented himself in this wise:

Tho' I have not given you my _proper Name_, yet I assure
you I have had one the greatest part of half an hundred
Years; and I know of no Necessity for parting with it at
this Time, since I presume my Almanack will answer all the
Ends design'd without that Expence. So, wishing you a happy
new Year; bid you adieu.

_Poor_ ROBIN

James Franklin strove to make his almanac entertaining, and he did not refrain from injecting anticlerical gibes or a bit of ribaldry. He obviously relished such pithy sayings as "More religion than honesty" and "If you cannot bite, never show your Teeth."

The Library of Congress purchased its unique copy for $35 at the Brinley sale of 1879. It then had seven leaves and seemed to lack an eighth leaf at the end. Much later, George Winship, librarian of the John Carter Brown Library, reported a curious happening in an article that he contributed to _The Providence Sunday Journal_, November 19, 1911:

A few weeks ago some one noticed that a leaf which was
bound at the end of a book in the Boston Public Library had
nothing whatever to do with that book. It was apparently a
leaf of an old almanac, and after some research Alfred B.
Page of the Massachusetts Historical Society Library was
successful in identifying it, not only as the last leaf of
the almanac for 1728, which was printed in Newport toward
the end of the preceding year, but as the identical leaf
which originally formed a part of the copy now belonging to
the Library of Congress.

The officials in Washington sent their book to Boston to
make certain of the identification, and in return they have
been presented with the missing member, so long separated
from its proper body. On its way back to Washington, this
precious little waif is making a visit to the State of its
origin, and will be for a few days on exhibition at the
John Carter Brown Library, in company with various of its
contemporary rivals, predecessors and followers.

A reprint of the almanac with an introduction by Mr. Winship, signing himself as Philohistoricus, was published at this time. And while at Boston the copy was encased in a variegated morocco binding by the Hathaway Book Binding Company on Beacon Street.

[Footnote 20: See _Rhode Island History_, vol. 12 (1953), p. 33-43, 105-109.]

South Carolina

Printing commenced in South Carolina in 1731 when three competing printers migrated to Charleston: George Webb, Eleazer Phillips, Jr., and Thomas Whitmarsh. They were attracted by an offer of monetary aid that the government announced in order to secure a printer for the Colony.

The earliest Library of Congress copies of South Carolina imprints issued from the press of Lewis Timothy (otherwise Louis Timothée), a Frenchman trained in Holland and subsequently employed by Benjamin Franklin at Philadelphia. Through an arrangement with Franklin he took over the press of Thomas Whitmarsh after the latter's death in 1733, Webb having either died or departed from Charleston and Phillips having died in 1732. The Library has three Lewis Timothy imprints dated 1736: Josiah Smith's sermon, _The Character and Duty of Minister and People_; the session laws for November 15, 1733-May 29, 1736, entitled _Acts Passed by the General Assembly of South-Carolina_; and Nicholas Trott's compilation of _The Laws of the Province of South-Carolina_. The sermon, advertised in _The South-Carolina Gazette_ for May 22, 1736, as just published, was completed first. Still earlier printing, however, is contained in the first volume of Trott's _Laws_, though the volume was not completed until September 1736. Timothy began to print the laws shortly after November 15, 1734, and the first sheets were ready in May 1735.[21]

This publication in two folio volumes is a landmark of Colonial printing; it was Timothy's most ambitious undertaking by far, one he carried out with remarkable taste and skill. The title page, printed in black and red, is particularly striking. Nicholas Trott, the editor, was a learned jurist who played a leading role in South Carolina's affairs, becoming chief justice in 1703. In the preface he sets forth his guiding purpose in compiling the _Laws_:

Thus I have endeavoured as much as in me lies, and have
spared for no Pains, to make this Work not only useful,
but plain and easy, even to the meanest Capacity, wherein
if I have obtained my End, I shall not think my Labour ill
bestowed: For as every Man is a Debtor to his Country, and
we are not born only for our selves, so I tho't I could not
do a more useful Service for the Province in which it has
pleased God to cast my Lot for several years past, than to
make such an _Edition_ of the Laws, as might be of general
Use to all the Inhabitants thereof; that so every one being
acquainted with the Laws of the Place, may readily give
Obedience to the same; in which (next to their religious
Duties to GOD) not only their Duty, but also their Safety
and happiness doth consist.

The Library of Congress owns three copies of this rare book, all lacking some pages. The copy most distinguished in its provenance bears on its title page the signature of William Bull, Jr., five times Acting Governor of South Carolina between 1760 and 1775. Also on this title page is the late 18th-century signature of one Thomas Parker. Another copy is inscribed "Thomas Farr jun^r. [another hand:] of St. Andrew's Parish 12^{th}. May 1773"; and in the following century it was given "With Edward Logan's kind regards to James Parker Esq. 18 Feb 1868." Thomas Farr can be identified as a merchant,[22] but the later names have not been traced. The third Library copy retains no marks of previous ownership.

[Footnote 21: Douglas C. McMurtrie, _The First Decade of Printing in the Royal Province of South Carolina_ (London, 1933).]

[Footnote 22: A. S. Salley, ed., _Marriage Notices in The South-Carolina Gazette and Its Successors_ (Baltimore, 1965), p. 21.]

North Carolina

The first printer active in North Carolina was James Davis, a native of Virginia, who probably received his training from William Parks at Williamsburg.[23] Davis settled at New Bern in 1749, and in the same year he began printing _The Journal of the House of Burgesses_.

The earliest North Carolina imprint in the Library of Congress, printed by Davis in 1751, is carefully described in its title, _A Collection of All the Public Acts of Assembly, of the Province of North-Carolina: Now in Force and Use. Together with the Titles of all such Laws as are Obsolete, Expired, or Repeal'd. And also, an exact Table of the Titles of the Acts in Force, Revised by Commissioners appointed by an Act of the General Assembly of the said Province, for that Purpose; and Examined with the Records, and Confirmed in full Assembly_.

This collection is sometimes called "Swann's Revisal" after the commissioner William Swann, who did a major part of the editing and wrote the dedication to Governor Gabriel Johnston. One of the acts, passed on March 7, 1746, begins with the preamble, "Whereas for Want of the Laws of this Province being Revised and Printed, the Magistrates are often at a Loss how to discharge their Duty, and the People transgress many of them through Want of knowing the same...." These words reflect not only a shortage of copies, but also the need to rectify discrepancies in the manuscript copies by publishing a uniform text.

Davis did not complete the volume until about November 15, 1751, when he advertised it in his newspaper, _The North-Carolina Gazette_. Four distinct issues of the edition can be identified;[24] and of these, the Library of Congress owns both the third, in which the laws of 1751 and 1752 (not shown in the table) are added, and the fourth, which is like the third but with a title page dated 1752 and a new table.

The Library's copy of the third issue bears on the title page the signature of Michael Payne, a resident of Edenton, N.C., who served in the State legislature during the 1780's. The Library purchased it in 1936 from Richard Dillard Dixon of Edenton for $500. The copy of the fourth issue is signed "Will Cumming" in an early hand, and it is inscribed to Samuel F. Phillips, who was Solicitor General of the United States from 1872 to 1885 and who appears to have been the latest owner of the book before its addition to the Library in 1876.

[Footnote 23: See W. S. Powell's introduction to _The Journal of the House of Burgesses, of the Province of North-Carolina, 1749_ (Raleigh, 1949), p. vii.]

[Footnote 24: Douglas C. McMurtrie, _Eighteenth Century North Carolina Imprints_ (Chapel Hill, 1938), p. 50.]

New Hampshire

The Boston printer Daniel Fowle felt himself unjustly punished by the Massachusetts Assembly for supposedly printing an objectionable pamphlet in 1754. He consequently removed to Portsmouth in New Hampshire and started that Colony's first press in 1756.

The first New Hampshire book, preceded only by issues of _The New-Hampshire Gazette_, was printed by Fowle in the same year. It is Nathaniel Ames' _An Astronomical Diary: or, An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord Christ, 1757_. The Library of Congress owns one of four known copies of a singularly interesting later issue or state of the edition, featuring on its next-to-last page a historical note printed within an ornamental border: "_The first_ Printing Press _set up in_ Portsmouth New Hampshire, _was on August_ 1756; _the_ Gazette _publish'd the 7th of October; and this_ Almanack _November following_."

Almanacs written by Nathaniel Ames of Dedham, Mass., were bestsellers in mid-18th century America. This almanack for the year 1757, evidently reprinted from the Boston edition, is a somber one reflecting recent set-backs in England's conflict with France. A verse on the title page strikes the keynote:

MINORCA'S gone! OSWEGO too is lost!
Review the Cause: or BRITAIN pays the Cost:
These sad EVENTS have silenced my Muse ...

The rebound Library of Congress copy, which bears no marks of previous ownership, is listed in the Library catalog of 1878 and presumably was obtained not long before then.

At about the same time the Library acquired and similarly rebound two other Daniel Fowle imprints of undetermined provenance, both of which are dated 1756 but were published later than the almanac. There is some question whether one of them, Jonathan Parsons' _Good News from a Far Country_, was begun at Boston or at Portsmouth. In any event, Fowle placed the following notice in the November 4, 1756, issue of his _Gazette_: "Good News from a far country: in seven discourses by Rev. Jonathan Parsons is soon to be published. Five of the sermons have already been set up and lack of paper prevents completion until a supply of paper arrives from London which is probable at an early date." Not until April 1757 did Fowle advertise the book for sale.[25] The other imprint dated 1756 is Samuel Langdon's _The Excellency of the Word of God, in the Mouth of a Faithful Minister_,[26] a sermon delivered on November 3 and also delayed in printing for lack of suitable paper. Both books were probably completed in the early months of 1757 but dated old style. There is a noticeable difference between the paper on which they are printed and the crude paper of the almanac, such as Fowle used for his newspaper.

[Footnote 25: See _Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society_, 1915, new series, vol. 25, p. 329.]

[Footnote 26: A Library of Congress stamp on this copy is dated 1876.]

Delaware

James Adams of Londonderry, Ireland, after working more than seven years with Franklin and Hall in Philadelphia, established Delaware's first press at Wilmington in 1761.

The Library of Congress possesses one of two extant imprints out of four that Adams is known to have issued at Wilmington in the latter part of that year: _The Wilmington Almanack, or Ephemeries_ [sic], _for the Year of Our Lord, 1762 ... By Thomas Fox, Philom_.[27] Copies, according to the title page, were also "to be had, in _Philadelphia_, of William Falkner." The publication is the first in an annual series of "Wilmington Almanacs," all printed by Adams, that were prepared for the years 1762 to 1794.

The otherwise unknown author, Thomas Fox (possibly a pseudonym), brings himself to the reader's attention in this statement:

Kind Reader,

Having for some Years observed those Almanacks published in
America; and having formerly, in Europe, learned the Use
of Mr. Thomas Street's Tables, with some others, and being
willing to crowd in among the rest, I have calculated an
Almanack for the Year 1762....

More interesting than the colorless prose and verse selections accompanying the astronomical tables are the printer's advertisements, such as the following notice near the end of the book:

BIBLES, Testaments, Psalters, Spelling-Books, Primers,
Merchants blank Books, Writing-Paper, Ink, all Sorts of
Blanks, _viz._, Bills of Lading, Kerry Bills, Penal Bills,
Bills of Sale, Arbitration Bonds, Apprentices Indentures,
Bonds with and without Judgment, to be sold at the
Printing-Office in Wilmington.--Also, very good Lampblack.

* * * Ready money for clean Linen Rags, at the above Office.

The Library's copy of the almanac has been detached from a bound volume and bears no evidence of early ownership. It was acquired by exchange from Dodd, Mead & Company in 1908, at a valuation of $15.

[Footnote 27: No. 3 in Evald Rink, _Printing in Delaware 1761-1800_ (Wilmington, 1969).]

Georgia

An act for the provision of printing, passed by the Georgia Legislature on March 4, 1762, stated that "_James Johnston_, lately arrived in this province from _Great-Britain_, recommended as a person regularly bred to and well skilled in the art and mystery of printing, hath offered to set up a printing press in the town of _Savannah_." Employed to print the Colony's statutes, Johnston had readied the first Georgia press by April 7, 1763, when he began to publish his newspaper, _The Georgia Gazette_.

From the year 1763 the Library of Congress owns several official imprints bound up in a volume of Georgia laws enacted from 1755 to 1770 and one unofficial imprint, _The South-Carolina and Georgia Almanack, for the Year of Our Lord, 1764 ... By John Tobler, Esq._ This almanac, which the distinguished collector Wymberley Jones De Renne gave the Library in 1907, was published by December 8, 1763, and probably printed very shortly before. The earliest of Johnston's many official imprints, predating all his other work except _The Georgia Gazette_, are thought to be two acts advertised in that paper on June 2, 1763. They are entitled _An Act to Prevent Stealing of Horses and Neat Cattle; and for the More Effectual Discovery and Punishment of Such Persons as Shall Unlawfully Brand, Mark, or Kill the Same_ and _An Act for Ascertaining the Qualifications of Jurors, and for Establishing the Method of Balloting and Summoning of Jurors in the Province of Georgia_. They had been passed on March 27, 1759, and April 24, 1760, and were printed in folio in four and six pages, respectively. Both acts are represented in the Library of Congress bound volume of early Georgia laws. Only two other copies of each are known to be extant.

Various owners inscribed their name in this book. Joseph Stiles, who operated the Vale Royal Plantation near Savannah from 1806 until his death in 1838, owned at least the latter part of it, where his signature and that of his son, the evangelist Joseph C. Stiles, may be seen. Another owner of the same part was John C. Nicholl (1793-1863), a prominent lawyer and jurist who served as mayor of Savannah in 1836 and 1837. A later owner of the entire volume was a certain S. H. McIntire, not known to have any Savannah connections, who inscribed it in June 1878. The Library of Congress purchased it in June 1909 from the Statute Law Book Company of Washington, D.C. for $2,500.

Louisiana

Only after printing penetrated the Thirteen Colonies did the French printer Denis Braud carry the art to Louisiana. His earliest known work, an official broadside concerning the transfer of Louisiana from French to Spanish ownership, was printed at New Orleans in 1764.

The earliest Louisiana imprint in the Library of Congress is the second extant example of Louisiana printing. The Library's unique copy is a four-page, folio-sized document signed by Garic, clerk of the Superior Council of Louisiana, and headed, "EXTRAIT De Régistres, des Audiances du Conseil Supérieur, de la Province de la Loüisiane. Du 7. May 1765. ENTRE L'ABBE DE L'ISLE DIEU, Vicaire Général du Diocèse de Québec, & de cette Province, Demandeur en Requête, le Procureur Général du Roi, joint." It is a decree restricting the activities of the Capuchin friar Hilaire Genoveaux and suppressing a catechism circulated by him which apparently had also been printed at New Orleans. The title of the catechism, as preserved in the text of the decree, is _Catechisme pour la Province de la Loüisianne, &c. Rédigé par le R. P. Hilaire, Protonotaire du St. Siége & Supérieur Général de la Mission des Capucins en ladite Province, pour être seul enseigné dans sadite Mission_. The contemporary importance of the surviving document lay in its connection with a far-reaching struggle between the Jesuit and Franciscan orders over ecclesiastical authority in Louisiana. Although it contains no imprint statement naming place of publication or printer, typographical features of the document serve to identify it as the work of Denis Braud.[28]

That this unique copy belonged to an official archive--presumably that of the Superior Council of Louisiana--the following manuscript additions make apparent. There is first a notation: "Joint a la lettre de M. Aubry, Command. a la Louisianne du 7. May 1765." (Aubry had succeeded d'Abbadie as commandant, or governor, after the latter's death in February 1765.) A second column in manuscript contains the same date as a filing guide and this descriptive title: "Arrest du Conseil Superieur de la Louisianne portant deffense au Pere Hilaire Capucin de simississer [_i. e._ s'immiscer] dans aucune Jurisdiction Ecclesiastique autre que celle qui lui est permise par son seul titre de superieur de la mission des RR. PP. Capucins de cette Colonie." At the end of the column is a cross reference: "Voyez les lettres de M. l'Abbe de LIsle Dieu Vicaire g[e]n[er]al de M. de Quebek en 1759 et 1760 et sa Correspond. a ce sujet."

The subsequent history of this document has not been traced before October 17, 1905, when C. F. Libbie & Co auctioned it off with the library of Israel T. Hunt, a Boston physician. The Library of Congress was able to obtain it on that date for $10.45.

[Footnote 28: See Douglas C. McMurtrie, _Early Printing in New Orleans_ (New Orleans, 1929), p. 25-26 and 88. McMurtrie mistakenly locates the original at the New York Public Library, which owns a photostat copy.]

Vermont

Formed as an independent republic in 1777, Vermont in the next year appointed the brothers Alden and Judah Padock Spooner of Connecticut to be her official printers. Publications under their imprint were issued at Dresden, before and later named Hanover, in 1778 and 1779; but in February 1779 this town, along with 15 others east of the Connecticut River, returned to the jurisdiction of New Hampshire. The earliest printing from within the present borders of Vermont came from the town of Westminster, where Judah Padock Spooner and Timothy Green, son of the State Printer of Connecticut, undertook the official printing late in 1780.

The Library of Congress possesses three Dresden imprints dated 1779. The first two listed here name Alden Spooner as printer, while the third names both brothers. They are Ira Allen's _A Vindication of the Conduct of the General Assembly of the State of Vermont, Held at Windsor in October 1778, Against Allegations and Remarks of the Protesting Members, With Observations on Their Proceedings at a Convention Held at Cornish, on the 9th Day of December 1778_; Ethan Allen's _A Vindication of the Opposition of the Inhabitants of Vermont to the Government of New-York, and of Their Right to Form into an Independent State. Humbly Submitted to the Consideration of the Impartial World_; and _Acts and Laws of the State of Vermont, in America_. The earliest of the three would appear to be Ira Allen's 48-page _Vindication_, known from a printer's bill of February 10, 1779, to have been produced by then in 450 copies.[29] The Library's rebound copy is inscribed "from y^e author" beneath its imprint statement, and at the head of the title page is written, "Nath^l Peabody^s Book." Nathaniel Peabody (1741-1823), a New Hampshire legislator, served as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1779 and 1780. His book was ultimately listed in the _Catalogue of Books Added to the Library of Congress During the Year 1871_.

The Library holds the other two Dresden imprints in duplicate. A copy of the _Acts and Laws_ was formerly in the Hazard Pamphlets, acquired with the collection of Peter Force (see p. 8, above). Ebenezer Hazard (1744-1817) was an early collector of Americana. The two copies of Ethan Allen's _Vindication_, both printed on blue paper, are in the Hazard Pamphlets, volume 47, number 3, and in Colonial Pamphlets, volume 19, number 6. The latter pamphlet volume originally formed part of Thomas Jefferson's library, obtained by the Congress in 1815 (see p. 3, above).[30]

The earliest example of printing from present-day Vermont in the Library is a document printed by Judah Padock Spooner at Westminster in 1781[31]: _Acts and Laws, Passed by the General Assembly of the Representatives of the State of Vermont, at their Session at Windsor, April 1781_. In four pages, it contains only "An Act for the Purpose of emitting a Sum of Money, and directing the Redemption of the same." The Act provides for a land tax, stating in justification that "The Land is the great Object of the present War, and receives the most solid Protection of any Estate, a very large Part of which has hitherto paid no Part of the great Cost arisen in defending it, whilst the Blood and Treasure of the Inhabitants of the State has been spent to protect it, who many of them owned but a very small part thereof."

The Library of Congress copy bears the following inscription: "Secry's Office 10^{th} August 1785. The preceding is a true Copy of an Act passed by the Legislature of the State of Vermont April 14^{th} 1781--Attest Micah Townsend, Secry." Although a loyalist, Micah Townsend served as secretary of state in Vermont from October 1781 until 1789.[32] The Library's copy also bears the autograph of a private owner, Henry Stevens of Barnet, Vt., first president of the Vermont Historical Society. After his death in 1867, his son Henry Stevens, the bookseller, wrote that he left his home "full of books and historical manuscripts, the delight of his youth, the companions of his manhood, and the solace of his old age."[33] To judge from its present library binding, this thin volume has been in the Library of Congress collections since the 19th century.

[Footnote 29: See no. 12 in Marcus A. McCorison's _Vermont Imprints 1778-1820_ (Worcester, 1963).]

[Footnote 30: No. 3146 in U.S. Library of Congress, _Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, Compiled with Annotations by E. Millicent Sowerby_ (Washington, 1952-59). See also no. 498.]

[Footnote 31: Imprint information supplied in McCorison, no. 47.]

[Footnote 32: See Chilton Williamson, _Vermont in Quandary_ (Montpelier, 1949), p. 133. On Townsend's divulging secret intelligence to the British in April 1781, see J. B. Wilbur, _Ira Allen_ (Boston and New York, 1928), p. 183-186.]

[Footnote 33: See W. W. Parker, _Henry Stevens of Vermont_ (Amsterdam, 1963), p. 21.]

Florida

Dr. William Charles Wells, one of many American loyalists who took refuge in Florida, introduced printing at St. Augustine in 1783. There he published a loyalist paper, _The East-Florida Gazette_, under the imprint of his elder brother, the Charleston printer John Wells, and with the assistance of a pressman named Charles Wright. Apart from two books of 1784 bearing John Wells' imprint and a document printed at Amelia Island in 1817 during the Spanish rule, no other Florida publications survive from the years preceding United States acquisition of the territory.[34]